1
|
Wang H, Peng X, Wu K, Sun J. Microglia contribute to nociception via CSF-1R signaling pathway in rat orofacial carcinoma. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 39039644 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer-induced pain is the most common complication of the head and neck cancer. The microglia colony-stimulating factor receptor 1 (CSF1R) plays a crucial role in the inflammation and neuropathic pain. However, the effect of CSF1R on orofacial cancer-induced pain is unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the role of CSF1R in orofacial pain caused by cancer. METHODS We established an animal model of cancer-induced orofacial pain with Walker 256B cells. Von Frey filament test and laser-intensity pain tester were used to evaluate tumor-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Minocycline and PLX3397 were used to alter tumor-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of PLX3397 on immunoinflammatory mediators and neuronal activation within the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). RESULTS Walker 256B cell-induced tumor growth resulted in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, accompanying by microglia activation and CSF1R upregulation. Treatment with minocycline or PLX3397 reversed the associated nocifensive behaviors and microglia activation triggered by tumor. As a result of PLX3397 treatment, tumor-induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and neuronal activation of the Vc were significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study showed that blocking microglial activation via CSF1R may help prevent cancer-induced orofacial pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nantong First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaohan Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinhu Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra A, Kumar A, Naik L, Patel S, Das M, Behura A, Nayak DK, Mishra A, Bhutia SK, Singh R, Dhiman R. Soybean lectin-triggered IL-6 secretion induces autophagy to kill intracellular mycobacteria through P2RX7 dependent activation of the JAK2/STAT3/Mcl-1 pathway. Cytokine 2023; 171:156366. [PMID: 37716189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine therapy and cytokine-mediated autophagy have been used as prominent host-directed therapy (HDT) approaches to restrain M. tb growth in the host cell. In the present study, we have dissected the anti-tubercular activity of Soybean lectin (SBL) through cytokine-mediated autophagy induction in differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells. A significant increase in IL-6 expression was observed in both uninfected and mycobacteria infected dTHP-1 cells through the P2RX7 mediated pathway via PI3K/Akt/CREB-dependent signalling after SBL treatment. Inhibition of IL-6 level using IL-6 neutralizing antibody or associated signalling significantly enhanced the mycobacterial load in SBL-treated dTHP-1 cells. Further, autocrine signalling of IL-6 through its receptor-induced Mcl-1 expression activated autophagy via JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and inhibition of this pathway affected autophagy. Finally, blocking the IL-6-regulated autophagy through NSC 33994 (a JAK2 inhibitor) or S63845 (an Mcl-1 inhibitor) led to a notable increase in intracellular mycobacterial growth in SBL-treated cells. Taken together, these results indicate that SBL interacts with P2RX7 to regulate PI3K/Akt/CREB network to release IL-6 in dTHP-1 cells. The released IL-6, in turn, activates the JAK2/STAT3/Mcl-1 pathway upon interaction with IL-6Rα to modulate autophagy that ultimately controls mycobacterial growth in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Salina Patel
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Mousumi Das
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Dev Kiran Nayak
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box # 4, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Komic L, Kumric M, Urlic H, Rizikalo A, Grahovac M, Kelam J, Tomicic M, Rusic D, Ticinovic Kurir T, Bozic J. Obesity and Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential: Allies in Cardiovascular Diseases and Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1365. [PMID: 37374147 PMCID: PMC10304718 DOI: 10.3390/life13061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is a term used to describe individuals who have detectable somatic mutations in genes commonly found in individuals with hematologic cancers but without any apparent evidence of such conditions. The mortality rate in individuals with CHIP is remarkably higher than the influence ascribed to hematologic malignancies, and it is plausible that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) could elucidate the apparent disparity. Studies have shown that the most frequently altered genes in CHIP are associated with the increased incidence of CVDs, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and myeloid malignancies, as well as obesity. Additionally, multiple research studies have confirmed that obesity is also independently associated with these conditions, particularly the development and progression of atherosclerotic CVD. Considering the shared pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity and CHIP, our objective in this review was to investigate both preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the correlation between obesity and CHIP and the resulting implications of this interaction on the pathophysiology of CVDs and malignancies. The pro-inflammatory condition induced by obesity and CHIP enhances the probability of developing both diseases and increases the likelihood of developing CVDs, T2DM and malignancies, suggesting that a dangerous vicious loop may exist. However, it is vital to conduct additional research that will suggest targeted treatment options for obese individuals with CHIP in order to reduce harmful effects connected to these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Komic
- Department of Family Medicine, Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (J.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (H.U.); (T.T.K.)
- Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Urlic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (H.U.); (T.T.K.)
| | - Azer Rizikalo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Marko Grahovac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Jelena Kelam
- Department of Family Medicine, Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (J.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Marion Tomicic
- Department of Family Medicine, Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (J.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Doris Rusic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (H.U.); (T.T.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.); (H.U.); (T.T.K.)
- Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao L, Liu G, Wu X, Liu C, Wang Y, Ma M, Ma Y, Hao Z. Osteocytes autophagy mediated by mTORC2 activation controls osteoblasts differentiation and osteoclasts activities under mechanical loading. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109634. [PMID: 37164247 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanosensitive response for cellular homeostasis and survival in osteocytes. However, the mechanism and its effect on bone metabolism have not yet clarified. The objective of this study was to evaluate how compressive cyclic force (CCF) induced autophagic response in osteocytes and to determine the effect of mechanically induced-autophagy on bone cells including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Autophagic puncta observed in MLO-Y4 cells increased after exposure to CCF. The upregulated levels of the LC3-II isoform and the degradation of p62 further confirmed the increased autophagic flux. Additionally, ATP synthesis and release, osteocalcin (OCN) expression, and cell survival increased in osteocytes as well. The Murine osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were cultured in conditioned medium collected from MLO-Y4 cells subjected to CCF. The concentration of FGF23 increased and the concentrations of SOST and M-CSF and RANKL/OPG ratio decreased significantly in the conditioned medium. Moreover, the promotion of osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and function in RAW 264.7 cells were significantly attenuated when osteocytes autophagy was inhibited by siAtg7. Our findings suggested that CCF induced protective autophagy in osteocytes and subsequently enhanced osteocytes survival and osteoblasts differentiation and downregulated osteoclasts activities. Further study revealed that CCF induced autophagic response in osteocytes through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activation. In conclusion, CCF-induced osteocytes autophagy upon mTORC2 activation promoted osteocytes survival and osteogenic response and decreased osteoclastic function. Thus, osteocytes autophagy will provide a promising target for better understanding of bone physiology and treatment of bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Gen Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xiangnan Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Chuanzi Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Meirui Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aguirre JI, Castillo EJ, Kimmel DB. Biologic and pathologic aspects of osteocytes in the setting of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Bone 2021; 153:116168. [PMID: 34487892 PMCID: PMC8478908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially severe, debilitating condition affecting patients with cancer and patients with osteoporosis who have been treated with powerful antiresorptives (pARs) or angiogenesis inhibitors (AgIs). Oral risk factors associated with the development of MRONJ include tooth extraction and inflammatory dental disease (e.g., periodontitis, periapical infection). In bone tissues, osteocytes play a bidirectional role in which they not only act as the "receiver" of systemic signals from blood vessels, such as hormones and drugs, or local signals from the mineralized matrix as it is deformed, but they also play a critical role as "transmitter" of signals to the cells that execute bone modeling and remodeling (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lining cells). When the survival capacity of osteocytes is overwhelmed, they can die. Osteocyte death has been associated with several pathological conditions. Whereas the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been studied in conditions like osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), few studies of the causes and mechanisms of osteocyte death have been done in MRONJ. The three forms of cell death that affect most of the different cells in the body (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) have been recognized in osteocytes. Notably, necroptosis, a form of regulated cell death with "a necrotic cell death phenotype," has also been identified as a form of cell death in osteocytes under certain pathologic conditions. Improving the understanding of osteocyte death in MRONJ may be critical for preventing disease and developing treatment approaches. In this review, we intend to provide insight into the biology of osteocytes, cell death, in general, and osteocyte death, in particular, and discuss hypothetical mechanisms involved in osteocyte death associated with MRONJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - E J Castillo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - D B Kimmel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gerges SH, Wahdan SA, Elsherbiny DA, El-Demerdash E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An overview of risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2021; 271:119220. [PMID: 33592199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder of excessive fat accumulation in the liver, known as steatosis, without alcohol overconsumption. NAFLD can either manifest as simple steatosis or steatohepatitis, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is accompanied by inflammation and possibly fibrosis. Furthermore, NASH might progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD and NASH prevalence is in a continuous state of growth, and by 2018, NAFLD became a devastating metabolic disease with a global pandemic prevalence. The pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH is not fully elucidated, but is known to involve the complex interplay between different metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors. In addition, unhealthy dietary habits and pre-existing metabolic disturbances together with other risk factors predispose NAFLD development and progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually to fibrosis. Despite their growing worldwide prevalence, to date, there is no FDA-approved treatment for NAFLD and NASH. Several off-label medications are used to target disease risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance, and some medications are used for their hepatoprotective effects. Unfortunately, currently used medications are not sufficiently effective, and research is ongoing to investigate the beneficial effects of different drugs and phytochemicals in NASH. In this review article, we outline the different risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD, diagnostic procedures, and currently used management techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Gerges
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gál E, Dolenšek J, Stožer A, Czakó L, Ébert A, Venglovecz V. Mechanisms of Post-Pancreatitis Diabetes Mellitus and Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes: A Review of Preclinical Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:715043. [PMID: 34566890 PMCID: PMC8461102 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.715043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical proximity and functional correlations between the exocrine and endocrine pancreas warrant reciprocal effects between the two parts. Inflammatory diseases of the exocrine pancreas, such as acute or chronic pancreatitis, or the presence of cystic fibrosis disrupt endocrine function, resulting in diabetes of the exocrine pancreas. Although novel mechanisms are being increasingly identified, the intra- and intercellular pathways regulating exocrine-endocrine interactions are still not fully understood, making the development of new and more effective therapies difficult. Therefore, this review sought to accumulate current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of diabetes in acute and chronic pancreatitis, as well as cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Gál
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - László Czakó
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Viktória Venglovecz,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang L, Yang Z, Liu R, Xiao X, Zhou C, Yin X, Zou S, Chen J. Lactoferrin promotes osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 cells induced by mechanical strain in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent manner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 159:e113-e121. [PMID: 33280973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the role of lactoferrin (LF) in the mechanical strain-induced osteogenesis of nontransformed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) and related mechanism. METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with 100 μg/mL LF, followed by a 2000 μ mechanical strain load. U0126 was used to determine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Alizarin red S staining was performed to observe the cell mineralization potential. The osteogenic results were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS The expression of Col1, Alp, Ocn, Bsp, and Opn mRNA and p-Erk1/2 proteins was significantly upregulated under mechanical strain load. In addition, mineralized nodule formation was increased. After adding LF, the expression of the biomarkers and the formation of mineralized nodules were further promoted. On treatment with the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126, the expression of Col1, Alp, and p-Erk1/2 mRNA and protein was significantly downregulated. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that LF promotes osteogenic activity by activating osteogenesis-related biomarkers, corroborating that the effects of mechanical strain depend on Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenjin Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruojing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Xu D, Wang T, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang X, Tang Y. Epigenetic reduction of miR-214-3p upregulates astrocytic colony-stimulating factor-1 and contributes to neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury. Pain 2020; 161:96-108. [PMID: 31453981 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated that colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) modulates neuroinflammation in the central nervous system and the development of neuropathic pain, while the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we identified the increased expression of CSF1 derived from activated astrocytes in the ipsilateral dorsal horn in rats with spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Suppression of CSF1 expression alleviated neuroinflammation, neuronal hyperexcitability, and glutamatergic receptor subunit upregulation in the dorsal horn and improved SNL-induced pain behavior. We also found reduced miR-214-3p expression in the ipsilateral dorsal horn following an SNL procedure; miR-214-3p directly bound to the 3'-UTR of CSF1 mRNA and negatively regulated CSF1 expression. Intrathecal delivery of miR-214-3p mimic reversed the enhanced expression of CSF1 and astrocyte overactivity and alleviated the IL-6 upregulation and pain behavior induced by SNL. Moreover, suppression of spinal miR-214-3p increased astrocyte reactivity, promoted CSF1 and IL-6 production, and induced pain hypersensitivity in naive animals. Furthermore, SNL induced the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) that was associated with the hypermethylation of the miR-214-3p promoter, leading to reduced miR-214-3p expression in the model rodents. Treatment with the DNMT inhibitor zebularine significantly reduced cytosine methylation in the miR-214-3p promoter; this reduced methylation consequently increased the expression of miR-214-3p and decreased the content of CSF1 in the ipsilateral dorsal horn and, further, attenuated IL-6 production and pain behavior in rats with SNL. Together, our data indicate that the DNMT3a-mediated epigenetic suppression of miR-214-3p enhanced CSF1 production in astrocytes, which subsequently induced neuroinflammation and pain behavior in SNL model rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xijing Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Targeting Inflammation by Flavonoids: Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194957. [PMID: 31597283 PMCID: PMC6801776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced metabolic profile is essential for normal human physiological activities. Disproportions in nutrition give rise to imbalances in metabolism that are associated with aberrant immune function and an elevated risk for inflammatory-associated disorders. Inflammation is a complex process, and numerous mediators affect inflammation-mediated disorders. The available clinical modalities do not effectively address the underlying diseases but rather relieve the symptoms. Therefore, novel targeted agents have the potential to normalize the metabolic system and, thus, provide meaningful therapy to the underlying disorder. In this connection, polyphenols, the well-known and extensively studied phytochemical moieties, were evaluated for their effective role in the restoration of metabolism via various mechanistic signaling pathways. The various flavonoids that we observed in this comprehensive review interfere with the metabolic events that induce inflammation. The mechanisms via which the polyphenols, in particular flavonoids, act provide a promising treatment option for inflammatory disorders. However, detailed clinical studies of such molecules are required to decide their clinical fate.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu N, Malemud CJ. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153792. [PMID: 31382554 PMCID: PMC6696446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42), respectively. There are also several atypical forms of ERK, including ERK3, ERK4, ERK5 and ERK7. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been implicated in many and diverse cellular events, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, cell migration, cell survival, metabolism and transcription. ERK1/2 is activated (i.e., phosphorylated) in the cytosol and subsequently translocated to the nucleus, where it activates transcription factors including, but not limited to, ETS, c-Jun, and Fos. It is not surprising that the ERK1/2 signaling cascade has been implicated in many pathological conditions, namely, cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, and osteoporosis. This narrative review examines many of the cellular events in which the ERK1/2 signaling cascade plays a critical role. It is anticipated that agents designed to inhibit ERK1/2 activation or p-ERK1/2 activity will be developed for the treatment of those diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression through ERK1/2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu Y, Kadota-Watanabe C, Ogawa T, Moriyama K. Combination of estrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress aggravates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:39-46. [PMID: 30959278 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that degenerative conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), such as osteoarthritis (OA) and progressive condylar resorption, are caused by multiple etiological factors, such as hormonal imbalance and excessive mechanical stress. However, it is unclear whether these factors interrelate in the degenerative process of the condyle. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of combined hormonal imbalance and excessive mechanical stress on the condyle using a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in 8-week-old female mice. Three weeks after OVX, a build-up resin was bonded to the right maxillary molars to create imbalanced occlusion (increased occlusal vertical dimension, iOVD). Mice were divided into four groups: control, OVX, iOVD, and OVX + iOVD. RESULTS Histomorphometric analysis showed the lowest cartilage thickness and the highest TMJ-OA score in the OVX + iOVD group. Bone structural analysis showed significantly lower subchondral bone mass in all experimental groups. Additionally, the OVX + iOVD group showed up-regulated osteoclastic activity and increased apoptosis in the condyle. Gene expression analysis showed significantly elevated expression of pre-inflammatory cytokines in the OVX + iOVD group. These data showed that the OVX + iOVD group exhibited the most severe inflammatory TMJ-OA. Upregulation of ERα and activation of the ERK pathway was observed in the OVX + iOVD group. CONCLUSIONS Additive effects of estrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress on the condyle exacerbate TMJ-OA. Furthermore, estrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress combined may exacerbate TMJ-OA though activation of the ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Chiho Kadota-Watanabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tanguturi SC, Nagarakanti S. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Periodontal disease: Underlying Links- A Review. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 22:267-273. [PMID: 29911043 PMCID: PMC5972486 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_577_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, which negatively affects various health systems. There is an extensive literature regarding the association of PCOS and other systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and psychological disorders. However, there is a lack of literature in associating PCOS and periodontal disease. Hence, PubMed search was done for various articles related to PCOS and its association with other comorbidities, including periodontal diseases. Analysis was done and data were synthesized and compiled in a sequential and presentable paradigm. This literature review of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking the two diseases suggests a positive relation between the two comorbidities. However, multicenter studies, with larger sample sizes, are to be conducted to establish a clearer and stronger association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Chandana Tanguturi
- Department of Periodontology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreenivas Nagarakanti
- Department of Periodontology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen XQ, Geng YM, Liu P, Huang XY, Li SY, Liu CD, Zhou Z, Xu PP. Magnitude-dependent response of osteoblasts regulated by compressive stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44925. [PMID: 28317941 PMCID: PMC5357902 DOI: 10.1038/srep44925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of magnitude in adaptive response of osteoblasts exposed to compressive stress. Murine primary osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to compressive stress (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g/cm2) in 3D culture. Cell viability was evaluated, and expression levels of Runx2, Alp, Ocn, Rankl, and Opg were examined. ALP activity in osteoblasts and TRAP activity in RAW264.7 cells co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells were assayed. Results showed that compressive stress within 5.0 g/cm2 did not influence cell viability. Both osteoblastic and osteoblast-regulated osteoclastic differentiation were enhanced at 2 g/cm2. An increase in stress above 2 g/cm2 did not enhance osteoblastic differentiation further but significantly inhibited osteoblast-regualted osteoclastic differentiation. This study suggested that compressive stress regulates osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation through osteoblasts in a magnitude-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-qing Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuan-ming Geng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-yu Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-yi Li
- Key laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-dong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ping-ping Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hao Z, Ma Y, Wu J, Li X, Chen H, Shen J, Wang H. Osteocytes regulate osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity through Interleukin-6 under mechanical loading. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the major mechanosensors that respond to mechanical strain and regulate bone formation and resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Hao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xianxian Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Helin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu K, Ma Y, Li X, Wu X, Liu W, Li X, Shen J, Wang H. Lipopolysaccharide increases IL-6 secretion via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to up-regulate RANKL gene expression in MLO-Y4 cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 41:84-92. [PMID: 27778412 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in bone resorption, which involves numerous cytokines through various signaling pathways. RANKL and interleukin (IL)-6 are two important cytokines that are involved in bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LPS on RANKL and IL-6 gene expression, the relationship of RANKL and IL-6, and the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) on IL-6 secretion induced by LPS in MLO-Y4 cells. The cells were stimulated by LPS at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL) for different durations (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), and the mRNA expressions of RANKL and IL-6 were determined by PCR. In the presence of 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), IL-6 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cells were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. STAT3 phosphorylation in cells simulated by 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h) was assessed by western blotting. We found that LPS significantly up-regulated RANKL expression and activated the ERK1/2 pathway to induce IL-6 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in MLO-Y4 cells. However, the increased IL-6 was blocked by pre-treatment of MLO-Y4 cells with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 µM), and the enhanced RANKL was blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 (100 µM). Our results indicate that LPS up-regulates osteocyte expression of RANKL and IL-6, and the increased RANKL is associated with the up-regulation of IL-6, which involves the ERK1/2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xianxian Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Röhling M, Herder C, Stemper T, Müssig K. Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Glucose Uptake. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2868652. [PMID: 27069930 PMCID: PMC4812462 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2868652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes. It arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental and lifestyle factors including lack of physical exercise and poor nutrition habits. The increased risk of type 2 diabetes is molecularly based on defects in insulin signaling, insulin secretion, and inflammation. The present review aims to give an overview on the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of glucose and related signaling pathways after acute and chronic exercise. Physical exercise, as crucial part in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, has marked acute and chronic effects on glucose disposal and related inflammatory signaling pathways. Exercise can stimulate molecular signaling pathways leading to glucose transport into the cell. Furthermore, physical exercise has the potential to modulate inflammatory processes by affecting specific inflammatory signaling pathways which can interfere with signaling pathways of the glucose uptake. The intensity of physical training appears to be the primary determinant of the degree of metabolic improvement modulating the molecular signaling pathways in a dose-response pattern, whereas training modality seems to have a secondary role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Röhling
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theodor Stemper
- Department Fitness and Health, University Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goldring SR. The osteocyte: key player in regulating bone turnover. RMD Open 2015; 1:e000049. [PMID: 26557372 PMCID: PMC4632148 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in bone and are distributed throughout the mineralised bone matrix forming an interconnected network that ideally positions them to sense and to respond to local biomechanical and systemic stimuli to regulate bone remodelling and adaptation. The adaptive process is dependent on the coordinated activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that form a so called bone multicellular unit that remodels cortical and trabecular bone through a process of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, followed by a phase of bone formation mediated by osteoblasts. Osteocytes mediate their effects on bone remodelling via both cell–cell interactions with osteoclasts and osteoblasts, but also via signaling through the release of soluble mediators. The remodelling process provides a mechanism for adapting the skeleton to local biomechanical factors and systemic hormonal influences and for replacing bone that has undergone damage from repetitive mechanical loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Goldring
- Research Division , Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen L, Chen R, Wang H, Liang F. Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:508409. [PMID: 26136779 PMCID: PMC4468292 DOI: 10.1155/2015/508409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now widespread around the world. Obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation is responsible for the decrease of insulin sensitivity, which makes obesity a major risk factor for insulin resistance and related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndromes. The state of low-grade inflammation is caused by overnutrition which leads to lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Obesity might increase the expression of some inflammatory cytokines and activate several signaling pathways, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signaling and action. It has been suggested that specific factors and signaling pathways are often correlated with each other; therefore, both of the fluctuation of cytokines and the status of relevant signaling pathways should be considered during studies analyzing inflammation-related insulin resistance. In this paper, we discuss how these factors and signaling pathways contribute to insulin resistance and the therapeutic promise targeting inflammation in insulin resistance based on the latest experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan 430061, China
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan 430061, China
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- *Fengxia Liang:
| |
Collapse
|