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Ocampo-Godinez JM, Gonzalez-Quiroz JL, Cote-Palafox H, George E, Vergara-Lope Nuñez JA, Villagomez-Olea G, Vazquez-Vazquez FC, Lopez-Villegas EO, Leon-Avila G, Dominguez-Lopez ML, Alvarez-Perez MA. Primary explants of the postnatal thymus allow the expansion of clonogenic thymic epithelial cells that constitute thymospheres. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:312. [PMID: 37904232 PMCID: PMC10617125 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are responsible for shaping the repertoires of T cells, where their postnatal regeneration depends on a subset of clonogenic TECs. Despite the implications for regenerative medicine, their cultivation and expansion remain challenging. Primary explant cell culture is a technique that allows the seeding and expansion of difficult-to-culture cells. Here, we report a reliable and simple culture system to obtain functional TECs and thymic interstitial cells (TICs). METHODS To establish primary thymic explants, we harvested 1 mm cleaned fragments of thymus from 5-week-old C57/BL6 mice. Tissue fragments of a complete thymic lobe were placed in the center of a Petri dish with 1 mL of DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin‒streptomycin. To compare, thymic explants were also cultivated by using serum-free DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with 10% KnockOut™. RESULTS We obtained high numbers of functional clonogenic TECs and TICs from primary thymic explants cultivated with DMEM/F-12 with 20% FBS. These cells exhibited a highly proliferative and migration profile and were able to constitute thymospheres. Furthermore, all the subtypes of medullary TECs were identified in this system. They express functional markers to shape T-cell and type 2 innate lymphoid cells repertoires, such as Aire, IL25, CCL21 and CD80. Finally, we also found that ≥ 70% of lineage negative TICs expressed high amounts of Aire and IL25. CONCLUSION Thymic explants are an efficient method to obtain functional clonogenic TECs, all mTEC subsets and different TICs Aire+IL25+ with high regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Ocampo-Godinez
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose L Gonzalez-Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Cote-Palafox
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth George
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jael A Vergara-Lope Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Central de Microscopia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Villagomez-Olea
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Febe C Vazquez-Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Materiales Dentales y Biomateriales, Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar O Lopez-Villegas
- Central de Microscopia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Leon-Avila
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Maria L Dominguez-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Alvarez-Perez
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Jansen van Vuuren A, Bolcaen J, Engelbrecht M, Burger W, De Kock M, Durante M, Fisher R, Martínez-López W, Miles X, Rahiman F, Tinganelli W, Vandevoorde C. Establishment of Primary Adult Skin Fibroblast Cell Lines from African Savanna Elephants ( Loxodonta africana). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2353. [PMID: 37508130 PMCID: PMC10376752 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Following population declines of the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) across the African continent, the establishment of primary cell lines of endangered wildlife species is paramount for the preservation of their genetic resources. In addition, it allows molecular and functional studies on the cancer suppression mechanisms of elephants, which have previously been linked to a redundancy of tumor suppressor gene TP53. This methodology describes the establishment of primary elephant dermal fibroblast (EDF) cell lines from skin punch biopsy samples (diameter: ±4 mm) of African savanna elephants (n = 4, 14-35 years). The applied tissue collection technique is minimally invasive and paves the way for future remote biopsy darting. On average, the first explant outgrowth was observed after 15.75 ± 6.30 days. The average doubling time (Td) was 93.02 ± 16.94 h and 52.39 ± 0.46 h at passage 1 and 4, respectively. Metaphase spreads confirmed the diploid number of 56 chromosomes. The successful establishment of EDF cell lines allows for future elephant cell characterization studies and for research on the cancer resistance mechanisms of elephants, which can be harnessed for human cancer prevention and treatment and contributes to the conservation of their genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amèlia Jansen van Vuuren
- Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation (NRF)-iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), Cape Town 7100, South Africa
- Department of Medical Biosciences (MBS), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town 7530, South Africa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation (NRF)-iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), Cape Town 7100, South Africa
| | - Monique Engelbrecht
- Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation (NRF)-iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), Cape Town 7100, South Africa
| | - Willem Burger
- Dr Willem Burger Consulting, Mossel Bay 6503, South Africa
| | - Maryna De Kock
- Department of Medical Biosciences (MBS), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town 7530, South Africa
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität (TU) Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Randall Fisher
- Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation (NRF)-iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), Cape Town 7100, South Africa
| | - Wilner Martínez-López
- Genetics Department and Biodosimetry Service, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Xanthene Miles
- Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) Laboratory, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation (NRF)-iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), Cape Town 7100, South Africa
| | - Farzana Rahiman
- Department of Medical Biosciences (MBS), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town 7530, South Africa
| | - Walter Tinganelli
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Ferragu M, Vergori L, Le Corre V, Bellal S, Del Carmen Martinez M, Bigot P. Effects of Large Extracellular Vesicles from Kidney Cancer Patients on the Growth and Environment of Renal Cell Carcinoma Xenografts in a Mouse Model. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2491-2504. [PMID: 36975533 PMCID: PMC10047252 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-derived vesicles, also referred to as large extracellular vesicles (lEVs), are implicated in several pathophysiological situations, including cancer. However, to date, no studies have evaluated the effects of lEVs isolated from patients with renal cancer on the development of their tumors. In this study, we investigated the effects of three types of lEVs on the growth and peritumoral environment of xenograft clear cell renal cell carcinoma in a mouse model. Xenograft cancer cells were derived from patients' nephrectomy specimens. Three types of lEVs were obtained from pre-nephrectomy patient blood (cEV), the supernatant of primary cancer cell culture (sEV) and from blood from individuals with no medical history of cancer (iEV). Xenograft volume was measured after nine weeks of growth. Xenografts were then removed, and the expression of CD31 and Ki67 were evaluated. We also measured the expression of MMP2 and Ca9 in the native mouse kidney. lEVs from kidney cancer patients (cEV and sEV) tend to increase the size of xenografts, a factor that is related to an increase in vascularization and tumor cell proliferation. cEV also altered organs that were distant from the xenograft. These results suggest that lEVs in cancer patients are involved in both tumor growth and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ferragu
- Urology Department, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Luisa Vergori
- INSERM Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Metaboliques, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Vincent Le Corre
- Urology Department, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Sarah Bellal
- Anatomopathological Department, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Maria Del Carmen Martinez
- INSERM Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Metaboliques, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Pierre Bigot
- Urology Department, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
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Simon AG, Esser LK, Ellinger J, Ritter M, Kristiansen G, Muders MH, Mayr T, Toma MI. RNA Sequencing Reveals Alterations and Similarities in Cell Metabolism, Hypoxia and Immune Evasion in Primary Cell Cultures of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:883195. [PMID: 35646693 PMCID: PMC9130782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.883195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma remains a challenge. To develop novel therapeutic approaches, primary cell cultures as an in vitro model are considered more representative than commercial cell lines. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression of previously established primary cell cultures of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by bulk (3’m)RNA sequencing and compared it to the tissue of origin. The objectives were the identification of dysregulated pathways under cell culture conditions. Furthermore, we assessed the suitability of primary cell cultures for studying crucial biological pathways, including hypoxia, growth receptor signaling and immune evasion. RNA sequencing of primary cell cultures of renal cell carcinoma and a following Enrichr database analysis revealed multiple dysregulated pathways under cell culture conditions. 444 genes were significantly upregulated and 888 genes downregulated compared to the tissue of origin. The upregulated genes are crucial in DNA repair, cell cycle, hypoxia and metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. A downregulation was observed for genes involved in pathways of immune cell differentiation and cell adhesion. We furthermore observed that 7275 genes have a similar mRNA expression in cell cultures and in tumor tissue, including genes involved in the immune checkpoint signaling or in pathways responsible for tyrosine kinase receptor resistance. Our findings confirm that primary cell cultures are a representative tool for specified experimental approaches. The results presented in this study give further valuable insights into the complex adaptation of patient-derived cells to a new microenvironment, hypoxia and other cell culture conditions, which are often neglected in daily research, and allow new translational and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Georg Simon
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Ellinger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Richter M, Piwocka O, Musielak M, Piotrowski I, Suchorska WM, Trzeciak T. From Donor to the Lab: A Fascinating Journey of Primary Cell Lines. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711381. [PMID: 34395440 PMCID: PMC8356673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cancer cell lines are ex vivo cell cultures originating from resected tissues during biopsies and surgeries. Primary cell cultures are objects of intense research due to their high impact on molecular biology and oncology advancement. Initially, the patient-derived specimen must be subjected to dissociation and isolation. Techniques for tumour dissociation are usually reliant on the organisation of connecting tissue. The most common methods include enzymatic digestion (with collagenase, dispase, and DNase), chemical treatment (with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid), or mechanical disaggregation to obtain a uniform cell population. Cells isolated from the tissue specimen are cultured as a monolayer or three-dimensional culture, in the form of multicellular spheroids, scaffold-based cultures (i.e., organoids), or matrix-embedded cultures. Every primary cell line must be characterised to identify its origin, purity, and significant features. The process of characterisation should include different assays utilising specific (extra- and intracellular) markers. The most frequently used approaches comprise immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, western blot, flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, karyotyping, confocal microscopy, and next-generation sequencing. The growing body of evidence indicates the validity of the usage of primary cancer cell lines in the formulation of novel anti-cancer treatments and their contribution to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Richter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Oliwia Piwocka
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marika Musielak
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Igor Piotrowski
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria M. Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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6
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Wang T, Li Z, Wei J, Zheng D, Wang C, Xu C, Chen W, Wang B. Establishment and characterization of fibroblast cultures derived from a female common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) skin biopsy. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1571-1578. [PMID: 33760319 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The population decline of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) has necessitated the preservation of their genetic resources for species conservation and research. Of all actions, cryopreservation of fibroblast cell cultures derived from an animal biopsy is considered a simple but efficient means. Nevertheless, preserving viable cell cultures of the common hippopotamus has not been achieved to our knowledge. To this end, we established and characterized fibroblast cell cultures from the skin sample of a newborn common hippopotamus in this study. By combining the tissue explant direct culture and enzymatic digestion methods, we isolated a great number of cells with typical fibroblastic morphology and high viability. Neither bacteria/fungi nor mycoplasma was detectable in the cell cultures throughout the study. The population doubling time was 34 h according to the growth curve. Karyotyping based on Giemsa staining showed that the cultured cells were diploid with 36 chromosomes in all, one pair of which was sex chromosomes. The amplified mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene sequence of the cultured cells was 99.26% identical with that of the registered H. amphibius complete mitochondrial DNA, confirming the species of origin of the cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining results revealed that the detected cells were positive for fibroblast markers, S100A4, and vimentin. In conclusion, we generated the fibroblast cell cultures from a common hippopotamus and identified their characteristics using multiple techniques. We believe the cryopreserved cells could be useful genetic materials for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zelong Li
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinpu Wei
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongmin Zheng
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Biological Resource Center of Plants, Animals and Microorganisms, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbial Genomics and Application, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Simon AG, Esser LK, Ellinger J, Branchi V, Tolkach Y, Müller S, Ritter M, Kristiansen G, Muders MH, Mayr T, Toma MI. Targeting glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose sensitizes primary cell cultures of renal cell carcinoma to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2255-2265. [PMID: 32533404 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the synergistic effect of glycolysis inhibition on therapy answer to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal carcinoma. METHODS Primary cell cultures from 33 renal tumors including clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC and the rare subtype chromophobe RCC as well as two metastases of ccRCC were obtained and cultivated. The patient-derived cells were verified by immunohistochemistry. CcRCC cells were further examined by exon sequencing of the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) and by RNA-sequencing. Next, cell cultures of all subtypes of RCC were exposed to increasing doses of various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (axitinib, cabozantinib and pazopanib) and the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose, alone or combined. CellTiter-Glo® Luminescence assay and Crystal Violet staining were used to assess the inhibition of glycolysis and the viability of the cultured primary cells. RESULTS The cells expressed characteristic tissue markers and, in case of ccRCC cultures, the VHL status of the tumor they derived from. An upregulation of HK1, PFKP and SLC2A1 was observed, while components of the respiratory chain were downregulated, confirming a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. The tumors displayed variable individual responses for the therapeutics. All subtypes of RCC were susceptible to cabozantinib treatment indicated by decreased proliferation. Adding 2-deoxy-D-glucose to tyrosine kinase inhibitors decreased ATP production and increased the susceptibility of ccRCC to pazopanib treatment. CONCLUSION This study presents a valuable tool to cultivate even uncommon and rare renal cancer subtypes and allows testing of targeted therapies as a personalized approach as well as testing new therapies such as glycolysis inhibition in an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Georg Simon
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Kristin Esser
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Ellinger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vittorio Branchi
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Institute of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuri Tolkach
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Helmut Muders
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marieta Ioana Toma
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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