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Qian Y, Ma S, Qiu R, Sun Z, Liu W, Wu F, Lam SM, Xia Z, Wang K, Fang L, Shui G, Cao X. Golgi protein ACBD3 downregulation sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:1559-1572. [PMID: 38953242 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is emerging as a promising target in cancer therapy. It is regulated by a network of molecules and pathways that modulate lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis and redox balance, and related processes. However, there are still numerous regulatory molecules intricately involved in ferroptosis that remain to be identified. Here, we indicated that suppression of Golgi protein acyl-coenzyme A binding domain A containing 3 (ACBD3) increased the sensitivity of Henrieta Lacks and PANC1 cells to ferroptosis. ACBD3 knockdown increases labile iron levels by promoting ferritinophagy. This increase in free iron, coupled with reduced levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 due to ACBD3 knockdown, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides. Moreover, ACBD3 knockdown also results in elevated levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing glycerophospholipids through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, inhibition of ferrtinophagy in ACBD3 downregulated cells by knocking down the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 or Bafilomycin A1 treatment impeded ferroptosis. Collectively, our findings highlight the pivotal role of ACBD3 in governing cellular resistance to ferroptosis and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of ACBD3 levels is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanchuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguo Xia
- Department of Wound Repair and Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linshen Fang
- Department of Wound Repair and Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Bhattacharya A, Dasgupta AK. Multifaceted perspectives of detecting and targeting solid tumors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 389:1-66. [PMID: 39396844 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Solid tumors are the most prevalent form of cancer. Considerable technological and medical advancements had been achieved for the diagnosis of the disease. However, detection of the disease in an early stage is of utmost importance, still far from reality. On the contrary, the treatment and therapeutic area to combat solid tumors are still in its infancy. Conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy pose challenges due to their indiscriminate impact on healthy and cancerous cells. Contextually, efficient drug targeting is a pivotal approach in solid tumor treatment. This involves the precise delivery of drugs to cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells. Targeted drugs exhibit superior efficacy in eradicating cancer cells while impeding tumor growth and mitigate side effects by optimizing absorption which further diminishes the risk of resistance. Furthermore, tailoring targeted therapies to a patient's tumor-specific molecular profile augments treatment efficacy and reduces the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discuss about the distinctive characteristics of solid tumors, the possibility of early detection of the disease and potential therapeutic angle beyond the conventional approaches. Additionally, the chapter delves into a hitherto unknown attribute of magnetic field effect to target cancer cells which exploit the relatively less susceptibility of normal cells compared to cancer cells to magnetic fields, suggesting a future potential of magnetic nanoparticles for selective cancer cell destruction. Lastly, bioinformatics tools and other unconventional methodologies such as AI-assisted codon bias analysis have a crucial role in comprehending tumor biology, aiding in the identification of futuristic targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anjan Kr Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Alternative immune checkpoints in immunoregulatory profile of cancer stem cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23171. [PMID: 38144305 PMCID: PMC10746460 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-mediated bypass of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, also called B7-H1 or CD274) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a challenge of current years in the area of cancer immunotherapy. Alternative immune checkpoints (AICs) are molecules beyond the common PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4, and are upregulated in patients who show low/no ICI responses. These are members of B7 family including B7-H2 (ICOS-L), B7-H3 (CD276), B7-H4 (B7x), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), B7-H6, HHLA2 (B7-H5/B7-H7) and catabolic enzymes like indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), and others that are also contributed to the regulation of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). There is also strong evidence supporting the implication of AICs in regulation of cancer stemness and expanding the population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs display immunoregulatory capacity and represent multiple immune checkpoints either on their surface or inside. Besides, they are active promoters of resistance to the common ICIs. The aim of this review is to investigate interrelations between AICs with stemness and differentiation profile of cancer. The key message of this paper is that targeted checkpoints can be selected based on their impact on CSCs along with their effect on immune cells. Studies published so far mainly focused on immune cells as a target for anti-checkpoints. Ex vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) equipped with CSC-targeted anti-checkpoint antibodies is without a doubt a key therapeutic target that can be under consideration in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Hou G, Qian J, Wang Y, Xu W, Guo M, Li Z, Wang J, Suo A. Hydrazide/Metal/Indocyanine Green Coordinated Nanoplatform for Potentiating Reciprocal Ferroptosis and Immunity against Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37143-37156. [PMID: 37498789 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis holds great potential in cancer treatment, but its efficacy is severely limited by a low Fenton reaction efficacy. Meanwhile, the interactive relationship between Ferroptosis and the PD-1 blockade is still vague. Herein, a hydrazide/Cu/Fe/indocyanine green coordinated nanoplatform (TCFI) is constructed by a hydrazide-metal-sulfonate coordination process. The TCFI nanoplatform exhibits Fenton-/catalase-/glutathione oxidase-like triple activities and accordingly can trigger lipid peroxidation, relieve hypoxia, and downregulate the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 axis, thus achieving positively and negatively dually enhanced Ferroptosis in B16F10 cancer cells. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the TCFI nanoplatform induces robust immunogenic cancer cell death by elevating the intracellular reactive oxygen species level through synergistic photodynamic therapy/Ferroptosis, which significantly potentiates CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors and interferon-γ secretion. Moreover, upregulated interferon-γ efficiently inhibits system xc- activity and sensitizes cancer cells to Ferroptosis. Interestingly, the PD-1 blockade may strengthen the reciprocal process. The combination of the TCFI nanoplatform and αPD-1 can eliminate primary tumors and inhibit distant tumor growth, lung metastasis, and tumor recurrence. This study presents a simple and novel coordination strategy to fabricate tumor microenvironment-responsive nanodrugs and highlights the enhancement effect of photodynamic therapy on reciprocal Ferroptosis and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710061, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710049, P. R. China
| | - Aili Suo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an710061, P. R. China
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Najafi S, Mortezaee K. Advances in dendritic cell vaccination therapy of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114954. [PMID: 37257227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, vaccines have helped eradication of several infectious diseases and also saved millions of lives in the human history. Those prophylactic vaccines have acted through inducing immune responses against a live attenuated, killed organism or antigenic subunits to protect the recipient against a real infection caused by the pathogenic microorganism. Nevertheless, development of anticancer vaccines as valuable targets in human health has faced challenges and requires further optimizations. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play essential roles in tumor immunotherapies through induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. Accordingly, various strategies have been tested to employ DCs as therapeutic vaccines for exploiting their activity against tumor cells. Application of whole tumor cells or purified/recombinant antigen peptides are the most common approaches for pulsing DCs, which then are injected back into the patients. Although some hopeful results are reported for a number of DC vaccines tested in animal and clinical trials of cancer patients, such approaches are still inefficient and require optimization. Failure of DC vaccination is postulated due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), overexpression of checkpoint proteins, suboptimal avidity of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T lymphocytes, and lack of appropriate adjuvants. In this review, we have an overview of the current experiments and trials evaluated the anticancer efficacy of DC vaccination as well as focusing on strategies to improve their potential including combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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6
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Farhana A, Alsrhani A, Khan YS, Rasheed Z. Cancer Bioenergetics and Tumor Microenvironments-Enhancing Chemotherapeutics and Targeting Resistant Niches through Nanosystems. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3836. [PMID: 37568652 PMCID: PMC10416858 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an impending bottleneck in the advanced scientific workflow to achieve diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic success. Most cancers are refractory to conventional diagnostic and chemotherapeutics due to their limited targetability, specificity, solubility, and side effects. The inherent ability of each cancer to evolve through various genetic and epigenetic transformations and metabolic reprogramming underlies therapeutic limitations. Though tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are quite well understood in some cancers, each microenvironment differs from the other in internal perturbations and metabolic skew thereby impeding the development of appropriate diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and therapies. Cancer associated bioenergetics modulations regulate TME, angiogenesis, immune evasion, generation of resistant niches and tumor progression, and a thorough understanding is crucial to the development of metabolic therapies. However, this remains a missing element in cancer theranostics, necessitating the development of modalities that can be adapted for targetability, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this challenging scenario, nanomaterials are modular platforms for understanding TME and achieving successful theranostics. Several nanoscale particles have been successfully researched in animal models, quite a few have reached clinical trials, and some have achieved clinical success. Nanoparticles exhibit an intrinsic capability to interact with diverse biomolecules and modulate their functions. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be functionalized with receptors, modulators, and drugs to facilitate specific targeting with reduced toxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of different theranostic nanosystems, their synthesis, functionalization, and targetability for therapeutic modulation of bioenergetics, and metabolic reprogramming of the cancer microenvironment. We highlight the potential of nanosystems for enhanced chemotherapeutic success emphasizing the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf Saleem Khan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Kharazinejad E. The impact of hypoxia on tumor-mediated bypassing anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114646. [PMID: 37011483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extending the durability of response is the current focus in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, factors like non-immunogenic tumor microenvironment (TME) along with aberrant angiogenesis and dysregulated metabolic systems are negative contributors. Hypoxia is a key TME condition and a critical promoter of tumor hallmarks. It acts on immune and non-immune cells within TME in order for promoting immune evasion and therapy resistance. Extreme hypoxia is a major promoter of resistance to the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor therapy. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) acts as a key mediator of hypoxia and a critical promoter of resistance to the anti-PD-(L)1. Targeting hypoxia or HIF-1 can thus be an effective strategy for reinvigoration of cellular immunity against cancer. Among various strategies presented so far, the key focus is over vascular normalization, which is an approach highly effective for reducing the rate of hypoxia, increasing drug delivery into the tumor area, and boosting the efficacy of anti-PD-(L)1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kharazinejad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Mortaezaee K, Majidpoor J. Mechanisms of CD8 + T cell exclusion and dysfunction in cancer resistance to anti-PD-(L)1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114824. [PMID: 37141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the front-line defensive cells against cancer. Reduced infiltration and effector function of CD8+ T cells occurs in cancer and is contributed to defective immunity and immunotherapy resistance. Exclusion and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells are the two key factors associated with reduced durability of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Initially activated T cells upon exposure to chronic antigen stimulation or immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) acquire a hyporesponsive state that progressively lose their effector function. Thus, a key strategy in cancer immunotherapy is to look for factors contributed to defective CD8+ T cell infiltration and function. Targeting such factors can define a promising supplementary approach in patients receiving anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy. Recently, bispecific antibodies are developed against PD-(L)1 and a dominant factor within TME, representing higher safety profile and exerting more desired outcomes. The focus of this review is to discuss about promoters of deficient infiltration and effector function of CD8+ T cells and their addressing in cancer ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortaezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Charehjoo A, Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in circumventing checkpoint inhibitor responses: Updated. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110032. [PMID: 36933494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations occur commonly in tumor cells as a way to adapt available energetic sources for their proliferation, survival and resistance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an intracellular enzyme catalyzing tryptophan degradation into kynurenine. IDO1 expression shows a rise in the stroma of many types of human cancers, and it provides a negative feedback mechanism for cancer evasion from immunosurveillance. Upregulation of IDO1 correlates with cancer aggression, poor prognosis and shortened patient survival. The increased activity of this endogenous checkpoint impairs effector T cell function, increases regulatory T cell (Treg) population and induces immune tolerance, so its inhibition potentiates anti-tumor immune responses and reshapes immunogenic state of tumor microenvironment (TME) presumably through normalizing effector T cell activity. A point is that the expression of this immunoregulatory marker is upregulated after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and that it has inducible effect on expression of other checkpoints. These are indicative of the importance of IDO1 as an attractive immunotherapeutic target and rationalizing combination of IDO1 inhibitors with ICI drugs in patients with advanced solid cancers. In this review, we aimed to discuss about the impact of IDO1 on tumor immune ecosystem, and the IDO1-mediated bypass of ICI therapy. The efficacy of IDO1 inhibitor therapy in combination with ICIs in advanced/metastatic solid tumors is also a focus of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Charehjoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Anti-PD-(L)1 therapy of non-small cell lung cancer-A summary of clinical trials and current progresses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14566. [PMID: 36950599 PMCID: PMC10025922 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review discusses the impact of mono or combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, comparing clinical outcomes and safety. Cancer subtype, tumor mutational burden (TMB), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression state and T cell infiltration (TIL) density are considered for interpretations. Besides, current progresses in the field of immunotherapy are discussed. Results Anti-PD-(L)1 is a safe and an effective strategy in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC. Clinical responses to nivolumab and pembrolizumab, in particular, are promising. The most desired clinical responses are for patients receiving combination of anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-PD-(L)1/anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with chemotherapy (taxane and platinum). PD-L1 expression state (PD-L1 ≥ 50%), patient performance state (PS: 0-1 ECOG scale) and effector T cell (Teff) immune signature considerably affect ICI responses. Higher ICI responses are also expected in TMB high but EGFR-/ALK- cancer patients. In regard with safety profile, adverse events (AEs) related to anti-PD-(L)1 are lower compared with that for platinum-based and docetaxel therapy. Toripalimab is the safest among various immunotherapy drugs. Bispecific antibodies against anti-PD-(L)1 with dominant signaling or alternative checkpoints in tumor microenvironment (TME) is the current focus in immunotherapy of cancers like NSCLC. Besides, the contribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to immune escape and their implication in cancer diagnosis and therapy is on the eye of current investigations. Conclusion Appropriate biomarker selection will improve therapy outcomes in ICI treated NSCLC patients, particularly in cases under combinatory ICI therapy. Application of bispecific antibodies and EV-based targeted therapy are effective novel strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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11
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Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041192. [PMID: 36831534 PMCID: PMC9953833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse" of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells. Specifically, healthy cells display a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to the high accumulation of zinc that impairs the activity of m-aconitase, the enzyme of the TCA cycle responsible for the oxidation of citrate. During the early phase of cancer development, intracellular zinc levels decrease leading to the reactivation of m-aconitase, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. PCa cells change their metabolic features again when progressing to the late stage of cancer. In particular, the Warburg effect was consistently shown to be the main metabolic feature of late-stage PCa cells. However, accumulating evidence sustains that both the TCA cycle and the OXPHOS pathway are still present and active in these cells. The androgen receptor axis as well as mutations in mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic rewiring were shown to play a key role in PCa cell metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondrial structural dynamics, such as biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, were also observed in PCa cells. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in PCa during tumor development and progression; their role as effective molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa patients is also discussed.
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Najafi S, Tasa D. Bypassing anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: Mechanisms and management strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114150. [PMID: 36577330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a major issue of the current era in cancer immunotherapy. Immune evasion is a multi-factorial event, which occurs generally at a base of cold immunity. Despite advances in the field, there are still unsolved challenges about how to combat checkpoint hijacked by tumor cells and what are complementary treatment strategies to render durable anti-tumor outcomes. A point is that anti-programed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is not the solo path of immune escape, and responses in many types of solid tumors to the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are not satisfactory. Thus, seeking mechanisms inter-connecting tumor with its immune ecosystem nearby unravel more about resistance mechanisms so as to develop methods for sustained reinvigoration of immune activity against cancer. In this review, we aimed to discuss about common and specific paths taken by tumor cells to evade immune surveillance, describing novel detection strategies, as well as suggesting some approaches to recover tumor sensitivity to the anti-PD-(L)1 therapy based on the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Tasa
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Fellowship, Organ Transplantation Group, Massih Daneshvari Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Transforming growth factor-β signalling in tumour resistance to the anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: Updated. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:311-321. [PMID: 36625080 PMCID: PMC9889687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Low frequency of durable responses in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demands for taking complementary strategies in order to boost immune responses against cancer. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-tasking cytokine that is frequently expressed in tumours and acts as a critical promoter of tumour hallmarks. TGF-β promotes an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and defines a bypass mechanism to the ICI therapy. A number of cells within the stroma of tumour are influenced from TGF-β activity. There is also evidence of a relation between TGF-β with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression within TME, and it influences the efficacy of anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) or anti-PD-L1 therapy. Combination of TGF-β inhibitors with anti-PD(L)1 has come to the promising outcomes, and clinical trials are under way in order to use agents with bifunctional capacity and fusion proteins for bonding TGF-β traps with anti-PD-L1 antibodies aiming at reinvigorating immune responses and promoting persistent responses against advanced stage cancers, especially tumours with immunologically cold ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research CenterGonabad University of Medical SciencesGonabadIran
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Juras PK, Racioppi L, Mukherjee D, Artham S, Gao X, D’Agostino LA, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Increased CaMKK2 Expression Is an Adaptive Response That Maintains the Fitness of Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:109-122. [PMID: 36301267 PMCID: PMC9812906 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is a key regulator of energy homeostasis in several cell types. Expression of this enzyme in tumor cells promotes proliferation and migration, and expression in tumor-associated immune cells facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Thus, there has been interest in developing CaMKK2 inhibitors as potential anticancer therapeutics. One impediment to clinical development of these agents is that the roles of CaMKK2 in other cellular compartments within the tumor immune microenvironment remain to be established. We report herein that CaMKK2 is expressed at low basal levels in natural killer (NK) cells but is upregulated in tumor-infiltrating NK cells where it suppresses apoptosis and promotes proliferation. NK cell-intrinsic deletion of CaMKK2 increased metastatic progression in several murine models, establishing a critical role for this enzyme in NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Ablation of the CaMKK2 protein, but not inhibition of its kinase activity, resulted in decreased NK-cell survival. These results indicate an important scaffolding function for CaMKK2 in NK cells and suggest that competitive CaMKK2 inhibitors and ligand-directed degraders (LDD) are likely to have distinct therapeutic utilities. Finally, we determined that intracellular lactic acid is a key driver of CaMKK2 expression, suggesting that upregulated expression of this enzyme is an adaptive mechanism by which tumor-infiltrating NK cells mitigate the deleterious effects of a lactic acid-rich tumor microenvironment. The findings of this study should inform strategies to manipulate the CaMKK2-signaling axis as a therapeutic approach in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Juras
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura Akullian D’Agostino
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Pang K, Shi ZD, Wei LY, Dong Y, Ma YY, Wang W, Wang GY, Cao MY, Dong JJ, Chen YA, Zhang P, Hao L, Xu H, Pan D, Chen ZS, Han CH. Research progress of therapeutic effects and drug resistance of immunotherapy based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 66:100907. [PMID: 36527888 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on the surface of T cells and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells can prevent the immune-killing effect of T cells on tumor cells and promote the immune escape of tumor cells. Therefore, immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1/PD-L1 is a reliable tumor therapy with remarkable efficacy. However, the main challenges of this therapy are low response rate and acquired resistance, so that the outcomes of this therapy are usually unsatisfactory. This review begins with the description of biological structure of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint and its role in a variety of cells. Subsequently, the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint blockers (PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors) in various tumors were introduced and analyzed, and the reasons affecting the function of PD-1/PD-L1 were systematically analyzed. Then, we focused on analyzing, sorting out and introducing the possible underlying mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade including abnormal expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and some factors, immune-related pathways, tumor immune microenvironment, and T cell dysfunction and others. Finally, promising therapeutic strategies to sensitize the resistant patients with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade treatment were described. This review is aimed at providing guidance for the treatment of various tumors, and highlighting the drug resistance mechanisms to offer directions for future tumor treatment and improvement of patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Duo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Urology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liu-Ya Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Yang Ma
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Building 1, Administration Building, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical College, Southeast University, 87 DingjiaQiao, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Yue Wang
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Building 1, Administration Building, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ming-Yang Cao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Jun Dong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ang Chen
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Building 1, Administration Building, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Building 1, Administration Building, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Building 1, Administration Building, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Cong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 Jiefang South Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Urology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Heilongjiang, China.
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16
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Najafi S. VISTA immune regulatory effects in bypassing cancer immunotherapy: Updated. Life Sci 2022; 310:121083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Extracellular vesicle isolation, purification and evaluation in cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e41. [PMID: 36268744 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for non-invasive biomarker discovery in early detection of cancer are an urgent need. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have generated increasing attention from the scientific community and are under intensive investigations due to their unique biological profiles and their non-invasive nature. EVs are membrane-enclosed vesicles with variable sizes and function. Such vesicles are actively secreted from multiple cell types and are considered as key vehicles for inter-cellular communications and signalling. The stability and potential to easily cross biological barriers enable EVs for exerting durable effects on target cells. These along with easy access to such vesicles, the consistent secretion from tumour during all stages of tumorigenesis and their content providing a reservoir of molecules as well as mirroring the identity of the cell of origin are virtues that have made EVs appealing to be assessed in liquid biopsy approaches and for using as a promising resource of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy and monitoring targeted cancer therapy. Early detection of EVs will guide time-scheduled personalised therapy. Surveying reliable and sensitive methods for rapid isolation of EVs from biofluids, the purity of isolated vesicles and their molecular profiling and marker specification for clinical translation in patients with cancer are issues in the area and the hot topics of many recent studies. Here, the focus is over methods for EV isolation and stratification for digging more information about liquid biopsy-based diagnosis. Extending knowledge regarding EV-based strategies is a key to validate independent patient follow-up for cancer diagnosis at early stages and inspecting the efficacy of therapeutics.
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18
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Li X, Peng X, Zhang C, Bai X, Li Y, Chen G, Guo H, He W, Zhou X, Gou X. Bladder Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Tumor Angiogenesis by Inducing HBP-Related Metabolic Reprogramming and SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in Endothelial Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202993. [PMID: 36045101 PMCID: PMC9596856 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A malformed tumour vascular network provokes the nutrient-deprived tumour microenvironment (TME), which conversely activates endothelial cell (EC) functions and stimulates neovascularization. Emerging evidence suggests that the flexible metabolic adaptability of tumour cells helps to establish a metabolic symbiosis among various cell subpopulations in the fluctuating TME. In this study, the authors propose a novel metabolic link between bladder cancer (BCa) cells and ECs in the nutrient-scarce TME, in which BCa-secreted glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1) via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reprograms glucose metabolism by increasing hexosamine biosynthesis pathway flux in ECs and thus enhances O-GlcNAcylation. Moreover, seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) O-GlcNAcylation at serine 101 in ECs promotes its degradation by ubiquitination and impeded importin α5-mediated nuclear translocation. Intranuclear SerRS attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor transcription by competitively binding to the GC-rich region of the proximal promotor. Additionally, GFAT1 knockout in tumour cells blocks SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in ECs and attenuates angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. However, administration of GFAT1-overexpressing BCa cells-derived sEVs increase the angiogenetic activity in the ECs of GFAT1-knockout mice. In summary, this study suggests that inhibiting sEV-mediated GFAT1 secretion from BCa cells and targeting SerRS O-GlcNAcylation in ECs may serve as novel strategies for BCa antiangiogenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Huixia Guo
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and EpigeneticsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Extracellular vesicle-based checkpoint regulation and immune state in cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:225. [PMID: 36175741 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells exploit several mechanisms for hijacking an immunosuppressive tumor ecosystem in order to evade immune surveillance and to progress toward metastasis. Equipment of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with checkpoints is an example of cancer control over anti-tumor responses from immune system. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a checkpoint highly expressed in a tumor at progressive stage. Interactions between PD-L1 with its receptor programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T cells will block the effector function of CD8+ T cells, known as one of the most important defensive cells against cancer. Evaluation of circulatory exosomal PD-L1 can be a prognostic biomarker in tumor diagnosis and responses to the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and can be considered as a tool in clinical practice for exploiting personalized therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is also a checkpoint that its engagement with CD80/CD86 expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) hamper the priming phase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Harvesting EVs from tumor and their modification with desired anti-checkpoint antibodies can be a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to discuss about EV roles in checkpoint regulation, cancer diagnosis and ICI responses, and to survey possible application of such vesicles in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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20
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer stemness and heterogeneity: updated. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:193. [PMID: 36071302 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a trans-differentiation program and a key process in tumor progression is linked positively with increased expansion of cancer stem cells and cells with stem-like properties. This is mediated through modulation of critical tumorigenic events and is positively correlated with hypoxic conditions in tumor microenvironment. The presence of cells eliciting diverse phenotypical states inside tumor is representative of heterogeneity and higher tumor resistance to therapy. In this review, we aimed to discuss about the current understanding toward EMT, stemness, and heterogeneity in tumors of solid organs, their contribution to the key tumorigenic events along with major signaling pathway involved, and, finally, to suggest some strategies to target these critical events.
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21
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Dysregulated metabolism: A friend-to-foe skewer of macrophages. Int Rev Immunol 2022:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2095374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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22
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NK and cells with NK-like activities in cancer immunotherapy-clinical perspectives. Med Oncol 2022; 39:131. [PMID: 35716327 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphoid cells of innate immunity that take important roles in immune surveillance. NK cells are considered as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and their infiltration into tumor area is related positively with prolonged patient survival. They are defined as CD16+ CD56+ CD3- cells in clinic. NK cells promote cytolytic effects on target cells and induce their apoptosis. Loss of NK cell cytotoxic activity and reduction in the number of activating receptors are the current issues for application of such cells in cellular immunotherapy, which resulted in the diminished long-term effects. The focus of this review is to discuss about the activity of NK cells and cells with NK-like activity including natural killer T (NKT), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in immunotherapy of human solid cancers.
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23
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Qiu T, Chen Y, Meng L, Xu T, Zhang H. Identification of a metabolism-related gene signature predicting overall survival for bladder cancer. Genomics 2022; 114:110402. [PMID: 35714826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolism is becoming a novel hallmark of cancer. This study aims to perform bioinformatics analysis of metabolism-related genes in bladder cancer, and to construct a signature of metabolism-related genes for predicting the prognosis. A total of 373 differentially expressed metabolism-related genes were identified from TCGA database. Taking survival time and clinical information into consideration, we constructed a risk score to predict clinical prognosis. Low-risk patients had a better prognosis than high-risk patients. Multivariate analysis showed that risk score was an independent prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. ROC curve also proved that risk score had better ability to predict prognosis than other individual indicators. Nomogram also showed a clinical net benefit to evaluate the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. GSEA revealed several metabolism-related pathways that were differentially enriched in the high-risk and low-risk groups, which might help to explain the underlying mechanisms. This signature was confirmed to be an effective prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Qiu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Meng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Moslehi M, Moazamiyanfar R, Dakkali MS, Rezaei S, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Jafarzadeh E, Mouludi K, Khodamoradi E, Taeb S, Najafi M. Modulation of the immune system by melatonin; implications for cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108890. [PMID: 35623297 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune system interactions within the tumour have a key role in the resistance or sensitization of cancer cells to anti-cancer agents. On the other hand, activation of the immune system in normal tissues following chemotherapy or radiotherapy is associated with acute and late effects such as inflammation and fibrosis. Some immune responses can reduce the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy and also promote normal tissue toxicity. Modulation of immune responses can boost the efficiency of anti-tumour therapy and alleviate normal tissue toxicity. Melatonin is a natural body agent that has shown promising results for modulating tumour response to therapy and also alleviating normal tissue toxicity. This review tries to focus on the immunomodulatory actions of melatonin in both tumour and normal tissues. We will explain how anti-cancer drugs may cause toxicity for normal tissues and how tumours can adapt themselves to ionizing radiation and anti-cancer drugs. Then, cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunoregulatory effects of melatonin alone or combined with other anti-cancer agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Moslehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Moazamiyanfar
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Bldg. Rm 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Nima Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Jafarzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kave Mouludi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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25
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. CD8 + T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Disease and Cancer-Clinical Perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864298. [PMID: 35432340 PMCID: PMC9010719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated innate and adaptive immunity is a sign of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and cancer. CD8+ T cells are important cells of the immune system. The cells belong to the adaptive immunity and take a front-line defense against viral infections and cancer. Extreme CD8+ T-cell activities in the lung of patients with a SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and within the tumor microenvironment (TME) will change their functionality into exhausted state and undergo apoptosis. Such diminished immunity will put cancer cases at a high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, rendering viral sepsis and a more severe condition which will finally cause a higher rate of mortality. Recovering responses from CD8+ T cells is a purpose of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to discuss the CD8+ T cellular state in SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and in cancer and to present some strategies for recovering the functionality of these critical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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26
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Checkpoint inhibitor/interleukin-based combination therapy of cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2934-2943. [PMID: 35301813 PMCID: PMC9359865 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is the current focus in cancer immunotherapy. However, issues are raised in the area, as the recent studies showed that such therapeutic modality suffers from low durability and low or no efficacy for patients with some tumor types including cases with non-inflamed or cold cancers. Therefore, efforts have been made to solve the issue using immune combination therapy, such as the use of immunocytokines. The combination of ICI with interleukins (ILs) and IL-targeting agents is now under consideration in the area of therapy, and the primary results are promising. PURPOSE The focus of this review is to discuss the possibility of using ILs and IL-targeting drugs in combination with ICI in cancer immunotherapy and describing recent advances in the field using PEGylated ILs and fusion proteins. The key focus in this area is to reduce adverse events and to increase the efficacy and durability of such combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Monzur S, Hassan G, Afify SM, Kumon K, Mansour H, Nawara HM, Sheta M, Abu Quora HA, Zahra MH, Xu Y, Fu X, Seno A, Wikström P, Szekeres FLM, Seno M. Diphenyleneiodonium efficiently inhibits the characteristics of a cancer stem cell model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:310-320. [PMID: 35285948 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) has long been evaluated as an anticancer drug inhibiting NADPH oxidase, the IC50 in several cancer cell lines was reported 10 µM, which is too high for efficacy. In this study, we employed miPS-Huh7cmP cells, which we previously established as a cancer stem cell (CSC) model from induced pluripotent stem cells, to reevaluate the efficacy of DPI because CSCs are currently one of the main foci of therapeutic strategy to treat cancer, but generally considered resistant to chemotherapy. As a result, the conventional assay for the cell growth inhibition by DPI accounted for an IC50 at 712 nM that was not enough to define the effectiveness as an anticancer drug. Simultaneously, the wound-healing assay revealed an IC50 of approximately 500 nM. Comparatively, the IC50 values shown on sphere formation, colony formation, and tube formation assays were 5.52, 12, and 8.7 nM, respectively. However, these inhibitory effects were not observed by VAS2780, also a reputed NADPH oxidase inhibitor. It is noteworthy that these three assays are evaluating the characteristic of CSCs and are designed in the three-dimensional (3D) culture methods. We concluded that DPI could be a suitable candidate to target mitochondrial respiration in CSCs. We propose that the 3D culture assays are more efficient to screen anti-CSC drug candidates and better mimic tumor microenvironment when compared to the adherent monolayer of 2D culture system used for a conventional assay, such as cell growth inhibition and wound-healing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Monzur
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Chemistry Department, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom-Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Kazuki Kumon
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hager Mansour
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hend M Nawara
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mona Sheta
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hagar A Abu Quora
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Cytology, Histology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom-Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yanning Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Department of Pathology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyin Fu
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,R&D Division, The Laboratory of Natural Food & Medicine Co., Ltd, Okayama University Incubator, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Ferenc L M Szekeres
- Department of Health and Education, Division of Biomedicine, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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28
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. (Im)maturity in Tumor Ecosystem. Front Oncol 2022; 11:813897. [PMID: 35145911 PMCID: PMC8821092 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.813897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have special features that make them distinct from their normal counterparts. Immature cells in a tumor mass and their critical contributions to the tumorigenesis will open new windows toward cancer therapy. Incomplete cellular development brings versatile and unique functionality in the cellular tumor ecosystem, such as what is seen for highly potential embryonic cells. There is evidence that maturation of certain types of cells in this ecosystem can recover the sensitivity of the tumor. Therefore, understanding more about the mechanisms that contributed to this immaturity will render new therapeutic approaches in cancer therapy. Targeting such mechanisms can be exploited as a supplementary to the current immunotherapeutic treatment schedules, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. The key focus of this review is to discuss the impact of (im)maturity in cellular tumor ecosystems on cancer progression, focusing mainly on immaturity in the immune cell compartment of the tumor, as well as on the stemness of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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29
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Taeb S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rezapoor S, Musa AE, Farhood B, Najafi M. Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Radiotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:18-30. [PMID: 34951575 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666211224154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disorder that involves several elements of both the tumor and the host stromal cells. At present, the complex relationship between the various factors presents in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor cells, as well as immune cells located within the TME, is still poorly known. Within the TME, the crosstalk of these factors and immune cells essentially determines how a tumor reacts to the treatment and how the tumor can ultimately be destroyed, remain dormant, or develop and metastasize. Also, in TME, reciprocal crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) intensifies the proliferation capacity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are subpopulation of cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and repair DNA damage. These characteristics make CSCs develop resistance to a variety of treatments, such as radiotherapy (RT). RT is a frequent and often curative treatment for local cancer which mediates tumor elimination by cytotoxic actions. Also, cytokines and growth factors that are released into TME, have been involved in the activation of tumor radioresistance and the induction of different immune cells, altering local immune responses. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of TME in resistance of CSCs to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 , Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Turkey
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences., Iraq
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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30
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. The impact of hypoxia on immune state in cancer. Life Sci 2021; 286:120057. [PMID: 34662552 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a known feature of solid tumors and a critical promoter of tumor hallmarks. Hypoxia influences tumor immunity in a way favoring immune evasion and resistance. Extreme hypoxia and aberrant hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity in tumor microenvironment (TME) is a drawback for effective immunotherapy. Infiltration and activity of CD8+ T cells is reduced in such condition, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) show high activities. Highly hypoxic TME also impairs maturation and activity of dendritic cell (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, the hypoxic TME positively is linked positively with metabolic changes in cells of immune system. These alterations are indicative of a need for hypoxia modulation as a complementary targeting strategy to go with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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31
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Fontana F, Limonta P. The multifaceted roles of mitochondria at the crossroads of cell life and death in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:203-221. [PMID: 34597798 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the cytoplasmic organelles mostly known as the "electric engine" of the cells; however, they also play pivotal roles in different biological processes, such as cell growth/apoptosis, Ca2+ and redox homeostasis, and cell stemness. In cancer cells, mitochondria undergo peculiar functional and structural dynamics involved in the survival/death fate of the cell. Cancer cells use glycolysis to support macromolecular biosynthesis and energy production ("Warburg effect"); however, mitochondrial OXPHOS has been shown to be still active during carcinogenesis and even exacerbated in drug-resistant and stem cancer cells. This metabolic rewiring is associated with mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial metabolic enzymes ("oncometabolites"), alterations of ROS production and redox biology, and a fine-tuned balance between anti-/proapoptotic proteins. In cancer cells, mitochondria also experience dynamic alterations from the structural point of view undergoing coordinated cycles of biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, and physically communicating with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through the Ca2+ flux, at the MAM (mitochondria-associated membranes) levels. This review addresses the peculiar mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in cancer cells and their role in coordinating the balance between cell survival and death. The role of mitochondrial dynamics as effective biomarkers of tumor progression and promising targets for anticancer strategies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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32
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Key promoters of tumor hallmarks. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 27:45-58. [PMID: 34773527 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-02074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of tumor hallmarks is a result of accommodation of tumor cells with their nearby milieu called tumor microenvironment (TME). Accommodation or adaptive responses is highly important for a cell to survive, without which no cell is allowed to take any further steps in tumorigenesis. Metabolism of cancer cells is largely depended on stroma. Composition and plasticity of cells within the stroma is highly affected from inflammatory setting of TME. Hypoxia which is a common event in many solid cancers, is known as one of the key hallmarks of chronic inflammation and the master regulator of metastasis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is produced in the chronic inflammatory and chronic hypoxic settings, and it is considered as a cardinal factor for induction of all tumor hallmarks. Aging, obesity and smoking are the main predisposing factors of cancer, acting mainly through modulation of TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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33
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Sampani K. Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114809. [PMID: 34673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries. The breakdown of food molecules provides chemical energy to power cellular processes, with mitochondria as powerhouses and ATP as the principal energy carrying molecule. Most animal cell ATP is produced by mitochondrial synthase; its central role in metabolism has been known for >80 years. Metabolic disorders involving many organ systems are prevalent in all age groups. Progressive pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of genetic mitochondrial diseases, the most common phenotypic expression of inherited metabolic disorders. Confluent genetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial axes surface in diabetes, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and even in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Najafi M, Majidpoor J, Toolee H, Mortezaee K. The current knowledge concerning solid cancer and therapy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22900. [PMID: 34462987 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid cancers comprise a large number of new cases and deaths from cancer each year globally. There are a number of strategies for addressing tumors raised from solid organs including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, combinational therapy, and stem cell and extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the dominant cures, but are not always effective, in which even in a localized tumor there is a possibility of tumor relapse after surgical resection. Over half of the cancer patients will receive radiotherapy as a part of their therapeutic schedule. Radiotherapy can cause an abscopal response for boosting the activity of the immune system outside the local field of radiation, but it may also cause an unwanted bystander effect, predisposing nonradiated cells into carcinogenesis. In the context of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibition is known as the standard-of-care, but the major concern is in regard with cold cancers that show low responses to such therapy. Stem-cell therapy can be used to send prodrugs toward the tumor area; this strategy, however, has its own predicaments, such as unwanted attraction toward the other sites including healthy tissues and its instability. A substitute to such therapy and quite a novel strategy is to use EVs, by virtue of their stability and potential to cross biological barriers and long-term storage of contents. Combination therapy is the current focus. Despite advances in the field, there are still unmet concerns in the area of effective cancer therapy, raising challenges and opportunities for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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35
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Interleukin-2 therapy of cancer-clinical perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107836. [PMID: 34218217 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine that displays opposing activities on immune system acting either in favor of or against cancer progression. Advanced/metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the two types of cancers that included most studies implemented for assessing the role of high-dose IL-2 therapy. The use of high-dose IL-2 therapy can, however, increase the rate of toxicities and interferes with the activity of endothelial cells (ECs) and effector T cells in tumor microenvironment (TME). This implies the need for adjusting strategies related to the cytokine therapy, such as suppressing signals that are interfering with the activity of this cytokine or the use of engineered IL-2 variants. The focus of this review is to discuss about pros and cons related to the IL-2 therapy and propose strategies to increase the efficacy of therapy. The outcomes of this literature will call for application of variants of IL-2 engineered to represent higher half-life and efficacy, and are more safe in the area of cancer immunotherapy.
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36
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Mortezaee K. Normalization in tumor ecosystem: Opportunities and challenges. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2017-2030. [PMID: 34189798 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current research in cancer therapy aims to exploit efficient strategies to have long-lasting effects on tumors and to reduce or even revoke the chance of recurrence. Within the tumor stroma, O2 and nutrients are abnormally distributed between various cells (preferentially for supplying cancer cells), the immune contexture is abnormally positioned (permissive essentially for cells exhibiting tumor-promoting capacity), the fibroblast and fibrotic content is abnormally distributed (presence of both extracellular matrix [ECM] stiffening and ECM-degrading factors both for tumor-promoting purposes), and the tumor vasculature is abnormally orchestrated (for hindering drug delivery and increasing the chance of tumor metastasis). Resistance is actually an adaptive response to an imbalance in the tumor ecosystem; thus, the key consideration for effective cancer therapy is to bring back the normal status in this ecosystem so as to reach the desired durable outcome. Vascular normalization, metabolic modulation (glucose delivery in particular), balancing cellular dispersion, and balancing the pH rate and O2 delivery within the tumor microenvironment are suggested strategies to reverse abnormality within the tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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37
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Mortezaee K. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer immunotherapy-clinical perspectives. Life Sci 2021; 277:119627. [PMID: 34004256 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous and poorly mature cells of innate immunity that their population is increased substantially in cancer patients. MDSCs represent three subsets including CD14+ monocytic (M), CD15+ granulocytic (G) and Lin- early precursor (e) cells. MDSCs release a number of factors that direct several tumorigenic-related events including immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Assessment of MDSCs can provide valuable information from cancer immunity state, and it can be an indicator of tumor prognosis. The cells can be targeted in combination with current immunotherapeutic schedules, and the outcomes were promising. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of MDSCs, their involvement in tumor-related immunosuppression, and their impact on cancer immunotherapy. Then, strategies are proposed to boost the power of immune system against MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. The efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cold cancers and future perspectives. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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39
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Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Angiogenesis as a hallmark of solid tumors - clinical perspectives. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:715-737. [PMID: 33835425 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is a key and early step in tumorigenesis, and is known as a hallmark of solid tumors and a key promoter of tumor recurrence. Unlike normal tissue vessels, the architecture of the tumor vasculature is abnormal, being leaky, tortuous, fragile and blind-ended. Perivascular cells are either detached or absent, causing reduction of vascular integrity, an increase in vessel immaturity, incoherent perfusion, defective functionality and enhanced tumor dissemination and metastasis. The abnormal tumor vasculature along with the defective tumor vessel functionality finally causes bouts of hypoxia and acidity in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further reinvigorating tumor aggression. Interstitial hypertension or high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is an outcome of tumor hyper-permeability. High IFP can be a barrier for either effective delivery of anti-cancer drugs toward the TME or accumulation of drugs within the tumor area, thus promoting tumor resistance to therapy. Some tumors do, however, not undergo angiogenesis but instead undergo vessel co-option or vascular mimicry, thereby adding another layer of complexity to cancer development and therapy. CONCLUSIONS Combination of anti-angiogenesis therapy with chemotherapy and particularly with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a promising strategy for a number of advanced cancers. Among the various approaches for targeting tumor angiogenesis, vascular normalization is considered as the most desired method, which allows effective penetration of chemotherapeutics into the tumor area, thus being an appropriate adjuvant to other cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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