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Cavallaro PA, De Santo M, Greco M, Marinaro R, Belsito EL, Liguori A, Leggio A. Titanium Tetrachloride-Assisted Direct Esterification of Carboxylic Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:777. [PMID: 38398529 PMCID: PMC10892408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ester compounds, widely found in pharmaceutical and natural products, play a crucial role in organic synthesis, prompting the development of numerous methods for their synthesis. An important chemical approach in synthesizing esters from carboxylic acids involves the activation of the carboxyl function, requiring the conversion of the hydroxyl group into a suitable leaving group. This paper presents the findings of our investigations into an efficient method for producing esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, using the Lewis acid titanium tetrachloride. Titanium tetrachloride has proven highly effective as a coupling reagent for the one-pot formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols operating under mild and neutral conditions. Notably, the reaction eliminates the need for bases, yielding carboxylic esters in high purity and yields. The method is efficient, even with long-chain carboxylic acids, and operates well with primary alcohols in dichloromethane. Steric hindrance, potentially present in carboxylic acids, has a moderate effect on the reaction. Alcohol substrates that easily form stable carbocations require, instead, the use of non-polar solvents like hexane for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Leggio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (E.L.B.); (A.L.)
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2
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Han J, Haines CA, Piane JJ, Filien LL, Nacsa ED. An Electrochemical Design for Catalytic Dehydration: Direct, Room-Temperature Esterification without Acid or Base Additives. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37436909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach has been leveraged to underpin a new conceptual platform for dehydration reactions, which has been demonstrated in the context of esterification. Esters were prepared from the corresponding acid and alcohol partners at room temperature without acid or base additives and without consuming stoichiometric reagents. This methodology therefore addresses key complications that plague esterification and dehydration reactions more broadly and that represent a leading challenge in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher A Haines
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jacob J Piane
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Leila L Filien
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Eric D Nacsa
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Kuß DA, Hölscher M, Leitner W. Combined Computational and Experimental Investigation on the Mechanism of CO 2 Hydrogenation to Methanol with Mn-PNP-Pincer Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Kuß
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
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4
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Dong Q, Huang Q, Wang M, Chen H, Zi Y, Huang W. 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin Promoted Esterification of Carboxylic Acids under Mild Conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tututi-Ríos E, González H, Cabrera-Munguia DA, Gutiérrez-Alejandre A, Rico JL. Acid properties of Sn-SBA-15 and Sn-SBA-15-PrSO3H materials and their role on the esterification of oleic acid. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Wolzak LA, van Gemert R, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Kinetic studies on Lewis acidic metal polyesterification catalysts - hydrolytic degradation is a key factor for catalytic performance. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:2056-2060. [PMID: 35444794 PMCID: PMC8978806 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of polyesterification reactions using Lewis-acidic metal catalysts have been performed. While Sn-based catalysts are superior to Ti-based catalysts under neat polycondensation conditions (high [H2O]), the result is inverted under azeotropic conditions (low [H2O]). These findings show that the catalytic activity is crucially determined by the robustness of the catalyst against hydrolytic degradation. Kinetic studies of Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed polyesterification reactions unveiled that titanium-based catalyst are prone to hydrolytic degradation, while n-BuSnOOH proved to be a robust catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands .,Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gemert
- Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV Rijksstraatweg 31 2171 AJ Sassenheim The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ties J Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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7
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Parts-Per-Million (Salen)Fe(III) Homogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oils. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work describes the application of a library of iron(III)-salen catalysts in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. The conversion of neutral soybean oil is complete within two hours at 160–180 °C with low catalyst loading (0.10 mol%). A comparative screening reveals that the catalysts containing acetate as a fifth ligand are the most performing, and these have been conveniently used to convert acidic and waste cooking oils (WCO). WCOs were used as received without further purification to produce biodiesel in high yield (85–90%) under optimized conditions (2 h at 180 °C, catalyst loading 0.1 mol%, oil to alcohol molar ratio 1:20). The iron content in the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases of the crude mixture was investigated and the residual concentration in biodiesel was found to be in the order of 10–14 ppm, comparable to that contained in biodiesels from other sources.
Graphical Abstract
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Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Tao S, Li X, Cheng X, Jiang G, Wan X. Green Esterification of Carboxylic Acids Promoted by
tert
‐Butyl Nitrite. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Suyan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xionglve Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Gangzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
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Wolzak LA, Hermans JJ, de Vries F, van den Berg KJ, Reek JNH, Tromp M, Korstanje TJ. Mechanistic elucidation of monoalkyltin(iv)-catalyzed esterification. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:3326-3332. [PMID: 34123363 PMCID: PMC8147323 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoalkyltin(iv) complexes are well-known catalysts for esterification reactions and polyester formation, yet the mode of operation of these Lewis acidic complexes is still unknown. Here, we report on mechanistic studies of n-butylstannoic acid in stoichiometric and catalytic reactions, analyzed by NMR, IR and MS techniques. While the chemistry of n-butyltin(iv) carboxylates is dominated by formation of multinuclear tin assemblies, we found that under catalytically relevant conditions only monomeric n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are present. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide support for a mononuclear mechanism, where n-BuSn(OAc)3 and dimeric (n-BuSnOAc2OEt)2 are regarded as off-cycle species, and suggest that carbon-oxygen bond breaking is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Wolzak
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Molecular Photonics, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost N H Reek
- Bio-inspired, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Tromp
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ties J Korstanje
- Sustainable Materials Characterization, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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