1
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Parada W, Sajevic U, Mammadzada R, Nikolaienko P, Mayrhofer KJJ. Tethered Alkylammonium Dications as Electrochemical Interface Modifiers: Chain Length Effect on CO 2 Reduction Selectivity at Industry-Relevant Current Density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30107-30116. [PMID: 38809223 PMCID: PMC11181265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) has the potential to be an economically viable method to produce platform chemicals synergistically with renewable energy sources. Copper is one of the most commonly used electrocatalysts for this purpose, as it allows C-C bond formation, yielding a broad product distribution. Controlling selectivity is a stepping stone on the way to its industrial application. The kinetics of the reaction can be modified to favor the rates of certain products quickly and inexpensively by applying additives such as ionic liquids and coelectrolytes that directly affect the electrocatalytic interface. In this work, we propose tethered tetraalkylammonium salts as double-charged cationic modifiers of the electrochemical double layer to control CO2RR product selectivity. A novel setup comprising a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) flow cell coupled with real-time mass spectroscopy was used to study the effect of a library of the selected salts. We emphasize how the length of an alkyl linker effectively controls the selectivity of the reaction toward C1, C2, or C3 products at high relevant current densities (Jtotal = -400 mA cm-2) along with the inhibition of the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction. Standard long-term experiments were performed for quantitative validation and stability evaluation. These results have broad implications for further tailoring an effective catalytic system for selective CO2 reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter
A. Parada
- HI
ERN (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Urban Sajevic
- HI
ERN (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Rashad Mammadzada
- HI
ERN (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Pavlo Nikolaienko
- HI
ERN (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- HI
ERN (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nurnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
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2
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Mast F, Hielscher MM, Wirtanen T, Erichsen M, Gauss J, Diezemann G, Waldvogel SR. Choice of the Right Supporting Electrolyte in Electrochemical Reductions: A Principal Component Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15119-15129. [PMID: 38785120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We present an analysis of a set of molecular, electrical, and electronic properties for a large number of the cations of quaternary ammonium salts usually employed as supporting electrolytes in cathodic reduction reactions. The goal of the present study is to define a measure for the quality of a supporting electrolyte in terms of the yield of the reaction considered. We performed a principal component analysis using the normalized values of the properties in order to lower the number of relevant reaction coordinates and find that the integral variance of 13 properties can well be represented by three principal components. The yield of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile employing different quaternary ammonium salts as supporting electrolytes was determined in a series of experiments. We found only a very weak correlation between the yield and the values of the properties but a strong correlation between the yield and the values of the most important principal component. Very similar results are obtained for two further existing systematic experimental studies of the impact of the supporting electrolyte on the yield of cathodic reductions. For all three example reactions, a supervised regression using the two most important principal components as variables yields excellent values for the coefficients of determination. For comparison, we also applied our methodology to sets of purely structure-based features that are usually employed in cheminformatics and obtained results of almost similar quality. We therefore conjecture that our methodology in combination with a small number of experiments can be used to predict the yield of a given cathodic reduction on the basis of the properties of the supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mast
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Hielscher
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Chemical and Polymer Synthesis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Max Erichsen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Atkins AP, Chaturvedi AK, Tate JA, Lennox AJJ. Pulsed electrolysis: enhancing primary benzylic C(sp 3)-H nucleophilic fluorination. Org Chem Front 2024; 11:802-808. [PMID: 38298566 PMCID: PMC10825853 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo01865b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is an efficient and powerful tool for the generation of elusive reactive intermediates. The application of alternative electrolysis waveforms provides a new level of control for dynamic redox environments. Herein, we demonstrate that pulsed electrolysis provides a favourable environment for the generation and fluorination of highly unstable primary benzylic cations from C(sp3)-H bonds. By introduction of a toff period, we propose this waveform modulates the electrical double layer to improve mass transport and limit over-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Atul K Chaturvedi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Joseph A Tate
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Jealott's Hill Bracknell RG426EY UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
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4
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Wang Y, Xu J, Pan Y, Wang Y. Recent advances in electrochemical deoxygenation reactions of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1121-1133. [PMID: 36655598 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As naturally abundant and recyclable industrial feedstock, alcohols and carboxylic acids have drawn tremendous attention in medicinal chemistry and polymer chemistry. The selective C-O cleavage of the hydroxyl group represents an appealing strategy to deliver alkyl and carbonyl moieties into organic molecules. Classical examples of hydroxyl activation include the Appel reaction, Mitsunobu reaction, and Barton-McCombie deoxygenation. However, these early approaches still require large amounts of oxidants or reductants, and suffer from harsh conditions and low atom economy. Electrosynthesis has proven to be an effective and mild way of the modern chemical industry, avoiding the use of chemical oxidants/reductants through the action of an electric current. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in electrochemical deoxygenation reactions and categorized the deoxygenation methods by different functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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5
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Pollok D, Rausch FU, Beil SB, Franzmann P, Waldvogel SR. Allocolchicines─Synthesis with Electro-organic Key Transformations. Org Lett 2022; 24:3760-3765. [PMID: 35503929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring colchicine and allocolchicines in the meadow saffron are potentially active ingredients for cancer therapy. A concise protocol for the sustainable synthesis of allocolchicines using up to two electro-organic key transformations is demonstrated. This straightforward synthesis of N-acetylcolchinol methyl ether in a five-step protocol was adopted using protecting groups to enable access to N-acetylcolchinol and the phosphate derivative ZD6126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian U Rausch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Franzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Okamoto K, Nagahara S, Imada Y, Narita R, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Hydrosilane-Mediated Electrochemical Reduction of Amides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15992-16000. [PMID: 34152146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of amides was achieved by using a hydrosilane without any toxic or expensive metals. The key reactive ketyl radical intermediate was generated by cathodic reduction. Continuous reaction with anodically generated silyl radicals or zinc bromide resulted in chemoselective deoxygenation to give the corresponding amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shingo Nagahara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Narita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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8
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Wills AG, Charvet S, Battilocchio C, Scarborough CC, Wheelhouse KMP, Poole DL, Carson N, Vantourout JC. High-Throughput Electrochemistry: State of the Art, Challenges, and Perspective. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfie G. Wills
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Charvet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Research Chemistry, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Katherine M. P. Wheelhouse
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nessa Carson
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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10
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of Bristol School of Chemistry Cantocks Close Bristol, Avon BS8 1TS UK
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12
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Wirtanen T, Rodrigo E, Waldvogel SR. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Reduction of Substrates Involving N−O Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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13
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Lips S, Waldvogel SR. Use of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes in Electro‐Organic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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14
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Zirbes M, Schmitt D, Beiser N, Pitton D, Hoffmann T, Waldvogel SR. Anodic Degradation of Lignin at Active Transition Metal-based Alloys and Performance-enhanced Anodes. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dominik Schmitt
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nicole Beiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dominik Pitton
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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15
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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16
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Gütz C, Grimaudo V, Holtkamp M, Hartmer M, Werra J, Frensemeier L, Kehl A, Karst U, Broekmann P, Waldvogel SR. Leaded Bronze: An Innovative Lead Substitute for Cathodic Electrosynthesis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Valentine Grimaudo
- University of Bern; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Michael Holtkamp
- Univerity of Münster; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Corrensstr. 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marius Hartmer
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Janina Werra
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Lisa Frensemeier
- Univerity of Münster; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Corrensstr. 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Anton Kehl
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Univerity of Münster; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Corrensstr. 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Peter Broekmann
- University of Bern; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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17
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1908] [Impact Index Per Article: 272.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Möhle S, Herold S, Richter F, Nefzger H, Waldvogel SR. Twofold Electrochemical Amination of Naphthalene and Related Arenes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Herold
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Material Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frank Richter
- Covestro Deutschland AG; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Hartmut Nefzger
- Covestro Deutschland AG; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Material Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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19
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Grimaudo V, Moreno-García P, Riedo A, Meyer S, Tulej M, Neuland MB, Mohos M, Gütz C, Waldvogel SR, Wurz P, Broekmann P. Toward Three-Dimensional Chemical Imaging of Ternary Cu–Sn–Pb Alloys Using Femtosecond Laser Ablation/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1632-1641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Grimaudo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Moreno-García
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Riedo
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marek Tulej
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maike B. Neuland
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Mohos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Wurz
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Applicability of a Polymerized Ionic Liquid/Carbon Nanoparticle Composite Electrolyte to Reductive Cyclization and Dimerization Reactions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Herold S, Möhle S, Zirbes M, Richter F, Nefzger H, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Amination of Less-Activated Alkylated Arenes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Gütz C, Klöckner B, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Screening for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klöckner
- Electronics
Workshop of the Chemical Department, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelm-University Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Gütz C, Bänziger M, Bucher C, Galvão TR, Waldvogel SR. Development and Scale-Up of the Electrochemical Dehalogenation for the Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for NS5A Inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for
Organic Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 55128
| | | | | | | | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for
Organic Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 55128
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24
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Edinger C, Kulisch J, Waldvogel SR. Stereoselective cathodic synthesis of 8-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:294-301. [PMID: 25815083 PMCID: PMC4362023 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical generation of menthylamines from the corresponding menthone oximes equipped with an additional substituent in position 8 is described. Due to 1,3-diaxial interactions a pronounced diastereoselectivity for the menthylamines is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Edinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn Kulisch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Hartmer MF, Waldvogel SR. Electroorganic synthesis of nitriles via a halogen-free domino oxidation–reduction sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16346-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzonitriles are efficiently formed from aldoximes at graphite anode and lead cathode as the key for direct electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius F. Hartmer
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
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26
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Edinger C, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Deoxygenation of Aromatic Amides and Sulfoxides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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