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Fritsch S, Strassner T. Synthesis and physical properties of tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids based on 1-aryl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium cations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1278-1285. [PMID: 38887574 PMCID: PMC11181176 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new class of tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) based on 1-aryl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium cations with electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents in different positions of the phenyl ring and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion. We investigated the effect of additional methyl groups in the backbone of the imidazolium core on the physical properties regarding viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical window. With an electrochemical window of up to 6.3 V, which is unprecedented for TAAILs with an NTf2 anion, this new class of TAAILs demonstrates the opportunities that arise from modifications in the backbone of the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fritsch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Langevin SA, Hamann T, McHale C, Ko JS. Enabling wide temperature battery operation with hybrid lithium electrolytes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5298-5301. [PMID: 38660776 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that an ionic liquid 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide combined with propylene carbonate and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide yields a hybrid electrolyte that enables a wide operational temperature window (-20 °C to 60 °C). When integrated into a lithium titanate‖lithium cobalt oxide full-cell configuration, high-rate capability is achieved at -20 °C with >40% retention at a C/2 cycling rate, and negligible capacity fade is observed during rate capability tests and long-term cycling at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Langevin
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
| | - Tanner Hamann
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
| | - Courtney McHale
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
| | - Jesse S Ko
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
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3
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Ebert M, Lange A, Müller M, Wuckert E, Gießelmann F, Klamroth T, Zens A, Taubert A, Laschat S. Counterion effects on the mesomorphic and electrochemical properties of guanidinium salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11988-12002. [PMID: 38573315 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) combine the ion mobility of ionic liquids with the order and self-assembly of thermotropic mesophases. To understand the role of the anion in ILCs, wedge-shaped arylguanidinium salts with tetradecyloxy side chains were chosen as benchmark systems and their liquid crystalline self-assembly in the bulk phase as well as their electrochemical behavior in solution were studied depending on the anion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) experiments revealed that for spherical anions, the phase width of the hexagonal columnar mesophase increased with the anion size, while for non-spherical anions, the trends were less clear cut. Depending on the anion, the ILCs showed different stability towards electrochemical oxidation and reduction with the most stable being the PF6 based compound. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a possible contribution of the guanidinium cation to the oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Michael Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Eugen Wuckert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Frank Gießelmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Tillmann Klamroth
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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4
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Cho KG, Lee KH, Frisbie CD. Tuning Gate Potential Profiles and Current-Voltage Characteristics of Polymer Electrolyte-Gated Transistors by Capacitance Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19309-19317. [PMID: 38591355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the transfer characteristics of electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) with polythiophene semiconductor channels are a strong function of gate/electrolyte interfacial contact area, i.e., gate size. Polythiophene EGTs with gate/electrolyte areas much larger than the channel/electrolyte areas show a clear peak in the drain current vs gate voltage (ID-VG) behavior, as well as peak voltage hysteresis between the forward and reverse VG sweeps. Polythiophene EGTs with small gate/electrolyte areas, on the other hand, exhibit current plateaus in the ID-VG behavior and a gate-size-dependent hysteresis loop between turn on and off. The qualitatively different transport behaviors are attributed to the relative sizes of the gate/electrolyte and channel/electrolyte interface capacitances, which are proportional to interfacial area. These interfacial capacitances are in series with each other such that the total capacitance of the full gate/electrolyte/channel stack is dominated by the interface with the smallest capacitance or area. For EGTs with large gates, most of the applied VG is dropped at the channel/electrolyte interface, leading to very high charge accumulations, up to ∼0.3 holes per ring (hpr) in the case of polythiophene semiconductors. The large charge density results in sub-band-filling and a marked decrease in hole mobility, giving rise to the peak in ID-VG. For EGTs with small gates, hole accumulation saturates near 0.15 hpr, band-filling does not occur, and hole mobility is maintained at a fixed value, which leads to the ID plateau. Potential drops at the interfaces are confirmed by in situ potential measurements inside a gate/electrolyte/polymer semiconductor stack. Hole accumulations are measured with gate current-gate voltage (IG-VG) measurements acquired simultaneously with the ID-VG characteristics. Overall, our measurements demonstrate that remarkably different ID behavior can be obtained for polythiophene EGTs by controlling the magnitude of the gate-electrolyte interfacial capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Gook Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Shi C, Shen X. Spontaneous Multi-scale Supramolecular Assembly Driven by Noncovalent Interactions Coupled with the Continuous Marangoni Effect. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6980-6989. [PMID: 38513349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is the multi-scale supramolecular assembly (MSSA) process along with redox reactions driven by supramolecular interactions coupled with the spontaneous Marangoni effect in ionic liquid (IL)-based extraction systems. The black powder, the single sphere with a black exterior, and the single colorless sphere were formed step by step at the interface when an aqueous solution of KMnO4 was mixed with the IL phase 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (C2OHmimNTf2) bearing octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO). The mechanism of the whole process was studied systematically. The phenomena were related closely to the change in the valence state of Mn. The MnO4- ion could be reduced quickly to δ-MnO2 and further to Mn2+ slowly by the hydroxyl-functionalized IL C2OHmimNTf2. Based on Mn2+, Mn(CMPO)32+, elementary building blocks (EBBs), and [EBB]n clusters were generated step by step. The [EBB]n clusters with the large enough size that were transferred to the interface, together with the remaining δ-MnO2, assembled into the single sphere with a black exterior, driven by supramolecular interactions coupled with the spontaneous Marangoni effect. When the remaining δ-MnO2 was used up, the mixed single sphere turned completely colorless. It was found that the reaction site of C2OHmim+ with Mn(VII) and Mn(IV) was distributed mainly at the side chain with a hydroxyl group. The MSSA process presents unique spontaneous phase changes. This work paves the way for the practical application of the MSSA-based separation method developed recently. The process also provides a convenient way to observe in situ and characterize directly the continuous Marangoni effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shi
- Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinghai Shen
- Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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6
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Yu Y, Wei X, Chen W, Qian G, Chen C, Wang S, Min D. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts for E lectrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301105. [PMID: 37985420 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) can be used to solve environmental problems as well as energy shortage. However, ENRR still faces the problems of low NH3 yield and low selectivity. The NH3 yield and selectivity in ENRR are affected by multiple factors such as electrolytic cells, electrolytes, and catalysts, etc. Among these catalysts are at the core of ENRR research. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with intrinsic activity have become an emerging technology for numerous energy regeneration, including ENRR. In particular, regulating the microenvironment of SACs (hydrogen evolution reaction inhibition, carrier engineering, metal-carrier interaction, etc.) can break through the limitation of intrinsic activity of SACs. Therefore, this Review first introduces the basic principles of NRR and outlines the key factors affecting ENRR. Then a comprehensive summary is given of the progress of SACs (precious metals, non-precious metals, non-metallic) and diatomic catalysts (DACs) in ENRR. The impact of SACs microenvironmental regulation on ENRR is highlighted. Finally, further research directions for SACs in ENRR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wangqian Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Qian
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Changzhou Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
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7
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Wang J, Wang Y. Strategies to Improve the Quantum Computation Accuracy for Electrochemical Windows of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1943-1952. [PMID: 38354327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Rational design of ionic liquids (ILs) with wide electrochemical windows (ECWs) for high-voltage cathodes is essential to elevating the energy density of current rechargeable batteries. It is significant to determine appropriate strategies for accurately predicting the ECWs of ILs. In this study, we compare the calculated ECWs based on three quantum methods, including the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) method, the ionization potential-electron affinity (IP-EA) method, and the thermodynamic method, under four unique combinations of simulation environments, and assess the discrepancies between the calculated and the experimental results of ECWs. For the three quantum methods, although HOMO-LUMO and IP-EA methods show limited prediction accuracy compared to the experimental values, they can qualitatively rank the anodic limits of anions and the cathodic limits of cations. For the thermodynamic method, we demonstrate that the highest accuracy can be achieved by considering the most rational redox reaction process. By varying the calculation environments, the calculated ECWs tend to be underestimated by considering separate cations and anions of ILs under gas phase, whereas they always exhibit overestimated results when calculating based on the cation-anion pairs. When the computation considers isolated ions with the solvent model plus proper thermodynamic corrections, we observe improved consistency with the experimental results. Though all methods have limitations to achieving perfect predictions of ECWs, we believe rational selection of calculation methods based on application-oriented scenarios can balance the efficiency and accuracy of the results for the development of a high-throughput and accurate database of ECWs for ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Wang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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8
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Tu YJ, Peng ST. Influence of surface nanostructure-induced innermost ion structuring on capacitance of carbon/ionic liquid double layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5932-5946. [PMID: 38299635 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have drawn great interest as electrolytes for energy storage applications in which they form characteristic electrical double layers at electrode interfaces. For ionic liquids at carbon electrode interfaces, their double layers are subject to nanoscale structuring of the electrode surface, involving altered ion structure and interactions that significantly influence the double layer capacitance. In this regard, we investigate the modulation of ionic liquid double layers by electrode surface roughness and the resulting effects on the ion structure, interaction, and capacitance. We performed fixed voltage molecular dynamics simulations to compute the differential capacitance profiles for the ionic liquids [BMIm+][TFSI-] and [BMIm+][FSI-] at model carbon electrode interfaces with the surface channel width at subnanometer and nanometer scales. We find that both [BMIm+][TFSI-] and [BMIm+][FSI-] exhibit enhanced differential capacitance for the electrode surface with a subnanometer channel width relative to the flat graphene surface, but the most pronounced enhancements for these two ionic liquids unexpectedly appear at different applied potential regimes. For [BMIm+][TFSI-], the nanostructured electrode shows significant enhancement of capacitance at high positive potential. For [BMIm+][FSI-], on the other hand, this enhancement is small at positive polarization but noticeable at low negative potential. We demonstrate that differences in these capacitance trends is due to differences in ion correlation that arise from a steric constraint of nanostructured electrode surface on the voltage-mediated restructuring of ions closest to the electrode interface. For example, the TFSI- and FSI- anions tend to structure with their charged and nonpolar groups in contact with the positive electrode surface when the constraint on these close-contact anions is relaxed. This anion structuring largely retains the cation association near the nanostructured electrode, resulting in only a slight increase in capacitance at positive polarization. Our simulations highlight the sensitive dependence of the innermost ion structure on the electrode surface nanostructure and applied voltage and the resulting influence on ion correlation and capacitance of ionic liquid double layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Tu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Ting Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan.
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9
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Salman M, Lee JW, Lee SH, Lee MH, Pham VD, Kim MS, Cho D, Lee HJ. A comparative study of ammonia solubility in imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different structural compositions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24305. [PMID: 38293395 PMCID: PMC10826666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Four imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with two cations 1-pentyl-3-butylimidazolium [PBIM]+ and 1-benzyl-3-butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BzBIM]+, and two anions tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf-) were synthesized for NH3 solubility enhancement. The structural, thermal, and electrochemical stabilities, ionic conductivity, and viscosity of the four ILs, namely, [PBIM]BF4, [BzBIM]BF4, [PBIM]OTf, and [BzBIM]OTf, were investigated. Due to the intermolecular interaction of the benzyl group attached to the imidazolium ring, [BzBIM]+-based ILs exhibited higher thermal stability but lower ionic conductivity compared to [PBIM]+-based ILs. Further, the NH3 solubility in all ILs was measured using a custom-made setup at temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 323.15 K and pressures ranging from 1 to 5 bar. The effects of the cation and anion structures of ILs, as well as pressure and temperature, on the NH3 solubility in the ILs were also investigated. [PBIM]BF4 showed the best solubility because of its high free volume and low viscosity. Density functional calculations validated the superior NH3 solubility in [PBIM]BF4, attributable to the minimal reorganization of the [cation]anion complex geometry during the solvation process, yielding a low solvation free energy. The findings of this study suggest that ILs exhibit a high NH3 solubility capacity and cation and anion structures considerably affect the NH3 solubility in ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Duc Pham
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- New Biology Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeheum Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu-city, 41566, Republic of Korea
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10
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Jesse KA, Abad SD, Studvick C, Andrade GA, Maurya S, Scott BL, Mukundan R, Popov IA, Davis BL. Impact of Pendent Ammonium Groups on Solubility and Cycling Charge Carrier Performance in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19218-19229. [PMID: 37948607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance, and theoretical modeling of two base-metal charge carrier complexes incorporating a pendent quaternary ammonium group, [Ni(bppn-Me3)][BF4], 3', and [Fe(PyTRENMe)][OTf]3, 4', are described. Both complexes were produced in high yield and fully characterized using NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The solubility of 3' in acetonitrile showed a 283% improvement over its neutral precursor, whereas the solubility of complex 4' was effectively unchanged. Cyclic voltammetry indicates an ∼0.1 V positive shift for all waves, with some changes in reversibility depending on the wave. Bulk electrochemical cycling demonstrates that both 3' and 4' can utilize the second more negative wave to a degree, whereas 4' ceases to have a reversible positive wave. Flow cell testing of 3' and 4' with Fc as the posolyte reveals little improvement to the cycling performance of 3' compared with its parent complex, whereas 4' exhibits reductions in capacity decay when cycling either negative wave. Postcycling CVs indicate that crossover is the likely source of capacity loss in complexes 3, 3', and 4' because there is little change in the CV trace. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the ammonium group lowers the HOMO energy in 3' and 4', which may impart stability to cycling negative waves while making positive waves less accessible. Overall, the incorporation of a positively charged species can improve solubility, stored electron density, and capacity decay depending on the complex, features critical to high energy density redox flow battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Jesse
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergio Diaz Abad
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Chad Studvick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Gabriel A Andrade
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sandip Maurya
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian L Scott
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rangachary Mukundan
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ivan A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Benjamin L Davis
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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11
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Parmar SM, Depew DD, Wirz RE, Vaghjiani GL. Structural Properties of HEHN- and HAN-Based Ionic Liquid Mixtures: A Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8616-8633. [PMID: 37776252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of binary mixtures comprising 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) and hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) were conducted using the polarizable APPLE&P force field to investigate fundamental properties of multimode propulsion (MMP) propellants. Calculated densities as a function of temperature were in good agreement with experiments and similar simulations. The structural properties of neat HEHN and HAN-HEHN provided insights into their inherent, protic nature. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) identified key hydrogen bonding sites located at N-H···O and O-H···O within a first solvation shell of approximately 2 Å. Angular distribution functions further affirmed the relatively strong nature of the hydrogen bonds with nearly linear directionality. The increased hydroxylammonium cation (HA+) mole fraction shows the influence of competitively strong hydrogen bonds on the overall hydrogen bond network. Dominant spatial motifs via three-dimensional distribution functions along with nearly nanosecond-long hydrogen bond lifetimes highlight the local bonding environment that may precede proton transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehan M Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel D Depew
- Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Richard E Wirz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Han S, Wu B, Wang H, Wen P, Zhang L, Lin X, Chen M. Designing F/P Hybrid Polymer as Ultrastable Cationic Shielding Interphase for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308724. [PMID: 37495562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite growth on electrode-electrolyte interphase has severely limited applications of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we developed an ionic alternating polymer with fluorocarbons and phosphonium cations in repeating units to regulate Li deposition for the first time. The combined functionalities in the F/P hybrid polymer exhibit remarkable characteristics as a protective layer on top of Li anode, demonstrating outstanding electrochemical stability, ion flux redistributing capability and adaptive chain mobility. Based on characterizations and simulations, this cationic interlayer could effectively furnish long-standing electrostatic shielding for anodes, allowing restrained coating decomposition and homogenized electric field distribution to induce dendrite-free Li deposition, and enabling full cells with enhanced rate and long-term cycling performance. Given the importance of LMBs, this work will promote polymer design to stabilize anodes with superior electrochemical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Baifei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Huaijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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13
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Geysens P, Tie D, Vlad A, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Fluorine-free organic electrolytes for the stable electrodeposition of neodymium metal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21397-21407. [PMID: 37530427 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01262j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrowinning is regarded as a clean process to recover neodymium metal from secondary sources such as spent Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, but the current methods are severely limited by a high energy consumption (molten salts), or by the high costs and environmental impact of the electrolyte components (ionic liquids). Therefore, there is a demand for more sustainable electrowinning methods for the recovery of neodymium metal. Inspired by our own previous work and the work of others, we developed new fluorine-free organic electrolytes that enable the electrodeposition of neodymium metal at room temperature. The electrolytes consist of solvated neodymium borohydride, Nd(BH4)3, dissolved in the ether solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme, G2), and these complexes can be prepared entirely from non-fluorinated precursors such as neodymium(III) chloride (NdCl3) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In contrast to our previous bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-containing electrolytes, electrodeposition of neodymium proceeds over time without significant loss of current density, indicating a higher stability against unwanted side-reactions that lead to passivation of the deposit on the electrode. Characterization of the deposits by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) unambiguously indicated the presence of neodymium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Geysens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Da Tie
- UC Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Place L. Pasteur 1, Lavoisier Building, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- UC Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Place L. Pasteur 1, Lavoisier Building, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jan Fransaer
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark 44, P.O. box 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Kondrat S, Feng G, Bresme F, Urbakh M, Kornyshev AA. Theory and Simulations of Ionic Liquids in Nanoconfinement. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6668-6715. [PMID: 37163447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have exciting properties such as nonvolatility, large electrochemical windows, and remarkable variety, drawing much interest in energy storage, gating, electrocatalysis, tunable lubrication, and other applications. Confined RTILs appear in various situations, for instance, in pores of nanostructured electrodes of supercapacitors and batteries, as such electrodes increase the contact area with RTILs and enhance the total capacitance and stored energy, between crossed cylinders in surface force balance experiments, between a tip and a sample in atomic force microscopy, and between sliding surfaces in tribology experiments, where RTILs act as lubricants. The properties and functioning of RTILs in confinement, especially nanoconfinement, result in fascinating structural and dynamic phenomena, including layering, overscreening and crowding, nanoscale capillary freezing, quantized and electrotunable friction, and superionic state. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental physical phenomena controlling the properties of such systems and the current state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches developed for their description. We discuss these approaches sequentially by increasing atomistic complexity, paying particular attention to new physical phenomena emerging in nanoscale confinement. This review covers theoretical models, most of which are based on mapping the problems on pertinent statistical mechanics models with exact analytical solutions, allowing systematic analysis and new physical insights to develop more easily. We also describe a classical density functional theory, which offers a reliable and computationally inexpensive tool to account for some microscopic details and correlations that simplified models often fail to consider. Molecular simulations play a vital role in studying confined ionic liquids, enabling deep microscopic insights otherwise unavailable to researchers. We describe the basics of various simulation approaches and discuss their challenges and applicability to specific problems, focusing on RTIL structure in cylindrical and slit confinement and how it relates to friction and capacitive and dynamic properties of confined ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Urbakh
- School of Chemistry and the Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Fortunati A, Risplendi F, Re Fiorentin M, Cicero G, Parisi E, Castellino M, Simone E, Iliev B, Schubert TJS, Russo N, Hernández S. Understanding the role of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction. Commun Chem 2023; 6:84. [PMID: 37120643 PMCID: PMC10148827 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient CO2 capture and utilization technologies driven by renewable energy sources is mandatory to reduce the impact of climate change. Herein, seven imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions and cations were tested as catholytes for the CO2 electrocatalytic reduction to CO over Ag electrode. Relevant activity and stability, but different selectivities for CO2 reduction or the side H2 evolution were observed. Density functional theory results show that depending on the IL anions the CO2 is captured or converted. Acetate anions (being strong Lewis bases) enhance CO2 capture and H2 evolution, while fluorinated anions (being weaker Lewis bases) favour the CO2 electroreduction. Differently from the hydrolytically unstable 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Triflate was the most promising IL, showing the highest Faradaic efficiency to CO (>95%), and up to 8 h of stable operation at high current rates (-20 mA & -60 mA), which opens the way for a prospective process scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Fortunati
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Risplendi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Michele Re Fiorentin
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cicero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Parisi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Simone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Boyan Iliev
- Iolitec Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH, Im Zukunftspark 9, 74076, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Thomas J S Schubert
- Iolitec Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH, Im Zukunftspark 9, 74076, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Nunzio Russo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Simelys Hernández
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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16
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Pal B, Parameswaran AK, Wu B, Děkanovský L, Mazánek V, Sarkar KJ, Jose R, Sofer Z. Insights into the Charge Storage Mechanism of Binder-Free Electrochemical Capacitors in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Pal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Bing Wu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Děkanovský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Mazánek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kalyan Jyoti Sarkar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rajan Jose
- Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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Smith LO, Crittenden DL. Acid-Base Chemistry Provides a Simple and Cost-Effective Route to New Redox-Active Ionic Liquids. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201296. [PMID: 36659860 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active ionic liquids (RAILs) hold great promise as high density electrochemical energy storage materials, but are hampered by high costs and low bulk conductivities. In this work, we introduce and electrochemically characterise novel redox-active protic ionic liquids (RAPILs) formed by acid-base neutralisation from cheap and plentiful starting materials. We also demonstrate a novel RAIL-in-IL solvent system for electrochemical characterisation of RAPILs, which enables efficient and cost-effective determination of redox potentials and screening for electrochemical reversibility. Of the redox-active ionic liquids tested in this work, only propylammonium 4-nitrophenylacetate demonstrates completely reversible electrochemistry and preservation of ionic character upon redox cycling under acidic or neutral conditions. Propylammonium 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl-carboxylate also demonstrates two reversible redox processes, but is unstable to oxidation at 0.27 V vs Ag (-0.14 V vs Fc), most likely forming an uncharged benzoquinone species. Using the lessons learned from this prototypical set of RAPILs, we propose design criteria to guide future experimental and computational work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan O Smith
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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18
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Electrically Detaching Behavior and Mechanism of Ionic Conductive Adhesives. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Kurchavov D, Rustambek U, Haddad M, Ottochian A, Lefèvre G, Ciofini I, Lair V, Volovitch P. Influence of PEG-containing cation on molecular state of water in water – Acetate based ionic liquids mixtures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Fluoroalkoxyaluminate-based Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for Sodium-ion Batteries. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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21
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Poh WC, Eh ALS, Wu W, Guo X, Lee PS. Rapidly Photocurable Solid-State Poly(ionic liquid) Ionogels For Thermally Robust and Flexible Electrochromic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206952. [PMID: 36255145 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Formation of ionogels through in situ polymerization can effectively improve electrolyte processability; however, the curing process has been slow and oxygen-sensitive. Considering the low oxygen solubility of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), in situ polymerized ionogels are designed to realize excellent electrolytes. Herein, two in situ polymerized ionogels (PIL A & PIL B) are formulated, and they can be rapidly photocured within a minute. The ionogels are highly transparent, stretchable, and exhibit excellent physicochemical stability, including thermal, electrochemical, and air stability, allowing them to perform in various conditions. Benefitting from these properties, two high-performance electrochromic devices (ECDs) are assembled, with iron-centered coordination polymer (FeCP) and tungsten oxide (P-WO3 ) electrochromic materials, achieving high color contrast (45.2% and 56.4%), fast response time (1.5/1.9 and 1.7/6.4 s), and excellent cycling endurance (>90% retention over 3000 cycles). Attributed to the thermal robustness of the ionogels, the ECDs can also be operated over a wide temperature range (-20 to 100 °C). With the use of deformable substrates (e.g., ultrathin ITO glass), curved electrochromic eye protector and flexible electrochromic displays are realized, highlighting their potential use in futuristic wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Church Poh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Alice Lee-Sie Eh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Wenting Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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22
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Nemeth T, Nauser T, Gubler L. On the Radical-Induced Degradation of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201571. [PMID: 36131629 PMCID: PMC9828592 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Four benzylic-type quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds with different electron density at the phenyl group were evaluated for their susceptibility against degradation by radicals. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy indicated that radicals with oxidizing and reducing character were formed upon oxidation by HO⋅ and O⋅- (conjugate base of HO⋅). It was estimated that, dependent on the QA, 18-41 % of the formed radicals were oxidizing with standard electrode potentials (E0 ) above 0.276 V and 13-23 % exceeded 0.68 V, while 13-48 % were reducing with E0 <-0.448 V. The stability of these model compounds against oxidation and reductive dealkylation was evaluated at both neutral and strongly alkaline conditions, pH 14. Under both conditions, electron-donating groups promoted radical degradation, while electron-withdrawing ones increased stability. Therefore, durability against radical-induced degradation shows an opposite trend to alkaline stability and needs to be considered during the rational design of novel anion-exchange membranes for fuel cells and electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Nemeth
- Electrochemistry LaboratoryPaul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry LaboratoryPaul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
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23
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Moraes AS, Pinheiro GA, Lourenço TC, Lopes MC, Quiles MG, Dias LG, Da Silva JLF. Screening of the Role of the Chemical Structure in the Electrochemical Stability Window of Ionic Liquids: DFT Calculations Combined with Data Mining. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4702-4712. [PMID: 36122418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of researchers as possible electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices. However, their properties, such as the electrochemical stability window (ESW), ionic conductivity, and diffusivity, are influenced both by the chemical structures of cations and anions and by their combinations. Most studies in the literature focus on the understanding of common ionic liquids, and little effort has been made to find ways to improve our atomistic understanding of those systems. The goal of this paper is to explore the structural characteristics of cations and anions that form ionic liquids that can expand the HOMO/LUMO gap, a property directly linked to the ESW of the electrolyte. For that, we design a framework for randomly generating new ions by combining their fragments. Within this framework, we generate about 104 cations and 104 anions and fully optimize their structures using density functional theory. Our calculations show that aromatic cations are less stable ionic liquids than aliphatic ones, an expected result if chemical rationale is used. More importantly, we can improve the gap by adding electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functional groups to the cations and anions, respectively. The increase can be about 2 V, depending on the case. This improvement is reflected in a wider ESW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Moraes
- Chemistry Department, Central-West State University, 85040-167 Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A Pinheiro
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, 12247-014 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tuanan C Lourenço
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro C Lopes
- Chemistry Department, Central-West State University, 85040-167 Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos G Quiles
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, 12247-014 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis G Dias
- Chemistry Department, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juarez L F Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Kruusma J, Käämbre T, Tõnisoo A, Kisand V, Lust K, Lust E. The electrochemical behaviour of butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide at negatively polarised aluminium electrode studied by in situ soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data indicate that butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (N4111(TFSI)) adsorbs strongly within the potential range −3.25 V < E < −2.25 V and specifically at E < −3.25 V (vs. Ag-QRE) at the Al electrode. Strong adsorption of the intermediates of N4111(TFSI) electrochemical decomposition was observed in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements. At E < −4.25 V (vs. Ag-QRE), very intensive electrochemical reduction of N4111(TFSI) took place at the Al electrode giving gaseous products. In the potential range from − 2.25 to 0.00 V (vs. Ag-QRE), non-specific adsorption of N4111(TFSI) exists et al. surface.
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25
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Niu W, Liu X. Stretchable Ionic Conductors for Soft Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200512. [PMID: 35880907 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of soft electronics in the era of Internet of Everything (IoE), electrical conductors with stretchability, the indispensable components of soft electronics, have gained new opportunities and also faced increasing challenges. According to the principles of electrical conductivity, stretchable electrical conductors can be divided into electronic conductors and ionic conductors. Different from the stretchable electronic conductors derived from stretchable polymeric matrices integrated with electronically conductive fillers, stretchable ionic conductors are constructed by embedding mobile ions into the crosslinked polymer networks. Therefore, stretchable ionic conductors have received extensive attention and in-depth research in the past decade, thanks to their intrinsic stretchability and electrical conductivity. This review systematically summarizes the achievements on the different categories of stretchable ionic conductors (e.g., hydrogels, ionogels, and liquid-free ion-conductive elastomers), in terms of their design, fabrication, properties, and applications. The advantages and limitations of the different types of stretchable ionic conductors are discussed. Outlooks are also provided to envision the remaining challenges for the further development and practical applications of stretchable ionic conductors. It is expected to arouse inspirations for the design and fabrication of new and high-performance stretchable ionic conductors and advanced soft electronics for the IoE era. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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26
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Lethesh KC, Bahaa A, Abdullah M, Bamgbopa MO, Susantyoko RA. Temperature-Dependent Electrochemical Stability Window of Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Anion Based Ionic Liquids. Front Chem 2022; 10:859304. [PMID: 35783210 PMCID: PMC9247390 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.859304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical stability of 22 commercially available hydrophobic ionic liquids was measured at different temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 313.15, 333.15 and 358.15 K), to systematically investigate ionic liquids towards electrolytes for supercapacitors in harsh weather conditions. Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anions in combination with 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, N-Ethyl-N, N-dimethyl-N(2methoxyethyl)ammonium, 1-Methyl-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidinium, N-Pentyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, N, N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-propylammonium, N, N-Dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-benzyl ammonium, N, N-Dimethyl-N-Ethyl-N-phenylethylammonium, N-Butyl-N-methylpiperidinium, 1-Methyl-1-propylpiperidinium, N-Tributyl-N-methylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N-butylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N-butylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N-propylammonium, N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium cations were selected for the study. Linear regression with a numerical model was used in combination with voltammetry experiments to deduce the temperature sensitivity of both anodic and cathodic potential limits (defining the electrochemical stability window), in addition to extrapolating results to 283.15 and 363.15 K. We evaluated the influence of the cations, anions, and the presence of functional groups on the observed electrochemical stability window which ranged from 4.1 to 6.1 V.
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27
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The simulation of a green room-temperature ternary solution of water, methanol and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride by all-atom Monte Carlo and DFT computational approaches. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Karaseva EV, Savvina AA, Kuzmina EV, Mochalov SE, Kolosnitsyn VS. Studying the Composition of Solvate Complexes of Lithium Perchlorate with Sulfolane via Vacuum Gravimetry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Chen Y, Yu D, Liu Z, Xue Z, Mu T. Thermal, chemical, electrochemical, radiolytic and biological stability of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are regarded as two kinds of novel solvents with high tunability and they exist in liquid-state for a wide range of temperature....
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Kapernaum N, Lange A, Ebert M, Grunwald MA, Haege C, Marino S, Zens A, Taubert A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100397. [PMID: 34931472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), that is, ionic liquids exhibiting mesomorphism, liquid crystalline phases, and anisotropic properties, have received intense attention in the past years. Among others, this is due to their special properties arising from the combination of properties stemming from ionic liquids and from liquid crystalline arrangements. Besides interesting fundamental aspects, ILCs have been claimed to have tremendous application potential that again arises from the combination of properties and architectures that are not accessible otherwise, or at least not accessible easily by other strategies. The current review highlights recent developments in ILC research, starting with some key fundamental aspects. Further subjects covered include the synthesis and variations of modern ILCs, including the specific tuning of their mesomorphic behavior. The review concludes with reflections on some applications that may be within reach for ILCs and finally highlights a few key challenges that must be overcome prior and during true commercialization of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco A Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Haege
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Belotti M, Lyu X, Xu L, Halat P, Darwish N, Silvester DS, Goh C, Izgorodina EI, Coote ML, Ciampi S. Experimental Evidence of Long-Lived Electric Fields of Ionic Liquid Bilayers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17431-17440. [PMID: 34657417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that ionic liquids can form long-lived double layers, generating electric fields detectable by straightforward open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. In imidazolium-based ionic liquids an external negative voltage pulse leads to an exceedingly stable near-surface dipolar layer, whose field manifests as long-lived (∼1-100 h) discrete plateaus in OCP versus time traces. These plateaus occur within an ionic liquid-specific and sharp potential window, defining a simple experimental method to probe the onset of interfacial ordering phenomena, such as overscreening and crowding. Molecular dynamics modeling reveals that the OCP arises from the alignment of the individual ion dipoles to the external electric field pulse, with the magnitude of the resulting OCP correlating with the product of the projected dipole moment of the cation and the ratio between the cation diffusion coefficient and its volume. Our findings also reveal that a stable overscreened structure is more likely to form if the interface is first forced through crowding, possibly accounting for the scattered literature data on relaxation kinetics of near-surface structures in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Xin Lyu
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Longkun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Halat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ching Goh
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | | | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Xu W, Li J, Feng J, Wang Z, Zhang H. In-syringe temperature-controlled liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidified floating ionic liquid for the simultaneous determination of triazine and phenylurea pesticide in vegetable protein drinks. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1174:122721. [PMID: 33957354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel in-syringe temperature-controlled liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidified floating ionic liquid (in-syringe TC-LLME-SFIL) combined with high performance liquid chromatography was developed for the simultaneous determination of monuron, chlorotoluron, atrazine, monolinuron, propazine and prometryn in commercial vegetable protein drinks. The samples were deproteinized by trichloroacetic acid and further cleaned up by solid phase extraction column. The ionic liquid tributyldodecylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate ([P4 4 4 12]BF4) was used as extraction solvent and dispersed into the depurated sample solution to form fine droplets with the assistance of heating and vortex. With the help of an ice bath, the ionic liquid phase solidified and floated on the surface of aqueous phase. After separation from the aqueous phase, the solidified ionic liquids were dissolved with acetonitrile and the resulting solution was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Some extraction parameters, including type and amount of adsorbent, type and amount of ionic liquids, amount of NaCl, melting temperature and time of ionic liquid, vortex time, pH of sample solution, ice bath temperature and time, were investigated and optimized by single-factor experiment, Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken design. The results showed that good linearities (r ≥ 0.9994) were obtained in the concentration range of 7.8-1000.0 μg/L. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.25-2.59 μg/L and 0.82-8.63 μg/L, respectively. The spiked recoveries were 81.26-118.42% with the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) lower than 8.17%. The present method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in vegetable protein drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jilong Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ji Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhibing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, PR China; College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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Geysens P, Lin PC, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Electrodeposition of neodymium and dysprosium from organic electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9070-9079. [PMID: 33885082 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new class of organic electrolytes has been developed for the electrodeposition of rare-earth metals at room temperature. These electrolytes consist of a rare-earth bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or chloride salt and a borohydride salt, dissolved in the ether solvents 1,2-dimethoxyethane or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. In these electrolytes, a soluble lanthanide(iii) borohydride complex [Ln(BH4)4]- is formed, which allows for the electrodeposition of neodymium- or dysprosium-containing layers. The electrochemistry of these electrolytes was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the results suggest the presence of metallic neodymium and dysprosium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Geysens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Sahandi PJ, Salimi M, Iranshahi D. Insights on the speed of sound in ionic liquid binary mixtures: Investigation of influential parameters and construction of predictive models. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Vetica F, Bortolami M, Petrucci R, Rocco D, Feroci M. Electrogenerated NHCs in Organic Synthesis: Ionic Liquids vs Organic Solvents Effects. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2130-2147. [PMID: 33507627 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been extensively studied for their application as organocatalysts in stereoselective synthesis as well as ligands for transition metals-promoted synthetic methodologies. Derived mainly from azolium salts, NHCs have demonstrated exceptional versatility in their generation usually performed by deprotonation or reduction (chemical or electrochemical). In particular, the generation of NHC under electrochemical conditions, starting from azolium-based ionic liquids, has proven to be a successful green approach and demonstrated wide applicability in organic synthesis. In this Personal Account, the application of electrogenerated NHCs in organic synthesis will be discussed, with a particular attention to the different reactivity in ionic liquids compared to classical organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vetica
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Influence of temperature on the electrochemical window of boron doped diamond: a comparison of commercially available electrodes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15707. [PMID: 32973196 PMCID: PMC7518440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work compares the electrochemical windows of polished and unpolished boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes with hydrogen and oxygen terminations at a series of temperatures up to 125 °C. The experiment was run at 5 bar pressure to avoid complications due to bubble formation. An alternative method for determining the electrochemical window is compared to the most commonly used method, which defines the window at an arbitrary current density cut-off (Jcut-off) value. This arbitrary method is heavily influenced by the mass transport of the electrolyte and cannot be used to compare electrodes across literature where different Jcut-off values have been used. A linear fit method is described which is less affected by the experimental conditions in a given measurement system. This enables a more accurate comparison of the relative electrochemical window from various diamond electrode types from reported results. Through comparison of polished and unpolished BDD electrodes, with hydrogen and oxygen surface terminations, it is determined that the electrochemical window of BDD electrodes narrows as temperature increases; activation energies are reported.
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Abstract
Water-processable natural polymers represent a valuable alternative for the sustainable manufacturing of electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Here, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of the use of pullulan to produce high mass loading electrodes (>10 mg cm−2) at low binder content (10%) for ionic-liquid based EDLCs. Pullulan has also been processed as a porous separator by electrospinning. Its ionic resistance and thermal stability have been evaluated in different electrolytes and were found to be superior compared to those of a cellulose triacetate electrospun separator. Pullulan-ionic liquid EDLCs were, thus, assembled and charged up to 3.2 V. The EDLCs delivered specific energy and power of 7.2 Wh kg−1 and 3.7 kW kg−1 and featured good cycling stability over 5000 cycles.
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Weber I, Kim J, Buchner F, Schnaidt J, Behm RJ. Surface Science and Electrochemical Model Studies on the Interaction of Graphite and Li-Containing Ionic Liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2589-2601. [PMID: 32196973 PMCID: PMC7317785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The process of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is systematically investigated along with its chemical composition on carbon electrodes in an ionic liquid-based, Li-containing electrolyte in a combined surface science and electrochemical model study using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and binder-free graphite powder electrodes (Mage) as model systems. The chemical decomposition process is explored by deposition of Li on a pre-deposited multilayer film of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP][TFSI]) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Electrochemical SEI formation is induced by and monitored during potential cycling in [BMP][TFSI]+0.1 m LiTFSI. The chemical composition of the resulting layers is characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), both at the surface and in deeper layers, closer to the electrode|SEI interface, after partial removal of the film by Ar+ ion sputtering. Clear differences between chemical and electrochemical SEI formation, and also between SEI formation on HOPG and Mage electrodes, are observed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Weber
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Florian Buchner
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Johannes Schnaidt
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
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39
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Kriegel R, Armbrüster M. Corrosion-Free EMF Measurements of Zinc-Based Intermetallic Compounds at Ambient Temperature. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:977-986. [PMID: 32208543 PMCID: PMC7318324 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Material development requires in many cases information about the necessary stability of the materials against oxidation, which is encoded in the chemical activity of the constituting elements. Determination of the chemical activity is tedious, especially for metallic materials at or close to ambient temperature. To determine the chemical activity of Zn at ambient temperature, electromotive force (EMF) measurements on the intermetallic compounds ZnPd, ZnPt and Cu5Zn8 within their respective homogeneity range were conducted. The single‐phase nature of the samples was confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction, light microscopy as well as SEM/EDX analysis. To exclude oxidation, and therefore faulty determination of the electrochemical potentials, a method was developed to conduct the electrochemical measurements under non‐corrosive conditions in inert atmosphere. Corrosion by the electrolyte was avoided using anhydrous dimethylformamide as aprotic solvent. From the EMF the respective intrinsic activities of zinc in the corresponding intermetallic compounds was determined. Measurements on Cu5Zn8 and comparison to available data in literature verified the developed method allowing to retrieve thermodynamic data of ZnPd and ZnPt for the first time at ambient temperature. The herein developed and easy‐to‐use methodology is applicable to a wide range of metallic material by choosing appropriate compositions of the electrolyte and has the potential to boost material development.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Kriegel
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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40
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Francis CFJ, Kyratzis IL, Best AS. Lithium-Ion Battery Separators for Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904205. [PMID: 31957144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely studied as a safer alternative electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. The properties of IL electrolytes compared to conventional electrolytes make them more thermally stable, but they also have poor wetting with commercial separators. In a lithium-ion battery, the electrolyte should completely wet out the separator and electrodes to reduce the cell internal resistance. Investigations of cell materials with IL electrolytes have shown that the wetting issues in IL-electrolyte cells are most likely due to poor separator compatibility, not electrode compatibility. A compatible separator must be developed before IL electrolytes can be used in commercial lithium-ion batteries. Herein, separators for IL electrolytes, including commercial and novel separators, are reviewed. Separators with different processing methods, polymers, additives, and different IL electrolytes are considered. Collated, the separator studies show a strong correlation between ionic conductivity and membrane porosity, even more than the electrolyte type. The challenge of a suitable separator for IL electrolytes is not solved yet. Herein, it is revealed that a separator for IL electrolytes will most likely require a combination of high thermal and mechanical stability polymer, ceramic additives, and an optimized manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice F J Francis
- PMB Defence Engineering, PO Box 1120, North Haven, South Australia, 5018, Australia
- Centre for Maritime Engineering, Control and Imaging, Flinders University, GPO Box, 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia
| | - Ilias L Kyratzis
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia
| | - Adam S Best
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia
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Chen Y, Liang H, Qin X, Liu Y, Tian S, Yang Y, Wang S. Cheap and biodegradable amino acid-based deep eutectic solvents for radioactive iodine capture via halogen bonds. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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42
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Bhujbal AV, Rout A, Venkatesan KA, Bhanage BM. Electrochemical Fabrication of Copper and Tin Micro‐Crystals from a Protic Ionic Liquid Medium. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alok Rout
- Fuel Chemistry DivisionIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam Kalpakkam 603102 India
| | - Konda A. Venkatesan
- Fuel Chemistry DivisionIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam Kalpakkam 603102 India
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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44
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Das S, Kashyap N, Kalita S, Bora DB, Borah R. A brief insight into the physicochemical properties of room-temperature acidic ionic liquids and their catalytic applications in C C bond formation reactions. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Predicting Melting Points of Biofriendly Choline-Based Ionic Liquids with Molecular Dynamics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a simulation-based method for predicting the melting point of ionic liquids without prior knowledge of their crystal structure. We run molecular dynamics simulations of biofriendly, choline cation-based ionic liquids and apply the method to predict their melting point. The root-mean-square error of the predicted values is below 24 K. We advocate that such precision is sufficient for designing ionic liquids with relatively low melting points. The workflow for simulations is available for everyone and can be adopted for any species from the wide chemical space of ionic liquids.
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Mahanta U, Kundu D, Venkatesh RP, Sujatha S, Ilangovan SA, Banerjee T. Electrochemical Performance and Molecular Structure of Diluted 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquids and Their Mixture as Electrolytes for Double-Layer Capacitors: An Integrated Approach by Electrochemical Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Mahanta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Debashis Kundu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - R. Prasanna Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | | | | | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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Omari I, Randhawa P, Randhawa J, Yu J, McIndoe JS. Structure, Anion, and Solvent Effects on Cation Response in ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1750-1757. [PMID: 31218572 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of an ion in an electrospray ionization mass spectrum is dependent on many factors beyond just solution concentration. Even in cases where the analytes of interest are permanently charged (under study here are ammonium and phosphonium ions) and do not rely on protonation or other chemical processes to acquire the necessary charge, factors such as cation structure, molecular weight, solvent, and the identity of the anion can affect results. Screening of a variety of combinations of cations, anions, and solvents provided insight into some of the more important factors. Rigid cations and anions that conferred high conductivity tended to provide the highest responses. The solvent that most closely reflected actual solution composition was acetonitrile, while methanol, acetonitrile/water, and dichloromethane produced a higher degree of discrimination between different ions. Functional groups that had affinity for the solvent tended to depress response. These observations will provide predictive power when accounting for analytes that for reasons of high reactivity can not be isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Parmissa Randhawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jaiya Randhawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jenny Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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Guinea E, Salicio-Paz A, Iriarte A, Grande HJ, Medina E, García-Lecina E. Robust Aluminum Electrodeposition from Iionic Liquid Electrolytes Containing Light Aromatic Naphta as Additive. Chemistry 2019; 8:1094-1099. [PMID: 31406656 PMCID: PMC6682929 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum electrodeposition can be carried out from several ionic liquid electrolyte formulations. Nevertheless, this plating process has not been industrialized so far because of the durability of the electrolytes and because the Al coatings obtained are non-fully homogeneous in terms of coating morphology and thickness distribution. In this work we electrodeposited Al coatings from a 3-butyl-1-ethylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate electrolyte additivated with increasing concentrations of a new cost-effective additive: light aromatic naphtha solvent. Firstly, electrolytes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, where changes in the electrochemistry of the process were identified. Then, surface characterization showed that Al coatings morphology turned out to be smoother, more homogeneous and more compact with increasing additive concentration. Furthermore, the process was scaled up to flat plates of 18 cm2 area and also on 25 cm2 parts designed with straight corners to demonstrate both the optimization of the electrolytic bath performance and its throwing power enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guinea
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Asier Salicio-Paz
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Aitor Iriarte
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Medina
- MTC - Maier Technology Centre Polígono Industrial Arabieta B° Kanpantxu S/N 48320 Ajangiz-Bizkaia Spain
| | - Eva García-Lecina
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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Rationally designed naphthyl substituted amine functionalized ionic liquid platform for covalent immobilization and direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10428. [PMID: 31320717 PMCID: PMC6639313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we have designed and demonstrated a facile and effective platform for the covalent anchoring of a tetrameric hemoprotein, hemoglobin (Hb). The platform comprises of naphthyl substituted amine functionalized gel type hydrophobic ionic liquid (NpNH2-IL) through which the heme protein was covalently attached over a glassy carbon electrode (Hb-NpNH2-IL/GCE). UV-vis and FT-IR spectral results confirmed that the Hb on NpNH2-IL retains its native structure, even after being covalently immobilized on NpNH2-IL platform. The direct electron transfer of redox protein could be realized at Hb-NpNH2-IL/GCE modified electrode and a well resolved redox peak with a formal potential of −0.30 V and peak separation of 65 mV was observed. This is due to the covalent attachment of highly conducting NpNH2-IL to the Hb, which facilitates rapid shuttling of electrons between the redox site of protein and the electrode. Further, the fabricated biosensor favoured the electrochemical reduction of bromate in neutral pH with linearity ranging from 12 to 228 µM and 0.228 to 4.42 mM with a detection limit and sensitivities of 3 µM, 430.7 µA mM−1 cm−2 and 148.4 µA mM−1 cm−2 respectively. Notably, the fabricated biosensor showed good operational stability under static and dynamic conditions with high selectivity and reproducibility.
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50
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Hachicha R, Zarrougui R, Messaoudi S, le Vot S, Fontaine O, Favier F, Ghodbane O. Physicochemical properties and theoretical studies of novel fragile ionic liquids based on N-allyl-N,N-dimethylethylammonium cation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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