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Resto M, Vinitsky A, Schneck NA, Wolff JJ, Shajahan A, Cibelli N, Zhang Y, Li Y, Gulla K, Gowetski DB, Gall JG, Lei QP. Determination of degradation for sulfo-SIAB, SM(PEG) 2, and sulfo-GMBS by RPLC-UV analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 251:116455. [PMID: 39232447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Bi-functional N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) linkers are widely used in the conjugation processes linking an immunogen with a carrier protein capable of boosting immunity. A potential vaccine candidate against HIV-1, called fusion peptide (FP), is covalently linked to the recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy-chain fragment C (rTTHC) via this type of linker. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC-UV) method was used to monitor the linker's degradation kinetics in various buffers, mimicking the steps in the conjugation process. The kinetics of the reactivities of the linkers are revealed in this study and can provide a good guidance to help effective conjugation process before these linkers are completely hydrolyze to the inactive degradants. Three cross-linkers degradation pathways were evaluated: Sulfosuccinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzoate (Sulfo-SIAB), PEGylated SMCC (SM(PEG)2), and N-γ-maleimidobutyryl-oxysulfosuccinimide ester (Sulfo-GMBS). We have reported kinetics for Sulfo-SIAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Resto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alison Vinitsky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole A Schneck
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeremy J Wolff
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Asif Shajahan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Cibelli
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yaqiu Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yile Li
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Krishna Gulla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason G Gall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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2
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He M, Zhou X, Wang X. Glycosylation: mechanisms, biological functions and clinical implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:194. [PMID: 39098853 PMCID: PMC11298558 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a covalent process that occurs in proteins during or after translation through the addition or removal of one or more functional groups, and has a profound effect on protein function. Glycosylation is one of the most common PTMs, in which polysaccharides are transferred to specific amino acid residues in proteins by glycosyltransferases. A growing body of evidence suggests that glycosylation is essential for the unfolding of various functional activities in organisms, such as playing a key role in the regulation of protein function, cell adhesion and immune escape. Aberrant glycosylation is also closely associated with the development of various diseases. Abnormal glycosylation patterns are closely linked to the emergence of various health conditions, including cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and several other diseases. However, the underlying composition and structure of the glycosylated residues have not been determined. It is imperative to fully understand the internal structure and differential expression of glycosylation, and to incorporate advanced detection technologies to keep the knowledge advancing. Investigations on the clinical applications of glycosylation focused on sensitive and promising biomarkers, development of more effective small molecule targeted drugs and emerging vaccines. These studies provide a new area for novel therapeutic strategies based on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan He
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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3
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Gao L, Li G, Qiu C, Ye Y, Li X, Liao P, Ming W, Liu Z, Luo X, Liao G. Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivity Evaluation of a TF-Based Cancer Vaccine Candidate Using Lipid A Mimetics As a Built-In Adjuvant. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9976-9990. [PMID: 38886162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the design and synthesis of five TF-based cancer vaccine candidates using a lipid A mimetic as the carrier and a built-in adjuvant. All synthesized conjugates elicited robust and consistent TF-specific immune responses in mice without external adjuvants. Immunological studies subsequently conducted in wild-type and TLR4 knockout C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that the activation of TLR4 was the main reason that the synthesized lipid A mimetics increased the TF-specific immune responses. All antisera induced by these conjugates can specifically recognize, bind to, and induce the lysis of TF-positive cancer cells. Moreover, representative conjugates 2 and 3 could effectively reduce the growth of tumors and prolong the survival time of mice in vivo, and the efficacies were better than glycoprotein TF-CRM197 with alum adjuvant. Lipid A mimetics could therefore be a promising platform for the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccine carriers with self-adjuvanting properties for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiang Gao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiqi Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuiping Qiu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifan Ye
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Guangzhou Yuemei Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Wenbo Ming
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Micoli F, Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA. Exploring the variables influencing the immune response of traditional and innovative glycoconjugate vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1201693. [PMID: 37261327 PMCID: PMC10227950 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1201693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective tools for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The rapid evolution of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the introduction of tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines, mass vaccination campaigns in Africa with a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, and the recent licensure and introduction of glycoconjugates against S. Typhi underlie the continued importance of research on glycoconjugate vaccines. More innovative ways to produce carbohydrate-based vaccines have been developed over the years, including bioconjugation, Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) and the Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS). Several variables in the design of these vaccines can affect the induced immune responses. We review immunogenicity studies comparing conjugate vaccines that differ in design variables, such as saccharide chain length and conjugation chemistry, as well as carrier protein and saccharide to protein ratio. We evaluate how a better understanding of the effects of these different parameters is key to designing improved glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Pifferi C, Aguinagalde L, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Sacristán N, Baschirotto PT, Poveda A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Anguita J, Fernández-Tejada A. Development of synthetic, self-adjuvanting, and self-assembling anticancer vaccines based on a minimal saponin adjuvant and the tumor-associated MUC1 antigen. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3501-3513. [PMID: 37006677 PMCID: PMC10055764 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of aberrantly glycosylated tumor-associated mucin-1 (TA-MUC1) in human cancers makes it a major target for the development of anticancer vaccines derived from synthetic MUC1-(glyco)peptide antigens. However, glycopeptide-based subunit vaccines are weakly immunogenic, requiring adjuvants and/or additional immunopotentiating approaches to generate optimal immune responses. Among these strategies, unimolecular self-adjuvanting vaccine constructs that do not need coadministration of adjuvants or conjugation to carrier proteins emerge as a promising but still underexploited approach. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, immune-evaluation in mice, and NMR studies of new, self-adjuvanting and self-assembling vaccines based on our QS-21-derived minimal adjuvant platform covalently linked to TA-MUC1-(glyco)peptide antigens and a peptide helper T-cell epitope. We have developed a modular, chemoselective strategy that harnesses two distal attachment points on the saponin adjuvant to conjugate the respective components in unprotected form and high yields via orthogonal ligations. In mice, only tri-component candidates but not unconjugated or di-component combinations induced significant TA-MUC1-specific IgG antibodies able to recognize the TA-MUC1 on cancer cells. NMR studies revealed the formation of self-assembled aggregates, in which the more hydrophilic TA-MUC1 moiety gets exposed to the solvent, favoring B-cell recognition. While dilution of the di-component saponin-(Tn)MUC1 constructs resulted in partial aggregate disruption, this was not observed for the more stably-organized tri-component candidates. This higher structural stability in solution correlates with their increased immunogenicity and suggests a longer half-life of the construct in physiological media, which together with the enhanced antigen multivalent presentation enabled by the particulate self-assembly, points to this self-adjuvanting tri-component vaccine as a promising synthetic candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pifferi
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Leire Aguinagalde
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Nagore Sacristán
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Priscila Tonon Baschirotto
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ana Poveda
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country 48940 Leioa Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, CIC BioGUNE, BRTA Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Biscay Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
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6
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Fully synthetic Tn-based three-component cancer vaccine using covalently linked TLR4 ligand MPLA and iNKT cell agonist KRN-7000 as built-in adjuvant effectively protects mice from tumor development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4432-4445. [PMID: 36561989 PMCID: PMC9764137 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new strategy for self-adjuvanting vaccine development that has different types of covalently-linked immunostimulants as the carrier molecule. Using Tn antigen as the model, a three-component vaccine (MPLA-Tn-KRN7000) containing the TLR4 ligand MPLA and the iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 was designed and synthesized. This expands fully synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccine studies that use a single carrier to one with two different types of carriers. The corresponding two-component conjugate vaccines Tn-MPLA, Tn-KRN7000 and Tn-CRM197 were also synthesized, as controls. The immunological evaluation found that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 elicits robust Tn-specific and T cell-dependent immunity. The antibodies specifically recognized, bound to and exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity against Tn-positive cancer cells. In addition, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 increased the survival rate and survival time of tumor-challenged mice, and surviving mice reject further tumor attacks without any additional treatment. Compared to the glycoprotein vaccine Tn-CRM197, the two-component conjugate vaccines, Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, and the physical mixture of Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 showed the most effect at combating tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The comparison of immunological studies in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice, along with the test of binding affinity to CD1d protein suggests that the covalently linked MPLA-KRN7000 immunostimulant induces a synergistic activation of TLR4 and iNKT cell that improves the immunogenicity of Tn. This work demonstrates that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 has the potential to be a vaccine candidate and provides a new direction for fully synthetic vaccine design.
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7
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Ou L, Gulla K, Biju A, Biner DW, Bylund T, Changela A, Chen SJ, Zheng CY, Cibelli N, Corrigan AR, Duan H, Gonelli CA, Kong WP, Cheng C, O’Dell S, Sarfo EK, Shaddeau A, Wang S, Vinitsky A, Yang Y, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Koup RA, Doria-Rose NA, Gall JG, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Assessment of Crosslinkers between Peptide Antigen and Carrier Protein for Fusion Peptide-Directed Vaccines against HIV-1. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111916. [PMID: 36423012 PMCID: PMC9698951 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugate-vaccine immunogens require three components: a carrier protein, an antigen, and a crosslinker, capable of coupling antigen to carrier protein, while preserving both T-cell responses from carrier protein and B-cell responses from antigen. We previously showed that the N-terminal eight residues of the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP8) as an antigen could prime for broad cross-clade neutralizing responses, that recombinant heavy chain of tetanus toxin (rTTHC) as a carrier protein provided optimal responses, and that choice of crosslinker could impact both antigenicity and immunogenicity. Here, we delve more deeply into the impact of varying the linker between FP8 and rTTHC. In specific, we assessed the physical properties, the antigenicity, and the immunogenicity of conjugates for crosslinkers ranging in spacer-arm length from 1.5 to 95.2 Å, with varying hydrophobicity and crosslinking-functional groups. Conjugates coupled with different degrees of multimerization and peptide-to-rTTHC stoichiometry, but all were well recognized by HIV-fusion-peptide-directed antibodies VRC34.01, VRC34.05, PGT151, and ACS202 except for the conjugate with the longest linker (24-PEGylated SMCC; SM(PEG)24), which had lower affinity for ACS202, as did the conjugate with the shortest linker (succinimidyl iodoacetate; SIA), which also had the lowest peptide-to-rTTHC stoichiometry. Murine immunizations testing seven FP8-rTTHC conjugates elicited fusion-peptide-directed antibody responses, with SIA- and SM(PEG)24-linked conjugates eliciting lower responses than the other five conjugates. After boosting with prefusion-closed envelope trimers from strains BG505 clade A and consensus clade C, trimer-directed antibody-binding responses were lower for the SIA-linked conjugate; elicited neutralizing responses were similar, however, though statistically lower for the SM(PEG)24-linked conjugate, when tested against a strain especially sensitive to fusion-peptide-directed responses. Overall, correlation analyses revealed the immunogenicity of FP8-rTTHC conjugates to be negatively impacted by hydrophilicity and extremes of length or low peptide-carrier stoichiometry, but robust to other linker parameters, with several commonly used crosslinkers yielding statistically indistinguishable serological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Naini A, Bartetzko MP, Sanapala SR, Broecker F, Wirtz V, Lisboa MP, Parameswarappa SG, Knopp D, Przygodda J, Hakelberg M, Pan R, Patel A, Chorro L, Illenberger A, Ponce C, Kodali S, Lypowy J, Anderson AS, Donald RGK, von Bonin A, Pereira CL. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidates against Escherichia coli O25B Induce Functional IgG Antibodies in Mice. JACS AU 2022; 2:2135-2151. [PMID: 36186572 PMCID: PMC9516715 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a major health concern due to emerging antibiotic resistance. Along with O1A, O2, and O6A, E. coli O25B is a major serotype within the ExPEC group, which expresses a unique O-antigen. Clinical studies with a glycoconjugate vaccine of the above-mentioned O-types revealed O25B as the least immunogenic component, inducing relatively weak IgG titers. To evaluate the immunological properties of semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidates against E. coli O25B, we here report the chemical synthesis of an initial set of five O25B glycan antigens differing in length, from one to three repeat units, and frameshifts of the repeat unit. The oligosaccharide antigens were conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197. The resulting semisynthetic glycoconjugates induced functional IgG antibodies in mice with opsonophagocytic activity against E. coli O25B. Three of the oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugates elicited functional IgGs in the same order of magnitude as a conventional CRM197 glycoconjugate prepared with native O25B O-antigen and therefore represent promising vaccine candidates for further investigation. Binding studies with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed nanomolar anti-O25B IgG responses with nanomolar K D values and with varying binding epitopes. The immunogenicity and mAb binding data now allow for the rational design of additional synthetic antigens for future preclinical studies, with expected further improvements in the functional antibody responses. Moreover, acetylation of a rhamnose residue was shown to be likely dispensable for immunogenicity, as a deacylated antigen was able to elicit strong functional IgG responses. Our findings strongly support the feasibility of a semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against E. coli O25B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Naini
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Peter Bartetzko
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Someswara Rao Sanapala
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Broecker
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Wirtz
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marilda P. Lisboa
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Knopp
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Przygodda
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Hakelberg
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosalind Pan
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Axay Patel
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Arthur Illenberger
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Christopher Ponce
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Srinivas Kodali
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Jacqueline Lypowy
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | - Robert G. K. Donald
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Arne von Bonin
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sorieul C, Papi F, Carboni F, Pecetta S, Phogat S, Adamo R. Recent advances and future perspectives on carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108158. [PMID: 35183590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundantly expressed on the surface of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, often as post translational modifications of proteins. Glycoproteins are recognized by the immune system and can trigger both innate and humoral responses. This feature has been harnessed to generate vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis. In cancer, glycosylation plays a pivotal role in malignancy development and progression. Since glycans are specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, they have been targeted for the discovery of anticancer preventive and therapeutic treatments, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Despite the various efforts made over the last years, resulting in a series of clinical studies, attempts of vaccination with carbohydrate-based candidates have proven unsuccessful, primarily due to the immune tolerance often associated with these glycans. New strategies are thus deployed to enhance carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. Moreover, lessons learned from glycan immunobiology paved the way to the development of new monoclonal antibodies specifically designed to recognize cancer-bound carbohydrates and induce tumor cell killing. Herein we provide an overview of the immunological principles behind the immune response towards glycans and glycoconjugates and the approaches exploited at both preclinical and clinical level to target cancer-associated glycans for the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We also discuss gaps and opportunities to successfully advance glycan-directed cancer therapies, which could provide patients with innovative and effective treatments.
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10
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Donahue TC, Zong G, O'Brien NA, Ou C, Gildersleeve JC, Wang LX. Synthesis and Immunological Study of N-Glycan-Bacteriophage Qβ Conjugates Reveal Dominant Antibody Responses to the Conserved Chitobiose Core. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1350-1362. [PMID: 35687881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation plays an important role in many biological recognition processes. However, very few N-glycan-specific antibodies are available for functional studies and potentially for therapeutic development. In this study, we sought to synthesize bacteriophage Qβ conjugates with representative N-glycans and investigate their immunogenicity for raising N-glycan-specific antibodies. An array of Qβ glycoconjugates bearing five different human N-glycans and two different chemical linkers were synthesized, and the immunization of the N-glycan-Qβ conjugates was performed in mice. We found that the N-glycan-Qβ conjugates raised significant IgG antibodies that recognize N-glycans, but, surprisingly, most of the glycan-dependent antibodies were directed to the shared chitobiose core and were nonspecific for respective N-glycan structures. The linker chemistry was found to affect antibody specificity with adipic acid-linked N-glycan-Qβ immunogens raising antibodies capable of recognizing both the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties of the chitobiose core. In contrast, antibodies raised by N-glycan-Qβ immunogens with a triazole linker preferentially recognized the innermost N-acetylglucosamine moiety at the reducing end. We also found that sialylation of the N-glycans significantly suppressed the immune response. Furthermore, the N-glycan-Qβ immunogens with an adipic acid linker elicited higher glycan-specific antibody titers than the N-glycan-triazole-Qβ immunogens. These findings delineate several challenges in eliciting mammalian N-glycan-specific antibodies through the conventional glycoconjugate vaccine design and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Donahue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nicholas A O'Brien
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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11
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van
der Put RMF, Smitsman C, de Haan A, Hamzink M, Timmermans H, Uittenbogaard J, Westdijk J, Stork M, Ophorst O, Thouron F, Guerreiro C, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. The First-in-Human Synthetic Glycan-Based Conjugate Vaccine Candidate against Shigella. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:449-460. [PMID: 35559427 PMCID: PMC9088300 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis, is among the main causes of diarrheal diseases with still a high morbidity in low-income countries. Relying on chemical synthesis, we implemented a multidisciplinary strategy to design SF2a-TT15, an original glycoconjugate vaccine candidate targeting Shigella flexneri 2a (SF2a). Whereas the SF2a O-antigen features nonstoichiometric O-acetylation, SF2a-TT15 is made of a synthetic 15mer oligosaccharide, corresponding to three non-O-acetylated repeats, linked at its reducing end to tetanus toxoid by means of a thiol-maleimide spacer. We report on the scale-up feasibility under GMP conditions of a high yielding bioconjugation process established to ensure a reproducible and controllable glycan/protein ratio. Preclinical and clinical batches complying with specifications from ICH guidelines, WHO recommendations for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, and (non)compendial tests were produced. The obtained SF2a-TT15 vaccine candidate passed all toxicity-related criteria, was immunogenic in rabbits, and elicited bactericidal antibodies in mice. Remarkably, the induced IgG antibodies recognized a large panel of SF2a circulating strains. These preclinical data have paved the way forward to the first-in-human study for SF2a-TT15, demonstrating safety and immunogenicity. This contribution discloses the yet unreported feasibility of the GMP synthesis of conjugate vaccines featuring a unique homogeneous synthetic glycan hapten fine-tuned to protect against an infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex de Haan
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hamzink
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Janny Westdijk
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ophorst
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Thouron
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Chaire
de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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12
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Liu CC, Huo CX, Zhai C, Zheng XJ, Xiong DC, Ye XS. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Pentamannose-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:807-820. [PMID: 35470665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dense glycosylation and the trimeric conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein limit the accessibility of some cellular glycan processing enzymes and end up with high-mannose-type N-linked glycans on the envelope spike, among which the Man5GlcNAc2 structure occupies a certain proportion. The Man5GlcNAc2 glycan composes the binding sites of some potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, and some lectins that can bind Man5GlcNAc2 show HIV-neutralizing activity. Therefore, Man5GlcNAc2 is a potential target for HIV-1 vaccine development. Herein, a highly convergent and effective strategy was developed for the synthesis of Man5 and its monofluoro-modified, trifluoro-modified, and S-linked analogues. We coupled these haptens to carrier protein CRM197 and evaluated the immunogenicity of the glycoconjugates in mice. The serological assays showed that the native Man5 conjugates failed to induce Man5-specific antibodies in vivo, while the modified analogue conjugates induced stronger antibody responses. However, these antibodies could not bind the native gp120 antigen. These results demonstrated that the immune tolerance mechanism suppressed the immune responses to Man5-related structures and the conformation of glycan epitopes on the synthesized glycoconjugates was distinct from that of native glycan epitopes on gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chang-Xin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Canjia Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Deimel LP, Xue X, Sattentau QJ. Glycans in HIV-1 vaccine design – engaging the shield. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:866-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Luo X, Lian Q, Li W, Chen L, Zhang R, Yang D, Gao L, Qi X, Liu Z, Liao G. Fully synthetic Mincle-dependent self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines elicit robust humoral and T cell-dependent immune responses and protect mice from tumor development. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15998-16013. [PMID: 35024123 PMCID: PMC8672726 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy based on a macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) agonist was established to construct synthetic cancer vaccines. Using sialyl-Tn (STn) as a model antigen, four conjugates with the Mincle agonist as a built-in adjuvant were designed and synthesized through a facile and efficient method. All conjugates could induce BMDMs to produce inflammatory cytokines in a Mincle-dependent manner and were found to elicit robust humoral and T cell-dependent immune responses alone in mice. The corresponding antibodies could recognize, bind and exhibit complement-dependent cytotoxicity to STn-positive cancer cells, leading to tumor cell lysis. Moreover, all conjugates could effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong the mice survival time in vivo, with therapeutic effects better than STn-CRM197/Al. Notably, compared to conventional glycoprotein conjugate vaccines, these fully synthetic conjugate vaccines do not cause "epitope suppression." Mincle ligands thus hold great potential as a platform for the development of new vaccine carriers with self-adjuvanting properties for cancer treatment. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis shows that a vaccine containing one STn antigen carried by vizantin exhibits the best efficacy, providing support for further optimization and additional investigation into Mincle agonists as the carrier of self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qinghai Lian
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Liqing Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Renyu Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Deying Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lingqiang Gao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
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15
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Liao F, Wang H, Dao Y, Yuan K, Lu J, Shi J, Han Y, Dong S, Lu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a lipopeptide-based methamphetamine vaccine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Smith BR, Guo Z. Oligosaccharide Antigen Conjugation to Carrier Proteins to Formulate Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2183:305-312. [PMID: 32959250 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation, that is, covalent linkage, to immunological proteins is a common strategy to address the low immunogenicity issue of carbohydrate antigens in vaccine development. This chapter describes an easy and efficient method for oligosaccharide-protein conjugation employing dicarboxylic acid linkers. In this regard, a free amino group is introduced to an oligosaccharide antigen to facilitate coupling with the bifunctional linker upon reaction with its corresponding disuccinimidyl ester. The resultant monosuccinimidyl ester of the oligosaccharide antigen then reacts with the free amino groups of a carrier protein to provide the desired oligosaccharide-protein conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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18
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Doelman W, Marqvorsen MHS, Chiodo F, Bruijns SCM, van der Marel GA, van Kooyk Y, van Kasteren SI, Araman C. Synthesis of Asparagine Derivatives Harboring a Lewis X Type DC-SIGN Ligand and Evaluation of their Impact on Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2742-2752. [PMID: 33090600 PMCID: PMC7898482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a key component of myelin and an autoantigen in the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Post‐translational N‐glycosylation of Asn31 of MOG seems to play a key role in modulating the immune response towards myelin. This is mediated by the interaction of Lewis‐type glycan structures in the N‐glycan of MOG with the DC‐SIGN receptor on dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report the synthesis of an unnatural Lewis X (LeX)‐containing Fmoc‐SPPS‐compatible asparagine building block (SPPS=solid‐phase peptide synthesis), as well as asparagine building blocks containing two LeX‐derived oligosaccharides: LacNAc and Fucα1‐3GlcNAc. These building blocks were used for the glycosylation of the immunodominant portion of MOG (MOG31‐55) and analyzed with respect to their ability to bind to DC‐SIGN in different biological setups, as well as their ability to inhibit the citrullination‐induced aggregation of MOG31‐55. Finally, a cytokine secretion assay was carried out on human monocyte‐derived DCs, which showed the ability of the neoglycopeptide decorated with a single LeX to alter the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, inducing a tolerogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC-Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Kleski KA, Shi M, Lohman M, Hymel GT, Gattoji VK, Andreana PR. Synthesis of an Aminooxy Derivative of the GM3 Antigen and Its Application in Oxime Ligation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16207-16217. [PMID: 32320231 PMCID: PMC7606269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The anomeric aminooxy GM3 trisaccharide cancer antigen (Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-ONH2) has been chemically synthesized using a linear glycosylation approach. The key step involves a highly α(2,3)-stereoselective sialylation to a galactose acceptor. The Neu5Acα2,3Gal intermediate was functionalized as a donor for a [2 + 1] glycosylation, including a glucose acceptor that featured an O-succinimidyl group on the reducing end as an aminooxy precursor. The fully deprotected anomeric aminooxy GM3 trisaccharide was then conjugated to the immunologically relevant zwitterionic polysaccharide PS A1 via an oxime link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A. Kleski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Mengchao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Matthew Lohman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Gabrielle T. Hymel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Vinod K. Gattoji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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20
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Nuriev R, Galvidis I, Burkin M. Immunochemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide glycoconjugate constructs correlate with its immunogenicity in mice model. Vaccine 2020; 38:8292-8301. [PMID: 33213929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A panel of derivatives were prepared from Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 3 (Ps3) modified with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The degree of coupling between Ps3-adh derivatives and diphtheria (DTd) or tetanus (TTd) toxoids was varied by ADH linker loading. A series of Ps3 derivatives and the resultant glycoconjugates (GC) were tested for their immunochemical activity in an ELISA. Antigenic properties of components in GCs were estimated by interaction with serotype-specific and toxin-neutralizing antibodies to confirm the preservation of native protective epitopes both of Ps3 and DTd. After immunization of mice, a correlation was established between immunochemical activity and immunogenicity of these GCs. A correlation model developed for Ps3-DTd conjugates allowed to predict the immunogenicity of similar design Ps3-TTd conjugates based on ELISA testing data. The plausibility of this prediction was confirmed by the test immunization of mice with Ps3-TTds. The proposed immunochemical approach to the assessment and control of native structural and functional antigenic elements in GCs is important for the optimization of vaccine design and is an adequate alternative to extensive physicochemical characterization for assessing immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nuriev
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Inna Galvidis
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - Maksim Burkin
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.
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21
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Thomas D, Rathinavel AK, Radhakrishnan P. Altered glycosylation in cancer: A promising target for biomarkers and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188464. [PMID: 33157161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a well-regulated cell and microenvironment specific post-translational modification. Several glycosyltransferases and glycosidases orchestrate the addition of defined glycan structures on the proteins and lipids. Recent advances and systemic approaches in glycomics have significantly contributed to a better understanding of instrumental roles of glycans in health and diseases. Emerging research evidence recognized aberrantly glycosylated proteins as the modulators of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas has identified alterations in the expressions of glycosylation-specific genes that are correlated with cancer progression. However, the mechanistic basis remains poorly explored. Recent researches have shown that specific changes in the glycan structures are associated with 'stemness' and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. Moreover, epigenetic changes in the glycosylation pattern make the tumor cells capable of escaping immunosurveillance mechanisms. The deciphering roles of glycans in cancer emphasize that glycans can serve as a source for the development of novel clinical biomarkers. The ability of glycans in intervening various stages of tumor progression and the biosynthetic pathways involved in glycan structures constitute a promising target for cancer therapy. Advances in the knowledge of innovative strategies for identifying the mechanisms of glycan-binding proteins are hoped to hold great potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the fundamental role of glycans in regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression and provides insights into the influence of glycans in the current tactics of targeted therapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thomas
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Rathinavel
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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22
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Cao X, Yang Y. Total Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of the Tri-d-glycero-d-manno-heptose Antigen of the Lipopolysaccharide as a Vaccine Candidate against Helicobacter pylori. Org Lett 2020; 22:8780-8785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junchang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yirong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junru Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, 179 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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23
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Masking terminal neo-epitopes of linear peptides through glycosylation favours immune responses towards core epitopes producing parental protein bound antibodies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18497. [PMID: 33116268 PMCID: PMC7595224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of hydrophobic peptides at one terminus effectively increases their water-solubility, and conjugation through the opposing end to a carrier protein, renders them more immunogenic. Moreover, the glycosylation minimizes antibody responses to potentially deleterious, non-productive terminal neo-epitope regions of the peptides, and consequently shifts peptide immunogenicity towards the core amino acid residues. As proof of concept, glycopeptide-protein conjugates related to influenza hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and the dimerization loop region of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), demonstrated a favorable production of core peptide specific antibodies as determined by ELISA studies. Furthermore, glycosylated Her2 peptide conjugate antisera were also shown to recognize full length Her2 protein by ELISA and at the cell surface through flow cytometry analysis. In contrast, unmasked peptide conjugates generated significant antibody populations that were specific to the terminal neo-epitope of the peptide immunogen that are notably absent in parental proteins. Antibodies generated in this manner to peptides in the dimerization loop of Her2 are also functional as demonstrated by the growth inhibition of Her2 expressing SKBR3 carcinoma cells. This method provides a technique to tailor-make epitope-specific antibodies that may facilitate vaccine, therapeutic and diagnostic antibody development.
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24
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Ghosh S, Trabbic KR, Shi M, Nishat S, Eradi P, Kleski KA, Andreana PR. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of entirely carbohydrate conjugate Globo H-PS A1. Chem Sci 2020; 11:13052-13059. [PMID: 34123241 PMCID: PMC8163331 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An anticancer, entirely carbohydrate conjugate, Globo H-polysaccharide A1 (Globo H-PS A1), was chemically prepared and immunologically evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Tumor associated carbohydrate antigen Globo H hexasaccharide was synthesized in an overall 7.8% yield employing a convergent [3 + 3] strategy that revealed an anomeric aminooxy group used for conjugation to oxidized PS A1 via an oxime linkage. Globo H-PS A1, formulated with adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A and TiterMax® Gold. After immunization an antigen specific immune response was observed in ELISA with anti-Globo H IgG/IgM antibodies. Specificity of the corresponding antibodies was determined by FACS showing cell surface binding to Globo H-positive cancer cell lines MCF-7 and OVCAR-5. The anti-Globo H antibodies also exhibited complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and OVCAR-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghosh
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Kevin R Trabbic
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Mengchao Shi
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Sharmeen Nishat
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Pradheep Eradi
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Kristopher A Kleski
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
| | - Peter R Andreana
- The University of Toledo, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2801 West Bancroft Street Toledo Ohio USA 43606
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25
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Hodžić A, Mateos-Hernández L, de la Fuente J, Cabezas-Cruz A. α-Gal-Based Vaccines: Advances, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:992-1001. [PMID: 32948455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans and crown catarrhines evolved with the inability to synthesize the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). In turn, they naturally produce high quantities of the glycan-specific antibodies that can be protective against infectious agents exhibiting the same carbohydrate modification on their surface coat. The protective immunity induced by α-Gal is ensured through an antibody-mediated adaptive and cell-mediated innate immune response. Therefore, the α-Gal antigen represents an attractive and feasible target for developing glycan-based vaccines against multiple diseases. In this review article we provide an insight into our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity to α-Gal and discuss the possibilities and challenges in developing a single-antigen pan-vaccine for prevention and control of parasitic diseases of medical and veterinary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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26
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Chiu TW, Peng CJ, Chen MC, Hsu MH, Liang YH, Chiu CH, Fang JM, Lee YC. Constructing conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium using lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:89. [PMID: 32831077 PMCID: PMC7443816 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a nontyphoidal and common foodborne pathogen that causes serious threat to humans. There is no licensed vaccine to prevent the nontyphoid bacterial infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Methods To develop conjugate vaccines, the bacterial lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide (LFPS) is prepared as the immunogen and used to synthesize the LFPS–linker–protein conjugates 6a–9b. The designed bifunctional linkers 1–5 comprising either an o-phenylenediamine or amine moiety are specifically attached to the exposed 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), an α-ketoacid saccharide of LFPS, via condensation reaction or decarboxylative amidation. In addition to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, the S. Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) is also used as a self-adjuvanting protein carrier. Results The synthesized conjugate vaccines are characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their contents of polysaccharides and protein are determined by phenol–sulfuric acid assay and bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows that immunization of mouse with the LFPS–linker–protein vaccines at a dosage of 2.5 μg is sufficient to elicit serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The straight-chain amide linkers in conjugates 7a–9b do not interfere with the desired immune response. Vaccines 7a and 7b derived from either unfractionated LFPS or the high-mass portion show equal efficacy in induction of IgG antibodies. The challenge experiments are performed by oral gavage of S. Typhimurium pathogen, and vaccine 7c having FliC as the self-adjuvanting protein carrier exhibits a high vaccine efficacy of 74% with 80% mice survival rate at day 28 post the pathogen challenge. Conclusions This study demonstrates that lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide prepared from Gram-negative bacteria is an appropriate immunogen, in which the exposed Kdo is connected to bifunctional linkers to form conjugate vaccines. The decarboxylative amidation of Kdo is a novel and useful method to construct a relatively robust and low immunogenic straight-chain amide linkage. The vaccine efficacy is enhanced by using bacterial flagellin as the self-adjuvanting carrier protein. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2685, USA
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27
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Amedei A, Asadzadeh F, Papi F, Vannucchi MG, Ferrucci V, Bermejo IA, Fragai M, De Almeida CV, Cerofolini L, Giuntini S, Bombaci M, Pesce E, Niccolai E, Natali F, Guarini E, Gabel F, Traini C, Catarinicchia S, Ricci F, Orzalesi L, Berti F, Corzana F, Zollo M, Grifantini R, Nativi C. A Structurally Simple Vaccine Candidate Reduces Progression and Dissemination of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. iScience 2020; 23:101250. [PMID: 32629615 PMCID: PMC7322362 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tn antigen is a well-known tumor-associated carbohydrate determinant, often incorporated in glycopeptides to develop cancer vaccines. Herein, four copies of a conformationally constrained mimetic of the antigen TnThr (GalNAc-Thr) were conjugated to the adjuvant CRM197, a protein licensed for human use. The resulting vaccine candidate, mime[4]CRM elicited a robust immune response in a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model, correlated with high frequency of CD4+ T cells and low frequency of M2-type macrophages, which reduces tumor progression and lung metastasis growth. Mime[4]CRM-mediated activation of human dendritic cells is reported, and the proliferation of mime[4]CRM-specific T cells, in cancer tissue and peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer, is demonstrated. The locked conformation of the TnThr mimetic and a proper presentation on the surface of CRM197 may explain the binding of the conjugate to the anti-Tn antibody Tn218 and its efficacy to fight cancer cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Asadzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzata, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Papi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzata, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Iris A Bermejo
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Marco Fragai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Carolina Vieira De Almeida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Natali
- CNR-IOM, c/o Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eleonora Guarini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, via Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Frank Gabel
- Université Grenobles Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chiara Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Catarinicchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Orzalesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 03, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Francisco Corzana
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzata, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Renata Grifantini
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Padiglione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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28
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Ramos-Tomillero I, Pérez-Chacon G, Somovilla-Crespo B, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cuevas C, Zapata JM, Domínguez JM, Rodríguez H, Albericio F. From Ugi Multicomponent Reaction to Linkers for Bioconjugation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7424-7431. [PMID: 32280884 PMCID: PMC7144135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugation is a key approach for the development of novel molecular entities with clinical applications. The biocompatibility and specificity of biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, and antibodies make these macromolecules ideal carriers for selective targeted therapies. In this context, there is a need to develop new molecular units that cover the requirements of the next generation of targeted pharmaceuticals. Here, we present the design and development of a versatile and stable linker based on a N-alkylated α,α-dialkyl dipeptide for bioconjugation, with a particular focus on antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Starting with the well-known Ugi multicomponent reaction, the convenient chemical modification of the prepared adducts allowed us the obtention of versatile bifunctional linkers for bioconjugation. A conjugation strategy was tested to demonstrate the efficiency of the linker. In addition, a novel cytotoxic anti-HER2 ADC was prepared using the Ugi-linker approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ramos-Tomillero
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Pérez-Chacon
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”,
CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somovilla-Crespo
- Servicio
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuevas
- Research
Department, PharmaMar S.A., Colmenar Viejo, 28770 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Zapata
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”,
CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of
Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay
Tech University, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100650 Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School
of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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29
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Ou L, Kong WP, Chuang GY, Ghosh M, Gulla K, O'Dell S, Varriale J, Barefoot N, Changela A, Chao CW, Cheng C, Druz A, Kong R, McKee K, Rawi R, Sarfo EK, Schön A, Shaddeau A, Tsybovsky Y, Verardi R, Wang S, Wanninger TG, Xu K, Yang GJ, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Arnold FJ, Doria-Rose NA, Lei QP, Ryan ET, Vann WF, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Preclinical Development of a Fusion Peptide Conjugate as an HIV Vaccine Immunogen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 32080235 PMCID: PMC7033230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 is a long-sought goal. We previously reported the amino-terminal eight residues of the HIV-1-fusion peptide (FP8) - when conjugated to the carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) - to be capable of inducing broadly neutralizing responses against HIV-1 in animal models. However, KLH is a multi-subunit particle derived from a natural source, and its manufacture as a clinical product remains a challenge. Here we report the preclinical development of recombinant tetanus toxoid heavy chain fragment (rTTHC) linked to FP8 (FP8-rTTHC) as a suitable FP-conjugate vaccine immunogen. We assessed 16 conjugates, made by coupling the 4 most prevalent FP8 sequences with 4 carrier proteins: the aforementioned KLH and rTTHC; the H. influenzae protein D (HiD); and the cross-reactive material from diphtheria toxin (CRM197). While each of the 16 FP8-carrier conjugates could elicit HIV-1-neutralizing responses, rTTHC conjugates induced higher FP-directed responses overall. A Sulfo-SIAB linker yielded superior results over an SM(PEG)2 linker but combinations of carriers, conjugation ratio of peptide to carrier, or choice of adjuvant (Adjuplex or Alum) did not significantly impact elicited FP-directed neutralizing responses in mice. Overall, SIAB-linked FP8-rTTHC appears to be a promising vaccine candidate for advancing to clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Mridul Ghosh
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Krishana Gulla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Varriale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Barefoot
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Rui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Edward K Sarfo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Andrew Shaddeau
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G Wanninger
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gengcheng J Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Yaqiu Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Frank J Arnold
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Willie F Vann
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
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30
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Aljohani S, Hussein WM, Toth I, Simerska P. Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:609-617. [PMID: 31267872 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190702153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Aljohani
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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31
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Geng X, Wang G, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis of the Oligosaccharides of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Capsular Polysaccharide and Preliminary Immunological Studies of Their Protein Conjugates. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2369-2384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Geng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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32
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Mettu R, Chen CY, Wu CY. Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:9. [PMID: 31900143 PMCID: PMC6941340 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have been extremely successful in preventing bacterial infections. The glycan antigens for the preparation of CPS based glycoconjugate vaccines are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation, the quality and length of glycans are always inconsistent. Such kind of situation make the CMC of glycoconjugate vaccines are difficult to well control. Thanks to the advantage of synthetic methods for carbohydrates syntheses. The well controlled glycan antigens are more easily to obtain, and them are conjugated to carrier protein to from the so-call homogeneous fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Several fully glycoconjugate vaccines are in different phases of clinical trial for bacteria or cancers. The review will introduce the recent development of fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Mettu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Yun Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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33
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Marqvorsen MHS, Araman C, van Kasteren SI. Going Native: Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides via Native Linkages To Study Glycan-Specific Roles in the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2715-2726. [PMID: 31580646 PMCID: PMC6873266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self- or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Bennett NR, Jarvis CM, Alam MM, Zwick DB, Olson JM, Nguyen HVT, Johnson JA, Cook ME, Kiessling LL. Modular Polymer Antigens To Optimize Immunity. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4370-4379. [PMID: 31609600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines can have excellent safety profiles, but their ability to give rise to robust immune responses is often compromised. For glycan-based vaccines, insufficient understanding of B and T cell epitope combinations that yield optimal immune activation hinders optimization. To determine which antigen features promote desired IgG responses, we synthesized epitope-functionalized polymers using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and assessed the effect of B and T cell epitope loading. The most robust responses were induced by polymers with a high valency of B and T cell epitopes. Additionally, IgG responses were greater for polymers with T cell epitopes that are readily liberated upon endosomal processing. Combining these criteria, we used ROMP to generate a nontoxic, polymeric antigen that elicited stronger antibody responses than a comparable protein conjugate. These findings highlight principles for designing synthetic antigens that elicit strong IgG responses against inherently weak immune targets such as glycans.
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35
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Szekely T, Roy O, Dériaud E, Job A, Lo-Man R, Leclerc C, Taillefumier C. Design, Synthesis, and Immunological Evaluation of a Multicomponent Construct Based on a Glycotripeptoid Core Comprising B and T Cell Epitopes and a Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonist That Elicits Potent Immune Responses. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9568-9582. [PMID: 30351939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here for the first time the synthesis and immunological evaluation of a fully synthetic three-component anticancer vaccine candidate that consists of a β-glycotripeptoid core mimicking a cluster of Tn at the surface of tumor cells (B epitope), conjugated to the OVA 323-339 peptide (T-cell epitope) and a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist for potent adjuvanticity. The immunological evaluation of this construct and of precursor components demonstrated the synergistic activity of the components within the conjugate to stimulate innate and adaptive immune cells (DCs, T-helper, and B-cells). Surprisingly, immunization of mice with the tricomponent GalNAc-based construct elicited a low level of anti-Tn IgG but elicited a very high level of antibodies that recognize the TLR7 agonist. This finding could represent a potential vaccine therapeutic approach for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases such as lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Szekely
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Olivier Roy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Edith Dériaud
- Unité Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France.,INSERM U1041 , 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Aurélie Job
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- Unité Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France.,INSERM U1041 , 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Claude Leclerc
- Unité Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France.,INSERM U1041 , 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Claude Taillefumier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
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36
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Trabbic KR, Kleski KA, Shi M, Bourgault JP, Prendergast JM, Dransfield DT, Andreana PR. Production of a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody that targets the carbohydrate Thomsen-nouveau cancer antigen resulting in in vivo and in vitro tumor killing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1437-1447. [PMID: 30030557 PMCID: PMC11028060 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen-zwitterionic polysaccharide conjugate, Thomsen-nouveau-polysaccharide A1 (Tn-PS A1, where Tn = D-GalpNAc), has led to the development of a carbohydrate binding monoclonal antibody named Kt-IgM-8. Kt-IgM-8 was produced via hybridoma from Tn-PS A1 hyperimmunized Jackson Laboratory C57BL/6 mice, splenocytes and the murine myeloma cell line Sp2/0Ag14 with subsequent cloning on methyl cellulose semi-solid media. This in-house generated monoclonal antibody negates binding influenced from peptides, proteins, and lipids and preferentially binds monovalent Tn antigen as noted by ELISA, FACS, and glycan array technologies. Kt-IgM-8 demonstrated in vitro and in vivo tumor killing against the Michigan Cancer Foundation breast cell line 7 (MCF-7). In vitro tumor killing was observed using an LDH assay that measured antibody-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity and these results were validated in an in vivo passive immunotherapy approach using an MCF-7 cell line-derived xenograft model. Kt-IgM-8 is effective in killing tumor cells at 30% cytotoxicity, and furthermore, it demonstrated approximately 40% reduction in tumor growth in the MCF-7 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Trabbic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Wolfe Hall 2232B, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Kristopher A Kleski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Wolfe Hall 2232B, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Mengchao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Wolfe Hall 2232B, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Wolfe Hall 2232B, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | | | | | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Wolfe Hall 2232B, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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37
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Eradi P, Ghosh S, Andreana PR. Total Synthesis of Zwitterionic Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit from Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343 Capsular Polysaccharide PS A1 with Alternating Charges on Adjacent Monosaccharides. Org Lett 2018; 20:4526-4530. [PMID: 30015493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide repeating unit of zwitterionic polysaccharide A1 (PS A1) from Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343 has been synthesized using a linear glycosylation approach. One key step includes an α(1,4)-stereoselective [2 + 1] glycosylation of a 2,4,6-trideoxy-2-acetamido-4-amino-d-Gal p (AAT) donor with a poorly reactive axial C4-OH disaccharide acceptor. Mild acid-mediated deacetylation and a challenging [3 + 1] glycosylation are also highlighted. The strategy is inclusive of a single-pot, three-step deprotection affording PS A1 with alternating charges on adjacent monosaccharide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradheep Eradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Samir Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 West Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
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38
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Xiong C, Feng S, Qiao Y, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and Immunological Studies of Oligosaccharides that Consist of the Repeating Unit ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeSerotype 3 Capsular Polysaccharide. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghe Xiong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; 27 Shanda Nan Lu Jinan 250100 China
| | - Shaojie Feng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; 27 Shanda Nan Lu Jinan 250100 China
| | - Yin Qiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; 27 Shanda Nan Lu Jinan 250100 China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; 27 Shanda Nan Lu Jinan 250100 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; 214 Leigh Hall Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology; Shandong University; 27 Shanda Nan Lu Jinan 250100 China
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39
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Kowalczyk R, Harris PWR, Williams GM, Yang SH, Brimble MA. Peptide Lipidation - A Synthetic Strategy to Afford Peptide Based Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1030:185-227. [PMID: 29081055 PMCID: PMC7121180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide and protein aberrant lipidation patterns are often involved in many diseases including cancer and neurological disorders. Peptide lipidation is also a promising strategy to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of peptide-based drugs. Self-adjuvanting peptide-based vaccines commonly utilise the powerful TLR2 agonist PamnCys lipid to stimulate adjuvant activity. The chemical synthesis of lipidated peptides can be challenging hence efficient, flexible and straightforward synthetic routes to access homogeneous lipid-tagged peptides are in high demand. A new technique coined Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) uses a 'thiol-ene' reaction between a cysteine and a vinyl ester and offers great promise due to its simplicity, functional group compatibility and selectivity. Herein a brief review of various synthetic strategies to access lipidated peptides, focusing on synthetic methods to incorporate a PamnCys motif into peptides, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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40
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Schumann B, Reppe K, Kaplonek P, Wahlbrink A, Anish C, Witzenrath M, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Development of an Efficacious, Semisynthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidate against Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:357-361. [PMID: 29632881 PMCID: PMC5879475 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae are a major health burden. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) successfully protect from infection, but not all pneumococcal serotypes are covered with equal potency. Marketed glycoconjugate vaccines induce low levels of functional antibodies against the highly invasive serotype 1 (ST1), presumably due to the obscuring of protective epitopes during chemical activation and conjugation to carrier proteins. Synthetic oligosaccharide antigens can be designed to carry linkers for site-selective protein conjugation while keeping protective epitopes intact. Here, we developed an efficacious semisynthetic ST1 glycoconjugate vaccine candidate. A panel of synthetic oligosaccharides served to reveal a critical role of the rare aminosugar, 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactose (d-AAT), for ST1 immune recognition. A monovalent ST1 trisaccharide carrying d-AAT at the nonreducing end induced a strong antibacterial immune response in rabbits and outperformed the ST1 component of the multivalent blockbuster vaccine Prevenar 13, paving the way for a more efficacious vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schumann
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Division
of Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary
Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Charitéplatz
1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Division
of Pulmonary Inflammation, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary
Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Charitéplatz
1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- E-mail: ; Tel: +49 331 567-9300
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41
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Wei MM, Wang YS, Ye XS. Carbohydrate-based vaccines for oncotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1003-1026. [PMID: 29512174 DOI: 10.1002/med.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious threats to human worldwide. Aberrant patterns of glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells, which are correlated with various cancer development stages, can differentiate the abnormal tissues from the healthy ones. Therefore, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent the desired targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, these carbohydrate antigens may not able to evoke powerful immune response to combat with cancer for their poor immunogenicity and immunotolerance. Different approaches have been developed to address these problems. In this review, we want to summarize the latest advances in TACAs based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Man Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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42
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Daskhan GC, Tran HTT, Meloncelli PJ, Lowary TL, West LJ, Cairo CW. Construction of Multivalent Homo- and Heterofunctional ABO Blood Group Glycoconjugates Using a Trifunctional Linker Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:343-362. [PMID: 29237123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of multivalent ligands displaying complex oligosaccharides is necessary for the development of therapeutics, diagnostics, and research tools. Here, we report an efficient conjugation strategy to prepare complex glycoconjugates with 4 copies of 1 or 2 separate glycan epitopes, providing 4-8 carbohydrate residues on a tetravalent poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold. This strategy provides complex glycoconjugates that approach the size of glycoproteins (15-18 kDa) while remaining well-defined. The synthetic strategy makes use of three orthogonal functional groups, including a reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-ester moiety on the linker to install the first carbohydrate epitope via reaction with an amine. A masked amine functionality on the linker is revealed after the removal of a fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protecting group, allowing the attachment to the NHS-activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold. An azide group in the linker was then used to incorporate the second carbohydrate epitope via catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Using a known tetravalent PEG scaffold (PDI, 1.025), we prepared homofunctional glycoconjugates that display four copies of lactose and the A-type II or the B-type II human blood group antigens. Using our trifunctional linker, we expanded this strategy to produce heterofunctional conjugates with four copies of two separate glycan epitopes. These heterofunctional conjugates included Neu5Ac, 3'-sialyllactose, or 6'-sialyllactose as a second antigen. Using an alternative strategy, we generated heterofunctional conjugates with three copies of the glycan epitope and one fluorescent group (on average) using a sequential dual-amine coupling strategy. These conjugation strategies should be easily generalized for conjugation of other complex glycans. We demonstrate that the glycan epitopes of heterofunctional conjugates engage and cluster target B-cell receptors and CD22 receptors on B cells, supporting the application of these reagents for investigating cellular response to carbohydrate antigens of the ABO blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hanh-Thuc Ton Tran
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Surgery, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Ma Z, Zhang H, Wang PG, Liu XW, Chen M. Peptide adjacent to glycosylation sites impacts immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:75-82. [PMID: 29416597 PMCID: PMC5787506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccine is composed of polysaccharides (PSs) covalently linked with carrier protein. Glycosylation site selection, as a significant factor leading to heterogeneities of glycoconjugate structure, draws more and more attentions for its impact on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine. To elucidate the relationship between glycosylation connectivity and immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine, in this study, anti-E. coli O157:H7 glycoconjugate O-PS-MBP with defined connectivity, and three selected peptide segments GS1, GS2, GS3 derived from O-PS-MBP was synthesized. Immunogenicity results showed that only peptides adjacent to the glycosylation sites (GS1 and GS2) promoted the generation of PS-specific IgG antibodies and contributed to PS-specific IgG subclass distribution. Furthermore, GS1 and GS2 had significant priming effect for eliciting PS-specific IgG antibodies. These results indicated that different locations of glycosylation sites could lead to diverse presentation of peptides and glycopeptides to APCs and influence the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine, which extend the current understanding of mechanism for adaptive immune system activation by glycoconjugate vaccine, and have implications for rational glycoconjugate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Huajie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Yamazaki Y, Nambu Y, Ohmae M, Sugai M, Kimura S. Immune responses against Lewis Y tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen displayed densely on self-assembling nanocarriers. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8095-8105. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01955j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against Lewis Y (LY) displayed at varying densities on the nanocarriers were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamazaki
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yukiko Nambu
- Division of Molecular Genetics
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformative Sciences
- School of Medicine
- University of Fukui
- Fukui 910-1193
| | - Masashi Ohmae
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Manabu Sugai
- Division of Molecular Genetics
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformative Sciences
- School of Medicine
- University of Fukui
- Fukui 910-1193
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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45
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Recent progress of fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine using TLR agonist as build-in adjuvant. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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46
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Iniguez E, Schocker NS, Subramaniam K, Portillo S, Montoya AL, Al-Salem WS, Torres CL, Rodriguez F, Moreira OC, Acosta-Serrano A, Michael K, Almeida IC, Maldonado RA. An α-Gal-containing neoglycoprotein-based vaccine partially protects against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006039. [PMID: 29069089 PMCID: PMC5673233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania cause broad clinical manifestations known as leishmaniases, which affect millions of people worldwide. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by L. major, is one the most common forms of the disease in the Old World. There is no preventive or therapeutic human vaccine available for L. major CL, and existing drug treatments are expensive, have toxic side effects, and resistant parasite strains have been reported. Hence, further therapeutic interventions against the disease are necessary. Terminal, non-reducing, and linear α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes are abundantly found on the plasma membrane glycolipids of L. major known as glycoinositolphospholipids. The absence of these α-Gal epitopes in human cells makes these glycans highly immunogenic and thus potential targets for vaccine development against CL. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we evaluated three neoglycoproteins (NGPs), containing synthetic α-Gal epitopes covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA), as vaccine candidates against L. major, using α1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout (α1,3GalT-KO) mice. These transgenic mice, similarly to humans, do not express nonreducing, linear α-Gal epitopes in their cells and are, therefore, capable of producing high levels of anti-α-Gal antibodies. We observed that Galα(1,6)Galβ-BSA (NGP5B), but not Galα(1,4)Galβ-BSA (NGP12B) or Galα(1,3)Galα-BSA (NGP17B), was able to significantly reduce the size of footpad lesions by 96% in comparison to control groups. Furthermore, we observed a robust humoral and cellular immune response with production of high levels of protective lytic anti-α-Gal antibodies and induction of Th1 cytokines. Conclusions/Significance We propose that NGP5B is an attractive candidate for the study of potential synthetic α-Gal-neoglycoprotein-based vaccines against L. major infection. Despite a worldwide prevalence, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains largely neglected, with no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine available. In the Old World, CL is mainly caused by either Leishmania major or L. tropica parasites, which produce localized cutaneous ulcers, often leading to scarring and social stigma. Currently, the disease has reached hyperendemicity levels in the Middle East due to conflict and human displacement. Furthermore, the first choice of treatment in that region continues to be pentavalent antimonials, which are costly and highly toxic, and current vector control measures alone are not sufficient to stop disease transmission. Hence, a vaccine against CL would be very beneficial. Previous studies have demonstrated that sugars are promising vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis, since most parasite species have a cell surface coat composed of immunogenic sugars, including linear α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes, which are absent in humans. Here, we have developed an α-Gal-based vaccine candidate, named NGP5B. When tested in transgenic mice which like humans lack α-Gal epitopes in their cells, NGP5B was able to induce a significant partial protection against L. major infection, by significantly reducing mouse footpad lesions and parasite burden. Altogether, we propose NGP5B as a promising preventive vaccine for CL caused by L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Iniguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel S. Schocker
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishanthi Subramaniam
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alba L. Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Waleed S. Al-Salem
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caresse L. Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (RAM)
| | - Rosa A. Maldonado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (RAM)
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Abbas IM, Schwaar T, Bienwald F, Weller MG. Predictable Peptide Conjugation Ratios by Activation of Proteins with Succinimidyl Iodoacetate (SIA). Methods Protoc 2017; 1:mps1010002. [PMID: 31164550 PMCID: PMC6526413 DOI: 10.3390/mps1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small heterobifunctional linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) was examined for the preparation of peptide–protein bioconjugates with predicable conjugation ratios. For many conjugation protocols, the protein is either treated with a reductant to cleave disulfide bonds or is reacted with thiolation chemicals, such as Traut’s reagent. Both approaches are difficult to control, need individual optimization and often lead to unsatisfactory results. In another popular approach, a heterobifunctional linker with a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and a maleimide functionality is applied to the protein. After the activation of some lysine ε-amino groups with the NHS ester functionality, a cysteine-containing peptide is attached to the activated carrier protein via maleimide. Particularly, the maleimide reaction leads to some unwanted byproducts or even cleavage of the linker. Many protocols end up with conjugates with unpredictable and irreproducible conjugation ratios. In addition, the maleimide-thiol addition product should be assumed immunogenic in vivo. To avoid these and other disadvantages of the maleimide approach, we examined the known linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) in more detail and developed two protocols, which lead to peptide–protein conjugates with predefined average conjugation ratios. This holds potential to eliminate tedious and expensive optimization steps for the synthesis of a bioconjugate of optimal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M Abbas
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timm Schwaar
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Bienwald
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael G Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Jaurigue JA, Seeberger PH. Parasite Carbohydrate Vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:248. [PMID: 28660174 PMCID: PMC5467010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an efficient means of combating infectious disease burden globally. However, routine vaccines for the world's major human parasitic diseases do not yet exist. Vaccines based on carbohydrate antigens are a viable option for parasite vaccine development, given the proven success of carbohydrate vaccines to combat bacterial infections. We will review the key components of carbohydrate vaccines that have remained largely consistent since their inception, and the success of bacterial carbohydrate vaccines. We will then explore the latest developments for both traditional and non-traditional carbohydrate vaccine approaches for three of the world's major protozoan parasitic diseases-malaria, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis. The traditional prophylactic carbohydrate vaccine strategy is being explored for malaria. However, given that parasite disease biology is complex and often arises from host immune responses to parasite antigens, carbohydrate vaccines against deleterious immune responses in host-parasite interactions are also being explored. In particular, the highly abundant glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecules specific for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania spp. are considered exploitable antigens for this non-traditional vaccine approach. Discussion will revolve around the application of these protozoan carbohydrate antigens for vaccines currently in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnel A. Jaurigue
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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49
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Kuan TC, Wu HR, Adak AK, Li BY, Liang CF, Hung JT, Chiou SP, Yu AL, Hwu JR, Lin CC. Synthesis of an S-Linked α(2→8) GD3 Antigen and Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Its Glycoconjugate. Chemistry 2017; 23:6876-6887. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Kuan
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Avijit K. Adak
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Ben-Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Liang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chiou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Jih Ru Hwu
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
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50
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Baliban SM, Yang M, Ramachandran G, Curtis B, Shridhar S, Laufer RS, Wang JY, Van Druff J, Higginson EE, Hegerle N, Varney KM, Galen JE, Tennant SM, Lees A, MacKerell AD, Levine MM, Simon R. Development of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent invasive Salmonella Typhimurium infections in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005493. [PMID: 28388624 PMCID: PMC5397072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars Enteritidis (SE), Typhimurium (STm) and monophasic variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- are a major health problem in infants and young children in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently, there are no approved human NTS vaccines. NTS O-polysaccharides and flagellin proteins are protective antigens in animal models of invasive NTS infection. Conjugates of SE core and O-polysaccharide (COPS) chemically linked to SE flagellin have enhanced the anti-COPS immune response and protected mice against fatal challenge with a Malian SE blood isolate. We report herein the development of a STm glycoconjugate vaccine comprised of STm COPS conjugated to the homologous serovar phase 1 flagellin protein (FliC) with assessment of the role of COPS O-acetyls for functional immunity. Sun-type COPS conjugates linked through the polysaccharide reducing end to FliC were more immunogenic and protective in mice challenged with a Malian STm blood isolate than multipoint lattice conjugates (>95% vaccine efficacy [VE] versus 30-43% VE). Immunization with de-O-acetylated STm-COPS conjugated to CRM197 provided significant but reduced protection against STm challenge compared to mice immunized with native STm-COPS:CRM197 (63-74% VE versus 100% VE). Although OPS O-acetyls were highly immunogenic, post-vaccination sera that contained various O-acetyl epitope-specific antibody profiles displayed similar in vitro bactericidal activity when equivalent titers of anti-COPS IgG were assayed. In-silico molecular modeling further indicated that STm OPS forms a single dominant conformation, irrespective of O-acetylation, in which O-acetyls extend outward and are highly solvent exposed. These preclinical results establish important quality attributes for an STm vaccine that could be co-formulated with an SE-COPS:FliC glycoconjugate as a bivalent NTS vaccine for use in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mingjun Yang
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Brittany Curtis
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Surekha Shridhar
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel S. Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jin Y. Wang
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - John Van Druff
- Fina Biosolutions, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ellen E. Higginson
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Hegerle
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lees
- Fina Biosolutions, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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