1
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Okafor O, Kim K. Cytotoxicity of Quantum Dots in Receptor-Mediated Endocytic and Pinocytic Pathways in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4714. [PMID: 38731933 PMCID: PMC11083673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising applications of the use of quantum dots (QDs) in the biomedical field, the long-lasting effects of QDs on the cell remain poorly understood. To comprehend the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of QDs in yeast, we characterized defects associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) as well as pinocytosis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in the presence of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) QDs. Our findings revealed that QDs led to an inefficient RME at the early, intermediate, and late stages of endocytic patch maturation at the endocytic site, with the prolonged lifespan of GFP fused yeast fimbrin (Sac6-GFP), a late marker of endocytosis. The transit of FM1-43, a lipophilic dye from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, was severely retarded in the presence of QDs. Finally, QDs caused an accumulation of monomeric red fluorescent protein fused carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (mRFP-Cps1), a vacuolar lumen marker in the vacuole. In summary, the present study provides novel insights into the possible impact of CdSe/ZnS QDs on the endocytic machinery, enabling a deeper comprehension of QD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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2
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Lee J, Jo H, Choi M, Park S, Oh J, Lee K, Bae Y, Rhee S, Roh J. Recent Progress on Quantum Dot Patterning Technologies for Commercialization of QD-LEDs: Current Status, Future Prospects, and Exploratory Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301224. [PMID: 38193264 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are widely regarded as advanced emissive materials with significant potential for display applications owing to their excellent optical properties such as high color purity, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and size-tunable emission color. Building upon these attractive attributes, QDs have successfully garnered attention in the display market as down-conversion luminophores and now venturing into the realm of self-emissive displays, exemplified by QD light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). However, despite these advancements, there remains a relatively limited body of research on QD patterning technologies, which are crucial prerequisites for the successful commercialization of QD-LEDs. Thus, in this review, an overview of the current status and prospects of QD patterning technologies to accelerate the commercialization of QD-LEDs is provided. Within this review, a comprehensive investigation of three prevailing patterning methods: optical lithography, transfer printing, and inkjet printing are conducted. Furthermore, several exploratory QD patterning techniques that offer distinct advantages are introduced. This study not only paves the way for successful commercialization but also extends the potential application of QD-LEDs into uncharted frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeop Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeona Jo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungeun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeyun Bae
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Rhee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyun Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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3
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Le N, Kim K. Current Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dots: Promises and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12682. [PMID: 37628860 PMCID: PMC10454335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a type of nanoparticle with exceptional photobleaching-resistant fluorescence. They are highly sought after for their potential use in various optical-based biomedical applications. However, there are still concerns regarding the use of quantum dots. As such, much effort has been invested into understanding the mechanisms behind the behaviors of QDs, so as to develop safer and more biocompatible quantum dots. In this mini-review, we provide an update on the recent advancements regarding the use of QDs in various biomedical applications. In addition, we also discuss# the current challenges and limitations in the use of QDs and propose a few areas of interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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4
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Saikia A, Newar R, Das S, Singh A, Deuri DJ, Baruah A. Scopes and Challenges of Microfluidic Technology for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Le N, Routh J, Kirk C, Wu Q, Patel R, Keyes C, Kim K. Red CdSe/ZnS QDs' Intracellular Trafficking and Its Impact on Yeast Polarization and Actin Filament. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030484. [PMID: 36766825 PMCID: PMC9914768 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanoparticles (2-10 nm) that emit strong and tunable fluorescence. Quantum dots have been heavily used in high-demand commercialized products, research, and for medical purposes. Emerging concerns have demonstrated the negative impact of quantum dots on living cells; however, the intracellular trafficking of QDs in yeast cells and the effect of this interaction remains unclear. The primary goal of our research is to investigate the trafficking path of red cadmium selenide zinc sulfide quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS QDs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact QDs have on yeast cellular dynamics. Using cells with GFP-tagged reference organelle markers and confocal microscopy, we were able to track the internalization of QDs. We found that QDs initially aggregate at the exterior of yeast cells, enter the cell using clathrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis, and distribute at the late Golgi/trans-Golgi network. We also found that the treatment of red CdSe/ZnS QDs resulted in growth rate reduction and loss of polarized growth in yeast cells. Our RNA sequence analysis revealed many altered genes. Particularly, we found an upregulation of DID2, which has previously been associated with cell cycle arrest when overexpressed, and a downregulation of APS2, a gene that codes for a subunit of AP2 protein important for the recruitment of proteins to clathrin-mediated endocytosis vesicle. Furthermore, CdSe/ZnS QDs treatment resulted in a slightly delayed endocytosis and altered the actin dynamics in yeast cells. We found that QDs caused an increased level of F-actin and a significant reduction in profilin protein expression. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the amount of coronin protein expressed, while the level of cofilin was unchanged. Altogether, this suggests that QDs favor the assembly of actin filaments. Overall, this study provides a novel toxicity mechanism of red CdSe/ZnS QDs on yeast actin dynamics and cellular processes, including endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Jonathan Routh
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Cameron Kirk
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Rishi Patel
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Chloe Keyes
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Le N, Zhang M, Kim K. Quantum Dots and Their Interaction with Biological Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810763. [PMID: 36142693 PMCID: PMC9501347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanocrystals with bright and tunable fluorescence. Due to their unique property, quantum dots are sought after for their potential in several applications in biomedical sciences as well as industrial use. However, concerns regarding QDs’ toxicity toward the environment and other biological systems have been rising rapidly in the past decade. In this mini-review, we summarize the most up-to-date details regarding quantum dots’ impacts, as well as QDs’ interaction with mammalian organisms, fungal organisms, and plants at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. We also provide details about QDs’ cellular uptake and trafficking, and QDs’ general interactions with biological structures. In this mini-review, we aim to provide a better understanding of our current standing in the research of quantum dots, point out some knowledge gaps in the field, and provide hints for potential future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-417-836-5440; Fax: +1-417-836-5126
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7
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A sustainable approach for the synthesis of bismuth molybdate by continuous flow method using custom design reactor and their photocatalytic application for environmental remediation. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Jiao C, Obst F, Geisler M, Che Y, Richter A, Appelhans D, Gaitzsch J, Voit B. Reversible Protein Capture and Release by Redox-Responsive Hydrogel in Microfluidics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:267. [PMID: 35054674 PMCID: PMC8780672 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have a wide range of potential applications in microfluidics, which has drawn great attention. Double cross-linked hydrogels are very well suited for this application as they offer both stability and the required responsive behavior. Here, we report the integration of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) hydrogel with a permanent cross-linker (N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, BIS) and a redox responsive reversible cross-linker (N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, BAC) into a microfluidic device through photopolymerization. Cleavage and re-formation of disulfide bonds introduced by BAC changed the cross-linking densities of the hydrogel dots, making them swell or shrink. Rheological measurements allowed for selecting hydrogels that withstand long-term shear forces present in microfluidic devices under continuous flow. Once implemented, the thiol-disulfide exchange allowed the hydrogel dots to successfully capture and release the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA was labeled with rhodamine B and functionalized with 2-(2-pyridyldithio)-ethylamine (PDA) to introduce disulfide bonds. The reversible capture and release of the protein reached an efficiency of 83.6% in release rate and could be repeated over 3 cycles within the microfluidic device. These results demonstrate that our redox-responsive hydrogel dots enable the dynamic capture and release of various different functionalized (macro)molecules (e.g., proteins and drugs) and have a great potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for detection and/or delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Yunjiao Che
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Salley D, Keenan GA, Long DL, Bell NL, Cronin L. A Modular Programmable Inorganic Cluster Discovery Robot for the Discovery and Synthesis of Polyoxometalates. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1587-1593. [PMID: 32999934 PMCID: PMC7517417 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of complex multicomponent chemical reactions leading to new clusters, where discovery requires both molecular self-assembly and crystallization, is a major challenge. This is because the systematic approach required for an experimental search is limited when the number of parameters in a chemical space becomes too large, restricting both exploration and reproducibility. Herein, we present a synthetic strategy to systematically search a very large set of potential reactions, using an inexpensive, high-throughput platform that is modular in terms of both hardware and software and is capable of running multiple reactions with in-line analysis, for the automation of inorganic and materials chemistry. The platform has been used to explore several inorganic chemical spaces to discover new and reproduce known tungsten-based, mixed transition-metal polyoxometalate clusters, giving a digital code that allows the easy repeat synthesis of the clusters. Among the many species identified in this work, the most significant is the discovery of a novel, purely inorganic W24FeIII-superoxide cluster formed under ambient conditions. The modular wheel platform was employed to undertake two chemical space explorations, producing compounds 1-4: (C2H8N)10Na2[H6Fe(O2)W24O82] (1, {W24Fe}), (C2H8N)72Na16[H16Co8W200O660(H2O)40] (2, {W200Co8}), (C2H8N)72Na16[H16Ni8W200O660(H2O)40] (3, {W200Ni8}), and (C2H8N)14[H26W34V4O130] (4, {W34V4}), along with many other known species, such as simple Keggin clusters and 1D {W11M2+} chains.
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10
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Besenhard MO, LaGrow AP, Famiani S, Pucciarelli M, Lettieri P, Thanh NTK, Gavriilidis A. Continuous production of iron oxide nanoparticles via fast and economical high temperature synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A continuous, fast and economical high temperature synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was developed and compared to a conventional batch synthesis in terms of production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alec P. LaGrow
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories
- University College London
- London W1S 4BS
- UK
| | - Simone Famiani
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories
- University College London
- London W1S 4BS
- UK
| | | | - Paola Lettieri
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories
- University College London
- London W1S 4BS
- UK
- Biophysics Group
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11
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Norfolk L, Rawlings AE, Bramble JP, Ward K, Francis N, Waller R, Bailey A, Staniland SS. Macrofluidic Coaxial Flow Platforms to Produce Tunable Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Study of the Effect of Reaction Conditions and Biomineralisation Protein Mms6. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121729. [PMID: 31817082 PMCID: PMC6955933 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles' applicability is growing extensively. However, simple, environmentally-friendly, tunable synthesis of monodispersed iron-oxide nanoparticles is challenging. Continuous flow microfluidic synthesis is promising; however, the microscale results in small yields and clogging. Here we present two simple macrofluidics devices (cast and machined) for precision magnetite nanoparticle synthesis utilizing formation at the interface by diffusion between two laminar flows, removing aforementioned issues. Ferric to total iron was varied between 0.2 (20:80 Fe3+:Fe2+) and 0.7 (70:30 Fe3+:Fe2+). X-ray diffraction shows magnetite in fractions from 0.2-0.6, with iron-oxide impurities in 0.7, 0.2 and 0.3 samples and magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing ferric content to 0.6, in agreement with each other and batch synthesis. Remarkably, size is tuned (between 20.5 nm to 6.5 nm) simply by increasing ferric ions ratio. Previous research shows biomineralisation protein Mms6 directs magnetite synthesis and controls size, but until now has not been attempted in flow. Here we report Mms6 increases magnetism, but no difference in particle size is seen, showing flow reduced the influence of Mms6. The study demonstrates a versatile yet simple platform for the synthesis of a vast range of tunable nanoparticles and ideal to study reaction intermediates and additive effects throughout synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Norfolk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jonathan P Bramble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Katy Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Noel Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Rachel Waller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Ashley Bailey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sarah S. Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-9539
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12
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Richard C, McGee R, Goenka A, Mukherjee P, Bhargava R. On-demand Milifluidic Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Digital Droplet Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 59:3730-3735. [PMID: 33911342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer dramatic potential due to their size-dependent optical properties. Lack of facile synthesis methods for precise and reproducible size and composition, however, present an extant barrier to their widespread use. Here we report the use of droplet microfluidics for the simple and highly reproducible synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs without the use of harsh solvents and in ambient conditions. Our approach uses a liquid-liquid barrier between two immiscible liquids to generate a digital droplet reactor. This reaction droplet is easily controlled and manipulated and offers enhanced mixing when coupled to a helical mixer, resulting in a significant reduction in size distribution compared to benchtop procedures. Furthermore, QD characteristics have modeled and predicted based on the parameters of the microfluidic device. We believe this method overcomes the current manufacturing challenges with synthesizing nanostructures, which is required for the next generation of nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Richard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rachel McGee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Aditya Goenka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Prabuddha Mukherjee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois
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13
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Bian F, Sun L, Cai L, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Quantum dots from microfluidics for nanomedical application. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1567. [PMID: 31257723 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine, with its advantages of rapid diagnosis, high sensitivity and high accuracy, has aroused extensive interest of researchers, as the cornerstone of nanomedicine, nanomaterials achieve extra attention and rapid development. Among nanomaterials, quantum dots stand out due to their long fluorescence lifetime and excellent antiphotobleaching performance. At present, quantum dots have been applied to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and various strategies have been presented to fabricate quantum dots. Microfluidic is one promising strategy since microfluidic device can provide an effective platform for the diagnosis of trace disease markers. In this paper, research progress in the microfluidic synthesis of quantum dots and quantum dot-based nanomedical application is discussed. The classification of quantum dots is firstly introduced, and the researches on quantum dots synthesis based on microfluidic is then mainly described, including the sort, design, preparation of microfluidic synthesis device and its application in synthesis. Nanomedical applications of the quantum dots is especially described and emphasized. The prospects for future development of quantum dots from microfluidic for nanomedical application are finally presented. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feika Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Geitenbeek RG, Vollenbroek JC, Weijgertze HMH, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Kennedy CL, Weckhuysen BM, Lohse D, van Blaaderen A, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Meijerink A. Luminescence thermometry for in situ temperature measurements in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1236-1246. [PMID: 30815644 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature control for lab-on-a-chip devices has resulted in the broad applicability of microfluidics to, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), temperature gradient focusing for electrophoresis, and colloidal particle synthesis. However, currently temperature sensors on microfluidic chips either probe temperatures outside the channel (resistance temperature detector, RTD) or are limited in both the temperature range and sensitivity in the case of organic dyes. In this work, we introduce ratiometric bandshape luminescence thermometry in which thermally coupled levels of Er3+ in NaYF4 nanoparticles are used as a promising method for in situ temperature mapping in microfluidic systems. The results, obtained with three types of microfluidic devices, demonstrate that temperature can be monitored inside a microfluidic channel accurately (0.34 °C) up to at least 120 °C with a spot size of ca. 1 mm using simple fiber optics. Higher spatial resolution can be realized by combining luminescence thermometry with confocal microscopy, resulting in a spot size of ca. 9 μm. Further improvement is anticipated to enhance the spatial resolution and allow for 3D temperature profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin G Geitenbeek
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M H Weijgertze
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corentin B M Tregouet
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands and Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris L Kennedy
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Barham JP, Koyama E, Norikane Y, Ohneda N, Yoshimura T. Microwave Flow: A Perspective on Reactor and Microwave Configurations and the Emergence of Tunable Single‐Mode Heating Toward Large‐Scale Applications. CHEM REC 2018; 19:188-203. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Electronics and Photonics Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- Electronics and Photonics Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- Electronics and Photonics Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- SAIDA FDS, INC. 143-10 Isshiki Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054 Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshimura
- SAIDA FDS, INC. 143-10 Isshiki Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054 Japan
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16
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Barham JP, Tanaka S, Koyama E, Ohneda N, Okamoto T, Odajima H, Sugiyama JI, Norikane Y. Selective, Scalable Synthesis of C60-Fullerene/Indene Monoadducts Using a Microwave Flow Applicator. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4348-4354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | | | - Jun-ichi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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17
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Manshian BB, Martens TF, Kantner K, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J, Jenkins GJS, Parak WJ, Pelaz B, Doak SH, Himmelreich U, Soenen SJ. The role of intracellular trafficking of CdSe/ZnS QDs on their consequent toxicity profile. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:45. [PMID: 28619032 PMCID: PMC5472855 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticle interactions with cellular membranes and the kinetics of their transport and localization are important determinants of their functionality and their biological consequences. Understanding these phenomena is fundamental for the translation of such NPs from in vitro to in vivo systems for bioimaging and medical applications. Two CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD) with differing surface functionality (NH2 or COOH moieties) were used here for investigating the intracellular uptake and transport kinetics of these QDs. Results In water, the COOH- and NH2-QDs were negatively and positively charged, respectively, while in serum-containing medium the NH2-QDs were agglomerated, whereas the COOH-QDs remained dispersed. Though intracellular levels of NH2- and COOH-QDs were very similar after 24 h exposure, COOH-QDs appeared to be continuously internalised and transported by endosomes and lysosomes, while NH2-QDs mainly remained in the lysosomes. The results of (intra)cellular QD trafficking were correlated to their toxicity profiles investigating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial ROS, autophagy, changes to cellular morphology and alterations in genes involved in cellular stress, toxicity and cytoskeletal integrity. The continuous flux of COOH-QDs perhaps explains their higher toxicity compared to the NH2-QDs, mainly resulting in mitochondrial ROS and cytoskeletal remodelling which are phenomena that occur early during cellular exposure. Conclusions Together, these data reveal that although cellular QD levels were similar after 24 h, differences in the nature and extent of their cellular trafficking resulted in differences in consequent gene alterations and toxicological effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0279-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella B Manshian
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium. .,Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Thomas F Martens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Center of Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karsten Kantner
- Philipps University of Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Center of Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Demeester
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Philipps University of Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,CICBiomagune, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Philipps University of Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Biomedical NMR Unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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18
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Yang W, Yang H, Ding W, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wang L, Yu M, Zhang Q. High quantum yield ZnO quantum dots synthesizing via an ultrasonication microreactor method. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 33:106-117. [PMID: 27245962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Green emission ZnO quantum dots were synthesized by an ultrasonic microreactor. Ultrasonic radiation brought bubbles through ultrasonic cavitation. These bubbles built microreactor inside the microreactor. The photoluminescence properties of ZnO quantum dots synthesized with different flow rate, ultrasonic power and temperature were discussed. Flow rate, ultrasonic power and temperature would influence the type and quantity of defects in ZnO quantum dots. The sizes of ZnO quantum dots would be controlled by those conditions as well. Flow rate affected the reaction time. With the increasing of flow rate, the sizes of ZnO quantum dots decreased and the quantum yields first increased then decreased. Ultrasonic power changed the ultrasonic cavitation intensity, which affected the reaction energy and the separation of the solution. With the increasing of ultrasonic power, sizes of ZnO quantum dots first decreased then increased, while the quantum yields kept increasing. The effect of ultrasonic temperature on the photoluminescence properties of ZnO quantum dots was influenced by the flow rate. Different flow rate related to opposite changing trend. Moreover, the quantum yields of ZnO QDs synthesized by ultrasonic microreactor could reach 64.7%, which is higher than those synthesized only under ultrasonic radiation or only by microreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huafang Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenhao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Institute 53 of China's Ordnance Industry, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lixi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingxun Yu
- Institute 53 of China's Ordnance Industry, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Qitu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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19
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Boken J, Soni SK, Kumar D. Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Biosensing Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:538-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1169912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Cheung TL, Hong L, Rao N, Yang C, Wang L, Lai WJ, Chong PHJ, Law WC, Yong KT. The non-aqueous synthesis of shape controllable Cu(2-x)S plasmonic nanostructures in a continuous-flow millifluidic chip for the generation of photo-induced heating. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6609-22. [PMID: 26940019 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new method for synthesizing non-aqueous copper sulfide nanocrystals with different shapes and sizes using a homemade continuous-flow millifluidic chip is presented. Conventionally, the shape control of nanocrystals was accomplished using a surfactant-controlled approach, where directional growth is facilitated by selective passivation of a particular facet of the nanocrystals using surfactants. We demonstrate a "surfactant-free" approach where different sizes and shapes (i.e. spherical, triangular prism and rod) of plasmonic copper sulfide (Cu(2-x)S) nanocrystals can be fabricated by adjusting the flow rate and precursor concentrations. As continuous-flow synthesis enables uniform heating and easy variation of precursors' stoichiometries, it serves as an excellent incubation platform for nanoparticles due to its simplicity and high reproducibility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the as-synthesized nanocrystals and revealed structures ranging from copper-deficient covellite (CuS), spionkopite (Cu1.39S), roxbyite (Cu1.75S), to copper-rich djurleite (Cu1.94S). The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the nanocrystals can be tuned from 1115 to 1644 nm by simply varying the copper to sulfur molar ratio and flow rate. Furthermore, photothermal effects of Cu(2-x)S nanocrystals were also demonstrated to annihilate the RAW264.7 cells upon near infra-red laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Lok Cheung
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China. and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. and State Key Laboratory in Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Liying Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Nanxi Rao
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Libo Wang
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Wenn Jing Lai
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Peter Han Joo Chong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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21
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Trojanowicz M. Flow chemistry vs. flow analysis. Talanta 2016; 146:621-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Naughton MS, Kumar V, Bonita Y, Deshpande K, Kenis PJA. High temperature continuous flow synthesis of CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdS/ZnS, and CdSeS/ZnS nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15895-903. [PMID: 26361342 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors show great promise for large-scale synthesis of quantum dots. Here, we discuss results for the synthesis of multi-layered Cd-based hybrid nanocrystals - CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdS/ZnS, and CdSeS/ZnS - in a continuous flow reactor. The simple reactor design and liquid-phase chemistry obviate the need for preheating or in-line mixing, and the chosen reactor dimensions and operating conditions allow for high flow rates (∼10 mL min(-1)). Additionally, the simple reactor design is well suited for scale-up. The CdSe/CdS/ZnS particles synthesized at elevated temperatures in the reactor exhibit quantum yields of over 60% at longer wavelengths (red region). The shell growth for these particles is conducted without the need for complex dropwise addition or SILAR shell growth procedures used in batch reactors. CdS-based particles were shown to have a higher performance when using octadecene-S instead of TOP-S, which improved the quality of shell growth. In addition, stoichiometric synthesis of the alternate CdSeS/ZnS alloy particles was conducted, removing the need for a large excess of S to offset the lower S reactivity. CdSeS/ZnS alloy nanoparticles exhibit quantum yields of about 50% in the intermediate wavelength range (500-600 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Naughton
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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23
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Misuk V, Schmidt M, Braukmann S, Giannopoulos K, Karl D, Loewe H. Segmented Flow-Based Multistep Synthesis of Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots with Narrow Particle Size Distribution. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Ippen C, Schneider B, Pries C, Kröpke S, Greco T, Holländer A. Large-scale synthesis of high quality InP quantum dots in a continuous flow-reactor under supercritical conditions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:085604. [PMID: 25656681 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/8/085604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of indium phosphide quantum dots (QDs) in toluene under supercritical conditions was carried out in a macroscopic continuous flow reaction system. The results of first experiments are reported in comparison with analogous reactions in octadecene. The reaction system is described and details are provided about special procedures that are enabled by the continuous flow system for the screening of reaction conditions. The produced QDs show very narrow emission peaks with full width at half maximum down to 45 nm and reasonable photoluminescence quantum yields. The subsequent purification process is facilitated by the ease of removal of toluene, and the productivity of the system is increased by high temperature and high pressure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ippen
- Functional Materials and Devices, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr. 69, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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25
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Bruckman MA, VanMeter A, Steinmetz NF. Nanomanufacturing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Spherical Biomaterials Using a Continuous Flow Method. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:13-18. [PMID: 25984569 PMCID: PMC4426350 DOI: 10.1021/ab500059s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nanomanufacturing of nanoparticles
is critical for potential translation
and commercialization. Continuous flow devices can alleviate this
need through unceasing production of nanoparticles. Here we demonstrate
the scaled-up production of spherical nanoparticles functionalized
with biomedical cargos from the rod-shaped plant virus tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) using a mesofluidic, continued flow method. Production
yields were increased 30-fold comparing the mesofluidic device versus
batch methods. Finally, we produced MRI contrast agents of select
sizes, with per particle relaxivity reaching 979,218 mM–1 s–1 at 60 MHz. These TMV-based spherical nanoparticle
MRI contrast agents are in the top echelon of relaxivity per nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Allen VanMeter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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26
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Yepez A, Lam FLY, Romero AA, Kappe CO, Luque R. Continuous Flow Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Porous Silicates. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Myers RM, Fitzpatrick DE, Turner RM, Ley SV. Flow Chemistry Meets Advanced Functional Materials. Chemistry 2014; 20:12348-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Zhao MX, Li Y, Zeng EZ, Wang CJ. The application of CdSe quantum dots with multicolor emission as fluorescent probes for cell labeling. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1349-55. [PMID: 24616373 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, highly luminescent CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with emissions from the blue to the red region of visible light were synthesized by using a simple method. The emission range of the CdSe QDs could be tuned from λ=503 to 606 nm by controlling the size of the CdSe QDs. Two amino acids, L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and L-arginine (L-Arg), were used as coating agents. The quantum yield (QY) of CdSe QDs (green color) with an optimized thickness could reach up to 52 %. The structures and compositions of QDs were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical properties were studied by using UV/Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and a comparison was made between uncoated and coated CdSe QDs. The amino acid-modified β-cyclodextrin (CD)-coated CdSe QDs presented lower cytotoxicity to cells for 48 h. Furthermore, amino acid-modified β-CD-coated green CdSe QDs in HepG2 cells were assessed by using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that amino acid-modified β-CD-coated green CdSe QDs could enter tumor cells efficiently and indicated that biomolecule-coated QDs could be used as a potential fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004 (China), Fax: (+86) 371-22864665.
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29
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Hu S, Zeng S, Zhang B, Yang C, Song P, Hang Danny TJ, Lin G, Wang Y, Anderson T, Coquet P, Liu L, Zhang X, Yong KT. Preparation of biofunctionalized quantum dots using microfluidic chips for bioimaging. Analyst 2014; 139:4681-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofunctionalized quantum dots were prepared using microfluidic chips and were used as optical probes for imaging live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Hu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES
- UMI 3288
| | - Butian Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peiyi Song
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tng Jian Hang Danny
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Guimiao Lin
- The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology and the Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tommy Anderson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Liwei Liu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Xihe Zhang
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Investigation of a Lithium-Halogen Exchange Flow Process for the Preparation of Boronates by Using a Cryo-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2013; 20:263-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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