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Feng T, Tang Z, Shu J, Wu X, Jiang H, Chen Z, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complex Induces Oncosis for Synergistic Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405679. [PMID: 38771671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
An optimal cancer chemotherapy regimen should effectively address the drug resistance of tumors while eliciting antitumor-immune responses. Research has shown that non-apoptotic cell death, such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis, can enhance the immune response. Despite this, there has been limited investigation and reporting on the mechanisms of oncosis and its correlation with immune response. Herein, we designed and synthesized a Ru(II) complex that targeted the nucleus and mitochondria to induce cell oncosis. Briefly, the Ru(II) complex disrupts the nucleus and mitochondria DNA, which active polyADP-ribose polymerase 1, accompanied by ATP consumption and porimin activation. Concurrently, mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress result in the release of Ca2+ ions and increased expression of Calpain 1. Subsequently, specific pore proteins porimin and Calpain 1 promote cristae destruction or vacuolation, ultimately leading to cell membrane rupture. The analysis of RNA sequencing demonstrates that the Ru(II) complex can initiate the oncosis-associated pathway and activate both innate and adaptive immunity. In vivo experiments have confirmed that oncosis promotes dendritic cell maturation and awakens adaptive cytotoxic T lymphocytes but also activates the innate immune by inducing the polarization of macrophages towards an M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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Mandal AA, Singh V, Saha S, Peters S, Sadhukhan T, Kushwaha R, Yadav AK, Mandal A, Upadhyay A, Bera A, Dutta A, Koch B, Banerjee S. Green Light-Triggered Photocatalytic Anticancer Activity of Terpyridine-Based Ru(II) Photocatalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7493-7503. [PMID: 38578920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The relentless increase in drug resistance of platinum-based chemotherapeutics has opened the scope for other new cancer therapies with novel mechanisms of action (MoA). Recently, photocatalytic cancer therapy, an intrusive catalytic treatment, is receiving significant interest due to its multitargeting cell death mechanism with high selectivity. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of three photoresponsive Ru(II) complexes, viz., [Ru(ph-tpy)(bpy)Cl]PF6 (Ru1), [Ru(ph-tpy)(phen)Cl]PF6 (Ru2), and [Ru(ph-tpy)(aip)Cl]PF6 (Ru3), where, ph-tpy = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and aip = 2-(anthracen-9-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline, showing photocatalytic anticancer activity. The X-ray crystal structures of Ru1 and Ru2 revealed a distorted octahedral geometry with a RuN5Cl core. The complexes showed an intense absorption band in the 440-600 nm range corresponding to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) that was further used to achieve the green light-induced photocatalytic anticancer effect. The mitochondria-targeting photostable complex Ru3 induced phototoxicity with IC50 and PI values of ca. 0.7 μM and 88, respectively, under white light irradiation and ca. 1.9 μM and 35 under green light irradiation against HeLa cells. The complexes (Ru1-Ru3) showed negligible dark cytotoxicity toward normal splenocytes (IC50s > 50 μM). The cell death mechanistic study revealed that Ru3 induced ROS-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells via mitochondrial depolarization under white or green light exposure. Interestingly, Ru3 also acted as a highly potent catalyst for NADH photo-oxidation under green light. This NADH photo-oxidation process also contributed to the photocytotoxicity of the complexes. Overall, Ru3 presented multitargeting synergistic type I and type II photochemotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Silda Peters
- Departmentof Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Departmentof Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Biplob Koch
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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3
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Thangavel SK, Mohamed Kasim MS, Rengan R. Promoting the Anticancer Activity with Multidentate Furan-2-Carboxamide Functionalized Aroyl Thiourea Chelation in Binuclear Half-Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7520-7539. [PMID: 38590210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A new set of binuclear arene ruthenium complexes [Ru2(p-cymene)2(k4-N2OS)(L1-L3)Cl2] (Ru2L1-Ru2L3) encompassing furan-2-carboxamide-based aroylthiourea derivatives (H2L1-H2L3) was synthesized and characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques. Single-crystal XRD analysis unveils the N^O and N^S mixed monobasic bidentate coordination of the ligands constructing N, S, Cl/N, O, and Cl legged piano stool octahedral geometry. DFT analysis demonstrates the predilection for the formation of stable arene ruthenium complexes. In vitro antiproliferative activity of the complexes was examined against human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7), and lung (A549) cancerous and noncancerous monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. All the complexes are more efficacious against HeLa and MCF-7 cells with low inhibitory doses (3.86-11.02 μM). Specifically, Ru2L3 incorporating p-cymene and -OCH3 fragments exhibits high lipophilicity, significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and lower toxicity on noncancerous cells. Staining analysis indicates the apoptosis-associated cell morphological changes expressively in MCF-7 cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses reveal that Ru2L3 can raise ROS levels, reduce MMP, and trigger mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis. The catalytic oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to its disulfide form (GSSG) by the complexes may simultaneously increase the ROS levels, alluding to their observed cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. Flow cytometry determined the quantitative classification of late apoptosis and S-phase arrest in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Western blotting analysis confirmed that the complexes promote apoptosis by upregulating Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 and downregulating BCL-2. Molecular docking studies unfolded the strong binding affinities of the complexes with VEGFR2, an angiogenic signaling receptor, and BCL2, Cyclin D1, and HER2 proteins typically overexpressed on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiya Kamatchi Thangavel
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | | | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
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Abirami A, Devan U, Ramesh R, Antony Joseph Velanganni A, Małecki JG. Exploring the cytotoxicity of dinuclear Ru(II) p-cymene complexes appended N, N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazines: insights into the mechanism of apoptotic cell death. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5167-5179. [PMID: 38380977 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a perilous life-threatening disease, and attempts are constantly being made to create multinuclear transition metal complexes that could lead to the development of potential anticancer medications and administration procedures. Hence, this work aims to design, synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer efficacy of ruthenium p-cymene complexes incorporating N,N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazine ligands. The formation of the new complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) has been thoroughly established by elemental analysis, and FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, and HR-MS spectral techniques. The solid-state molecular structures of the complexes Ru2H1 and Ru2H3 have been determined using the SC-XRD study, which confirms the N, O, and Cl-legged piano stool pseudo-octahedral geometry of each ruthenium(II) ion. The stability of these complexes in the solution state and their lipophilicity profile have been determined. Furthermore, the title complexes were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against cancerous H460 (lung cancer cells), SkBr3 (breast cancer cells), HepG2 (liver cancer cells), and HeLa (cervical cancer cells) along with non-cancerous (HEK-293) cells. The IC50 results revealed that complex Ru2H3 exhibits potent activity against the proliferation of all four cancer cells and outscored the effect of the standard metallodrug cisplatin. This may be attributed to the presence of a couple of lipophilic electron-donating methoxy groups in the ligand scaffold and also the ruthenium(II) p-cymene motifs. Advantageously, all the complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) displayed cytotoxic specificity only towards cancerous cells by leaving the off-target non-cancerous cells undamaged. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33342, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining assays were used to investigate the apoptotic pathway and ROS levels in mitochondria. The results of western blot analysis confirmed that the complexes triggered apoptosis through an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins. Finally, the extent of apoptosis triggered by the complex Ru2H3 was quantified with the aid of flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Abirami
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Umapathy Devan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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5
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Sakthikumar K, Kabuyaya Isamura B, Krause RWM. Exploring the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and biothermodynamic properties of novel morpholine derivative bioactive Mn(ii), Co(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes - combined experimental and theoretical measurements towards DNA/BSA/SARS-CoV-2 3CL Pro. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1667-1697. [PMID: 37731703 PMCID: PMC10508264 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bioactive complexes (1-3) [MII(L)2(bpy)], where, L = 2-(4-morpholinobenzylideneamino)phenol, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, MII = Mn (1), Co (2) or Ni (3), were assigned to octahedral geometry based on analytical and spectral measurements. Gel electrophoresis showed that complex (2) demonstrated significant DNA cleavage activity compared to the other complexes under the action of oxidation agent (H2O2). The DNA binding constant properties measured by various techniques were in the following sequence: (2) > (3) > (1) > (HL), which suggests that the complexes might intercalate DNA, a possibility that is also supported by their biothermodynamic characteristics. The binding constant results for BSA from electronic absorption and fluorometric titrations demonstrate that complex (2) exhibits the highest binding effectiveness among them all, which means that all the compounds could interact with BSA through a static approach, additionally supported by FRET measurements. DFT and docking calculations were employed to realize the electronic structure, reactivity, and interaction capability of all substances with DNA, BSA, and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. These binding energies fell within the ranges -7.7 to -8.5, -8.2 to -10.1 and -6.7 to -9.3 kcal mol-1, respectively. The higher reactivity of the complexes than the ligand is supported by FMO theory. The in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and radical scavenging characteristics revealed that complexes (2-3) have better biological efficacy than the others. The cytotoxicity and binding properties also show good correlation with the partition coefficient (log P), which is encouraging because all of the experimental findings are closely correlated with the theoretical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunganathan Sakthikumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Bienfait Kabuyaya Isamura
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
- Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa +27 741622674 +27 46 603 7030
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6
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Lavrova MA, Verzun SA, Mishurinskiy SA, Sirotin MA, Bykova SK, Gontcharenko VE, Mariasina SS, Korshunov VM, Taydakov IV, Belousov YA, Dolzhenko VD. Fine-Tuning of the Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with 2-Arylbenzimidazoles and 4,4'-Dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine. Molecules 2023; 28:6541. [PMID: 37764316 PMCID: PMC10536653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of cyclometalated complexes of ruthenium (II) with four different substituents in the aryl fragment of benzimidazole was synthesized in order to study the effect of substituent donation on the electronic structure of the substances. The resulting complexes were studied using X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, MALDI mass spectrometry, electron absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry as well as DFT/TDDFT was also used to interpret the results. All the complexes have intense absorption in the range of up to 700 nm, the triplet nature of the excited state was confirmed by measurement of luminescence decay. With an increase in substituent donation, a red shift of the absorption and emission bands occurs, and the lifetime of the excited state and the redox potential of the complex decrease. The combination of these properties shows that the complexes are excellent dyes and can be used as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Lavrova
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Stepan A. Verzun
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Sergey A. Mishurinskiy
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
| | - Maxim A. Sirotin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Kosygina Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofya K. Bykova
- Higher Chemical College of RAS, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria E. Gontcharenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Miasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Sofia S. Mariasina
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav M. Korshunov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyannoy per., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Belousov
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.K.); (I.V.T.)
| | - Vladimir D. Dolzhenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Street, Building 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.V.); (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.M.); (Y.A.B.)
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Curley R, Burke CS, Gkika KS, Noorani S, Walsh N, Keyes TE. Phototoxicity of Tridentate Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex with Expanded Bite Angles toward Mammalian Cells and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13089-13102. [PMID: 37535942 PMCID: PMC10428208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Tridentate ligand-coordinated ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes with large N-Ru-N bite angles have been shown to promote ligand field splitting and reduce singlet-triplet state mixing leading to dramatically extended emission quantum yields and lifetimes under ambient conditions. These effects are anticipated to enhance their photoinduced singlet oxygen production, promoting prospects for such complexes as type II phototherapeutics. In this contribution, we examined this putative effect for [Ru(bqp)(bqpCOOEt)]2+, Ru-bqp-ester, a heteroleptic complex containing bqp = [2,6-bi(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine], a well-established large bite angle tridentate ligand, as well as its peptide conjugates [Ru(bqp)(bqpCONH-ahx-FrFKFrFK(Ac)-CONH2)]5+ (Ru-bqp-MPP) and [Ru(bqp) (bqp)(CONH-ahx-RRRRRRRR-CONH2)]10+ (Ru-bqp-R8) that were prepared in an effort to promote live cell/tissue permeability and targeting of the parent. Membrane permeability of both parent and peptide conjugates were compared across 2D cell monolayers; A549, Chinese hamster ovary, human pancreatic cancer (HPAC), and 3D HPAC multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) using confocal microscopy. Both the parent complex and peptide conjugates showed exceptional permeability with rapid uptake in both 2D and 3D cell models but with little distinction in permeability or distribution in cells between the parent or peptide conjugates. Unexpectedly, the uptake was temperature independent and so attributed to passive permeation. Both dark and photo-toxicity of the Ru(II) complexes were assessed across cell types, and the parent showed notably low dark toxicity. In contrast, the parent and conjugates were found to be highly phototoxic, with impressive phototoxic indices (PIs) toward HPAC cell monolayers in particular, with PI values ranging from ∼580 to 760. Overall, our data indicate that the Ru(II) parent complex and its peptide conjugates show promise at both cell monolayers and 3D MCTS as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianne
C. Curley
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Christopher S. Burke
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Karmel S. Gkika
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- National
Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National
Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
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8
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Martínez-Alonso M, Gandioso A, Thibaudeau C, Qin X, Arnoux P, Demeubayeva N, Guérineau V, Frochot C, Jung AC, Gaiddon C, Gasser G. A Novel Near-IR Absorbing Ruthenium(II) Complex as Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy and its Cetuximab Bioconjugates. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300203. [PMID: 37017905 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel Ru(II) cyclometalated photosensitizer (PS), Ru-NH2 , for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of formula [Ru(appy)(bphen)2 ]PF6 (where appy=4-amino-2-phenylpyridine and bphen=bathophenanthroline) and its cetuximab (CTX) bioconjugates, Ru-Mal-CTX and Ru-BAA-CTX (where Mal=maleimide and BAA=benzoylacrylic acid) were synthesised and characterised. The photophysical properties of Ru-NH2 revealed absorption maxima around 580 nm with an absorption up to 725 nm. The generation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) upon light irradiation was confirmed with a 1 O2 quantum yield of 0.19 in acetonitrile. Preliminary in vitro experiments revealed the Ru-NH2 was nontoxic in the dark in CT-26 and SQ20B cell lines but showed outstanding phototoxicity when irradiated, reaching interesting phototoxicity indexes (PI) >370 at 670 nm, and >150 at 740 nm for CT-26 cells and >50 with NIR light in SQ20B cells. The antibody CTX was successfully attached to the complexes in view of the selective delivery of the PS to cancer cells. Up to four ruthenium fragments were anchored to the antibody (Ab), as confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nonetheless, the bioconjugates were not as photoactive as the Ru-NH2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Albert Gandioso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Thibaudeau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xue Qin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nurikamal Demeubayeva
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Reactions and Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Université de Lorraine, LRGP-CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Alain C Jung
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tumorale, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Université de Strasbourg-Inserm, UMR_S 1113 IRFAC, Laboratory « Streinth », 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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9
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Drius G, Bordoni S, Boga C, Monari M, Fiori J, Esposito E, Zalambani C, Pincigher L, Farruggia G, Calonghi N, Micheletti G. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Insights of Lipophilic Ru(II)-Hydroxy Stearic Acid Hybrid Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104051. [PMID: 37241793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallodrugs represent a combination of multifunctionalities that are present concomitantly and can act differently on diverse biotargets. Their efficacy is often related to the lipophilic features exhibited both by long carbo-chains and the phosphine ligands. Three Ru(II) complexes containing hydroxy stearic acids (HSAs) were successfully synthesized in order to evaluate possible synergistic effects between the known antitumor activity of HSA bio-ligands and the metal center. HSAs were reacted with [Ru(H)2CO(PPh3)3] selectively affording O,O-carboxy bidentate complexes. The organometallic species were fully characterized spectroscopically using ESI-MS, IR, UV-Vis, and NMR techniques. The structure of the compound Ru-12-HSA was also determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The biological potency of ruthenium complexes (Ru-7-HSA, Ru-9-HSA, and Ru-12-HSA) was studied on human primary cell lines (HT29, HeLa, and IGROV1). To obtain detailed information about anticancer properties, tests for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and DNA damage were performed. The results demonstrate that the new ruthenium complexes, Ru-7-HSA and Ru-9-HSA, possess biological activity. Furthermore, we observed that the Ru-9-HSA complex shows increased antitumor activity on colon cancer cells, HT29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Drius
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI SDV), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Esposito
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zalambani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pincigher
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Yuan J, Song JY, Yang HH, Lan HR, Xing AP, Li KH, Zeng D, Zhang ZQ, Feng SY. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and DNA binding of novel Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes bearing pyrimidinyl hydrazone ligand. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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11
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Arunachalam A, Rengan R, Umapathy D, Arockiam AJV. Impact of Biphenyl Benzhydrazone-Incorporated Arene Ru(II) Complexes on Cytotoxicity and the Cancer Cell Death Mechanism. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Arunachalam
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Antony Joseph Velanganni Arockiam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
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13
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Park K, Ahn JW, Kim JH, Kim JW. Tumor-associated macrophage-targeted photodynamic cancer therapy using a dextran sulfate-based nano-photosensitizer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:384-393. [PMID: 35902009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The M2-like phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) present in tumors promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, targeting M2-like TAMs is a potential strategy for cancer therapy. Herein, we fabricated a dextran sulfate-based nano-photosensitizer (dextran sulfate-conjugated chlorin e6, DS-Ce6) to specifically target M2-like TAMs for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT). DS-Ce6 was preferentially taken up by interleukin-4-derived M2 macrophages, which overexpressed scavenger receptor-A and selectively targeted macrophages in co-cultured 4T1 tumors/macrophages. The nano-photosensitizer also effectively induced the apoptosis of tumor cells in both monolayer co-culture and three-dimensional co-culture spheroids of tumors/macrophages under laser irradiation. Moreover, the nano-photosensitizer specifically targeted F4/80 and CD206 double-positive M2-like TAMs within tumor tissues. Therefore, the specifically targeted delivery of DS-Ce6 to M2-like TAMs prominently induced tumor apoptosis, leading to excellent phototherapeutic effects in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after PDT, suggesting the potential of DS-Ce6 for specific targeting of M2-like TAMs and enhanced PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Won Ahn
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Kim
- Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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14
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Probing the biomolecular (DNA/BSA) interaction by new Pd(II) complex via in-depth experimental and computational perspectives: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and DFT approach. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8874310 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientists should not forget that the rate of death as a result of cancer is far more than that of other diseases like influenza or coronavirus (COVID-19), so the research in this field is of cardinal significance. Therefore, a new and hydrophilic palladium(II) complex of the general formula [Pd(bpy)(proli-dtc)]NO3, in which bpy and proli-dtc are 2,2'-bipyridine and pyrroline dithiocarbamate ligands, respectively, was synthesized and characterized utilizing spectral and analytical procedures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also performed with B3LYP method in the gas phase. The DFT and spectral analysis specified that the Pd(II) atom is found in a square-planar geometry. HOMO/LUMO analysis, quantum chemical parameters and MEP surface of the complex were investigated to acquire an intuition about the nature of the compound. Partition coefficient and water solubility determination showed that both lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of the compound are more than cisplatin. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) value was evaluated against K562 cancer cells, the obtained result has revealed a promising cytotoxic effect. DNA and BSA binding of the complex were explored through multi-spectroscopic (UV–Vis, fluorescence, FRET, and CD) and non-spectroscopic (gel electrophoresis, viscosity and docking simulation) techniques. The obtained findings demonstrated that the complex strongly interacts with CT-DNA by hydrophobic interactions and possesses medium interaction with BSA via hydrogen bond and van der Waals forces, thus BSA could efficiently carry out complex transportation. Furthermore, the results of docking simulation agree well with the experimental findings. In conclusion, the new Pd(II) complex has cytotoxic activity and could interact with DNA and BSA effectively.
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Lavrova MA, Lunev AM, Goncharenko VE, Taidakov IV, Dolzhenko VD, Belousov YA. Cyclometallated Ruthenium Complex with 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-bipyrazole and 2,2'-Dicarboxybipyridine: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Quantum Chemical Modeling. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422060033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
New complex [RuL(Dmdcbp)2]PF6 (I) is synthesized by the consecutive reactions of [Ru-p-cymene]2Cl4 with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-bipyrazole (L) and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine in a methanol–chloroform medium. The composition of complex I is confirmed by NMR and elemental analysis, and the optical and luminescence properties of the complex are studied. Ligand L is characterized for the first time by X-ray diffraction (CIF file CCDC no. 2118676). Quantum chemical calculations in terms of the density functional theory are performed for the interpretation of the absorption and emission spectra. Complex I is promising for using as a photosensitizer.
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16
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Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:30. [PMID: 35701677 PMCID: PMC9197911 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal complex luminophores have seen dramatic expansion in application as imaging probes over the past decade. This has been enabled by growing understanding of methods to promote their cell permeation and intracellular targeting. Amongst the successful approaches that have been applied in this regard is peptide-facilitated delivery. Cell-permeating or signal peptides can be readily conjugated to metal complex luminophores and have shown excellent response in carrying such cargo through the cell membrane. In this article, we describe the rationale behind applying metal complexes as probes and sensors in cell imaging and outline the advantages to be gained by applying peptides as the carrier for complex luminophores. We describe some of the progress that has been made in applying peptides in metal complex peptide-driven conjugates as a strategy for cell permeation and targeting of transition metal luminophores. Finally, we provide key examples of their application and outline areas for future progress.
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17
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Fandzloch M, Jędrzejewski T, Wiśniewska J, Sitkowski J, Dobrzańska L, Brożyna AA, Wrotek S. Sawhorse-type ruthenium complexes with triazolopyrimidine ligands - what do they represent in terms of cytotoxic and CORM compounds? Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8804-8820. [PMID: 35616922 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three sawhorse-type ruthenium(I) complexes containing purine analogs such as triazolopyrimidines of the general formula [Ru2(CO)4(μ-OOCCH3)2(L)2], where L is 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tp for 1), 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp for 2) and 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dptp for 3), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared analysis, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, 15N), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1 and 2). By assay with myoglobin, the photo-activated CO-releasing molecule (PhotoCORM) character of (1-3) has been confirmed, thus indicating the possibility of use in CO-based therapies. The importance of UV-induced modification has been investigated in the context of anticancer properties. Complexes (1) and (2) have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer) and C32 (melanoma), as well as L929 normal fibroblasts in the dark and presence of UV-A light (365 nm). The results were compared with those for cisplatin and two reference ruthenium complexes, namely NAMI-A and KP1019. The most hydrophilic [Ru2(CO)4(μ-OOCCH3)2(tp)2] (1) (log P = -1.12) was found to be more cytotoxic than (2), despite the lower cellular uptake measured by ICP-MS toward HeLa cells. Importantly, photo-induced stimulation of cells with (1) resulted in a lower decrease in the viability of L929 normal cells (IC50 = 154.7 ± 6.5 μM) in comparison with HeLa cancer cells (IC50 = 66.7 ± 3.4 μM). The photo-induced stimulation of (1) and (2) increases ROS generation, and their anticancer activity may be a partially ROS-dependent phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Liliana Dobrzańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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18
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Chen W, Cai X, Sun Q, Guo X, Liang C, Tang H, Huang H, Luo H, Chen L, Chen J. Design and synthesis of aptamer-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex conjugate targeting cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114335. [PMID: 35398732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy showed broad application prospects in the treatment of various types of cancer. Through carriers such as aptamers, antibodies, proteins and peptides, targeted therapy can selectively deliver drugs into tumor cells. Compared with traditional treatment methods such as chemo- and radiotherapy, targeted drug delivery systems can reduce the toxic effects of drugs on normal cells and avoid adverse reactions. Herein, an aptamer-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex conjugate (ApIrC) has been designed and developed as a targeted anticancer agent. Owing to the targeting ability of aptamers, ApIrC specifically bound to nucleolin over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells and showed strong fluorescence signal for tumor imaging and diagnosis. ApIrC had more substantial cellular uptake in cancer cells than the iridium complex alone and exhibited favorable low toxicity to normal cells. After uptake by cells through endocytosis, ApIrC can selectively accumulated in mitochondria and induced caspase-3/7-dependent cell death. Remarkably, ApIrC can also specifically target 3D multicellular spheroids (MCSs) and show excellent tumor permeability. So, it can effectively reach the interior of MCSs and cause cell damage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the aptamer-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex conjugate which studied for cancer targeted therapy. The developed conjugate has great potential to be developed as novel therapeutics for effective and low-toxic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Xianhong Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Xinhua Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Heming Huang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
| | - Jincan Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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19
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Giriraj K, Mohamed Kasim MS, Balasubramaniam K, Thangavel SK, Venkatesan J, Suresh S, Shanmugam P, Karri C. Various coordination modes of new coumarin Schiff bases toward Cobalt (III) ion: Synthesis, spectral characterization, in vitro cytotoxic activity, and investigation of apoptosis. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiarasi Giriraj
- Department of Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
| | - Mohamed Subarkhan Mohamed Kasim
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Keerthana Balasubramaniam
- Department of Microbiology Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
| | - Sathiya Kamatchi Thangavel
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 India
| | - Janani Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
| | - Sharmila Suresh
- Department of Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
| | - Pritha Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
| | - Chiranjeevi Karri
- Department of Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) Coimbatore 641021 India
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Feizi-Dehnayebi M, Dehghanian E, Mansouri-Torshizi H. DNA/BSA binding affinity studies of new Pd(II) complex with S-S and N-N donor mixed ligands via experimental insight and molecular simulation: Preliminary antitumor activity, lipophilicity and DFT perspective. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Chen L, Wang J, Cai X, Chen S, Zhang J, Li B, Chen W, Guo X, Luo H, Chen J. Cyclometalated Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes overcome cisplatin resistance of A549/DDP cells by downregulation of Nrf2 via Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105516. [PMID: 34856444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both ruthenium (Ru) and isoquinoline (IQ) compounds are regarded as potential anticancer drug candidates. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of three novel cyclometalated Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes: RuIQ-3, RuIQ-4, and RuIQ-5, and evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxicities against a panel of cell lines including A549/DDP, a cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer cell line. A549/DDP 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) were also used to detect the drug resistance reversal effect of Ru(II)-IQ complexes. Our results indicated that the cytotoxic activities against cancer cells of Ru(II)-IQ complexes, especially RuIQ-5, were superior compared with cisplatin. In addition, RuIQ-5 exhibited low toxicity towards both normal HBE cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Further investigation on cellular mechanism of action indicated that after absorption by A549/DDP cells, RuIQ-5 was mainly distributed in the nucleus, which is different from cisplatin. Besides, RuIQ-5 could induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, ROS-mediated DNA damage, and cycle arrest at both S and G2/M phases. Moreover, RuIQ-5 could inhibit the overexpression of Nrf2 through regulation of Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn signaling pathway and hindering the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Based on these findings, we firmly believe that the studied Ru(II)-IQ complexes hold great promise as anticancer therapeutics with high effectiveness and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xianhong Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Xinhua Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
| | - Jincan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China.
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22
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Busemann A, Flaspohler I, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Goetzfried SK, van Rixel VHS, Ott I, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:667-674. [PMID: 34378103 PMCID: PMC8437835 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sina K Goetzfried
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-Ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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Cyclometalated Ru(II) β-carboline complexes induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human HeLa cervical cancer cells via suppressing ERK and Akt signaling. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:793-808. [PMID: 34459988 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complexes, [Ru(dmb)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; Cl-Ph-βC = Cl-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; RuβC-3) and [Ru(bpy)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; RuβC-4) were synthesized and characterized. The Ru(II) complexes display high cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, the stabilized human cervical cancer cell, with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.4 μM (RuβC-3) and 4.1 ± 0.6 μM (RuβC-4), which were considerably lower than that of non-cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complex [Ru(bpy)2(1-Py-βC)] (PF6)2 (61.2 ± 3.9 μM) by 19- and 15-folds, respectively. The mechanism studies indicated that both Ru(II) complexes could significantly inhibit HeLa cell migration and invasion, and effectively induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The new Ru(II) complexes could also trigger apoptosis through activating caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Further research revealed that RuβC-3 could deactivate the ERK/Akt signaling pathway thus inhibiting HeLa cell invasion and migration, and inducing apoptosis. In addition, RuβC-3-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells was closely associated with the increase of intracellular ROS levels, which may act as upstream factors to regulate ERK and Akt pathways. More importantly, RuβC-3 exhibited low toxicity on both normal BEAS-2B cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Consequently, the developed Ru(II) complexes have great potential on developing novel low-toxic anticancer drugs.
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24
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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25
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Yuan J, Yang HH, Li KH, Song JY, Lan HR, Kou HZ. Novel iron(III) complexes based on 2-hydrazinylpyrimidine derivative: Synthesis, characterization and preliminary evaluation of antitumor activity. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Sathiya Kamatchi T, Mohamed Subarkhan MK, Ramesh R, Wang H, Małecki JG. Investigation into antiproliferative activity and apoptosis mechanism of new arene Ru(ii) carbazole-based hydrazone complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11385-11395. [PMID: 32776042 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes with bioactive ligands are becoming promising substitutes for platinum complexes due to their precise action against various cancers. In the present study, the synthesis of three new arene Ru(ii) complexes containing new carbazole-based hydrazone ligands of general formula [(η6-benzene)Ru(L)Cl] (1-3; L = carbazolone benzhydrazone ligands), and their anticancer properties are described. The structural characterization of the ligands and their ruthenium complexes has been realized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, NMR and HR-MS techniques. The molecular structures of all three complexes have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography and reveal the existence of pseudo-octahedral geometry around the ruthenium. The in vitro cancer cell growth inhibition property of the complexes against A549 (lung carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian adenocarcinoma) and non-cancerous 16HBE (human lung bronchial epithelium) cells were examined by MTT assay. All the complexes display good cytotoxicity towards both of these types of cancer cell compared to the standard drug cisplatin, with low IC50 values. Remarkably, complex 3, which contains an electron-donating substituent, induces a significant reduction of viability in A2780 cells. The inhibition capacity of the complexes towards A2780 cells proliferation was further confirmed using 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay via minimal DNA synthesis. The result of the acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EB) fluorescent staining assay establishes that the cytotoxicity of the complexes was mediated by apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining determines the quantitative discrimination of early apoptosis by the externalization of phosphatidylserine. In addition, cell cycle distribution indicates that the complexes block the cell cycle progression in the S-phase. The outcome of our investigation shows the promising scope and potency of tailored arene ruthenium complexes for precise cancer chemotherapy beyond platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Sathiya Kamatchi
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohamed Kasim Mohamed Subarkhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
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27
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Liu X, Li G, Xie M, Guo S, Zhao W, Li F, Liu S, Zhao Q. Rational design of type I photosensitizers based on Ru(ii) complexes for effective photodynamic therapy under hypoxia. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11192-11200. [PMID: 32748922 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01684e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to cause cancer cell death. Hypoxia, the inherent property in solid tumors, is the obstacle during the process of PDT. It is urgent to develop PDT photosensitizers independent of the oxygen concentration. Herein, triphenylamine-modified Ru(ii) complexes have been used as photosensitizers to produce superoxide anions (O2-˙) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) through a type I photochemical process. Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylamine can provide a possibility to drive the reactive oxygen species production through low oxidation potential and good light-harvesting abilities. The investigation on light-mediated radical production showed that Ru4 could produce abundant ˙OH and O2-˙ compared to Ru1-Ru3 under hypoxic environments owing to the strong absorption. These radicals exhibit potent toxicity, which can damage the neighbouring biomolecules and cause the apoptosis of cancer cells. The PDT effect was evaluated in vitro under hypoxia, suggesting that Ru4 could maintain excellent performance in inducing a sharp decrease in the activity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Mingjuan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Song Guo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Feiyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
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28
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Zhou XQ, Carbo-Bague I, Siegler MA, Hilgendorf J, Basu U, Ott I, Liu R, Zhang L, Ramu V, IJzerman AP, Bonnet S. Rollover Cyclometalation vs Nitrogen Coordination in Tetrapyridyl Anticancer Gold(III) Complexes: Effect on Protein Interaction and Toxicity. JACS AU 2021; 1:380-395. [PMID: 34056633 PMCID: PMC8154207 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a pair of gold(III) complexes derived from the analogous tetrapyridyl ligands H2biqbpy1 and H2biqbpy2 was prepared: the rollover, bis-cyclometalated [Au(biqbpy1)Cl ([1]Cl) and its isomer [Au(biqbpy2)Cl ([2]Cl). In [1]+, two pyridyl rings coordinate to the metal via a Au-C bond (C∧N∧N∧C coordination) and the two noncoordinated amine bridges of the ligand remain protonated, while in [2]+ all four pyridyl rings of the ligand coordinate to the metal via a Au-N bond (N∧N∧N∧N coordination), but both amine bridges are deprotonated. As a result, both complexes are monocationic, which allowed comparison of the sole effect of cyclometalation on the chemistry, protein interaction, and anticancer properties of the gold(III) compounds. Due to their identical monocationic charge and similar molecular shape, both complexes [1]Cl and [2]Cl displaced reference radioligand [3H]dofetilide equally well from cell membranes expressing the Kv11.1 (hERG) potassium channel, and more so than the tetrapyridyl ligands H2biqbpy1 and H2biqbpy2. By contrast, cyclometalation rendered [1]Cl coordinatively stable in the presence of biological thiols, while [2]Cl was reduced by a millimolar concentration of glutathione into metastable Au(I) species releasing the free ligand H2biqbpy2 and TrxR-inhibiting Au+ ions. The redox stability of [1]Cl dramatically decreased its thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibition properties, compared to [2]Cl. On the other hand, unlike [2]Cl, [1]Cl aggregated into nanoparticles in FCS-containing medium, which resulted in much more efficient gold cellular uptake. [1]Cl had much more selective anticancer properties than [2]Cl and cisplatin, as it was almost 10 times more cytotoxic to human cancer cells (A549, A431, A375, and MCF7) than to noncancerous cells (MRC5). Mechanistic studies highlight the strikingly different mode of action of the two compounds: while for [1]Cl high gold cellular uptake, nuclear DNA damage, and interaction with hERG may contribute to cell killing, for [2]Cl extracellular reduction released TrxR-inhibiting Au+ ions that were taken up in minute amounts in the cytosol, and a toxic tetrapyridyl ligand also capable of binding to hERG. These results demonstrate that bis-cyclometalation is an appealing method to improve the redox stability of Au(III) compounds and to develop gold-based cytotoxic compounds that do not rely on TrxR inhibition to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Imma Carbo-Bague
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jonathan Hilgendorf
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rongfang Liu
- Division
of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division
of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Chen K, Kurganskii IV, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Fedin MV. Intersystem Crossing and Electron Spin Selectivity in Anthracene-Naphthalimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads Showing Different Geometry and Electronic Coupling Magnitudes. Chemistry 2021; 27:7572-7587. [PMID: 33780070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-naphthalimide (An-NI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared, in which the orientation and distance between the two subunits were varied by direct connection or with intervening phenyl linker. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long triplet state lifetime (ΦΔ =92 %, τT =438 μs) were observed for the directly connected dyads showing a perpendicular geometry (81°). This efficient spin-orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) takes 376 fs, inhibits the direct charge recombination (CR) to ground state (1 CT→S0 , takes 3.04 ns). Interestingly, efficient SOCT-ISC for dyads with intervening phenyl linker (ΦΔ =40 % in DCM) was also observed, although the electron donor and acceptor adopt almost coplanar geometry (dihedral angle: 15°). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy shows that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state, i. e. the electron spin selectivity of ISC, is highly dependent on the dihedral angle and the linker. For the dyads showing weaker coupling between the donor and acceptors, the charge separation and the intramolecular triplet energy transfer are inhibited at 80 K (frozen solution), because both the 3 An and 3 NI states were observed and the ESP are same as compared to the native anthracene and naphthalimide, which unravel their origin. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC). High UC quantum yield (ΦUC =12.9 %) as well as a large anti-Stokes shift (0.72 eV) was attained by excitation into the CT absorption band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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30
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Qu F, Lamb RW, Cameron CG, Park S, Oladipupo O, Gray JL, Xu Y, Cole HD, Bonizzoni M, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Webster CE, Papish ET. Singlet Oxygen Formation vs Photodissociation for Light-Responsive Protic Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: The Oxygenated Substituent Determines Which Pathway Dominates. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2138-2148. [PMID: 33534562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing protic diimine ligands are cytotoxic to certain cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light. Previously reported complexes of the type [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]Cl2 with 6,6'-dhbp = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine and N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2A), and 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) (3A) show EC50 values as low as 4 μM (for 3A) vs breast cancer cells upon blue light irradiation ( Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7519). Herein, subscript A denotes the acidic form of the complex bearing OH groups, and B denotes the basic form bearing O- groups. This photocytotoxicity was originally attributed to photodissociation, but recent results suggest that singlet oxygen formation is a more plausible cause of photocytotoxicity. In particular, bulky methoxy substituents enhance photodissociation but these complexes are nontoxic ( Dalton Trans 2018, 47, 15685). Cellular studies are presented herein that show the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis indicators upon treatment of cells with complex 3A and blue light. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) shows the formation of 1O2 in cell culture for cells treated with 3A and blue light. At physiological pH, complexes 1A-3A are deprotonated to form 1B-3B in situ. Quantum yields for 1O2 (ϕΔ) are 0.87 and 0.48 for 2B and 3B, respectively, and these are an order of magnitude higher than the quantum yields for 2A and 3A. The values for ϕΔ show an increase with 6,6'-dhbp derived substituents as follows: OMe < OH < O-. TD-DFT studies show that the presence of a low lying triplet metal-centered (3MC) state favors photodissociation and disfavors 1O2 formation for 2A and 3A (OH groups). However, upon deprotonation (O- groups), the 3MLCT state is accessible and can readily lead to 1O2 formation, but the dissociative 3MC state is energetically inaccessible. The changes to the energy of the 3MLCT state upon deprotonation have been confirmed by steady state luminescence experiments on 1A-3A and their basic analogs, 1B-3B. This energy landscape favors 1O2 formation for 2B and 3B and leads to enhanced toxicity for these complexes under physiological conditions. The ability to convert readily from OH to O- groups allowed us to investigate an electronic change that is not accompanied by steric changes in this fundamental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Robert W Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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31
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Ru(II) Complexes Bearing O, O-Chelated Ligands Induced Apoptosis in A549 Cells through the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:8890950. [PMID: 32879623 PMCID: PMC7448123 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8890950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new Ru(II) complexes containing O, O-chelated ligands, Ru(dip)2(SA) (Ru-1) and Ru(dmp)2(SA) (Ru-2) (dip = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline; SA = salicylate) were synthesized to evaluate their cytotoxicity in vitro. These complexes were found to exhibit moderate antitumor activity to different types of human cancers, including A549 (human lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast cancer), HeLa (human cervical cancer), and HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cell lines, but displayed low toxicity to human normal cell lines BEAS-2B (immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells) when compared with that of cisplatin. Further studies revealed that these complexes could induce apoptosis in A549 cells, including activating caspase family proteins and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), reducing Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-xl/Bad ratio, enhancing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, triggering DNA damage, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and leading cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Notably, complex Ru-1 showed low toxicity to developing zebrafish embryos. The obtained results suggest that these new synthetic complexes have the potential to be developed as low-toxicity agents for lung cancer treatment.
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Xiong K, Qian C, Yuan Y, Wei L, Liao X, He L, Rees TW, Chen Y, Wan J, Ji L, Chao H. Necroptosis Induced by Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Dual Catalytic Inhibitors of Topoisomerase I/II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16631-16637. [PMID: 32533618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inducing necroptosis in cancer cells is an effective approach to circumvent drug-resistance. Metal-based triggers have, however, rarely been reported. Ruthenium(II) complexes containing 1,1-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyreno[4,5-e][1,2,4]triazine were developed with a series of different ancillary ligands (Ru1-7). The combination of the main ligand with bipyridyl and phenylpyridyl ligands endows Ru7 with superior nucleus-targeting properties. As a rare dual catalytic inhibitor, Ru7 effectively inhibits the endogenous activities of topoisomerase (topo) I and II and kills cancer cells by necroptosis. The cell signaling pathway from topo inhibition to necroptosis was elucidated. Furthermore, Ru7 displays significant antitumor activity against drug-resistant cancer cells in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, Ru7 is the first Ru-based necroptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chen Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yixian Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wei
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Liting He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Thomas W Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wan
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, P. R. China
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33
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Xiong K, Qian C, Yuan Y, Wei L, Liao X, He L, Rees TW, Chen Y, Wan J, Ji L, Chao H. Necroptosis Induced by Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Dual Catalytic Inhibitors of Topoisomerase I/II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chen Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yixian Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Lin Wei
- College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Liting He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Thomas W. Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Jian Wan
- College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518071 P. R. China
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Chen J, Wang J, Deng Y, Li B, Li C, Lin Y, Yang D, Zhang H, Chen L, Wang T. Novel cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes containing isoquinoline ligands: Synthesis, characterization, cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112562. [PMID: 32698112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two novel cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes containing isoquinoline ligand, [Ru(bpy)2(1-Ph-IQ)](PF6), (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; 1-Ph-IQ = 1-phenylisoquinoline; RuIQ-1) and [Ru(phen)2(1-Ph-IQ)](PF6) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; RuIQ-2) were found to show high cytotoxic activity against NCI-H460, A549, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Notably, both of them exhibited IC50 values that were an order of magnitude lower than those of clinical cisplatin and two structurally similar Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes [Ru(bpy)2(1-Py-IQ)](PF6)2 (Ru3) and [Ru(phen)2(1-Py-IQ)](PF6)2 (Ru4) (1-Py-IQ = 1-pyridine-2-yl). The cellular uptake and intracellular localization displayed that the two cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes entered NCI-H460 cancer cells dominantly via endocytosis pathway, and preferentially distributed in the nucleus. Further investigations on the apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of RuIQ-1 and RuIQ-2 revealed that the two complexes could cause S, G2/M double-cycle arrest by regulating cell cycle related proteins. The two complexes also could reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), promote the generation of intracellular ROS and trigger DNA damage, and then lead to apoptosis-mediated cell death. More importantly, RuIQ-2 exhibits low toxicity both towards normal HBE cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Accordingly, the developed complexes hold great potential to be developed as novel therapeutics for effective and low-toxic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Chengpeng Li
- The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yuxue Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Dongbin Yang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Hebi of Henan University, Hebi, 456030, China
| | - Huanyun Zhang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Hebi of Henan University, Hebi, 456030, China
| | - Lanmei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nature Drugs, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- The College of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
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Zhou XQ, Xiao M, Ramu V, Hilgendorf J, Li X, Papadopoulou P, Siegler MA, Kros A, Sun W, Bonnet S. The Self-Assembly of a Cyclometalated Palladium Photosensitizer into Protein-Stabilized Nanorods Triggers Drug Uptake In Vitro and In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10383-10399. [PMID: 32378894 PMCID: PMC7291344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enhanced passive
diffusion is usually considered to be the primary
cause of the enhanced cellular uptake of cyclometalated drugs because
cyclometalation lowers the charge of a metal complex and increases
its lipophilicity. However, in this work, monocationic cyclometalated
palladium complexes [1]OAc (N^N^C^N) and [2]OAc (N^N^N^C) were found
to self-assemble, in aqueous solutions, into soluble supramolecular
nanorods, while their tetrapyridyl bicationic analogue [3](OAc)2 (N^N^N^N) dissolved
as
isolated molecules. These nanorods formed via metallophilic Pd···Pd
interaction and π–π stacking and were stabilized
in the cell medium by serum proteins, in the absence of which the
nanorods precipitated. In cell cultures, these protein-stabilized
self-assembled nanorods were responsible for the improved cellular
uptake of the cyclometalated compounds, which took place via endocytosis
(i.e., an active uptake pathway). In addition to triggering self-assembly,
cyclometalation in [1]OAc also led to dramatically enhanced
photodynamic properties under blue light irradiation. These combined
penetration and photodynamic properties were observed in multicellular
tumor spheroids and in a mice tumor xenograft, demonstrating that
protein-stabilized nanoaggregation of cyclometalated drugs such as [1]OAc also allows efficient cellular uptake in 3D tumor models.
Overall, serum proteins appear to be a major element in drug design
because they strongly influence the size and bioavailability of supramolecular
drug aggregates and hence their efficacy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Hilgendorf
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Panagiota Papadopoulou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Solís-Ruiz JA, Barthe A, Riegel G, Saavedra-Díaz RO, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Light activation of cyclometalated ruthenium complexes drives towards caspase 3 dependent apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111080. [PMID: 32330762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polypyridyl ruthenium complexes have been intensively investigated for their remarkable antiproliferative properties and some are currently being tested in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the impact of illumination on the biological properties of a series of new cyclometalated ruthenium compounds with increased π-conjugation. We determined that various of these complexes display a bivalent biological activity as they are highly cytotoxic by themselves in absence of light while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated towards an IC50 in the nanomolar range upon illumination. In particular, we showed that these complexes are particularly active (IC50 < 1 μM) on two gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, KATO III) that are resistant towards cisplatin (IC50 > 25 μM). As expected, light activation leads to increased production of singlet oxygen species in vitro and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in vivo. Importantly, we established that light exposure shifts the mode of action of the complexes towards activation of a caspase 3-dependent apoptosis that correlates with increased DNA damage. Altogether, this study characterizes novel ruthenium complexes with dual activity that can be tuned towards different mode of action in order to bypass cancer cell resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andrés Solís-Ruiz
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anaïs Barthe
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Riegel
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rafael Omar Saavedra-Díaz
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 1, 86690 Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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37
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Chintakuntla N, Putta VR, Mallepally RR, K N, Vuradi RK, Kotha LR, Singh SS, Sirasani S. Synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro DNA binding, and antitumor activity properties of Ru(II) compounds containing 2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:760-791. [PMID: 31983278 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1694685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The octahedral Ru(II) complexes containing the 2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline ligand of type [Ru(N-N)2(L)]2+, where N-N = phen (1,10-phenanthroline) (1), bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) (2), and dmb (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (3); L(dmpip) = (2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)1Himidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline), have been synthesized and characterized by UV-visible absorption, molar conductivity, elemental analysis, mass, IR, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physicochemical properties of the Ru(II) complexes were determined by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The DNA binding studies have been explored by UV-visible absorption, fluorescence titrations, and viscosity measurements. The supercoiled pBR322 DNA cleavage efficiency of Ru(II) complexes 1-3 was investigated. The antimicrobial activity of Ru(II) complexes was done against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The in vitro anticancer activities of all the complexes were investigated by cell viability assay, apoptosis, cellular uptake, mitochondrial membrane potential detection, and semi-quantitative PCR on HeLa cells. The result indicates that the synthesized Ru(II) complexes probably interact with DNA through an intercalation mode of binding with complex 1 having slightly stronger DNA binding affinity and anticancer activity than 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamani Chintakuntla
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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38
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Zhao Y, Kang Y, Xu F, Zheng W, Luo Q, Zhang Y, Jia F, Wang F. Pharmacophore conjugation strategy for multi-targeting metal-based anticancer complexes. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ballester FJ, Ortega E, Bautista D, Santana MD, Ruiz J. Ru(ii) photosensitizers competent for hypoxic cancers via green light activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10301-10304. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru(ii) complexes exhibit phototherapeutic indexes higher than 750 in cancer HeLa cells with low nanomolar IC50 values under low doses of non-harmful green light and are active in normoxia and hypoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Ballester
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | | | - M. Dolores Santana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
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40
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Becceneri AB, Fuzer AM, Plutin AM, Batista AA, Lelièvre SA, Cominetti MR. Three-dimensional cell culture models for metallodrug testing: induction of apoptosis and phenotypic reversion of breast cancer cells by the trans-[Ru(PPh 3) 2( N, N-dimethyl- N-thiophenylthioureato-k 2O,S)(bipy)]PF 6 complex. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(N,N-dimethyl-N-thiophenylthioureato-k2O,S)(bipy)]PF6 complex on cytotoxicity, on the induction of apoptosis and on the phenotypic reversion of tumor cells in different 3D culture techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelina M. Fuzer
- Department of Gerontology
- Federal University of São Carlos
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Ana M. Plutin
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la Habana
- Habana
- Cuba
| | - Alzir A. Batista
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of São Carlos
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Sophie A. Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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41
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Wang L. Crystal structure of (E)-N′-((1,6-dihydropyren-1-yl)methylene)isonicotinohydrazide — methanol (1/1), C24H19N3O2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractC24H19N3O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.0629(2) Å, b = 10.4583(2) Å, c = 16.0432(3) Å, β = 92.373(2)°, V = 1854.59(7) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0435, wRref(F2) = 0.1269, T = 116.2(3) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China
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42
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Park S, Gray JL, Altman SD, Hairston AR, Beswick BT, Kim Y, Papish ET. Cellular uptake of protic ruthenium complexes is influenced by pH dependent passive diffusion and energy dependent efflux. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110922. [PMID: 31775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic vs. hydrophilic properties of three protic ruthenium compounds were studied as a function of pH. Specifically, we measured Log(Do/w) values for [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]2+ complexes (where N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (2A), 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (3A) and 6,6'-dhbp is the diprotic 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine ligand) from pH 4.0 to 8.0. This study allowed us to demonstrate that as the ligand is deprotonated at higher pH values the resulting neutral charge on the complex improves its lipophilic properties. Thus, improved uptake by passive diffusion is expected with protic ligands on Ru(II). Furthermore, cellular studies have demonstrated that passive diffusion is the dominant pathway for cellular uptake. However, metabolic inhibition has also shown that energy dependent efflux reduces the amount of the ruthenium complex (as measured by mean fluorescence intensity) in the cells. These compounds have been shown by fluorescence microscopy to accumulate in the nuclei of cancer cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa). Taken together, this data shows that uptake is required for toxicity but uptake alone is not sufficient. The greatest light activated toxicity appears to occur in breast cancer cell lines with relatively moderate uptake (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) rather than the cell line with the greatest uptake of complex 3A (normal breast cell line MCF-10A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjo Park
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sarah D Altman
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Angela R Hairston
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brianna T Beswick
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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43
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Li J, Zeng L, Xiong K, Rees TW, Jin C, Wu W, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A biotinylated ruthenium(ii) photosensitizer for tumor-targeted two-photon photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10972-10975. [PMID: 31453611 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-resistant cancer cells are sensitive to changes in the levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Herein, we design a biotin-modified Ru(ii) complex as a photosensitizer (denoted as Ru-Biotin). Ru-Biotin can selectively target cancer cells and produce vast amounts of singlet oxygen under two-photon excitation at 820 nm leading to cell apoptosis. Ru-Biotin is therefore an excellent candidate to overcome platinum resistance via two-photon photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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44
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McCain J, Colón KL, Barrett PC, Monro SMA, Sainuddin T, Roque Iii J, Pinto M, Yin H, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Photophysical Properties and Photobiological Activities of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing π-Expansive Cyclometalating Ligands with Thienyl Groups. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10778-10790. [PMID: 31386351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new family of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(N^N)2(C^N)]+ derived from the π-extended benzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]quinolone ligand appended with thienyl groups (n = 1-4, compounds 1-4) was prepared and its members were characterized for their chemical, photophysical, and photobiological properties. The lipophilicities of 1-4, determined as octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w), were positive and increased with the number of thienyl units. The absorption and emission bands of the C^N compounds were red-shifted by up to 200 nm relative to the analogous Ru(II) diimine systems. All of the complexes exhibited dual emission with the intraligand fluorescence (1IL, C^N-based) shifting to lower energies with increasing n and the metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence (3MLCT, N^N-based) remaining unchanged. Compounds 1-3 exhibited excited state absorption (ESA) profiles consistent with lowest-lying 3MLCT states when probed by nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy with 532 nm excitation and had contributions from 1IL(C^N) states with 355 nm excitation. These assignments were supported by the lifetimes observed (<10 ns for the 1IL states and around 20 ns for the 3MLCT states) as well as a noticeable ESA for 3 with 355 nm excitation that did not occur with 532 nm excitation. Compound 4 was the only member of the family with two 3MLCT emissive lifetimes (15, 110 ns), and the TA spectra collected with both 355 and 532 nm excitation was assigned to the 3IL state, which was corroborated by its 4-6 μs lifetime. The ESA for 4 had a rise time of approximately 10 ns and an initial decay of 110 ns, which suggests a possible 3MLCT-3IL excited state equilibrium that results in delayed emission from the 3MLCT state. Compound 4 was nontoxic toward human skin melanoma cells (SKMEL28) in the dark (EC50 = >300 μM); 1-3 were cytotoxic and yielded EC50 values between 1 and 20 μM. The photocytotoxicites with visible light ranged from 87 nM with a phototherapeutic index (PI) of 13 for 1 to approximately 1 μM (PI = >267) for 4. With red light, EC50 values varied from 270 nM (PI = 21) for 3 to 12 μM for 4 (PI = >25). The larger PIs for 4, especially with visible light, were attributed to the much lower dark cytotoxicity for this compound. Because the dark cytotoxicity contributes substantially to the observed photocytotoxicity for 1-3, it was not possible to assess whether the 3IL state of 4 led to a much more potent phototoxic mechanism in the absence of dark toxicity. There was no stark contrast in cellular uptake and accumulation by laser scanning confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy to explain the large differences in dark toxicities between 1-3 and 4. Nevertheless, the study highlights a new family of Ru(II) C^N complexes where π-conjugation beyond a certain point results in low dark cytotoxicity with high photocytotoxicity, opposing the notion that cyclometalated Ru(II) systems are too toxic to be phototherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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Clemente N, Argenziano M, Gigliotti CL, Ferrara B, Boggio E, Chiocchetti A, Caldera F, Trotta F, Benetti E, Annaratone L, Ribero S, Pizzimenti S, Barrera G, Dianzani U, Cavalli R, Dianzani C. Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanosponges Inhibit Growth and Angiogenesis in Melanoma Cell Models. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:776. [PMID: 31354491 PMCID: PMC6639435 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of free paclitaxel (PTX) and PTX-loaded in pyromellitic nanosponges (PTX-PNS) in reducing in vitro and in vivo melanoma cell growth and invasivity, and in inhibiting angiogenesis. To test the response of cells to the two PTX formulations, the cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in seven continuous cell lines, in primary melanoma cells, both in 2D and 3D cultures, and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after exposure to different concentrations of PTX or PTX-PNS. Cell motility was assessed by a scratch assay or Boyden chamber assay, evaluating cell migration in presence or absence of diverse concentrations of PTX or PTX-PNS. The effect of PTX and PTX-PNS on angiogenesis was evaluated as endothelial tube formation assay, a test able to estimate the formation of three-dimensional vessels in vitro. To assess the anticancer effect of PTX and PTX-PNS in in vivo experiments, the two drug formulations were tested in a melanoma mouse model obtained by B16-BL6 cell implantation in C57/BL6 mice. Results obtained were as follows: 1) MTT analysis revealed that cell proliferation was more affected by PTX-PNS than by PTX in all tested cell lines, in both 2D and 3D cultures; 2) the analysis of the cell migration showed that PTX-PNS acted at very lower concentrations than PTX; 3) tube formation assay showed that PTX-PNS were more effective in inhibiting tube formation than free PTX; and 4) in vivo experiments demonstrated that tumor weights, volumes, and growth were significantly reduced by PTX-PNS treatment with respect to PTX; the angiogenesis and the cell proliferation, detected in the tumor samples with CD31 and Ki-67 antibodies, respectively, indicated that, in the PTX-PNS-treated tumors, the tube formation was inhibited, and a low amount of proliferating cells was present. Taken together, our data demonstrated that our new PTX nanoformulation can respond to some important issues related to PTX treatment, lowering the anti-tumor effective doses and increasing the effectiveness in inhibiting melanoma growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Casimiro Luca Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), UPO, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Benetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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46
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Conti L, Bencini A, Ferrante C, Gellini C, Paoli P, Parri M, Pietraperzia G, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Highly Charged Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Effective Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2019; 25:10606-10615. [PMID: 31107567 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study between two novel, highly water soluble, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(phen)2 L'] and [Ru(phen)2 Cu(II)L'] (L and L-CuII ), containing the polyaazamacrocyclic unit 4,4'-(2,5,8,11,14-pentaaza[15])-2,2'-bipyridilophane (L'), is herein reported. L and L-CuII interact with calf-thymus DNA and efficiently cleave DNA plasmid when light-activated. They also possess great penetration abilities and photo-induced biological activities, evaluated on an A375 human melanoma cell line, with L-CuII being the most effective. Our study highlights the key role of the Fenton active CuII center within the macrocycle framework, that would play a synergistic role with light activation in the formation of cytotoxic ROS species. Based on these results, an optimal design of RuII polypyridyl systems featuring specific CuII -chelating polyamine units could represent a suitable strategy for the development of novel and effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrante
- Department of Chemical Sciences and UR INSTM, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Cristina Gellini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Giangaetano Pietraperzia
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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47
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Ganga Reddy V, Srinivasa Reddy T, Privér SH, Bai Y, Mishra S, Wlodkowic D, Mirzadeh N, Bhargava S. Synthesis of Gold(I) Complexes Containing Cinnamide: In Vitro Evaluation of Anticancer Activity in 2D and 3D Spheroidal Models of Melanoma and In Vivo Angiogenesis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5988-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Ganga Reddy
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - T. Srinivasa Reddy
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Steven H. Privér
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Yutao Bai
- Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Plenty Road, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Shweta Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshila Parisar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452 001, India
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- Phenomics Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Plenty Road, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Nedaossadat Mirzadeh
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Suresh Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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48
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Ruthenium(II) salicylate complexes inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis by targeting thioredoxin reductase. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Yu B, Rees TW, Liang J, Jin C, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. DNA interaction of ruthenium(ii) complexes with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3914-3921. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA interaction properties of four Ru(ii) complexes with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives were investigated by spectral titration, gel electrophoresis (GAR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bole Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Thomas W. Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jiewen Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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50
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Zhou XQ, Busemann A, Meijer MS, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. The two isomers of a cyclometallated palladium sensitizer show different photodynamic properties in cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4695-4698. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This report demonstrates that changing the position of the carbon-metal bond in a polypyridyl cyclopalladated complex, i.e. going from PdL1 (N^N^C^N) to PdL2 (N^N^N^C), dramatically influences the photodynamic properties of the complex in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Universiteit Leiden
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
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