1
|
Kawa S, Kaur J, Knorke H, Warneke Z, Wadsack M, Rohdenburg M, Nierstenhöfer M, Jenne C, Kenttämaa H, Warneke J. Generation and reactivity of the fragment ion [B 12I 8S(CN)] - in the gas phase and on surfaces. Analyst 2024; 149:2573-2585. [PMID: 38469706 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Gaseous fragment ions generated in mass spectrometers may be employed as "building blocks" for the synthesis of novel molecules on surfaces using ion soft-landing. A fundamental understanding of the reactivity of the fragment ions is required to control bond formation of deposited fragments in surface layers. The fragment ion [B12X11]- (X = halogen) is formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) from the precursor [B12X12]2- dianion. [B12X11]- is highly reactive and ion soft-landing experiments have shown that this ion binds to the alkyl chains of organic molecules on surfaces. In this work we investigate whether specific modifications of the precursor ion affect the chemical properties of the fragment ions to such an extent that attachment to functional groups of organic molecules on surfaces occurs and binding of alkyl chains is prevented. Therefore, a halogen substituent was replaced by a thiocyanate substituent. CID of the precursor [B12I11(SCN)]2- ion preferentially yields the fragment ion [B12I8S(CN)]-, which shows significantly altered reactivity compared to the fragment ions of [B12I12]2-. [B12I8S(CN)]- has a previously unknown structural element, wherein a sulfur atom bridges three boron atoms. Gas-phase reactions with different neutral reactants (cyclohexane, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl amine) accompanied by theoretical studies indicate that [B12I8S(CN)]- binds with higher selectivity to functional groups of organic molecules than fragment ions of [B12I12]2- (e.g., [B12I11]- and [B12I9]-). These findings were further confirmed by ion soft-landing experiments, which showed that [B12I8S(CN)]- ions attacked ester groups of adipates and phthalates, whereas [B12I11]- ions only bound to alkyl chains of the same reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Myriam Wadsack
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marc Nierstenhöfer
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hilkka Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma X, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Kawa S, Liu JKY, Aprà E, Asmis KR, Azov VA, Laskin J, Jenne C, Kenttamaa HI, Warneke J. Binding of Saturated and Unsaturated C6-Hydrocarbons to the Electrophilic Anion [B12Br11]−: A Systematic Mechanistic Study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21759-21772. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly reactive gaseous ion [B12Br11]– is a metal-free closed-shell anion which spontaneously forms covalent bonds with hydrocarbon molecules, including alkanes. Herein, we systematically investigate the reaction mechanism for binding...
Collapse
|
3
|
Ready AD, Becwar S, Jung D, Kallistova A, Schueller E, Anderson KP, Kubena R, Seshadri R, Chmelka BF, Spokoyny A. Synthesis and structural properties of a 2D Zn(II) dodecahydroxy-closo-dodecaborate coordination polymer. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11547-11557. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the synthesis and characterization of a 2D coordination polymer composed of a dianionic perhydroxylated boron cluster, [B12(OH)12]2-, coordinated to Zn(II)—the first example of a transition...
Collapse
|
4
|
Klare HFT, Oestreich M. The Power of the Proton: From Superacidic Media to Superelectrophile Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15490-15507. [PMID: 34520196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Superacidic media became famous in connection with carbocations. Yet not all reactive intermediates can be generated, characterized, and eventually isolated from these Brønsted acid/Lewis acid cocktails. The counteranion, that is the conjugate base, in these systems is often too nucleophilic and/or engages in redox chemistry with the newly formed cation. The Brønsted acidity, especially superacidity, is in fact often not even crucial unless protonation of extremely weak bases needs to be achieved. Instead, it is the chemical robustness of the aforementioned counteranion that determines the success of the protolysis. The advent of molecular Brønsted superacids derived from weakly coordinating, redox-inactive counteranions that do withstand the enormous reactivity of superelectrophiles such as silicon cations completely changed the whole field. This Perspective summarizes general aspects of medium and molecular Brønsted acidity and shows how applications of molecular Brønsted superacids have advanced from stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes involving protons and in situ generated superelectrophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Golub IE, Filippov OA, Belkova NV, Epstein LM, Shubina ES. The Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Tetrahydroborate Anion and Hexahydro- closo-hexaborate Dianion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123754. [PMID: 34202981 PMCID: PMC8235096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the consecutive halogenation of the tetrahydroborate anion [BH4]− by hydrogen halides (HX, X = F, Cl, Br) and hexahydro-closo-hexaborate dianion [B6H6]2− by HCl via electrophile-induced nucleophilic substitution (EINS) was established by ab initio DFT calculations [M06/6-311++G(d,p) and wB97XD/6-311++G(d,p)] in acetonitrile (MeCN), taking into account non-specific solvent effects (SMD model). Successive substitution of H− by X− resulted in increased electron deficiency of borohydrides and changes in the character of boron atoms from nucleophilic to highly electrophilic. This, in turn, increased the tendency of the B–H bond to transfer a proton rather than a hydride ion. Thus, the regularities established suggested that it should be possible to carry out halogenation more selectively with the targeted synthesis of halogen derivatives with a low degree of substitution, by stabilization of H2 complex, or by carrying out a nucleophilic substitution of B–H bonds activated by interaction with Lewis acids (BL3).
Collapse
|
6
|
Exner RM, Jenne C, Wegener B. Electrochemical Synthesis of Triphenylphosphine Coinage Metal Complexes stabilized by
closo
‐Dodecaborates [B
12
X
12
]
2−
(X=H, F, Cl, Br, I). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger M. Exner
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Bianca Wegener
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wulf T, Warneke J, Heine T. B 12X 11(H 2) −: exploring the limits of isotopologue selectivity of hydrogen adsorption. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28466-28475. [PMID: 35478551 PMCID: PMC9038111 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06322g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the isotopologue-selective binding of dihydrogen at the undercoordinated boron site of B12X11− (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN) using ab initio quantum chemistry. With a Gibbs free energy of H2 attachment reaching up to 80 kJ mol−1 (ΔG at 300 K for X = CN), these sites are even more attractive than most undercoordinated metal centers studied so far. We thus believe that they can serve as an edge case close to the upper limit of isotopologue-selective H2 adsorption sites. Differences of the zero-point energy of attachment average 5.0 kJ mol−1 between D2 and H2 and 2.7 kJ mol−1 between HD and H2, resulting in hypothetical isotopologue selectivities as high as 2.0 and 1.5, respectively, even at 300 K. Interestingly, even though attachment energies vary substantially according to the chemical nature of X, isotopologue selectivities remain very similar. We find that the H–H activation is so strong that it likely results in the instantaneous heterolytic dissociation of H2 in all cases (except, possibly, for X = H), highlighting the extremely electrophilic nature of B12X11− despite its negative charge. Unfortunately, this high reactivity also makes B12X11− unsuitable for practical application in the field of dihydrogen isotopologue separation. Thus, this example stresses the two-edged nature of strong H2 affinity, yielding a higher isotopologue selectivity on the one hand but risking dissociation on the other, and helps define a window of adsorption energies into which a material for selective adsorption near room temperature should ideally fall. The extreme H2 affinity of B12X11− gives a glimpse of how higher selectivities in adsorptive isotopologue separation may be achieved.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Wulf
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Asmis KR, Beele BB, Jenne C, Kawa S, Knorke H, Nierstenhöfer MC, Wang XB, Warneke J, Warneke Z, Yuan Q. Synthesis, Electronic Properties and Reactivity of [B 12 X 11 (NO 2 )] 2- (X=F-I) Dianions. Chemistry 2020; 26:14594-14601. [PMID: 33017100 PMCID: PMC7756457 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitro‐functionalized undecahalogenated closo‐dodecaborates [B12X11(NO2)]2− were synthesized in high purities and characterized by NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, single crystal X‐diffraction, mass spectrometry, and gas‐phase ion vibrational spectroscopy. The NO2 substituent leads to an enhanced electronic and electrochemical stability compared to the parent perhalogenated [B12X12]2− (X=F–I) dianions evidenced by photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and quantum‐chemical calculations. The stabilizing effect decreases from X=F to X=I. Thermogravimetric measurements of the salts indicate the loss of the nitric oxide radical (NO.). The homolytic NO. elimination from the dianion under very soft collisional excitation in gas‐phase ion experiments results in the formation of the radical [B12X11O]2−.. Theoretical investigations suggest that the loss of NO. proceeds via the rearrangement product [B12X11(ONO)]2−. The O‐bonded nitrosooxy structure is thermodynamically more stable than the N‐bonded nitro structure and its formation by radical recombination of [B12X11O]2−. and NO. is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn B Beele
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc C Nierstenhöfer
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qinqin Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Alkanes and [B12X12]2- (X = Cl, Br) are both stable compounds which are difficult to functionalize. Here we demonstrate the formation of a boron-carbon bond between these substances in a two-step process. Fragmentation of [B12X12]2- in the gas phase generates highly reactive [B12X11]- ions which spontaneously react with alkanes. The reaction mechanism was investigated using tandem mass spectrometry and gas-phase vibrational spectroscopy combined with electronic structure calculations. [B12X11]- reacts by an electrophilic substitution of a proton in an alkane resulting in a B-C bond formation. The product is a dianionic [B12X11CnH2n+1]2- species, to which H+ is electrostatically bound. High-flux ion soft landing was performed to codeposit [B12X11]- and complex organic molecules (phthalates) in thin layers on surfaces. Molecular structure analysis of the product films revealed that C-H functionalization by [B12X11]- occurred in the presence of other more reactive functional groups. This observation demonstrates the utility of highly reactive fragment ions for selective bond formation processes and may pave the way for the use of gas-phase ion chemistry for the generation of complex molecular structures in the condensed phase.
Collapse
|
10
|
Carr PJJ, Warneke J, Featherstone J, Jenne C, Loire E, Hopkins WS. The structure of proton-bound Triethylammonia (X = F, Cl) Clusters. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1595203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Estelle Loire
- CLIO/LCP Bat. 201, Porte 2, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - W. Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Su P, Smith AJ, Warneke J, Laskin J. Gas-Phase Fragmentation of Host-Guest Complexes of Cyclodextrins and Polyoxometalates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1934-1945. [PMID: 31414375 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase fragmentation pathways of host-guest complexes of cyclodextrins (CDs) and polyoxometalates (POMs) were examined using collision-induced dissociation (CID). The host-guest complexes studied here were composed of two different classes of POMs-Keggin (PW12O403-) and Lindqvist (M6O192-, M = Mo, W)-and three types of CDs (α-, β-, and γ-CD) differing in the diameter of the inner cavity. The CD-POM complexes were generated either by mixing methanol solutions of POM and CD or through a one-step acidic condensation of tetraoxometalates MO42- (M = Mo, W) with CDs for complexes with Keggin and Lindqvist anions, respectively, and introduced into the gas phase using electrospray ionization (ESI). We observe distinct differences in fragmentation pathways of the complexes of Keggin and Lindqvist POMs under high- and low-energy CID conditions. Specifically, direct dissociation and proton transfer from CD to POM accompanied by the separation of fragments is observed in CID of Keggin CD-POM complexes. In contrast, dissociation of CD complexes with Lindqvist POMs is dominated by the simultaneous loss of multiple water molecules. This unusual fragmentation channel is attributed to dissociation of the POM cluster inside the CD cavity accompanied by covalent bond formation between the fragments and CD and elimination of multiple water molecules. The observed covalent coupling of metal oxide clusters opens up opportunities for derivatization of macrocyclic host molecules using collisional excitation of gaseous non-covalent complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnestr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su P, Hu H, Warneke J, Belov ME, Anderson GA, Laskin J. Design and Performance of a Dual-Polarity Instrument for Ion Soft Landing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5904-5912. [PMID: 30999743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnestr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gordon A. Anderson
- GAA Custom Engineering, LLC, POB 335, Benton City, Washington 99320, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Warneke J, Konieczka SZ, Hou GL, Aprà E, Kerpen C, Keppner F, Schäfer TC, Deckert M, Yang Z, Bylaska EJ, Johnson GE, Laskin J, Xantheas SS, Wang XB, Finze M. Properties of perhalogenated {closo-B10} and {closo-B11} multiply charged anions and a critical comparison with {closo-B12} in the gas and the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5903-5915. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dependence of electronic properties and reactivity of closo-borates with size and halogen substituent was investigated.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jenne C, Wegener B. Silver Salts of the Weakly Coordinating Anion [Me3
NB12
Cl11
]-. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Bianca Wegener
- Anorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hepp A, Labbow R, Reiß F, Schulz A, Villinger A. Carba-closo
-dodecaborates - Synthesis, Structure, and Energetics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 28-30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - René Labbow
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oliva-Enrich JM, Humbel S, Santaballa JA, Alkorta I, Notario R, Dávalos JZ, Canle-L. M, Bernhardt E, Holub J, Hnyk D. Predicted Gas-Phase and Liquid-Phase Acidities of Carborane Carboxylic and Dicarboxylic Acids. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephane Humbel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Marseille France
| | - J. Arturo Santaballa
- Grupo de Reactividade Química e Fotorreactividade; Departamento de Química; Facultade de Ciencias and CICA; Universidade da Coruña; ES-15071 A Coruña Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC; Juan de la Cierva 3 E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Notario
- Physical Chemistry Institute “Rocasolano”, CSIC; E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Z. Dávalos
- Physical Chemistry Institute “Rocasolano”, CSIC; E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Moisés Canle-L.
- Grupo de Reactividade Química e Fotorreactividade; Departamento de Química; Facultade de Ciencias and CICA; Universidade da Coruña; ES-15071 A Coruña Spain
| | - Eduard Bernhardt
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.; 250 68 Husinec-Řež Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.; 250 68 Husinec-Řež Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Axtell JC, Saleh LMA, Qian EA, Wixtrom AI, Spokoyny AM. Synthesis and Applications of Perfunctionalized Boron Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2333-2350. [PMID: 29465227 PMCID: PMC5985200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Viewpoint describes major advances pertaining to perfunctionalized boron clusters in synthesis and their respective applications. The first portion of this work highlights key synthetic methods, allowing one to access a wide range of polyhedral boranes (B4 and B6-B12 cluster cores) that contain exhaustively functionalized vertices. The second portion of this Viewpoint showcases the historical developments in using these molecules for applications ranging from materials science to medicine. Last, we suggest potential new directions for these clusters as they apply to both synthetic methods and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Liban M. A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Elaine A. Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Alex I. Wixtrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao RF, Zhou FQ, Xu WH, Li JF, Li CC, Li JL, Yin B. Superhalogen-based composite with strong acidity-a crossing point between two topics. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi00647d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Correlation between the acidity and the vertical electron detachment energy verifies the rationality of constructing superacid from superhalogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Fang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Chao-Chao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Jian-Li Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Bing Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bukovsky EV, Pluntze AM, Strauss SH. Efficient direct fluorination of the B12H11(NH3)− anion in acetonitrile and comparison of the structures of Na(H2O)4(B12F11(NH3)), Na(H3O)(H2O)3(B12F12), and Na2(H2O)4(B12F12). J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Bolli C, Derendorf J, Jenne C, Keßler M. Halogenatedcloso-Dodecaborate Anions Stabilize Weakly Bound [(Me3NH)3X]2+(X = Cl, Br) Dications in the Solid State. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bolli
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Janis Derendorf
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Mathias Keßler
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Wiesner A, Gries TW, Steinhauer S, Beckers H, Riedel S. Superacids Based on Pentafluoroorthotellurate Derivatives of Aluminum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8263-8266. [PMID: 28558157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new Lewis acid Al(OTeF5 )3 and its acetonitrile adduct CH3 CN→Al(OTeF5 )3 were obtained by a simple one-step synthesis in batches of up to 15 g. Al(OTeF5 )3 and the adduct were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman) and quantum-chemical calculations. Furthermore, five different salts of the new weakly coordinating anion [Al(OTeF5 )4 ]- were prepared in a two-step procedure. [Ph4 P][Al(OTeF5 )4 ], Cs[Al(OTeF5 )4 ], [Ph3 C][Al(OTeF5 )4 ], as well as the protonated benzene derivatives [C9 H13 ][Al(OTeF5 )4 ] and [C6 H7 ][Al(OTeF5 )4 ] were characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. Arenium salts have rarely been characterized in the solid state and were synthesized in this work in a simplified fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas W Gries
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bukovsky EV, Peryshkov DV, Wu H, Zhou W, Tang WS, Jones WM, Stavila V, Udovic TJ, Strauss SH. Comparison of the Coordination of B12F122–, B12Cl122–, and B12H122– to Na+ in the Solid State: Crystal Structures and Thermal Behavior of Na2(B12F12), Na2(H2O)4(B12F12), Na2(B12Cl12), and Na2(H2O)6(B12Cl12). Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4369-4379. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric V. Bukovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wan Si Tang
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - W. Matthew Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Energy Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Terrence J. Udovic
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bertocco P, Derendorf J, Jenne C, Kirsch C. Improving the Solubility of Halogenated 1-Ammonio-closo-dodecaborate Anions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3459-3466. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bertocco
- Fakultät für Mathematik und
Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Janis Derendorf
- Fakultät für Mathematik und
Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und
Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christoph Kirsch
- Fakultät für Mathematik und
Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eyrilmez SM, Bernhardt E, Dávalos JZ, Lepšík M, Hobza P, Assaf KI, Nau WM, Holub J, Oliva-Enrich JM, Fanfrlík J, Hnyk D. Binary twinned-icosahedral [B21H18]− interacts with cyclodextrins as a precedent for its complexation with other organic motifs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11748-11752. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A macropolyhedral boron hydride anion with two counterions can form stable complexes with β- and γ-cyclodextrin in the gas phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saltuk M. Eyrilmez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Flemingovo nam. 2
- CZ-16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University
| | - Eduard Bernhardt
- Bergische University Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20
- D-42097 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Juan Z. Dávalos
- Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano”, CSIC
- ES-28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Flemingovo nam. 2
- CZ-16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Flemingovo nam. 2
- CZ-16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University
| | - Khaleel I. Assaf
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1
- D-28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1
- D-28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- v.v.i. CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Flemingovo nam. 2
- CZ-16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- v.v.i. CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Warneke J, Jenne C, Bernarding J, Azov VA, Plaumann M. Evidence for an intrinsic binding force between dodecaborate dianions and receptors with hydrophobic binding pockets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6300-3. [PMID: 27087168 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A gas phase binding study revealed strong intrinsic intermolecular interactions between dianionic halogenated closo-dodecaborates [B12X12](2-) and several neutral organic receptors. Oxidation of a tetrathiafulvalene host allowed switching between two host-guest binding modes in a supramolecular complex. Complexes of β-cyclodextrin with [B12F12](2-) show remarkable stability in the gas phase and were successfully tested as carriers for the delivery of boron clusters into cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warneke
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Leobener Str. NW 2, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Warneke J, Dülcks T, Kemken D, Finze M. Identification of a neutral loss from precursor ions with nearly Gaussian-shaped isotopic patterns via inverted isotopic patterns of product ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:985-991. [PMID: 26969942 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct atomic composition determination of ions with very broad Gaussian-shaped isotopic patterns is challenging because no monoisotopic peak is available for high accurate mass determination and no characteristic shapes in isotopic patterns are visible. METHODS Isolation and fragmentation of the ions corresponding to one peak (one nominal mass) in the center of the broad Gaussian-shaped isotopic pattern lead to a mass spectrum with the product ion signal showing the inverted full isotopic profile of the neutral fragment. RESULTS We have introduced a convenient method for the fast and straightforward identification of a neutral loss for molecular ions with broad isotopic patterns. The theoretical considerations underlying this method are explained and its practical limitations are considered. The benefits of this method are exemplified by guiding a reader through the analysis of a complex mixture of bridged carborate clusters, compounds with very broad isotopic patterns. CONCLUSIONS The presented method can be efficiently used for the determination of atomic compositions of compounds with broad isotopic patterns by their fragmentation using mass spectrometry. This method should significantly facilitate the mass spectrometric analysis of compounds containing several atoms with broad isotopic distributions, such as Ge, Sn, Mo, Ru and Hg, and, thus, can considerably broaden the use of mass spectrometry as an analytical method in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Warneke
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße, NW2, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - T Dülcks
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße, NW2, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - D Kemken
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße, NW2, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - M Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jenne C, Kirsch C. Alkoxy substituted halogenated closo-dodecaborates as anions for ionic liquids. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13119-24. [PMID: 26107425 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01633a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated and alkoxylated closo-dodecaborates [B12X11OR](2-) (X = Cl, Br; R = propyl, octyl, dodecyl) have been synthesized by halogenation of the known [B12H11OH](2-) anion followed by alkylation in the superbasic medium DMSO/KOH. The obtained sodium salts were transformed by simple metathesis reactions in aqueous solution to the tetrabutylammonium ([NBu4](+)) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C6mim](+)) salts. All compounds were fully characterized by heteronuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and thermal analytical measurements. Selected anions were also structurally characterized as their [Ph4P](+) salts by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The [C6mim](+) salts are thermally stable up to more than 300 °C and show clear melting points. Surprisingly, the compound [C6mim]2[B12Cl11O-propyl] having the short propyl group bound to the boron cluster shows the lowest melting point (96 °C) of all the investigated compounds. Thus this compound is a rare member of the class of ionic liquids consisting of dianions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jenne
- Fachbereich C - Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|