1
|
Szlosek R, Marquardt C, Hegen O, Balázs G, Riesinger C, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Synthesis of bismuthanyl-substituted monomeric triel hydrides. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03926b. [PMID: 39184294 PMCID: PMC11342148 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The syntheses and characterizations of the first bismuthanylborane monomers stabilized only by a donor in D·BH2Bi(SiMe3)2 (D = DMAP 1a, IDipp 1b, IMe41c; DMAP = 4-dimethylaminopyridine, IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IMe4 = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) are presented. All compounds were synthesized by salt metathesis reactions between D·BH2I and KBi(SiMe3)2(THF)0.3 and represent some of the extremely rare compounds featuring a 2c-2e B-Bi bond in a molecular compound. The products display high sensitivity towards air and light and slowly decompose in solution even at -80 °C. By the reaction of IDipp·GaH2(SO3CF3) with KBi(SiMe3)2(THF)0.3, the synthesis of the first bismuthanylgallane IDipp·GaH2Bi(SiMe3)2 (2) stabilized only by a 2-electron donor was possible, as evident from single crystal X-ray structure determination, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Computational studies shed light on the stability of the products and the electronic nature of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Oliver Hegen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg 93053 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Radović A, Cutsail GE, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. From Neutral Diarsenes to Diarsene Radical Ions and Diarsene Dications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400204. [PMID: 38391392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Diarsene [L(MeO)GaAs]2 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3, 4) reacts with MeOTf and MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5-tetra-methylimidazol-2-ylidene) to the diarsene [L(TfO)GaAs]2 (5) and the carbene-coordinated diarsene [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L] (6). The NHC-coordination results in an inversion of the redox properties of the diarsene 4, which shows only a reversible reduction event at E1/2=-2.06 V vs Fc0/+1, whereas the carbene-coordinated diarsene 6 shows a reversible oxidation event at E1/2=-1.31 V vs Fc0/+1. Single electron transfer reactions of 4 and 6 yielded [K[2.2.2.]cryp][L(MeO)GaAs]2 (8) and [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)-Ga(OMe)L][B(C6F5)4] (9) containing the radical anion [L(MeO)GaAs]2⋅- (8⋅-) and the NHC-coordinated radical cation [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L]⋅+ (9⋅+), respectively, while the salt-elimination reaction of the triflate-coordinated diarsene 5 with Na[B(C6F5)4] gave [LGaAs]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (11) containing the dication [LGaAs]2 2+ (112+). Compounds 1-11 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, EPR (8, 9), IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD). DFT calculations provided a detailed understanding of the electronic nature of the diarsenes (4, 6) and the radical ions (8⋅-, 9⋅+), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Micha Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma MK, Weinert HM, Li B, Wölper C, Henthorn JT, Cutsail GE, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Syntheses and Structures of 5-Membered Heterocycles Featuring 1,2-Diphospha-1,3-Butadiene and Its Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309466. [PMID: 37582227 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
LGa(P2 OC)cAAC 2 features a 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene unit with a delocalized π-type HOMO and a π*-type LUMO according to DFT calculations. [LGa(P2 OC)cAAC][K(DB-18-c-6)] 3[K(DB-18-c-6] containing the 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene radical anion 3⋅- was isolated from the reaction of 2 with KC8 and dibenzo-18-crown-6. 3 reacted with [Fc][B(C6 F5 )4 ] (Fc=ferrocenium) to 2 and with TEMPO to [L-H Ga(P2 OC)cAAC][K(DB-18-c-6)] 4[K(DB-18-c-6] containing the 1,2-diphospha-1,3-butadiene anion 4- . The solid state structures of 2, 3K(DB-18-c-6], and 4[K(DB-18-c-6] were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin T Henthorn
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schäfer S, Kaufmann S, Rösch ES, Roesky PW. Divalent metallocenes of the lanthanides - a guideline to properties and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183859 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery in the early 1980s, the soluble divalent metallocenes of lanthanides have become a steadily growing field in organometallic chemistry. The predominant part of the investigation has been performed with samarium, europium, and ytterbium, whereas only a few reports dealing with other rare earth elements were disclosed. Reactions of these metallocenes can be divided into two major categories: (1) formation of Lewis acid-base complexes, in which the oxidation state remains +II; and (2) single electron transfer (SET) reductions with the ultimate formation of Ln(III) complexes. Due to the increasing reducing character from Eu(II) over Yb(II) to Sm(II), the plethora of literature concerning redox reactions revolves around the metallocenes of Sm and Yb. In addition, a few reactivity studies on Nd(II), Dy(II) and mainly Tm(II) metallocenes were published. These compounds are even stronger reducing agents but significantly more difficult to handle. In most cases, the metals are ligated by the versatile pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand: (C5Me5). Other cyclopentadienyl ligands are fully covered but only discussed in detail, if the ligand causes differences in synthesis or reactivity. Thus, the focus lays on three compounds: [(C5Me5)2Sm], [(C5Me5)2Eu] and [(C5Me5)2Yb] and their solvates. We discuss the synthesis and physical properties of divalent lanthanide metallocenes first, followed by an overview of the reactivity rendering the full potential of these versatile reactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kaufmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Esther S Rösch
- Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University Karlsruhe, Erzbergerstr. 121, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun X, Hinz A, Schulz S, Zimmermann L, Scheer M, Roesky PW. Snapshots of sequential polyphosphide rearrangement upon metallatetrylene addition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4769-4776. [PMID: 37181779 PMCID: PMC10171192 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertion and functionalization of gallasilylenes [LPhSi-Ga(Cl)LBDI] (LPh = PhC(NtBu)2; LBDI = [{2,6-iPr2C6H3NCMe}2CH]) into the cyclo-E5 rings of [Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; E = P, As) are reported. Reactions of [Cp*Fe(η5-E5)] with gallasilylene result in E-E/Si-Ga bond cleavage and the insertion of the silylene in the cyclo-E5 rings. [(LPhSi-Ga(Cl)LBDI){(η4-P5)FeCp*}], in which the Si atom binds to the bent cyclo-P5 ring, was identified as a reaction intermediate. The ring-expansion products are stable at room temperature, while isomerization occurred at higher temperature, and the silylene moiety further migrates to the Fe atom, forming the corresponding ring-construction isomers. Furthermore, reaction of [Cp*Fe(η5-As5)] with the heavier gallagermylene [LPhGe-Ga(Cl)LBDI] was also investigated. All the isolated complexes represent rare examples of mixed group 13/14 iron polypnictogenides, which could only be synthesized by taking advantage of the cooperativity of the gallatetrylenes featuring low-valent Si(ii) or Ge(ii) and Lewis acidic Ga(iii) units/entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 Essen 45117 Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 Regensburg 93040 Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 Regensburg 93040 Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma MK, Chabbra S, Wölper C, Weinert HM, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Schulz S. Modulating the frontier orbitals of L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP] 2 (X = Cl, Br) and their facile oxidation to radical cations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12643-12650. [PMID: 36519043 PMCID: PMC9645402 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the electronic structures of main group element compounds is crucial to control their chemical reactivity. Herein we report on the synthesis, frontier orbital modulation, and one-electron oxidation of two L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP]2 (X = Cl 2a, Br 2b; L = HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3). Photolysis of L(Cl)GaPCO 1 gave [L(Cl)GaP]22a, which reacted with Me3SiBr with halide exchange to [L(Br)GaP]22b. Reactions with MeNHC (MeNHC = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) gave the corresponding carbene-coordinated complexes L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L (X = Cl 3a, Br 3b). DFT calculations revealed that the carbene coordination modulates the frontier orbitals (i.e. HOMO/LUMO) of diphosphenes 2a and 2b, thereby affecting the reactivity of 3a and 3b. In marked contrast to diphosphenes 2a and 2b, the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the carbene-coordinated complexes each show one reversible redox event at E 1/2 = -0.65 V (3a) and -0.36 V (3b), indicating their one-electron oxidation to the corresponding radical cations as was confirmed by reactions of 3a and 3b with the [FeCp2][B(C6F5)4], yielding the radical cations [L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 4a, Br 4b). The unpaired spin in 4a (79%) and 4b (80%) is mainly located at the carbene-uncoordinated phosphorus atoms as was revealed by DFT calculations and furthermore experimentally proven in reactions with n Bu3SnH, yielding the diphosphane cations [L(X)GaPHP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 5a, Br 5b). Compounds 2-5 were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD), and compounds 4a and 4b were further studied by EPR spectroscopy, while their bonding nature was investigated by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwamm RJ, Kilpatrick AFR, Coles MP. Catenated (Bi)
n
(
n
=2, 3, 4) Complexes with Formally Monovalent Bismuth Centres. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington PO Box 6012 New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington PO Box 6012 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Sharma MK, Dhawan P, Helling C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Bis-Phosphaketenes LM(PCO) 2 (M=Ga, In): A New Class of Reactive Group 13 Metal-Phosphorus Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200444. [PMID: 35226777 PMCID: PMC9314960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphaketenes are versatile reagents in organophosphorus chemistry. We herein report on the synthesis of novel bis-phosphaketenes, LM(PCO)2 (M=Ga 2 a, In 2 b; L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2 ; Ar=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ) by salt metathesis reactions and their reactions with LGa to metallaphosphenes LGa(OCP)PML (M=Ga 3 a, In 3 b). 3 b represents the first compound with significant In-P π-bonding contribution as was confirmed by DFT calculations. Compounds 3 a and 3 b selectively activate the N-H and O-H bonds of aniline and phenol at the Ga-P bond and both reactions proceed with a rearrangement of the phosphaethynolate group from Ga-OCP to M-PCO bonding. Compounds 2-5 are fully characterized by heteronuclear (1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 31 P{1 H}) NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Pratima Dhawan
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745141EssenGermany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenCarl-Benz-Straße 19947057DuisburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis of distibiranes and azadistibiranes by cycloaddition reactions of distibenes with diazomethanes and azides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3775-3786. [PMID: 35432897 PMCID: PMC8966720 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycloaddition reactions of distibene [L(Me2N)GaSb]2 (L = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)[double bond, length as m-dash] with a series of organoazides RN3 (R = Ph, p-CF3Ph, 1-adamantyl (ada)) yielded azadistibiranes [L(Me2N)GaSb]2NR (R = Ph 1, p-CF3Ph 2, ada 3), whereas Me3SiN3 reacted with insertion into one Ga-Sb bond and formation of L(Me2N)GaSbSb(NSiMe3)Ga(NMe2)L (4). Analogous compounds 5 and 6 formed after heating of 1 and 2 above 60 °C. Prolonged heating of 5 resulted in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition accompanied by elimination of LGa(NMe2)2 and formation of tetrastibacyclobutane 7, while the reaction of 5 with a second equivalent of PhN3 gave heteroleptic azadistibirane 9, which isomerized at elevated temperature to distibene 10. Cycloaddition also occurred in reactions of [L(X)GaSb]2 (X = NMe2, OEt, Cl) with Me3Si(H)CN2, yielding distibiranes [L(X)GaSb]2C(H)SiMe3 (X = NMe211, OEt 12, Cl 13). Compounds 1-13 were characterized by IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy and sc-XRD. The mechanism of the reaction of [L(Me2N)GaSb]2 with PhN3 and Me3SiN3 and the electronic nature of the resulting compounds were studied by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns M Weinert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Helling C, Ganesamoorthy C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Geminal C-Cl and Si-Cl bond activation of chloromethanes and chlorosilanes by gallanediyl LGa. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2050-2058. [PMID: 35040458 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of relatively inert E-X σ-bonds by low-valent main group metal complexes is receiving increasing interest. We here confirm the promising potential of gallanediyl LGa (L = HC[C(Me)N(Dip)]2, Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) to activate E-Cl (E = C, Si) σ-bonds of group 14 element compounds. Equimolar reactions of LGa with chloromethanes and chlorosilanes EHxCl4-x (E = C, x = 0-2; E = Si, x = 0, 1) occurred with E-Cl bond insertion and formation of gallylmethanes and -silanes L(Cl)GaEHxCl3-x (E = C, x = 2 (1), 1 (2), 0 (3); E = Si, x = 1 (4)). In contrast, consecutive insertion into a geminal E-Cl bond was observed with two equivalents of LGa, yielding digallyl complexes [L(Cl)Ga]2EHxCl2-x (E = C, x = 2 (5); E = Si, x = 1 (6), 0 (7)). Compounds 1-7 were characterized by heteronuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 29Si (4, 6)), IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and their solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Chelladurai Ganesamoorthy
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany. .,Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schneider S, von Hänisch C. Trapping reactions with highly unstable hydrides of antimony and bismuth. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1522-1525. [PMID: 35014997 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(Dipp2NacNac)Ga (Dipp2NacNac = HC{C(Me)N(Dipp)}2; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) was used as a trapping reagent for the unstable compounds tBuSbH2 and MeBiH2 to yield (Dipp2NacNac)GaH(SbHtBu) (1) and {(Dipp2NacNac)GaH(BiMe)}2 (2). Moreover, its reactions with a row of alkylated or arylated dichloro-bismuthenes resulted in either bridged species or the formation of a dibismuthane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Schneider
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharma MK, Wölper C, Schulz S. Selective 1,2 addition of polar X-H bonds to the Ga-P double bond of gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1612-1616. [PMID: 34994365 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L = HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3)]2) reacts at ambient temperature with a series of polar X-H bonds, i.e. ammonia, primary amines, water, phenol, thiophenol, and selenophenol, selectively with 1,2 addition at the polar Ga-P double bond. The gallium atom serves as electrophile and the phosphorous atom is protonated in all reactions. The resulting complexes L(Cl)GaP(H)Ga(X)L (X = NH22, NHi-Pr 3, NHPh 4, OH 5, OXyl 6, SPh 7, SePh 8) were characterized by IR and heteronuclear (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H}) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Switching from Heteronuclear Allyl Cations to Vinyl Cations by Using a Chemical Charge Trap. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:597-604. [PMID: 34941246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halide abstraction of the carbene-coordinated pnictinidenes (MecAAC)EGa(Cl)L (E = As 1, Sb 2, Bi 3, MecAAC = [H2C(CMe2)2NDipp]C; L = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) yielded the series of cationic group 15 compounds [(MecAAC)EGaL][Al(ORF)4] (E = As 4, Sb 5; Al(ORF)4 = Al(OC(CF3)3)4) and [(MecAAC)EGaL][B(ArF)4] (E = Sb 6, Bi 7; B(ArF)4 = B[C6H3(CF3)2]4), which were characterized by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and sc-XRD. The electronic nature of the cations [(MecAAC)EGaL]+ is controlled by the central pnictogen atom, according to quantum chemical calculations. The calculations furthermore demonstrated that compounds containing the lighter pnictogens (E = N, P) are best described as heteronuclear allyl cations, whereas heavier pnictogen atoms (E = As, Sb, Bi) serve as a trap for the positive charge, resulting in carbene-stabilized heterovinyl-type structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Auer AA, Schulz S. Formation and Cleavage of a Sb−Sb Double Bond: From Carbene‐Coordinated Distibenes to Stibinidenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoobler PR, Villegas-Escobar N, Turney JM, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Substituent Effects on Aluminyl Anions and Derived Systems: A High-Level Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10379-10391. [PMID: 34812036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent aluminum species bearing a lone pair of electrons and a negative charge. These systems have drawn recent synthetic interest for their nucleophilic nature, allowing for the activation of σ-bonds, and have been proposed as a pathway to hydrogen energy storage. In this research, we provide high-level ab initio geometries and energies for both the simplest aluminyl anion (AlH2-) and several substituted derivatives. Geometries are reported using the gold-standard CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory. Energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit through the focal point approach, utilizing coupled-cluster methods through perturbative quadruples and basis sets up to five-ζ quality. Geometries were rationalized using electrostatic, steric, and orbital donation effects. The donation from substituents to Al is accompanied by back-donation effects, a property traditionally thought of in transition-metal systems. Stereoelectronic effects through the secondary orbital interaction play a fundamental role in stabilizing these low-valent aluminum compounds and would likely also affect the feasibility of their use within several industrial applications. The energetic analysis of the formation of each substituted anion is rationalized as the result of three energetic schemes. The effectiveness of these schemes for determining the relative formation energies is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preston R Hoobler
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Georgia 30750, United States
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago 4860, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nishino R, Minoura M. Synthesis of Dialkyl-Diphosphenes and -Distibenes that Bear Extended Triptycyl Groups. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schneider S, Hänisch C. Oxidative Addition Reactions of Low‐Valent Gallium Compounds with Primary Phosphanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Schneider
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Carsten Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Haak J, Cutsail GE, Schulz S. Synthesis, structure and bonding nature of heavy dipnictene radical anions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14024-14032. [PMID: 34760185 PMCID: PMC8565390 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies of two L(X)Ga-substituted dipnictenes [L(R2N)GaE]2 (E = Sb, R = Me 1; E = Bi; R = Et 2; L = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) showed reversible reduction events. Single electron reduction of 1 and 2 with KC8 in DME in the presence of benzo-18-crown-6 (B-18-C-6) gave the corresponding dipnictenyl radical anions (DME)[K(B-18-C-6)][L(R2N)GaE]2 (E = Sb, R = Me 3; E = Bi, R = Et 4). Radical anions 3 and 4 were characterized by EPR, UV-vis and single crystal X-ray diffraction, while quantum chemical calculations gave deeper insight into the nature of the chemical bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns M Weinert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Julia Haak
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC) Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC) Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Schulz S. Redox Potentials of Group 13 Metal-Substituted Dipnictenes: A Comparative Cyclic Voltammetry Study. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Villegas-Escobar N, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. Contrasting the Mechanism of H 2 Activation by Monomeric and Potassium-Stabilized Dimeric Al I Complexes: Do Potassium Atoms Exert any Cooperative Effect? Chemistry 2021; 27:17369-17378. [PMID: 34613646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aluminyl anions are low-valent, anionic, and carbenoid aluminum species commonly found stabilized with potassium cations from the reaction of Al-halogen precursors and alkali compounds. These systems are very reactive toward the activation of σ-bonds and in reactions with electrophiles. Various research groups have detected that the potassium atoms play a stabilization role via electrostatic and cation ⋯ π interactions with nearby (aromatic)-carbocyclic rings from both the ligand and from the reaction with unsaturated substrates. Since stabilizing K⋯H bonds are witnessed in the activation of this class of molecules, we aim to unveil the role of these metals in the activation of the smaller and less polarizable H2 molecule, together with a comprehensive characterization of the reaction mechanism. In this work, the activation of H2 utilizing a NON-xanthene-Al dimer, [K{Al(NON)}]2 (D) and monomeric, [Al(NON)]- (M) complexes are studied using density functional theory and high-level coupled-cluster theory to reveal the potential role of K+ atoms during the activation of this gas. Furthermore, we aim to reveal whether D is more reactive than M (or vice versa), or if complicity between the two monomer units exits within the D complex toward the activation of H2 . The results suggest that activation energies using the dimeric and monomeric complexes were found to be very close (around 33 kcal mol-1 ). However, a partition of activation energies unveiled that the nature of the energy barriers for the monomeric and dimeric complexes are inherently different. The former is dominated by a more substantial distortion of the reactants (and increased interaction energies between them). Interestingly, during the oxidative addition, the distortion of the Al complex is minimal, while H2 distorts the most, usually over 0.77 Δ E d i s t ≠ . Overall, it is found here that electrostatic and induction energies between the complexes and H2 are the main stabilizing components up to the respective transition states. The results suggest that the K+ atoms act as stabilizers of the dimeric structure, and their cooperative role on the reaction mechanism may be negligible, acting as mere spectators in the activation of H2 . Cooperation between the two monomers in D is lacking, and therefore the subsequent activation of H2 is wholly disengaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago, 8370854, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M−Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Anne‐Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Reversible and Irreversible [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Heteroallenes to a Gallaphosphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21784-21788. [PMID: 34324782 PMCID: PMC8519123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[2+2] Cycloaddition reactions of gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ) with carbodiimides [C(NR)2 ; R=i-Pr, Cy] and isocyanates [RNCO; R=Et, i-Pr, Cy] yielded four-membered metallaheterocycles LGa(Cl)P[μ-C(X)NR]GaL (X=NR, R=i-Pr 2, Cy 3; X=O, R=Et 4, i-Pr 5, Cy 6). Compounds 4-6 reversibly react with CO2 via [2+2] cycloaddition at ambient temperature to the six-membered metallaheterocycles LGa(Cl)P[μ-C(O)O]-μ-C(O)N(R)GaL (R=Et 7, i-Pr 8, Cy 9). Compounds 2-9 were characterized by IR and heteronuclear (1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 31 P{1 H}) NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, while quantum chemical calculations provided a deeper understanding on the energetics of the reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Reversible und irreversible [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen von Heteroallenen an ein Gallaphosphen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M-Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22301-22306. [PMID: 34396660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to lithium, magnesium, and zinc aluminyl complexes are reported, allowing for the first structural characterization of an unsupported lithium-aluminium bond. Crystallographic and quantum-chemical studies are consistent with the presence of a highly polar Li-Al interaction, characterized by a low bond order and relatively little charge transfer from Al to Li. Comparison with magnesium and zinc aluminyl systems reveals changes to both the M-Al bond and the (NON)Al fragment (where NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), consistent with a more covalent character, with the latter complex being shown to react with CO2 via a pathway that implies that the zinc centre acts as the nucleophilic partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schneider S, Ivlev S, von Hänisch C. Stibine as a reagent in molecular chemistry - targeted synthesis of primary and secondary stibanyl-gallanes and their lighter homologues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3781-3784. [PMID: 33735342 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of SbH3 with one or two equivalents of (Dipp2NacNac)Ga (Dipp2NacNac = HC{C(Me)N(Dipp)}2; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) yield the primary and secondary stibanes (Dipp2NacNac)GaH(SbH2) (3) and {(Dipp2NacNac)GaH}2(SbH) (5). Their lighter homologs were obtained from the analogous reactions with phosphine and arsine. All compounds were characterized using heteronuclear NMR-spectroscopy, IR-spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Schneider
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Vielseitiges Gallaphosphen: Von einem Ga‐P‐Ga‐Heteroallylkation über CO
2
‐Speicherung hin zu C(sp
3
)‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multi-Talented Gallaphosphene for Ga-P-Ga Heteroallyl Cation Generation, CO 2 Storage, and C(sp 3 )-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6784-6790. [PMID: 33368922 PMCID: PMC7986129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL (2; L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ), which is synthesized by reaction of LGa(Cl)PCO (1) with LGa, reacts with [Na(OCP)(dioxane)2.5 ] to LGa(OCP)PGaL (3), whereas chloride abstraction with LiBArF 4 yields [LGaPGaL][BArF 4 ] (4; BArF 4 =B(C6 F5 )4 ). 4 represents a heteronuclear analog of the allyl cation according to quantum chemical calculations. Remarkably, 2 reversibly reacts with CO2 to yield L(Cl)Ga-P[μ-C(O)O]2 GaL (5), while reactions with acetophenone and acetone selectively give compounds 6 and 7 by C(sp3 )-H bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6682-6690. [PMID: 33290596 PMCID: PMC7986408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the first examples of carbodicarbene (CDC)-stabilized bismuth complexes, which feature low-coordinate cationic bismuth centers with C=Bi multiple-bond character. Monocations [(CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl][SbF6 ] (8) and [(CDC)BiBr2 (THF)2 ][SbF6 ] (11), dications [(CDC)Bi(Ph)][SbF6 ]2 (9) and [(CDC)BiBr(THF)3 ][NTf2 ]2 (12), and trication [(CDC)2 Bi][NTf2 ]3 (13) have been synthesized via sequential halide abstractions from (CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl2 (7) and (CDC)BiBr3 (10). Notably, the dications and trication exhibit C ⇉ Bi double dative bonds and thus represent unprecedented bismaalkene cations. The synthesis of these species highlights a unique non-reductive route to C-Bi π-bonding character. The CDC-[Bi] complexes (7-13) were compared with related NHC-[Bi] complexes (1, 3-6) and show substantially different structural properties. Indeed, the CDC ligand has a remarkable influence on the overall stability of the resulting low-coordinate Bi complexes, suggesting that CDC is a superior ligand to NHC in heavy pnictogen chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reinfandt N, Schoo C, Dütsch L, Köppe R, Konchenko SN, Scheer M, Roesky PW. Synthesis of Unprecedented 4d/4f-Polypnictogens. Chemistry 2021; 27:3974-3978. [PMID: 33010187 PMCID: PMC7986065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4d/4f-polyarsenides, -polyarsines and -polystibines was obtained by reduction of the Mo-pnictide precursor complexes [{Cpt Mo(CO)2 }2 (μ,η2:2 -E2 )] (E=As, Sb; Cpt =tBu substituted cyclopentadienyl) with two different divalent samarocenes [Cp*2 Sm] and [(CpMe4nPr )2 Sm]. For the reductive conversion of the Mo-stibide only one product was isolated, featuring a planar tetrastibacyclobutadiene moiety as an unprecedented ligand for organometallic compounds. For the corresponding Mo-arsenide a tetraarsacyclobutadiene and a second species with a side-on coordinated As2 2- anion was isolated. The latter can be considered as reaction intermediate for the formation of the tetraarsacyclobutadiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reinfandt
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Luis Dütsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sergey N. Konchenko
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RASProsp. Lavrentieva 3630090NovosibirskRussia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieKarlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.4576131KarlsruheGermany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. Von π‐gebundenen Gallapnictenen zu nukleophilen, redoxaktiven metallkoordinierten Pnictid‐Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. From π-Bonded Gallapnictenes to Nucleophilic, Redox-Active Metal-Coordinated Pnictanides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3572-3575. [PMID: 33200865 PMCID: PMC7898314 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive reactivity study of gallapnictenes LGaEGa(Cl)L (E=As, Sb; L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2 , Ar=Dip=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ) proved the nucleophilic character of the pnictogen and the electrophilic nature of the Ga atom. Reactions of LGaEGa(Cl)L with imidazolium chloride [IPrH][Cl] yielded {[LGa(Cl)]2 E- }{IPrH+ } (E=As 1, Sb 2), and those with HCl and MeI gave pnictanes [LGa(Cl)]2 EH (E=As 5, Sb 6) and L(I)GaE(Me)Ga(Cl)L (E=As 7, Sb 8). Pnictanides 1 and 2 also react with [H(OEt2 )2 ][BArF 4 ] (BArF 4 =B(C6 F5 )4 ) to 5 and 6, while reactions with MeI yielded [LGa(Cl)]2 EMe (E=As 9, Sb 10). Single electron oxidation reactions of pnictanides 1 and 2 gave the corresponding radicals [LGa(Cl)]2 E. (E=As, Sb).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745117EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li B, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Synthesis and Reactivity of Heteroleptic Ga-P-C Allyl Cation Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1986-1991. [PMID: 33034935 PMCID: PMC7894565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene-coordinated phosphinidenes (Me cAAC)PX to LGa affords gallium-coordinated phosphinidenes LGa(X)-P(Me cAAC) (L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ; X=Cl 1, Br 2), which react with NaBArF 4 and LiAl(ORF )4 to [LGaP(Me cAAC)][An] (An=B(C6 H3 (CF3 )2 )4 3, B(C6 F5 )4 4, Al(OC(CF3 )3 )4 5). The cations in 3-5 show substantial Ga-P double bond character and represent heteronuclear analogues of allyl cations according to quantum chemical calculations. The reaction of 4 with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap) to adduct 6 confirms the strong electrophilic nature of the gallium center, whereas 5 reacts with ethyl isocyanate with C-C bond formation to the γ-C atom of the β-diketiminate ligand and formation of compound 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li B, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Synthesis and Reactivity of Heteroleptic Ga‐P‐C Allyl Cation Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 5–7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ho LP, Tamm M. Stabilization of a bismuth–bismuth double bond by anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1202-1205. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes have been employed for the isolation of the first dicarbene–dibismuth complex; the resulting dibismuthene features a trans-bent geometry with a Bi–Bi double bond and short intramolecular Bi–Cipso contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luong Phong Ho
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Helling C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Size Matters: Synthesis of Group 13 Metal‐Substituted Dipnictanes by E‐C Bond Homolysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 5‐7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Helling C, Wölper C, Cutsail GE, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. A Mechanistic Study on Reactions of Group 13 Diyls LM with Cp*SbX 2 : From Stibanyl Radicals to Antimony Hydrides. Chemistry 2020; 26:13390-13399. [PMID: 32428370 PMCID: PMC7693246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of Cp*SbX2 (X=Cl, Br, I; Cp*=C5 Me5 ) to group 13 diyls LM (M=Al, Ga, In; L=HC[C(Me)N (Dip)]2 , Dip=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) yields elemental antimony (M=Al) or the corresponding stibanylgallanes [L(X)Ga]Sb(X)Cp* (X=Br 1, I 2) and -indanes [L(X)In]Sb(X)Cp* (X=Cl 5, Br 6, I 7). 1 and 2 react with a second equivalent of LGa to eliminate decamethyl-1,1'-dihydrofulvalene (Cp*2 ) and form stibanyl radicals [L(X)Ga]2 Sb. (X=Br 3, I 4), whereas analogous reactions of 5 and 6 with LIn selectively yield stibanes [L(X)In]2 SbH (X=Cl 8, Br 9) by elimination of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene. The reactions are proposed to proceed via formation of [L(X)M]2 SbCp* as reaction intermediate, which is supported by the isolation of [L(Cl)Ga]2 SbCp (11, Cp=C5 H5 ). The reaction mechanism was further studied by computational calculations using two different models. The energy values for the Ga- and the In-substituted model systems showing methyl groups instead of the very bulky Dip units are very similar, and in both cases the same products are expected. Homolytic Sb-C bond cleavage yields van der Waals complexes from the as-formed radicals ([L(Cl)M]2 Sb. and Cp*. ), which can be stabilized by hydrogen atom abstraction to give the corresponding hydrides, whereas the direct formation of Sb hydrides starting from [L(Cl)M]2 SbCp* via concerted β-H elimination is unlikely. The consideration of the bulky Dip units reveals that the amount of the steric overload in the intermediate I determines the product formation (radical vs. hydride).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC)Stiftstrasse 34–36/45470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstraße 5–745117EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Helling C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis of heteroleptic gallium-substituted antimony hydrides by stepwise β-H elimination. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11835-11842. [PMID: 32662807 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01937b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic stibanes Cp*(R)SbCl (R = Dip 1, N(SiMe3)22, OB(NDipCH)23; Cp* = C5Me5; Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3) react with monovalent gallanediyl LGa (L = HC[C(Me)N(Dip)]2) with elimination of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylfulvene, yielding heteroleptic metal-stabilized Sb hydrides [L(Cl)Ga](R)SbH (R = Dip 4, N(SiMe3)25, OB(NDipCH)26). Compounds 1-6 were characterized by heteronuclear NMR (1H, 11B, 13C) and IR spectroscopy, and the solid-state structures of 4-6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A close correlation between the 1H NMR chemical shift of the hydride ligand and the electronegativity of the Sb-coordinating atoms was revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Hicks J, Vasko P, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. The Aluminyl Anion: A New Generation of Aluminium Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1702-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Sullivans Creek Road Acton 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. Stepwise Bi–Bi Bond Formation: From a Bi-centered Radical to Bi4 Butterfly and Bi8 Cuneane-Type Clusters. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11142-11151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), Universitätsstr. 5-7, S07 S03 C30, Essen D-45117, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Villegas-Escobar N, Schaefer HF, Toro-Labbé A. Formation of Formic Acid Derivatives through Activation and Hydroboration of CO 2 by Low-Valent Group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Catalysts. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1121-1133. [PMID: 31948229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of low-valent main group elements has attracted much attention in the past decade. These species are relevant because they have been able to mimic transition metal behavior in catalytic applications, with decreased material costs and diminished toxicity. In this contribution, we study the L1EH catalysts (E = Si(II), Ge(II), Sn(II), and Pb(II); L1 = [ArNC(Me)CHC(Me)NAr] with Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) for the formation of formic acid derivatives through hydroboration of CO2. Detailed characterization of relevant structures on the potential energy surface enabled us to rationalize different paths for the hydroboration of CO2. Interestingly, it was found that according to the activation energies for the whole catalytic cycle, the process of transformation of CO2 becomes more favored going down group 14. However, an effective energetic decrease for the process (taking as the reference the uncatalyzed reaction between CO2 and HBpin) is evidenced just from the germanium analogue. The trend in reactivity found in the present study is a direct consequence of the change in the central main group element, enabling enhanced polar character of the E-H (L1EH in the CO2 activation step) and E-O (metal formates in the hydroboration step) bonds as the atomic radius increases. The transient stabilization of reaction intermediates found in the hydroboration step was rationalized through the non-covalent interaction index (NCI) and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). This computational study highlights the reactivity trends in group-14-based hydride catalysts in hydrometalation and posterior hydroboration to form formic acid intermediates. We hope that this study will motivate further experimental work in low-valent lead chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States.,Laboratorio de Quı́mica Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Quı́mica , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 9820436 Santiago , Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Quı́mica Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Quı́mica , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 9820436 Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
van IJzendoorn B, Mehta M. Frontiers in the solution-phase chemistry of homoatomic group 15 Zintl clusters. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14758-14765. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the solution-phase chemistry of polypnictogen Zintl cluster are discussed, including the preparation of new clusters, wet synthetic methods, and their subsequent small molecule activations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhong M, Sinhababu S, Roesky HW. The unique β-diketiminate ligand in aluminum(i) and gallium(i) chemistry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1351-1364. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present an overview of the last 10 years for aluminum(i) and gallium(i) stabilized by β-diketiminate ligands that undergo a series of oxidative addition reactions with molecules containing single and multiple bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingdong Zhong
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schoening J, John L, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis and structures of gallaarsenes LGaAsGa(X)L featuring a Ga-As double bond. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17729-17734. [PMID: 31754681 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03998h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three equivalents of LGa {L = HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)]2} react with AsX3 (X = Cl, Br) by insertion into two As-X bonds, followed by the elimination of LGaX2 and formation of LGaAsGa(Cl)L (1) and LGaAsGa(Br)L (2). According to single crystal X-ray analysis, 1 and 2 each exhibit one Ga-As single bond and one Ga-As double bond. The π-bonding contribution (9.71 kcal mol-11 and 9.44 kcal mol-12) was proved by variable temperature (VT) 1H NMR spectroscopy, while the electronic structure of 1' was studied by quantum chemical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schoening
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lukas John
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstr. 7, S07 S03 C30, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kořenková M, Hejda M, Erben M, Jirásko R, Jambor R, Růžička A, Rychagova E, Ketkov S, Dostál L. Reversible C=C Bond Activation by an Intramolecularly Coordinated Antimony(I) Compound. Chemistry 2019; 25:12884-12888. [PMID: 31353625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kořenková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hejda
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Elena Rychagova
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHTUniversity of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abbenseth J, Diefenbach M, Hinz A, Alig L, Würtele C, Goicoechea JM, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Rhenium Pnictide Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10966-10970. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Alig
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abbenseth J, Diefenbach M, Hinz A, Alig L, Würtele C, Goicoechea JM, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Rhenium Pnictide Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Alig
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Georg-August-UniversitätInstitut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Helling C, Wölper C, Schulte Y, Cutsail GE, Schulz S. Synthesis of a Ga-Stabilized As-Centered Radical and a Gallastibene by Tailoring Group 15 Element–Carbon Bond Strengths. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10323-10332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Yannick Schulte
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|