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Luff MS, Bertermann R, Finze M, Radius U. The tetracyanoborate anion as a building block for the heterocubane cluster cage [Cr 4{B(CN) 4} 4] 4. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8621-8624. [PMID: 39046269 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The tetracyanoborate anion [B(CN)4]- (TCB) was utilized as a building block for the synthesis of polynuclear chromium carbonyl compounds upon photolytic reaction with [Cr(CO)6]. Up to four κN-coordinated cyano groups of TCB can be involved in binding to chromium, giving mixtures of [B(CN)4-x{CN-Cr(CO)5}x]- (x = 1-4; 1-4) and [{Cr(CO)4(B(CN)4)}2]2- (5). The reaction of [B(CN)4]- with fac-[Cr(CO)3(MeCN)3] led to isolation of salts of the tetraanionic heterocubane cage [{Cr(CO)3(B(CN)4)}4]4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Luff
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Jahanbakhshi A, Farahi M. A novel magnetic FSM-16 supported ionic liquid/Pd complex as a high performance and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of pyrano[3,2- c]chromenes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16401-16410. [PMID: 38779385 PMCID: PMC11110022 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, Fe3O4@FSM-16/IL-Pd was successfully designed and synthesized via a new procedure of palladium(ii) complex immobilization onto magnetic FSM-16 using an ionic liquid, as a novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst. Multiple techniques were employed to characterize this magnetic nanocatalyst such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). After complete characterization of the catalyst, its catalytic activity was used for the synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitriles via the reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, aldehyde, and malononitrile under solvent-free conditions. Also, it can be recovered and reused several times without a significant decrease in its catalytic activity or palladium leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Jahanbakhshi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University Yasouj Iran 75918-74831 +98 7412242167e
| | - Mahnaz Farahi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University Yasouj Iran 75918-74831 +98 7412242167e
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3
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Luff MS, Walther L, Finze M, Radius U. NHC-ligated nickel(II) cyanoborate complexes and salts. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5391-5400. [PMID: 38415451 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive study on the synthesis and characterization of NHC-ligated nickel(II) cyanoborates (CBs) is presented (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene). Nickel(II) cyanoborates Ni[BH2(CN)2]2·H2O (Ib·H2O), Ni[BH(CN)3]2·0.5H2O (Ic·0.5H2O), Ni[B(CN)4]2·H2O (Id·H2O) were reacted with selected NHCs of different steric size. The reaction of the nickel cyanoborates with small to medium-sized NHCs Me2ImMe and iPr2Im (R2Im = 1,3-di-organyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene; R2ImMe = 1,3-di-organyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) afforded cyanoborate salts containing the rare homoleptic fourfold NHC-ligated nickel(II) cations [Ni(NHC)4]2+ (NHC = Me2ImMe (1c-d), iPr2Im (2c-d)) and cyanoborate counter-anions. Bulkier NHCs such as Mes2Im and Dipp2Im afforded complexes trans-[Ni(NHC)2(CB)2] (trans-4b, trans-5c). For the combination of the cyanoborate anion [BH2(CN)2]- and iPr2ImMe the salt of the tris-NHC complex [Ni(iPr2ImMe)3(NC-BH2CN)][BH2(CN)2] (3b) was isolated. Salt metathesis of NHC-ligated nickel(II) halides (Ni(NHC)2X2) (X = Cl, Br) with silver(I) and alkali metal cyanoborates were used to synthesize mono- and disubstituted coordination compounds of the type cis- or trans-[Ni(NHC)2(CB)X] (cis-10c, cis-11c, trans-12b) and cis- or trans-[Ni(NHC)2(CB)2] (cis-13b, cis-14a-c, trans-14a-b, trans-15b, trans-5b). Further investigations reveal that NHC-ligated cyanoborate complexes can act as building blocks for coordination polymers, as observed for structurally characterized 1∞{trans-[Ni(Mes2Im)2(μ2-[NC-BH2-CN])2]·2Ag(μ2-[BH2(CN)2])} (trans-5b·Ag). This study demonstrates the diverse character of cyanoborates in coordination chemistry as both, non-coordinating counter-anions, and weakly to medium coordinating anions forming novel transition metal complexes and salts. It provides evidence that a proper choice of cyanoborate and a proper choice of co-ligand can lead to a rich coordination chemistry of cyanoborate anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Luff
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Luis Walther
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Luff MS, Kerpen C, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Radius U. Nickel(II) Cyanoborates and Cyanoborate-Ligated Nickel(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2204-2216. [PMID: 38206799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel(II) cyanoborates Ni[BH2(CN)2]2·H2O (1b·H2O), Ni[BH(CN)3]2·0.5H2O (1c·0.5H2O), and Ni[B(CN)4]2·0.5H2O (1d·0.5H2O) were synthesized, and their reactivity with respect to dppeO2 (=1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphinoethane dioxide)), pyNO (=pyridine-N-oxide), dppe (=1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphinoethane), and DMSO (=dimethyl sulfoxide) was examined. Using these ligands, either cyanoborate (CB) complex salts of [Ni(dppe)2]2+ (2b-d) and [Ni(pyNO)6]2+ (3c-d) were isolated or complexes [Ni(DMSO)4{NC-B(CN)3}2] (1dDMSO) and [Ni(dppeO2)2{NC-B(CN)3}2] (1ddppeO2) were formed. Salt metathesis of [Ni(dppe)Cl2] with alkali metal cyanoborates resulted in mono- and disubstituted coordination compounds [Ni(dppe){NC-BH(CN)2}Cl] (5c) and [Ni(dppe){NC-BH2CN)2}] (4b), which decomposed to salts 2b-d. The synthetical pathways explored offer convenient routes to nickel(II) cyanoborates, nickel(II) complexes ligated with cyanoborates, and nickel(II) complex salts of cyanoborates. Further, our studies demonstrate the diverse character of cyanoborates in coordination chemistry as noncoordinating counteranions and also as medium coordinating anions forming novel transition-metal complexes and salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Luff
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerpen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Schopper N, Landmann J, Sprenger JAP, Zapf L, Bertermann R, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Alkylcyanoborate Anions: Building Blocks for Fluorine-Free Low-Viscosity, Electrochemically and Thermally Stable Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301497. [PMID: 37395305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A set of mixed-substituted potassium alkylcyano- and alkylcyanofluoroborates has been synthesized using easily accessible starting compounds and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In addition, single-crystal structures of salts of the cyanoborate anions have been derived from X-ray diffraction experiments. The 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids ([EMIm]+ -RTILs) with the new borate anions have been synthesized and their physicochemical properties, that is, high thermal and electrochemical stability, low viscosity, and high conductivity, have been compared to the properties of related [EMIm]+ -RTILs. The influence of the different alkyl substituents at boron has been assessed. The exemplary study on the properties with the [EMIm]+ -ILs with the mixed water stable alkylcyanoborate anions points towards the potential of these fluorine-free borate anions, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Landmann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Consultant, Merck Life Science KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Bejaoui YKJ, Philippi F, Stammler HG, Radacki K, Zapf L, Schopper N, Goloviznina K, Maibom KAM, Graf R, Sprenger JAP, Bertermann R, Braunschweig H, Welton T, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Insights into structure-property relationships in ionic liquids using cyclic perfluoroalkylsulfonylimides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2200-2214. [PMID: 36845914 PMCID: PMC9945419 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids of cyclic sulfonimide anions ncPFSI (ring size: n = 4-6) with the cations [EMIm]+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), [BMIm]+ (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [BMPL]+ (BMPL = 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium) have been synthesized. Their solid-state structures have been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their physicochemical properties (thermal behaviour and stability, dynamic viscosity and specific conductivity) have been assessed. In addition, the ion diffusion was studied by pulsed field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) NMR spectroscopy. The decisive influence of the ring size of the cyclic sulfonimide anions on the physicochemical properties of the ILs has been revealed. All ILs show different properties compared to those of the non-cyclic TFSI anion. While these differences are especially distinct for ILs with the very rigid 6cPFSI anion, the 5-membered ring anion 5cPFSI was found to result in ILs with relatively similar properties. The difference between the properties of the TFSI anion and the cyclic sulfonimide anions has been rationalized by the rigidity (conformational lock) of the cyclic sulfonimide anions. The comparison of selected IL properties was augmented by MD simulations. These highlight the importance of π+-π+ interactions between pairs of [EMIm]+ cations in the liquid phase. The π+-π+ interactions are evident for the solid state from the molecular structures of the [EMIm]+-ILs with the three cyclic imide anions determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes K. J. Bejaoui
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Centre for Molecular Materials (CM2)Universitätsstr. 25D-33615 BielefeldGermany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauxF-75005 ParisFrance
| | - Kristina A. M. Maibom
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Graf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany,Consultant, Merck KGaA64293 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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7
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Riefer J, Zapf L, Sprenger JAP, Wirthensohn R, Endres S, Pöppler AC, Gutmann M, Meinel L, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Cyano(fluoro)borate and cyano(hydrido)borate ionic liquids: low-viscosity ionic media for electrochemical applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5037-5048. [PMID: 36722915 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05725e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and detailed characterization of low-viscosity room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and [BnPh3P]+ salts with the cyano(fluoro)borate anions [BF(CN)3]- (MFB), [BF2(CN)2]- (DFB), and [BF3(CN)]- as well as the new mixed-substituted anion [BFH(CN)2]- (FHB) is described. The RTILs with [EMIm]+ or [BMPL]+ as countercations were obtained in yields of up to 98% from readily available alkali metal salts and in high purities that allow application in electrochemical devices. Trends in thermal stability, melting and freezing behavior, density, electrochemical stability, dynamic viscosity, specific conductivity and ion diffusivity have been assessed and compared to those of the related tetracyanoborate- and cyano(hydrido)borate-RTILs. The crystal structure analysis of the [BnPh3P]+ salts of [BFn(CN)4-n]- (n = 0-4), [BHn(CN)4-n]- (n = 1-3) and [BFH(CN)2]- provided experimental access to anion volumina that together with ion molecular mass, electrostatic potential, shape and chemical stability have been correlated to physicochemical properties. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the [EMIm]+-ILs and potassium or sodium salts was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Riefer
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Raphael Wirthensohn
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Endres
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. .,Consultant, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Zapf L, Peters S, Bertermann R, Radius U, Finze M. Tricyanoborane‐Functionalized Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Adjustment of Charge and Stereo‐Electronic Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200275. [PMID: 35535791 PMCID: PMC9401011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 1‐methyl‐3‐(tricyanoborane)imidazolin‐2‐ylidenate anion (2) was obtained in high yield by deprotonation of the B(CN)3‐methylimidazole adduct 1. Regarding charge and stereo‐electronic properties, anion 2 closes the gap between well‐known neutral NHCs and the ditopic dianionic NHC, the 1,3‐bis(tricyanoborane)imidazolin‐2‐ylidenate dianion (IIb). The influence of the number of N‐bonded tricyanoborane moieties on the σ‐donating and π‐accepting properties of NHCs was assessed by quantum chemical calculations and verified by experimental data on 2, IIb, and 1,3‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IMe, IIa). Therefore NHC 2, which acts as a ditopic ligand via the carbene center and the cyano groups, was reacted with alkyl iodides, selenium, and [Ni(CO)4] yielding alkylated imidazoles 3 and 4, the anionic selenium adduct 5, and the anionic nickel tricarbonyl complex 8, respectively. The results of this study prove that charge, number of coordination sites, buried volume (%Vbur) and σ‐donor and π‐acceptor abilities of NHCs can be effectively fine‐tuned via the number of tricyanoborane substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sven Peters
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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9
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Häring M, Kerpen C, Ribbeck T, Hennig PT, Bertermann R, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Dismutation of Tricyanoboryllead Compounds: The Homoleptic Tetrakis(tricyanoboryl)plumbate Tetraanion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202882. [PMID: 35266266 PMCID: PMC9322310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of unprecedently air‐stable (tricyanoboryl)plumbate anions was obtained by the reaction of the boron‐centered nucleophile B(CN)32− with triorganyllead halides. Salts of the anions [R3PbB(CN)3]− (R=Ph, Et) were isolated and found to be stable in air at room temperature. In the case of Me3PbHal (Hal=Cl, Br), a mixture of the anions [Me4−nPb{B(CN)3}n]n− (n=1, 2) was obtained. The [Et3PbB(CN)3]− ion undergoes stepwise dismutation in aqueous solution to yield the plumbate anions [Et4−nPb{B(CN)3}n]n− (n=1–4) and PbEt4 as by‐product. The reaction rate increases with decreasing pH value of the aqueous solution or by bubbling O2 through the reaction mixture. Adjustment of the conditions allowed the selective formation and isolation of salts of all anions of the series [Et4−nPb{B(CN)3}n]n− (n=2–4) including the homoleptic tetraanion [Pb{B(CN)3}4]4−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Häring
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Kerpen
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tatjana Ribbeck
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Philipp T. Hennig
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Consultant, Merck KGaA 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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10
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Häring M, Kerpen C, Ribbeck T, Hennig PT, Bertermann R, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Dismutation von Tricyanoborblei‐Verbindungen: Das homoleptische Tetrakis(tricyanoboryl)plumbat‐Tetraanion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Häring
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Christoph Kerpen
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Tatjana Ribbeck
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Philipp T. Hennig
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Consultant, Merck KGaA 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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11
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Schopper N, Zapf L, Sprenger JAP, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Ethyl-, vinyl- and ethynylcyanoborates: room temperature borate ionic liquids with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1223-1226. [PMID: 34985079 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl-, vinyl- and ethynyltricyano and dicyanofluoroborates were prepared on a gram scale from commercially available potassium trifluoroborates and trimethylsilylcyanide. Salt metathesis resulted in the corresponding EMIm-salts that are hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The new RTILs exhibit unprecedented large electrochemical windows in combination with high thermal stabilities, low dynamic viscosities and high specific conductivities. These properties make them promising materials, especially for electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schopper
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Kataylse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Kataylse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Kataylse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Kataylse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. .,Consultant, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Kataylse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
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12
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Zapf L, Radius U, Finze M. 1,3-Bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate Anion-A Ditopic Dianionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17974-17980. [PMID: 33961330 PMCID: PMC8453866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazolate anion 1 was obtained in high yield from lithium imidazolate and B(CN)3 -pyridine adduct. Anion 1 is chemically very robust and thus allowed the isolation of the corresponding H5 O2 + salt. Furthermore, monoanion 1 served as starting species for the novel dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion 3 that acts as ditopic ligand via the carbene center and the cyano groups at boron. First reactions of this new NHC 3 with methyl iodide, elemental selenium, and [Ni(CO)4 ] led to the methylated imidazolate ion 4, the dianionic selenium adduct 5, and the dianionic nickel tricarbonyl complex 6. These NHC derivatives provide a first insight into the electronic and steric properties of the dianionic NHC 3. Especially the combination of properties, such as double negative charge, different coordination sites, large buried volume and good σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, make NHC 3 a unique and promising ligand and building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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13
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Zapf L, Radius U, Finze M. Das 1,3‐Bis(tricyanoboran)imidazolin‐2‐ylidenat‐Anion – Ein ditopischer dianionischer N‐heterocyclischer Carben‐Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Zapf
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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14
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Warneke J, Wang XB. Measuring Electronic Structure of Multiply Charged Anions to Understand Their Chemistry: A Case Study on Gaseous Polyhedral closo-Borate Dianions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6653-6661. [PMID: 34323504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on multiply charged anions (MCAs) in the gas phase has been intensively performed during the past decades, mainly to understand fundamental molecular physics phenomena, for example, intramolecular Coulomb repulsion and existence of the repulsive Coulomb barrier. However, the relevance of these investigations with respect to understanding MCAs' chemistry appears often vague. Here, we discuss how insights into the electronic structure obtained from negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy (NIPES) combined with theoretical calculations and collision-induced dissociation can provide a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic chemical reactivity of MCAs and their fragments. This is exemplified in our studies on polyhedral closo-borate dianions [BnXn]2- (n = 6, 10, 11, 12; X = H, F-I, CN) and their fragment ions. For example, the rational design of closo-borate dianions with specific electronic properties is described, which leads to generating highly reactive fragments. Depending on the dianionic precursor, these fragments are tuned to either bind noble gases effectively or activate small molecules like CO and N2. The intrinsic electronic properties of closo-borate dianions are further compared to their electrochemistry in solutions, revealing solvent effects on the redox potentials. Neutral host molecules such as cyclodextrins are found to bind strongly to [BnXn]2-, and gas phase NIPES provides insights into the intrinsic host-guest interactions. Finally, outlooks including the direct NIPES of molecular fragment ions that cannot be generated in the condensed phase and their utilization in preparative mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Philippi F, Welton T. Targeted modifications in ionic liquids - from understanding to design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6993-7021. [PMID: 33876073 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are extremely versatile and continue to find new applications in academia as well as industry. This versatility is rooted in the manifold of possible ion types, ion combinations, and ion variations. However, to fully exploit this versatility, it is imperative to understand how the properties of ionic liquids arise from their constituents. In this work, we discuss targeted modifications as a powerful tool to provide understanding and to enable design. A 'targeted modification' is a deliberate change in the structure of an ionic liquid. This includes chemical changes in an experiment as well as changes to the parameterisation in a computer simulation. In any case, such a change must be purposeful to isolate what is of interest, studying, as far as is possible, only one concept at a time. The concepts can then be used as design elements. However, it is often found that several design elements interact with each other - sometimes synergistically, and other times antagonistically. Targeted modifications are a systematic way of navigating these overlaps. We hope this paper shows that understanding ionic liquids requires experimentalists and theoreticians to join forces and provides a tool to tackle the difficult transition from understanding to design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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16
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Siegesmund A, Küppers T, Graf R, Hennig PT, Wirthensohn R, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Köckerling M. Lead(II) Tetracyanidoborates with Pb
2
O
2
Dimers Embedded in Network Structures. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Siegesmund
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie – Anorganische Festkörperchemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Torsten Küppers
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie – Anorganische Festkörperchemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Roland Graf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Philipp T. Hennig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Raphael Wirthensohn
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie – Anorganische Festkörperchemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Universität Rostock Department Life Light and Matter 18051 Rostock Germany
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17
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Schopper N, Sprenger JAP, Zapf L, Reiss GJ, Ignat’ev NV, Finze M. Alkoxycyanoborates: metal salts and low-viscosity ionic liquids. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxycyanoborates including low-viscosity ionic liquids which are promising materials in particular for electrochemical applications and Li[CH3OB(CN)3], which is a potential conducting salt, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido J. Reiss
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Lehrstuhl für Material- und Strukturforschung, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat’ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Consultant, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Drisch M, Bischoff LA, Sprenger JAP, Hennig PT, Wirthensohn R, Landmann J, Konieczka SZ, Hailmann M, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Innovative Syntheses of Cyano(fluoro)borates: Catalytic Cyanation, Electrochemical and Electrophilic Fluorination. Chemistry 2020; 26:11625-11633. [PMID: 32453869 PMCID: PMC7540003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Different types of high-yield, easily scalable syntheses for cyano(fluoro)borates Kt[BFn (CN)4-n ] (n=0-2) (Kt=cation), which are versatile building blocks for materials applications and chemical synthesis, have been developed. Tetrafluoroborates react with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of metal-free Brønsted or Lewis acid catalysts under unprecedentedly mild conditions to give tricyanofluoroborates or tetracyanoborates. Analogously, pentafluoroethyltrifluoroborates are converted into pentafluoroethyltricyanoborates. Boron trifluoride etherate, alkali metal salts, and trimethylsilyl cyanide selectively yield dicyanodifluoroborates or tricyanofluoroborates. Fluorination of cyanohydridoborates is the third reaction type that includes direct fluorination with, for example, elemental fluorine, stepwise halogenation/fluorination reactions, and electrochemical fluorination (ECF) according to the Simons process. In addition, fluorination of [BH(CN)2 {OC(O)Et}]- to result in [BF(CN)2 {OC(O)Et}]- is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Drisch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Lisa A. Bischoff
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Philipp T. Hennig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Raphael Wirthensohn
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Johannes Landmann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Szymon Z. Konieczka
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Hailmann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- ConsultantMerck KGaA64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie &, Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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19
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Huang Z, Wang S, Dewhurst RD, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Braunschweig H. Boron: Its Role in Energy-Related Processes and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8800-8816. [PMID: 31625661 PMCID: PMC7317435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron's unique position in the Periodic Table, that is, at the apex of the line separating metals and nonmetals, makes it highly versatile in chemical reactions and applications. Contemporary demand for renewable and clean energy as well as energy-efficient products has seen boron playing key roles in energy-related research, such as 1) activating and synthesizing energy-rich small molecules, 2) storing chemical and electrical energy, and 3) converting electrical energy into light. These applications are fundamentally associated with boron's unique characteristics, such as its electron-deficiency and the availability of an unoccupied p orbital, which allow the formation of a myriad of compounds with a wide range of chemical and physical properties. For example, boron's ability to achieve a full octet of electrons with four covalent bonds and a negative charge has led to the synthesis of a wide variety of borate anions of high chemical and electrochemical stability-in particular, weakly coordinating anions. This Review summarizes recent advances in the study of boron compounds for energy-related processes and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Huang
- School of Civil & Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney81 BroadwayUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Merck KGaA64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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20
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Huang Z, Wang S, Dewhurst RD, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Braunschweig H. Bor in energiebezogenen Prozessen und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Huang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Technology Sydney 81 Broadway Ultimo NSW 2007 Australien
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Kanada
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Merck KGaA 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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21
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Thomas AE, Chambreau SD, Redeker ND, Esparza AA, Shafirovich E, Ribbeck T, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Vaghjiani GL. Thermal Decomposition and Hypergolic Reaction of a Dicyanoborohydride Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:864-874. [PMID: 31914728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in situ infrared spectroscopy techniques and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) are employed to characterize the reactivity of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoborohydride (BMIM+DCBH-), in comparison to the well-characterized 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (BMIM+DCA-) ionic liquid. TGA measurements determined the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap) to be 112.7 ± 12.3 kJ/mol at 298 K. A rapid scan Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to obtain vibrational information useful in tracking the appearance and disappearance of species in the hypergolic reactions of BMIM+DCBH- and BMIM+DCA- with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) and in the thermal decomposition of these energetic ionic liquids. Attenuated total reflectance measurements recorded the infrared spectra of the reactant sample (BMIM+DCBH-) and the liquid reaction products after reacting with WFNA. Computational chemistry efforts, aided by the experimental results, were used to propose key reaction pathways leading to the hypergolic ignition of BMIM+DCBH- + WFNA. Experimental results indicate that the hypergolic reaction of BMIM+DCBH- with WFNA generates both common and unique intermediates as compared to previous BMIM+DCA- + WFNA investigations: nitrous oxide was generated during both hypergolic reactions indicating that it may play a crucial role in the hypergolic ignition process, NO2 was generated in significantly higher concentrations for BMIM+DCBH- than for BMIM+DCA-, CO2 was only generated for BMIM+DCA-, and HCN was only generated during thermal decomposition and hypergolic ignition of BMIM+DCBH-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Thomas
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Steven D Chambreau
- ERC Inc. , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
| | - Neil D Redeker
- ERC Inc. , Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP , Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
| | - Alan A Esparza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Evgeny Shafirovich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Tatjana Ribbeck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ghanshyam L Vaghjiani
- Aerospace Systems Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , AFRL/RQRS, Edwards Air Force Base , California 93524 , United States
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Ribbeck T, Kerpen C, Schmidle C, Keppner F, Sprenger JAP, Arrowsmith M, Braunschweig H, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Hydroxytricyanoborate Anion: Synthetic Aspects and Structural, Chemical, and Spectroscopic Properties. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16689-16702. [PMID: 31765132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, salts of the hydridotricyanoborate anion [BH(CN)3]- (MHB) have become readily available. In spite of the unusually high stability of the MHB anion, it can be used as a valuable starting material for the preparation of selected tricyanoborates, for example, the boron-centered nucleophile B(CN)32-. A further unprecedented example is the hydroxytricyanoborate anion [B(OH)(CN)3]- that is accessible by oxidation of (H3O)MHB with elemental bromine in water. The Brønsted acid (H3O)[B(OH)(CN)3] was isolated as a crystalline solid. It serves as a versatile starting material for the synthesis of coordination compounds, metal salts, and ionic liquids. The [B(OH)(CN)3]- anion shows a rich coordination chemistry and a high tendency to form hydrogen-bonded motifs as demonstrated by a series of salts with different types of cations. Furthermore, the [B(OH)(CN)3]- anion itself serves as starting material for new tricyanoborates such as the unusual trianion [B{OB(CN)3}3]3- and the silylated anions [B(OSiR3)(CN)3]- (R = Me, Et, Ph). Some of these follow-up products have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, e.g., [nBu4N]3[B{OB(CN)3}3] and [nBu4N][B(OSiPh3)(CN)3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ribbeck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Kerpen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Christian Schmidle
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Fabian Keppner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Consultant, Merck KGaA , Frankfurter Straße 250 , 64293 , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Consultant, Merck KGaA; 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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24
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Hou X, Wang Z, Zheng Z, Guo J, Sun Z, Yan F. Poly(ionic liquid) Electrolytes for a Switchable Silver Mirror. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20417-20424. [PMID: 31070033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium-type small-molecule ionic liquids (ILs) and their corresponding poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) homopolymers were synthesized and applied to reversible electrochemical mirrors (REMs). The effects of alkyl chain length of the carbon chains at the N3 position and cation charge density (mono- and bis-imidazolium) on the electrochromic properties of Ag-based REMs were investigated by analyzing their electrodeposition and spectral properties. Longer alkyl chains and higher charge densities decreased the size and resulted in a more uniform distribution of Ag nanoparticles. Compared with IL-based liquid electrolytes, the PIL-based gel electrolytes formed smaller and denser electrodeposited metallic Ag nanoparticles because of their higher viscosity. These findings were used to guide fabrication of a 50 cm2 mirror dynamic window and flexible display. Because of several unique properties of PILs, the PIL-based REM exhibits fast switching speeds, superb cycling durability, small particle sizes, and uniform electrodeposited Ag nanoparticle films. These results make dynamic windows based on PIL electrolytes promising and competitive alternatives to traditional electrochromic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhenyong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Lucas M, Brotton SJ, Sprenger JAP, Finze M, Sharma SK, Kaiser RI. Oxidation of a Levitated 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Dicyanoborate Droplet by Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:780-795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen J. Brotton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shiv K. Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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26
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Hennig PT, Sprenger JAP, Schneider LN, Ignat’ev NV, Finze M. The pentafluoroethyltrihydridoborate anion: from shock sensitive salts to stable room temperature ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6110-6113. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salts of the first monoperfluoroalkylhydridoborate anion [C2F5BH3]−, which is weakly hydridic, range from explosive metal salts to stable ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. T. Hennig
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - J. A. P. Sprenger
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - L. N. Schneider
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | | | - M. Finze
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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