1
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Chemistry of difluoromethylenefullerenes. Russ Chem Bull 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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2
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Chen M, Zhao Y, Jin F, Li M, Guan R, Xin J, Yao YR, Zhao X, Wang GW, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Yang S. Decisive role of non-rare earth metals in high-regioselectivity addition of μ 3-carbido clusterfullerene. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of μ3-CCF Dy2TiC@Ih-C80 with AdN2 affords only one [6,6]-open monoadduct along with the addition sites adjacent to the Ti4+ ion instead of the two Dy3+ ions, revealing the decisive role of the non-rare earth metal Ti(IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of materials science and chemical engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Hu Y, Yao YR, Liu X, Yu A, Xie X, Abella L, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Akasaka T, Peng P, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Li FF, Lu X. Unexpected formation of 1,2- and 1,4-bismethoxyl Sc 3N@ I h-C 80 derivatives via regioselective anion addition: an unambiguous structural identification and mechanism study. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8123-8130. [PMID: 34194702 PMCID: PMC8208303 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempt to achieve heterocyclic cycloadducts of Sc3N@I h-C80 via reaction with Ph2C[double bond, length as m-dash]O, PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh or PhC[triple bond, length as m-dash]N in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) stored in CH3OH led to the formation of the unexpected bismethoxyl adducts of Sc3N@I h-C80 (1 and 2). Further studies reveal that TBAOH in CH3OH can boost the CH3O- addition efficiently, regardless of the presence of other reagents. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction results firmly assign the molecular structures of 1 and 2 as respective 1,4- and 1,2-bismethoxyl adducts, and reveal unusual relationships between the internal Sc3N cluster and the addition modes, in addition to the unusual packing mode in view of the orientation of the methoxyl groups. Electrochemical results demonstrate smaller electrochemical gaps for 1 and 2, relative to that of Sc3N@I h-C80, confirming their better electroactive properties. Finally, a plausible reaction mechanism involving anion addition and a radical reaction was proposed, presenting new insights into the highly selective reactions between the methoxyl anion and metallofullerenes. 1 and 2 represent the first examples of methoxyl derivatives of metallofullerenes. This work not only presents a novel and facile strategy for the controllable synthesis of alkoxylated metallofullerene derivatives, but also provides new non-cycloadducts for the potential applications of EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xuechen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Ao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel·lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Ping Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
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4
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Toupalas G, Karlsson J, Black FA, Masip-Sánchez A, López X, Ben M'Barek Y, Blanchard S, Proust A, Alves S, Chabera P, Clark IP, Pullerits T, Poblet JM, Gibson EA, Izzet G. Tuning Photoinduced Electron Transfer in POM-Bodipy Hybrids by Controlling the Environment: Experiment and Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6518-6525. [PMID: 33350554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The optical and electrochemical properties of a series of polyoxometalate (POM) oxoclusters decorated with two bodipy (boron-dipyrromethene) light-harvesting units were examined. Evaluated here in this polyanionic donor-acceptor system is the effect of the solvent and associated counterions on the intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer. The results show that both solvents and counterions have a major impact upon the energy of the charge-transfer state by modifying the solvation shell around the POMs. This modification leads to a significantly shorter charge separation time in the case of smaller counterion and slower charge recombination in a less polar solvent. These results were rationalized in terms of Marcus theory and show that solvent and counterion both affect the driving force for photoinduced electron transfer and the reorganization energy. This was corroborated with theoretical investigations combining DFT and molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Toupalas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joshua Karlsson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Fiona A Black
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Albert Masip-Sánchez
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier López
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Youssef Ben M'Barek
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anna Proust
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, 22241, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, 22241, Lund, Sweden
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Guillaume Izzet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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5
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Toupalas G, Karlsson J, Black FA, Masip‐Sánchez A, López X, Ben M'Barek Y, Blanchard S, Proust A, Alves S, Chabera P, Clark IP, Pullerits T, Poblet JM, Gibson EA, Izzet G. Tuning Photoinduced Electron Transfer in POM‐Bodipy Hybrids by Controlling the Environment: Experiment and Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Toupalas
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Joshua Karlsson
- Energy Materials Laboratory Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Fiona A. Black
- Energy Materials Laboratory Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Albert Masip‐Sánchez
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Xavier López
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Youssef Ben M'Barek
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Anna Proust
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund Lund University Box 124 22241 Lund Sweden
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility Research Complex at Harwell Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund Lund University Box 124 22241 Lund Sweden
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Elizabeth A. Gibson
- Energy Materials Laboratory Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Guillaume Izzet
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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6
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Chen M, Guan R, Li B, Yang L, Niu C, Jin P, Wang G, Yang S. Anomalous
Cis
‐Conformation Regioselectivity of Heterocycle‐Fused Sc
3
N@
D
3
h
‐C
78
Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Guan‐Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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7
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Chen M, Guan R, Li B, Yang L, Niu C, Jin P, Wang GW, Yang S. Anomalous Cis-Conformation Regioselectivity of Heterocycle-Fused Sc 3 N@D 3h -C 78 Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7880-7886. [PMID: 33373072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral clusterfullerenes exhibit unique chemical properties due to intramolecular electron transfer of the encaged metal cluster to the outer fullerene cages. We report the synthesis of two Sc3 N@D3h -C78 monoadducts 2 a and 2 b through the 1,3-dipolar reaction of Sc3 N@D3h -C78 with carbonyl ylide bearing anomalous cis-conformation regioselectivity. The molecular structures of these monoadducts are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, revealing that both 2 a and 2 b have cis-conformations with the furan moiety grafted via [6,6]-closed addition patterns. Under the same conditions, the control reaction of C60 with carbonyl ylide affords two monoadducts 3 a and 3 b, which exhibit cis- and trans-conformations, respectively, with [6,6]-closed addition patterns. According to theoretical calculations, the exclusive formation of the cis-only Sc3 N@D3h -C78 monoadducts is a consequence of conjunct effects of thermodynamic stability of adducts, the reactivity of the addition site, and the cis-dipole intermediate from trans 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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8
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Bao H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z. Redox Modulation of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity in Diels-Alder Reaction of Metallofullerene La@C 82 with Cyclopentadiene. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:80-86. [PMID: 33217157 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the reactivity of metallofullerenes is critical for production of metallofullerene derivatives with desired properties and functionalities. In this study, we investigate the effects of reduction and oxidation on the reactivity and regioselectivity in Diels-Alder reaction of metallofullerene La@C82 by means of density functional theory calculations. Because of the enhanced electron-deficiency characteristic upon oxidation, the oxidized metallofullerene exhibits higher thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity as compared with neutral La@C82 . The regioselectivity in the reaction of La@C82 with cylcopentadiene is remarkably changed after oxidation of the metallofullerene, which is explained in terms of the changes in the geometrical structure and the electronic structure of the metallofullerene. Quantitative analysis based on the activation-strain model demonstrates that the low activation energy barrier for the reaction of the cation La@C82 + with cyclopentadiene originates from small strain energy and large interaction energy between the reactants. Energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the reactions reveals that the exchange-repulsion interaction energy is one of the critical factors that determine the kinetic reactivity of the metallofullerene. This study not only provides new theoretical insights on how to modulate the reactivity of metallofullerenes, but also offers guideline for future experimental synthesis of new metallofullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanling Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yabei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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9
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Besalú-Sala P, Luis JM, Solà M. Bingel-Hirsch Addition of Diethyl Bromomalonate to Ion-Encapsulated Fullerenes M@C 60 (M=Ø, Li +, Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, and Cl -). Chemistry 2020; 26:14481-14487. [PMID: 33463815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, fullerene-based materials have become popular building blocks for devices with a broad range of applications. Among fullerene derivatives, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs, M@Cx) have been widely studied owing to their unique properties and reactivity. For real applications, fullerenes and EMFs must be exohedrally functionalized. It has been shown that encapsulated metal cations facilitate the Diels-Alder reaction in fullerenes. Herein, the Bingel-Hirsch (BH) addition of ethyl bromomalonate over a series of ion-encapsulated M@C60 (M=Ø, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl-; Ø@C60 stands for C60 without any endohedral metal) is quantum mechanically explored to analyze the effect of these ions on the BH addition. The results show that the incarcerated ion has a very important effect on the kinetics and thermodynamics of this reaction. Among the systems studied, K+@C60 is the one that leads to the fastest BH reaction, whereas the slowest reaction is given by Cl-@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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