1
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Bokotial D, Bhattacharyya S, Arunkumar S, Das T, Mini Rajendran GR, Chowdhury A. Multi Stimuli Responsive Dual Aggregation-Induced Emission and Photochromic Behavior of a Tetraphenyl Substituted Triphenylamine Derivative and its Application as Anti-counterfeiting Agent. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402086. [PMID: 38865099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A multi-stimuli responsive tetraphenyl substituted tripehnylamine-based aggregation induced emissive (AIE) material coupled with spiropyran was prepared. Owing to the presence of AIE and photochromic moiety, the molecule exhibits emissive aggregates, photochromism, and acidochromism. The multiple stimuli sensitive behavior of the molecule was explored for anti-counterfeiting behavior on TLC plate and commercial banknotes. The fluorogenic and photogenic response under UV and visible light established the potential of the candidate as a new generation encryption material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshit Bokotial
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - S Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India
| | - Trisha Das
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Gokul Raj Mini Rajendran
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
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2
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Reyes CA, Lee HJ, Karanovic C, Picazo E. Development and characterization of amino donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5533. [PMID: 38951197 PMCID: PMC11217284 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are molecular photoswitches spurring wide interest because of their dynamic photophysical properties, complex photoswitching mechanism, and diverse applications. Despite breakthroughs in modularity for the donor, acceptor, and triene compartments, the backbone heteroatom remains static due to synthetic challenges. We provide a predictive tool and sought-after strategy to vary the heteroatom, introduce amino DASA photoswitches, and analyze backbone heteroatom effects on photophysical properties. Amino DASA synthesis is enabled by aza-Piancatelli rearrangements on pyrrole substrates, imparting an aromaticity-breaking rearrangement that capitalizes on nitrogen's additional bonding orbital and the inductive properties of sulfonyl groups. Amino DASA structure is confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the photochromic properties are characterized, and the photoswitch isomerization is investigated. Overall, the discovered pyrrole rearrangement enables the study of the DASA backbone heteroatom compartment and furthers our insight into the structure-property relationship of this complex photoswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hye Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Connie Karanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Philip AM, Krogh ME, Laursen BW. Robust Red-Absorbing Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400621. [PMID: 38536207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA), a class of push-pull negative photochrome, has received large interest lately owing to its versatile synthesis, modularity and excellent photoswitching in solutions. From a technological perspective, it is imperative for this class of photoswitches to work robustly in solid state, e. g. thin films. We feature a molecular framework for the optimized design of DASAs by introducing a new thioindoline donor (D3) and assessing its performance against known 2nd generation indoline-based donors. The systematic structure-function investigations suggest that to achieve robust reversible photoswitching, a ground state with low charge separation is desired. DASAs with stronger electron donors and a larger charge separation in the ground state result in a low population of the photothermalstationary state (PTSS) and reduced photostability. The DASA with thioindoline donor (D3A3) seems to be a special case among the donor series as it causes a red shift (ca. 15 nm), however with less polarization of the ground state and marginally better photostability as compared to the unsubstituted 2-methyl indoline (D1A3). We also emphasize the consideration of the key additional factors that can modulate the red-light photoswitching properties of DASA chromophores in polymer thin films, which might not be dominant in homogenous solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey M Philip
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Marie E Krogh
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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4
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Schmitt T, Huck C, Oberhof N, Hsu LY, Blasco E, Dreuw A, Tegeder P. Characteristics and long-term kinetics of an azobenzene derivative and a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct as orthogonal photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7190-7202. [PMID: 38349743 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered molecular switches are extensively researched for their applications in medicine, chemistry and material science and, if combined, particularly for their use in multifunctional smart materials, for which orthogonally, i.e. individually, addressable photoswitches are needed. In such a multifunctional mixture, the switching properties, efficiencies and the overall performance may be impaired by undesired mutual dependences of the photoswitches on each other. Within this study, we compare the performance of the pure photoswitches, namely an azobenzene derivative (Azo) and a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), with the switching properties of their mixture using time-resolved temperature-dependent UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy at room temperature and quantum mechanical calculations to determine effective cross sections, switching kinetics as well as activation energies of thermally induced steps. We find slightly improved effective cross sections, percentages of switched molecules and no increased activation barriers of the equimolar mixture compared to the single compounds. Thus, the studied mixture Azo + DASA is very promising for future applications in multifunctional smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schmitt
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Huck
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li-Yun Hsu
- Institute for Molecular System Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular System Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Yan L, Guo M, Wan Y, Wan Y, Li Q, Zhu L, Yin H, Shi Y. Fluorescence emission mechanism for the π-conjugated zwitterion 2,4-Bisimidazolylphenol base on ESIPT: A TDDFT theoretical reconsideration. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 312:124043. [PMID: 38368821 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecules with zwitterionic characteristics exhibit significant potential for utilization in nonlinear optics, optoelectronics, and organic lasers owing to their large dipole moments. Recently, the synthesized compound 2,4-bis (4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl) phenol (2,4-bImP) by Sakai et al. has been noticed for its unique photochromic properties in solvents [J. Phys. Chem. A, 125 (2021), 4784-4792]. The observed fluorescence in chloroform was attributed to the keto tautomer. Based on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer, the photochromism of 2,4-bImP in chloroform was interpreted as zwitterion production. However, the zwitterion with a specific electronic structure can be in resonance with the conventional neutral structure. The impact of the resonance contribution from the zwitterion and the conventional neutral structure on fluorescence attribution was not taken into account in the previous studies. In this investigation, the ESIPT mechanism of the 2,4-bImP in chloroform has been explored using both the density functional theory and the time-dependent density functional theory. The optimized geometric configuration parameters illustrate the molecular resonant properties. The calculated fluorescence spectra on the basis of the optimization results further corroborate that the fluorescence peaks after proton transfer originates from the resonance of the zwitterionic and the neutral configuration. The zwitterionic nature of the molecule was demonstrated by electrostatic potential and atomic dipole modified Hesfeld atomic charge (ADCH) analysis. Furthermore, the characterization of potential energy curves and IR spectrum further verified the resonance of both the zwitterionic and neutral structures. The results reveal that the 2,4-bImP molecule generates the neutral o-quinoid structure and the zwitterionic structure resonance phenomenon following ESIPT. The aforementioned resonance structure offers novel insights into the ascription of fluorescence. These discoveries establish the theoretical foundation for the exploration and development of zwitterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Meilin Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongfeng Wan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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6
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Zheng PX, Ou SL, Qu LY, Zhang Y, Jiang SQ, Li X, Wan JX, Zhang M, Bao X. Enriched switching in a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct via reversible covalent bonding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1333-1336. [PMID: 38197312 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We have utilized reversible covalent bonding to expand the accessible states of a molecular switch. Introducing a hydroxyl group onto the donor moiety of a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) imparts an acidity response by forming an oxazolidine ring through intramolecular nucleophilic addition. Furthermore, we observed distinct color changes under cryogenic conditions, extending the thermal responsiveness beyond the cyclization equilibrium observed at elevated temperatures. These unique responses present promising prospects for diverse applications compared to traditional photoinduced binary isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Song Lin Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Yu Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shi Qing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Xiong Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Clerc M, Sandlass S, Rifaie-Graham O, Peterson JA, Bruns N, Read de Alaniz J, Boesel LF. Visible light-responsive materials: the (photo)chemistry and applications of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts in polymer science. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8245-8294. [PMID: 37905554 PMCID: PMC10680135 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches have gained a lot of attention since their discovery in 2014. Their negative photochromism, visible light absorbance, synthetic tunability, and the large property changes between their photoisomers make them attractive candidates over other commonly used photoswitches for use in materials with responsive or adaptive properties. The development of such materials and their translation into advanced technologies continues to widely impact forefront materials research, and DASAs have thus attracted considerable interest in the field of visible-light responsive molecular switches and dynamic materials. Despite this interest, there have been challenges in understanding their complex behavior in the context of both small molecule studies and materials. Moreover, incorporation of DASAs into polymers can be challenging due to their incompatibility with the conditions for most common polymerization techniques. In this review, therefore, we examine and critically discuss the recent developments and challenges in the field of DASA-containing polymers, aiming at providing a better understanding of the interplay between the properties of both constituents (matrix and photoswitch). The first part summarizes current understanding of DASA design and switching properties. The second section discusses strategies of incorporation of DASAs into polymers, properties of DASA-containing materials, and methods for studying switching of DASAs in materials. We also discuss emerging applications for DASA photoswitches in polymeric materials, ranging from light-responsive drug delivery systems, to photothermal actuators, sensors and photoswitchable surfaces. Last, we summarize the current challenges in the field and venture on the steps required to explore novel systems and expand both the functional properties and the application opportunities of DASA-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sandlass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research Bio-Inspired Materials, Switzerland
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8
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Peterson JA, Neris NM, Read de Alaniz J. Tethered together: DASA design towards aqueous compatibility. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13025-13030. [PMID: 38023491 PMCID: PMC10664598 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are an exciting class of photoswitches due to their facile tunability, visible light absorbance, and negative photochromism. While they have shown use in a variety of applications, to date all reported DASA derivatives have low equilibrium and/or poor photoswitching in polar protic solvents, which is vital for moving towards applications in biological systems. We demonstrate a strategy to introduce a substitution on the DASA triene that results in derivatives that are stable and have high dark equilibrium of the open form in polar protic solvents. Decreasing the charge separation of these new derivatives also allows for reversible switching in polar and protic solvents including THF : water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA USA
| | - Natalia M Neris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA USA
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9
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Zeußel L, Singh S. Meldrum's Acid Furfural Conjugate MAFC: A New Entry as Chromogenic Sensor for Specific Amine Identification. Molecules 2023; 28:6627. [PMID: 37764403 PMCID: PMC10535807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive amines are highly relevant for clinical and industrial application to ensure the metabolic status of a biological process. Apart from this, generally, amine identification is a key step in various bioorganic processes ranging from protein chemistry to biomaterial fabrication. However, many amines have a negative impact on the environment and the excess intake of amines can have tremendous adverse health effects. Thus, easy, fast, sensitive, and reliable sensing methods for amine identification are strongly searched for. In the past few years, Meldrum's acid furfural conjugate (MAFC) has been extensively explored as a starting material for the synthesis of photoswitchable donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA). DASA formation hereby results from the rapid reaction of MAFC with primary and secondary amines, which has so far been demonstrated through numerous publications for different applications. The linear form of the MAFC-based DASA exhibits intense pink coloration due to its linear conjugated triene-2-ol conformation, which has inspired researchers to use this easy synthesizable molecule as an optical sensor for primary, secondary, and biogenic amines. Due to its new entry into amine identification, a collection of the literature exclusively on MAFC is demanded. In this mini review, we intend to present the state-of-the-art of MAFC as an optical molecular sensor in hopes to motivate researchers to find even more applications of MAFC-based sensors and methods that pave the way to their usage in medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zeußel
- Department of Nanobiosystem Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Ilmenau, Prof-Schmidt-Straße 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Research Group Bioorganic Chemistry of Bioactive Surfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Prof-Schmidt-Straße 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Sukhdeep Singh
- Research Group Bioorganic Chemistry of Bioactive Surfaces, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Prof-Schmidt-Straße 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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10
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Li Y, Zhu C, Gu F, Liu F. Revisiting photocyclization of the donor-acceptor stenhouse adduct: missing pieces in the mechanistic jigsaw discovered. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7417-7422. [PMID: 36847409 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) have recently emerged as a class of visible-light-induced photochromic molecular switches, but their photocyclization mechanism remains puzzling and incomplete. In this work, we carried out MS-CASPT2//SA-CASSCF calculations to reveal the complete mechanism of the dominant channels and possible side reactions. We found that a new thermal-then-photo isomerization channel, i.e., EEZ → EZZ → EZE, other than the commonly accepted EEZ → EEE → EZE channel, is dominant in the initial step. Besides, our calculations rationalized why the expected byproducts ZEZ and ZEE are unobserved and proposed a competitive stepwise channel for the final ring-closure step. The findings here redraw the mechanistic picture of the DASA reaction by better accounting for experimental observations, and more importantly, provide critical physical insight in understanding the interplay between thermal- and photo-induced processes widely present in photochemical synthesis and reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Fenglong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China.
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11
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Mechanically gated formation of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts enabling mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography. Nat Chem 2023; 15:332-338. [PMID: 36690834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress-sensitive molecules called mechanophores undergo productive chemical transformations in response to mechanical force. A variety of mechanochromic mechanophores, which change colour in response to stress, have been developed, but modulating the properties of the dyes generally requires the independent preparation of discrete derivatives. Here we introduce a mechanophore platform enabling mechanically gated multicolour chromogenic reactivity. The mechanophore is based on an activated furan precursor to donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) masked as a hetero-Diels-Alder adduct. Mechanochemical activation of the mechanophore unveils the DASA precursor, and subsequent reaction with a secondary amine generates an intensely coloured DASA. Critically, the properties of the DASA are controlled by the amine, and thus a single mechanophore can be differentiated post-activation to produce a wide range of functionally diverse DASAs. We highlight this system by establishing the concept of mechanochemical multicolour soft lithography whereby a complex multicolour composite image is printed into a mechanochemically active elastomer through an iterative process of localized compression followed by reaction with different amines.
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12
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Dong Y, Ling Y, Wang D, Liu Y, Chen X, Zheng S, Wu X, Shen J, Feng S, Zhang J, Huang W. Harnessing molecular isomerization in polymer gels for sequential logic encryption and anticounterfeiting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1980. [PMID: 36322650 PMCID: PMC9629717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using smart photochromic and luminescent tissues in camouflage/cloaking of natural creatures has inspired efforts to develop synthetic stimuli-responsive materials for data encryption and anticounterfeiting. Although many optical data-encryption materials have been reported, they generally require only one or a simple combination of few stimuli for decryptions and rarely offer output corruptibility that prevents trial-and-error attacks. Here, we report a series of multiresponsive donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) with unprecedented switching behavior and controlled reversibility via diamine conformational locking and substrate free-volume engineering and their capability of sequential logic encryption (SLE). Being analogous to the digital circuits, the output of DASA gel-based data-encryption system depends not only on the present input stimulus but also on the sequence of past inputs. Incorrect inputs/sequences generate substantial fake information and lead attackers to the point of no return. This work offers new design concepts for advanced data-encryption materials that operate via SLE, paving the path toward advanced encryptions beyond digital circuit approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiya Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Corresponding author. (W.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (W.H.); (J.Z.)
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13
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Raucci U, Sanchez DM, Martínez TJ, Parrinello M. Enhanced Sampling Aided Design of Molecular Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19265-19271. [PMID: 36222799 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the evolving field of atomistic simulations promise important insights for the design and fundamental understanding of novel molecular photoswitches. Here, we use state-of-the-art enhanced simulation techniques to unravel the complex, multistep chemistry of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs). Our reaction discovery workflow consists of enhanced sampling for efficient chemical space exploration, refinement of newly observed pathways with more accurate ab initio electronic structure calculations, and structural modifications to introduce design principles within future generations of DASAs. We showcase our discovery workflow by not only recovering the full photoswitching mechanism of DASA but also predicting a plethora of new plausible thermal pathways and suggesting a way for their experimental validation. Furthermore, we illustrate the tunability of these newly discovered reactions, leading to a potential avenue for controlling DASA dynamics through multiple external stimuli. Overall, these insights could offer alternative routes to increase the efficiency and control of DASA's photoswitching mechanism, providing new elements to design more complex light-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
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14
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Castagna R, Maleeva G, Pirovano D, Matera C, Gorostiza P. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Displaying Reversible Photoswitching in Water and Neuronal Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15595-15602. [PMID: 35976640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the photochromism and functional applications of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) soared in recent years owing to their outstanding advantages and flexible design. However, their low solubility and irreversible conversion in aqueous solutions hampered exploring DASAs for biology and medicine. It is notably unknown whether the barbiturate electron acceptor group retains the pharmacological activity of drugs such as phenobarbital, which targets γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-type A receptors (GABAARs) in the brain. Here, we have developed the model compound DASA-barbital based on a scaffold of red-switching second-generation DASAs, and we demonstrate that it is active in GABAARs and alters the neuronal firing rate in a physiological medium at neutral pH. DASA-barbital can also be reversibly photoswitched in acidic aqueous solutions using cyclodextrin, an approved ingredient of drug formulations. These findings clarify the path toward the biological applications of DASAs and to exploit the versatility displayed in polymers and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Castagna
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain
| | - Galyna Maleeva
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Deborah Pirovano
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,CIBER, Madrid 282029, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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15
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Fiorentino A, Sachini B, Corra S, Credi A, Femoni C, Fraix A, Silvi S. Acidochromism of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts in organic solvent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11236-11239. [PMID: 35968687 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First generation DASA derivatives can be reversibly isomerized from the coloured, open form to the colourless, closed isomer upon protonation, thus behaving as acidochromic compounds in halogenated organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Brian Sachini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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16
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A multi-stage single photochrome system for controlled photoswitching responses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:942-948. [PMID: 35681046 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability of molecular photoswitches to convert on/off responses into large macroscale property change is fundamental to light-responsive materials. However, moving beyond simple binary responses necessitates the introduction of new elements that control the chemistry of the photoswitching process at the molecular scale. To achieve this goal, we designed, synthesized and developed a single photochrome, based on a modified donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), capable of independently addressing multiple molecular states. The multi-stage photoswitch enables complex switching phenomena. To demonstrate this, we show spatial control of the transformation of a three-stage photoswitch by tuning the population of intermediates along the multi-step reaction pathway of the DASAs without interfering with either the first or final stage. This allows for a photonic three-stage logic gate where the secondary wavelength solely negates the input of the primary wavelength. These results provide a new strategy to move beyond traditional on/off binary photochromic systems and enable the design of future molecular logic systems.
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17
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Shpinov Y, Schlichter A, Pelupessy P, Le Saux T, Jullien L, Adelizzi B. Unexpected Acid-Triggered Formation of Reversibly Photoswitchable Stenhouse Salts from Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200497. [PMID: 35218266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are reversibly photoswitchable dyes, which are able to interconvert between a red/NIR absorbing triene-like state and a colorless cyclic state. Although optically attractive for multiple applications, their low solubility and lack of photoswitching in water impede their use in aqueous environments. We developed water-soluble DASAs based on indoline as donor and methyl, or trifluoromethyl, pyrazolone-based acceptors. In acetonitrile, photophysical analysis and photochemical studies, accounted with a three-state kinetic model, confirmed the reversible photoswitching mechanism previously proposed. In water, the colorless cyclic state is a thermodynamic sink at neutral pH values. In contrast, in acidic conditions, we observed a fast scrambling of DASAs' end-group resulting in the in situ formation of Stenhouse salts (StS), which are in turn capable of reversible photoswitching. We believe that this unexpected result is of interest not only for the future design of DASAs with improved stability, but also for further development and applications of StS as photoswitchable probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Shpinov
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Schlichter
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Pelupessy
- Laboratoire de biomolécules (LBM), Département de chimie, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Beatrice Adelizzi
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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18
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Duan Y, Zhao H, Xue G, Sun F, Stricker F, Wang Z, Mao L, He C, de Alaniz JR, Zheng Y, Wang D. Controlling the Isomerization of Photoresponsive Molecules through a Limiting Tautomerization Strategy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3347-3354. [PMID: 35471969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the multistage photoresponsivity remains a challenge, in part, due to the spontaneous tautomerization between isomers. Herein, we present a strategy to access three independent states (linear, cyclic keto, and cyclic enolate) of crown ether (CE)-substituted donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) by limiting the tautomerization of the closed isomers. The linear-cyclic keto isomerization is reversibly triggered by treatment with metal ions (Na+ or K+) and CE, while the linear-cyclic enolate isomerization is induced by green light and heat. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculation results suggest that the steric effect and supramolecular interaction between the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing moieties play an important role in hindering the tautomerization between cyclic keto and cyclic enolate DASA-CE. The strategy to influence key steps in the photoswitching process inspires well-controlled multistage isomerization of photoresponsive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guodong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fanxi Sun
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chao He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguang 523808, China
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19
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Clerc M, Tekin C, Ulrich S, Freire RVM, Salentinig S, Bruns N, Boesel LF. Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct-Polydimethylsiloxane-Conjugates for Enhanced Photoswitching in Bulk Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200120. [PMID: 35396766 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a rapidly emerging class of visible light-activated photochromes and DASA-functionalized polymers hold great promise as biocompatible photoresponsive materials. However, the photoswitching performance of DASAs in solid polymer matrices is often low, particularly in polymeric materials below their glass transition temperature. To overcome this limitation, DASAs are conjugated to polydimethylsiloxanes which have a glass transition temperature far below room temperature and which can create a mobile molecular environment around the DASAs for achieving more solution-like photoswitching kinetics in bulk polymers. The dispersion of DASAs conjugated to such flexible oligomers into solid polymer matrices allows for more effective and tunable DASA photoswitching in stiff polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), without requiring modifications of the matrix. The photoswitching of conjugates with varying polymer molecular weight, linker type and architecture is characterized via time-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy in organic solvents and blended into polymethacrylate films. In addition, DASA-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane networks that are accessible by the same synthetic route provide an alternative solution for achieving fast and efficient DASA photoswitching in the bulk owing to their intrinsic softness and flexibility. These findings may contribute to the development of DASA-functionalized materials with better tunable, more effective, and more reversible modulation of their optical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland.,University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Cem Tekin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Rafael V M Freire
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
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20
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Peterson JA, Stricker F, Read de Alaniz J. Improving the kinetics and dark equilibrium of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct by triene backbone design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2303-2306. [PMID: 35075464 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were used to find an optimal substitution site on the triene backbone of a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct photoswitch to tune the equillibrium and switching kinetics of DASA without modifying the donor and acceptor groups. Using this approach we demonstrate a new means to tuning DASA based photoswitches by increasing the energy of the closed form relative to the open form. To highlight the potential of this approach a new DASA derivative bearing a methyl substituent on the 5-position of the triene was synthesized and the effect of this substitution was studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy, time-dependent UV-Vis and solvatochromic analysis. The new DASA derivative shows a higher dark equillibrium, favoring the open form, and drastically faster thermal recovery than the unsubstituted derivative with the same donor and acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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21
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Seshadri S, Bailey SJ, Zhao L, Fisher J, Sroda M, Chiu M, Stricker F, Valentine MT, Read de Alaniz J, Helgeson ME. Influence of Polarity Change and Photophysical Effects on Photosurfactant-Driven Wetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9939-9951. [PMID: 34370465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosurfactants have shown considerable promise for enabling stimuli-responsive control of the properties and motion of fluid interfaces. Recently, a number of photoswitch chemistries have emerged to tailor the photoresponsive properties of photosurfactants. However, systematic studies investigating how photoresponsive surfactant behavior depends on the photochemical and photophysical properties of the switch remain scarce. In this work, we develop synthetic schemes and surfactant designs to produce a well-controlled library of photosurfactants to comparatively assess the behavior of photoswitch chemistry on interfacial behavior. We employ photoinduced spreading of droplets at fluid interfaces as a model for such studies. We show that although photosurfactant response is largely guided by expected trends with changes in polarity of the photoswitch, interfacial behavior also depends nontrivially and sometimes counter-intuitively on the kinetics and mechanisms of photoswitching, particularly at the interface of two solvents, as well as on complex interactions with other surfactants. Understanding these complexities enables the design of new photosurfactant systems and their optimization toward responsive functions including triggered spreading, dewetting, and destabilization of droplets on solid and fluid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Seshadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sophia J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Julia Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michelle Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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23
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Alves J, Wiedbrauk S, Barner‐Kowollik C, Blinco JP. The Missing Piece: Concentration Dependence of Donor‐Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA) Reactivity. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Sandra Wiedbrauk
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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24
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Clerc M, Stricker F, Ulrich S, Sroda M, Bruns N, Boesel LF, Read de Alaniz J. Promoting the Furan Ring-Opening Reaction to Access New Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts with Hexafluoroisopropanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10219-10227. [PMID: 33503292 PMCID: PMC8068666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are visible-light-responsive photoswitches with a variety of emerging applications in photoresponsive materials. Their two-step modular synthesis, centered on the nucleophilic ring opening of an activated furan, makes DASAs readily accessible. However, the use of less reactive donors or acceptors renders the process slow and low yielding, which has limited their development. We demonstrate here that 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) promotes the ring-opening reaction and stabilizes the open isomer, allowing greatly reduced reaction times and increased yields for known derivatives. In addition, it provides access to previously unattainable DASA-based photoswitches and DASA-polymer conjugates. The role of HFIP and the photochromic properties of a set of new DASAs is probed using a combination of 1 H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The use of sterically hindered, electron-poor amines enabled the dark equilibrium to be decoupled from closed-isomer half-lives for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Luciano F Boesel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Clerc M, Stricker F, Ulrich S, Sroda M, Bruns N, Boesel LF, Read de Alaniz J. Promoting the Furan Ring‐Opening Reaction to Access New Donor–Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts with Hexafluoroisopropanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Clerc
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Friedrich Stricker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Luciano F. Boesel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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