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Umabharathi SB, Neetha M, Anilkumar G. Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Aminations: An Outline. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:3. [PMID: 38265533 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Amination reactions play a pivotal role in synthetic organic chemistry, facilitating the generation of nitrogen-containing scaffolds with broad applications in drug synthesis, material production, polymer formation, and the generation of amino acids and peptides. Amination offers the potential to fine tune the properties of natural products and produce functional materials for various applications. Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (Pd-NHC) emerges as an innovative and highly effective catalyst in this context. Under favorable reaction conditions, this robust and simple catalyst efficiently facilitates the synthesis of a diverse range of compounds with varying complexity and utility. Pd-NHC complexes exhibit significant σ-electron donating potential, enhancing the ease of the oxidative addition process in their mechanistic pathway. Their steric topography further contributes to a rapid reductive elimination. These complexes demonstrate remarkable stability, a result of the strong Pd-ligand bond. The wide variety of Pd-NHC complexes has proven highly efficient in catalyzing reactions across a spectrum of complexities, from simple to intricate. The domain of aminations catalyzed by Pd-NHC has undergone significant diversification, presenting new opportunities, particularly in the realms of material chemistry and natural product synthesis. This review outlines the advancements in Pd-NHC-catalyzed amination reactions, covering literature up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Umabharathi
- School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Campus, Clappana P. O., Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Mohan Neetha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
- Institute for Integrated Programs and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Center (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P. O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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Ouyang JS, Zhang X, Pan B, Zou H, Chan ASC, Qiu L. Solvent-Free Buchwald-Hartwig Amination of Heteroaryl Chlorides by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Palladium Complex (SIPr) Ph2Pd(cin)Cl at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2023; 25:7491-7496. [PMID: 37816042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Using the robust N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium complex (SIPr)Ph2Pd(cin)Cl, a highly efficient and easy-to-operate method has been developed at room temperature for the solvent-free Buchwald-Hartwig amination of heteroaryl chlorides with various amines. The amount of catalyst can be as low as 0.05 wt %. The system was demonstrated on 47 substrates and successfully applied to the synthesis of commercial pharmaceuticals and candidate drugs with high yields. Furthermore, the protocol can be used to prepare aniline derivatives on a multigram scale without yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Guangdong Key Lab of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Xinhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Guangdong Key Lab of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bendu Pan
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Guangdong Key Lab of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haobin Zou
- Guangdong TONESET Science & Technology Co., Ltd, No. 63 Chuangqi Road, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Guangdong Key Lab of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liqin Qiu
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Guangdong Key Lab of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Panyu, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Marigo N, Morgenstern B, Biffis A, Munz D. (CAAC)Pd(py) Catalysts Disproportionate to Pd(CAAC) 2. Organometallics 2023; 42:1567-1572. [PMID: 37448536 PMCID: PMC10337258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Palladium complexes with one N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and a pyridine ancillary ligand are powerful cross-coupling precatalysts. Herein, we report such complexes with a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligand replacing the NHC. We find that the alleged reduced form, (CAAC)Pd(py), disproportionates to the (CAAC)2Pd0 complex and palladium nanoparticles. This notwithstanding, they are potent catalysts in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination with aryl chlorides under mild conditions (60 °C). In the presence of dioxygen, these complexes catalyze the formation of diazenes from anilines. The catalytic activities of the NHC- and CAAC-supported palladium(0) and palladium(II) complexes are similar in the cross-coupling reaction, yet the CAAC complexes are superior for diazene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marigo
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Andrea Biffis
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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Gao P, Szostak M. Hydration Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metal-NHC (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2023; 485:215110. [PMID: 37064328 PMCID: PMC10104449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic addition of water to unsaturated C-C or C-N π bonds represent one of the most important and environmentally sustainable methods to form C-O bonds for the production of synthetic intermediates, medicinal agents and natural products. The traditional acid-catalyzed hydration of unsaturated compounds typically requires strong acids or toxic mercury salts, which limits practical applications and presents safety and environmental concerns. Today, transition-metal-catalyzed hydration supported by NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands has attracted major attention. By rational design of ligands, choice of metals and counterions as well as mechanistic studies and the development of heterogeneous systems, major progress has been achieved for a broad range of hydration processes. In particular, the combination of NHC ligands with gold shows excellent reactivity compared with other catalytic systems; however, other systems based on silver, ruthenium, osmium, platinum, rhodium and nickel have also been discovered. Ancillary NHC ligands provide stabilization of transition metals and ensure high catalytic activity in hydration owing to their unique electronic and steric properties. NHC-Au(I) complexes are particularly favored for hydration of unsaturated hydrocarbons due to soft and carbophilic properties of gold. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of hydration reactions catalyzed by transition metal-NHC complexes and their applications in catalytic hydration of different classes of π-substrates with a focus on the role of NHC ligands, types of metals and counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Reichert EC, Feng K, Sather AC, Buchwald SL. Pd-Catalyzed Amination of Base-Sensitive Five-Membered Heteroaryl Halides with Aliphatic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3323-3329. [PMID: 36719903 PMCID: PMC9988406 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile and functional-group-tolerant method for the Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of five-membered heteroaryl halides with primary and secondary amines, an important but underexplored transformation. Coupling reactions of challenging, pharmaceutically relevant heteroarenes, such as 2-H-1,3-azoles, are reported in good-to-excellent yields. High-yielding coupling reactions of a wide set of five-membered heteroaryl halides with sterically demanding α-branched cyclic amines and acyclic secondary amines are reported for the first time. The key to the broad applicability of this method is the synergistic combination of (1) the moderate-strength base NaOTMS, which limits base-mediated decomposition of sensitive five-membered heteroarenes that ultimately leads to catalyst deactivation, and (2) the use of a GPhos-supported Pd catalyst, which effectively resists heteroarene-induced catalyst deactivation while promoting efficient coupling, even for challenging and sterically demanding amines. Cross-coupling reactions between a wide variety of five-membered heteroaryl halides and amines are demonstrated, including eight examples involving densely functionalized medicinal chemistry building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Reichert
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaibo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C Sather
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Athira C, Sreenithya A, Hadad CM, Sunoj RB. Cooperative Asymmetric Dual Catalysis Involving a Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalyst and Palladium in an Annulation Reaction: Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Athira
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - A. Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Zhang J, Rahman MM, Zhao Q, Feliciano J, Bisz E, Dziuk B, Lalancette R, Szostak R, Szostak M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Nickel(II) from Caffeine and Theophylline: Sustainable Alternative to Imidazol-2-ylidenes. Organometallics 2022; 41:1806-1815. [PMID: 36213557 PMCID: PMC9534456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, are abundant natural products that are often present in foods. Leveraging renewable and benign resources for ligand design in organometallic chemistry and catalysis is one of the major missions of green and sustainable chemistry. In this Special Issue on Sustainable Organometallic Chemistry, we report the first nickel-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from Xanthines. Well-defined, air- and moisture-stable, half-sandwich, cyclopentadienyl [CpNi(NHC)I] nickel-NHC complexes are prepared from the natural products caffeine and theophylline. The model complex has been characterized by x-ray crystallography. The evaluation of steric, electron-donating and π-accepting properties is presented. High activity in the model Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is demonstrated. The data show that nickel-N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from both Earth abundant 3d transition metal and renewable natural products represent a sustainable alternative to the classical imidazol-2-ylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jessica Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Błażej Dziuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, Wroclaw 50-373, Poland
| | - Roger Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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