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Yahavi C, Pandey A, Bhateria M, Warkad BV, Trivedi RK, Singh SP. Identification of potential chemical biomarkers of hexaconazole using in vitro metabolite profiling in rat and human liver microsomes and in vivo confirmation through urinary excretion study in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142123. [PMID: 38677618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Hexaconazole (HEX) is an azole fungicide widely used in agricultural practices across various countries and numerous studies have reported the toxic effects of HEX, such as endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Despite its widespread agricultural use and toxic effects, the metabolism of HEX is not completely understood, and information on urinary elimination of HEX or its metabolites is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to identify HEX metabolites in rat and human liver microsomes followed by their in vivo confirmation using a urinary excretion study in rats to identify potential candidate for exposure biomarkers for human biomonitoring studies. From the in vitro assay, a total of 12 metabolites were observed, where the single oxidation metabolites (M5 and M6) were the most abundant metabolites in both rat and human liver microsomes. The triple oxidation followed by dehydration metabolite, M8 (which could also be hexaconazole acid or hydroxy keto-hexaconazole), and the double oxidation metabolite (M9) were the major metabolites found in rat urine and were detectable in rat urine longer than the parent. These metabolites increased with decreasing concentrations of HEX in the rat urine samples. Therefore, metabolites M8, M9 and M5 could be pursued further as potential biomarkers for assessing and monitoring human exposure to HEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yahavi
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/ASSIST and REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anushka Pandey
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/ASSIST and REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/ASSIST and REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Trivedi
- Zydus Research Center, Zydus Life Sciences Limited, Changodar, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/ASSIST and REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Rong S, Tang X, Liu H, Xu J, Yuan Z, Peng X, Niu J, Wu Y, He L, Qian K. Synthesis of carbon dots@Fe 3O 4 and their photocatalytic degradation properties to hexaconazole. NANOIMPACT 2021; 22:100304. [PMID: 35559982 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The CD@Fe3O4 photocatalysts were synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis method. The CD@Fe3O4 particles were synthesized using Fe3O4 as the core and using citric acid and ethylenediamine as a raw material, which were heated to 200 °C for 4 h. The synthesized fluorescent CD@Fe3O4 was characterized by HR-TEM, IR and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The HR-TEM results showed CD and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniform, mono-dispersed sphere or hemisphere particles with an average size of approximately 3 nm, and particle size of CD@Fe3O4 were mainly in range of 20-30 nm. XRD results showed the nanoparticles mainly belonged to Fe3O4 and CD@Fe3O4, which made recycling our photocatalysts possible due to the magnetic performance. On daylight lamp, the half-life of hexaconazole in CD@Fe3O4 photocatalysts was about 4 days, and it is lower than half-life (over 100 days) of hexaconazole without CD@Fe3O4 photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Rong
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Junhu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zitong Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xinya Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Wu
- The National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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Bielská L, Hale SE, Škulcová L. A review on the stereospecific fate and effects of chiral conazole fungicides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141600. [PMID: 33182213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of chiral pesticides are triggered by the need for more complex molecules capable of effectively combating a greater spectrum of pests and crop diseases, while sustaining high production yields. Currently, chiral pesticides comprise about 30% of all pesticides in use; however, some pesticide groups such as conazole fungicides (CFs) consist almost exclusively of chiral compounds. CFs are produced and field-applied as racemic (1:1) mixtures of two enantiomers (one chiral center in the molecule) or four diastereoisomers, i.e., two pairs of enantiomers (two chiral centers in the molecule). Research on the stereoselective environmental behavior and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs has become increasingly important within the fields of environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology. This is motivated by the fact that currently, the fate and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs that arise due to their stereoselectivity are not fully understood and integrated into risk assessment and regulatory decisions. In order to fill this gap, a summary of the state-of-the-art literature related to the stereospecific fate and effects of CFs is needed. This will also benefit the agrochemistry industry as they enhance their understanding of the environmental implications of CFs which will aid future research and development of chiral products. This review provides a collection of >80 stereoselective studies for CFs related to chiral analytical methods, fungicidal activity, non-target toxicity, and behavior of this broadly used pesticide class in the soil environment. In addition, the review sheds more light on mechanisms behind stereoselectivity, considers possible agricultural and environmental implications, and suggests future directions for the safe use of chiral CFs and the reduction of their environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bielská
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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4
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Gao L, Xue Y, Zhang Z, Tian Y. Enantioseparation of
N‐
acetyl‐glutamine enantiomers by LC–MS/MS and its application to a plasma protein binding study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4559. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yunwen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Consistency EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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Nie J, Yaro P, He K, Zeng S. Development of a novel LC–MS/MS method for quantitation of triticonazole enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues and application to study on toxicokinetics and tissue distribution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Kuhlmann J, Kretschmann AC, Bester K, Bollmann UE, Dalhoff K, Cedergreen N. Enantioselective mixture toxicity of the azole fungicide imazalil with the insecticide α-cypermethrin in Chironomus riparius: Investigating the importance of toxicokinetics and enzyme interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:166-173. [PMID: 30875499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide imazalil is a chiral compound with one R- and one S-enantiomer. Enantiomers, while having the same chemical properties, can differ in their biological activity expressed as efficacy/toxicity as well as in their degradation kinetics and pathways. Azoles such as imazalil have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroid insecticides like α-cypermethrin through inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for pyrethroid detoxification. The aim of this study was to investigate, if the enantiomers of imazalil are selective in their synergistic potential in a mixture with a pyrethroid insecticide tested in Chironomus riparius. Potential enantioselectivity was studied on the level of uptake and elimination, inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity measured in vitro and in vivo and on synergistic potential of α-cypermethrin induced immobilization. Synergy was measured as an increase in α-cypermethrin toxicity after 144h applying a constant non-lethal imazalil concentration of 0.65 μmol/L. The R- and S-imazalil enantiomers increased α-cypermethrin toxicity from an EC50 of 1580 ± 980 pmol/L to an EC50 of 83 ± 10 pmol/L and 53 ± 8 pmol/L, respectively. The relatively small potency difference between imazalil enantiomers could not be explained by the in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition, as the IC50 values were similar (0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.09 ± 0.01 μmol/L for R- and S-imazalil). Measuring in vivo P450 inhibition and the toxicokinetic of imazalil did not show a clear trend of selectivity towards one or the other enantiomer. The study therefore suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in detoxification in C. riparius are not enantioselective for imazalil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Kuhlmann
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas C Kretschmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical Biosciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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7
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Yin LN, Zhang YW, Huang WH, Wang SH, Zheng GL. Stereoselectivity evaluation of chiral chitosan microspheres delivery system containing rac-KET in vitro and in vivo. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:63-69. [PMID: 30744429 PMCID: PMC6374939 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1556360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of chiral excipient D-chitosan (CS) on the stereoselective release of racemic ketoprofen (rac-KET) microspheres has been investigated in comparison to those microspheres containing individual enantiomers in vitro and in vivo. Stereoselectivity was observed in vitro release test, with R-KET release slightly higher than that of S-KET, especially in 3% rac-KET loading microspheres. Stereoselectivity is dependent on the content of chiral excipient and pH of release medium. A molecular docking study between CS and KET enantiomers further revealed that S-KET has a stronger interaction with CS compared to R-KET. Moreover, the plasma concentration of KET enantiomers in rats shows substantial differences, as the plasma levels of S-KET were higher than those of R-KET. Plasma levels of enantiomers from the R-KET microspheres had similar stereoselectivity as rac-KET microspheres. The S/R ratio of rac-KET microspheres was significantly lower than that of rac-KET suspension (regular-release formulation) (p<.05), and the differences is 3–5 fold. Besides, rates of R-KET converted to S-KET exhibited differences between rac-KET microspheres and suspension. Similar results were also found between R-KET microspheres and suspension. All investigations suggest that the chitosan interacting preferentially with S-KET to R-KET significantly affect the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of rac-KET from chitosan microspheres in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yin
- a Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- a Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wen-Hai Huang
- a Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Sheng-Hao Wang
- a Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Gao-Li Zheng
- a Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
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8
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Hao W, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Guo B, Chang J, Li J, Xu P, Wang H. Myclobutanil accumulation, transcriptional alteration, and tissue injury in lizards (Eremias argus) treated with myclobutanil enantiomers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:247-255. [PMID: 30612012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective toxicokinetics, accumulation, and toxicity of myclobutanil were investigated by oral exposure of myclobutanil enantiomers to lizards. After a single oral administration, the absorption half-lives ( [Formula: see text] ) and elimination half-lives (t1/2k) were in the range of 0.133-14.828 and 3.641-17.682 h, respectively. The absorption and elimination half-lives of (+)-myclobutanil showed no significant differences from those of (-)-myclobutanil in lizard blood, whereas preferential enrichment of (-)-enantiomer was observed in the liver, fat, skin, intestine, lung and kidney. In the bioaccumulation experiments, the residue of (-)-myclobutanil was detected in most tissues at 7, 14, and 28 days, while (+)-myclobutanil was found only in lizard skin, at a concentration lower than that of (-)-myclobutanil. Thus, (-)-myclobutanil was preferentially accumulated in lizards. The transcriptional responses of metabolic enzyme genes indicated that cytochrome P450 1a1 (cyp1a1), cyp2d3, cyp2d6, cyp3a4 and cyp3a7 played a crucial role in the metabolism of (+)-myclobutanil, whereas cyp1a1, cyp2d3, cyp2d6, cyp2c8, and cyp3a4 contributed to the metabolism of (-)-myclobutanil. The difference in metabolism pathways may be a reason for the enantioselectivity of myclobutanil in lizard. Myclobutanil also affected the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes, and the (+)-myclobutanil treatment might produce higher oxidative stress in lizard liver when compared with its antipode. Hepatic histopathological changes such as hepatocellular hypertrophy, nuclear pyknosis, vacuolation, and non-zonal macrovesicular lipid accumulation were observed in the liver of lizards for both (+)-myclobutanil and (-)-myclobutanil treatments. Thus, myclobutanil could affect lizard liver upon multiple exposure. The findings of this study provide specific insights into the enantioselective metabolism and toxicity of chiral triazole fungicides in lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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Tong Z, Dong X, Yang S, Sun M, Gao T, Duan J, Cao H. Enantioselective effects of the chiral fungicide tetraconazole in wheat: Fungicidal activity and degradation behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:1-8. [PMID: 30648617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetraconazole, a chiral triazole fungicide, is widely used for the prevention of plant disease in wheat fields. However, the chirality of pesticides like tetraconazole can cause diverse biological responses. Therefore, it is important that research is conducted to investigate the enantioselective effects of chiral enantiomers in this regard. The absolute configurations of two tetraconazole enantiomers were initially confirmed by ECD (Electrostatic circular dichroism). The bioassay test showed that the fungicidal activity of (R)-(+)-tetraconazole against two pathogens (R. cerealis and F. graminearum) was approximately 1.49-1.98 times greater than that for (S)-(-)- tetraconazole. Following recovery experiments, a modified QuEchERS (Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method was established using UPLC-MS/MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). The mean recoveries from plant and soil sample ranged from 78.9% to 100.5% with intraday relative standard (RSDr) values of 0.8%-6.9% and interday relative standard (RSDR) values of 3.0%-5.2% respectively. The stereoselective degradation of tetraconazole in wheat meant that (S)-(-)-tetraconazole was more rapidly degraded than (R)-(+)-tetraconazole. Conversely, (R)-(+)-tetraconazole was preferentially degraded in wheat soil. These results will provide us with a greater understanding when assessing future environmental risk assessments and strategies that invoke pesticide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Tongchun Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jinsheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei), Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Xu C, Lin X, Yin S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Liu K, Li F, Yang F, Liu W. Enantioselectivity in biotransformation and bioaccumulation processes of typical chiral contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1274-1286. [PMID: 30268979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a critical topic in the medicinal and agrochemical fields. One quarter of all agrochemicals was chiral in 1996, and this proportion has increased remarkably with the introduction of new compounds over time. Despite scientists have made great efforts to probe the enantiomeric selectivity of chiral chemicals in the environment since early 1990s, the different behaviours of individual enantiomers in biologically mediated processes are still unclear. In the present review, we highlight state-of-the-knowledge on the stereoselective biotransformation and accumulation of chiral contaminants in organisms ranging from invertebrates to humans. Chiral insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pharmaceuticals, flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are all included in the target compounds. Key findings included: a) Changes in the enantiomeric fractions in vitro and in vivo models revealed that enantioselectivity commonly occurs in biotransformation and bioaccumulation. b) Emerging contaminants have become more important in the field of enantioselectivity together with their metabolites in biological transformation process. c) Chiral signatures have also been regarded as powerful tools for tracking pollution sources when the contribution of precursor is unknown. Future studies are needed in order to understand not only preliminary enrichment results but also detailed molecular mechanisms in diverse models to comprehensively understand the behaviours of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinmeng Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Fang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Metabolism studies of chiral pesticides: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:89-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Stereoselective protein binding studies of 2-(2-hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid enantiomers in rat, beagle dog and human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Xu L, Li D, Teng M, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Enantioselective bioaccumulation of hexaconazole and its toxic effects in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:798-805. [PMID: 26291761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the bioaccumulation and toxicity of hexaconazole (HEX) in spite of the fact that they are indispensable parts for a comprehensive assessment of its environmental behavior and toxic effects in organisms of freshwater ecosystems. In this study, adult zebrafish were used to study the enantioselective bioaccumulation of HEX and its effect endpoints in liver, including oxidative stress and the regulation of apoptosis-related gene expression. Significant enantioselective bioaccumulation was demonstrated when exposed to HEX of 100 and 200 μg L(-)(1), finding that the (-)-enantiomer tended to accumulate in zebrafish more easily than (+)-enantiomer. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) and GSH content were all significantly decreased when zebrafish were exposed to 50 and 200 μg L(-1) HEX for 21 d. A series of genes of the apoptosis pathway were examined in groups treated with 50 and 200 μg L(-)(1) HEX for 21 d using real-time PCR. Significant up-regulation of p53, Puma, Apaf-1, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio were proved. The overall results indicated that waterborne HEX was able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis through the involvement of caspases in adult zebrafish. The above information will play a vital role in the integrated environmental risk assessment of HEX and make its toxic mechanism in fish clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhi Li
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Renke Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Zhu W, Qiu J, Wang X, Zhang P, Yan J, Zhou Z. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism after exposure to hexaconazole and the enantioselective metabolism of hexaconazole in rat hepatocytes in vitro. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 295:9-16. [PMID: 25863579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the enantioselective metabolism, cytotoxicity of hexaconazole and its influence on tryptophan metabolism in rat hepatocytes in vitro were investigated. Following the exposure of primary rat hepatocytes to rac-hexaconazole, the concentrations of its enantiomers in the media were determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The half-lives (t1/2) of (+)-hexaconazole and (-)-hexaconazole were 5.17 h and 19.80 h, respectively, indicating that the metabolic process was enantioselective with (-)-hexaconazole enrichment. Using the MTT method, the EC50 values of rac-hexaconazole, (+)-hexaconazole and (-)-hexaconazole after 12h of exposure were determined to be 71.62, 62.71 and 67.94 μM, respectively. Tryptophan metabolism was monitored using metabolomics profiling techniques. Hexaconazole and its enantiomers caused the down-regulation of tryptophan levels and the up-regulation of kynurenine (KYN) levels, suggesting a role for hexaconazole in the activation of the KYN pathway and providing information for the mechanism of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Han J, Jiang J, Su H, Sun M, Wang P, Liu D, Zhou Z. Bioactivity, toxicity and dissipation of hexaconazole enantiomers. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2523-2527. [PMID: 24206830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the bioactivity, acute toxicity and dissipation in vegetables of the individual enantiomers of the fungicide hexaconazole had been investigated. The optical pure single enantiomers were prepared and the bioactivity of (+)-, (-)- and rac-hexaconazole was tested using four target fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, Alternaria solani, Alternaria mali Roberts and Monilinia fructicola. The results showed (-)-hexaconazole was always more active than (+)-hexaconazole with the fungicidal activity 11–13-fold higher to A. solani, A. mali Roberts and Monilinia fructicola, and 1.26-fold higher to C. gloeosporioides Penz. (-)-Hexaconazole also showed 1.3-fold higher acute toxicity to aquatic species Daphnia magna based on the 48 h EC50 values. There was obvious enantioselectivity in the dissipation in tomato with (-)-hexaconazole degraded faster resulting an enrichment of (+)-form, and the half-lives of (-)-hexaconazole and (+)-hexaconazole in tomato were 2.96 d and 3.38 d respectively, while it was not enantioselective in green pepper, in which the both enantiomers had the half-lives about 4.36 d. The findings are helpful for better environmental and ecological risk assessment of hexaconazole on an enantiomeric level.
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16
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Shen Z, Liu D, Wang P, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhou Z. Gender-Related In Vitro Metabolism of Hexaconazole and Its Enantiomers in Rats. Chirality 2013; 25:852-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing People's Republic of China
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17
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Lv X, Liu C, Li Y, Gao Y, Guo B, Wang H, Li J. Bioaccumulation and Excretion of Enantiomers of Myclobutanil inTenebrio molitorLarvae Through Dietary Exposure. Chirality 2013; 25:890-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Lv
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Chen Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yaobin Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yongxin Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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18
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Shen Q, Wang L, Zhou H, Jiang HD, Yu LS, Zeng S. Stereoselective binding of chiral drugs to plasma proteins. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:998-1006. [PMID: 23852086 PMCID: PMC3733166 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral drugs show distinct biochemical and pharmacological behaviors in the human body. The binding of chiral drugs to plasma proteins usually exhibits stereoselectivity, which has a far-reaching influence on their pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic profiles. In this review, the stereoselective binding of chiral drugs to human serum albumin (HSA), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and lipoprotein, three most important proteins in human plasma, are detailed. Furthermore, the application of AGP variants and recombinant fragments of HSA for studying enantiomer binding properties is also discussed. Apart from the stereoselectivity of enantiomer-protein binding, enantiomer-enantiomer interactions that may induce allosteric effects are also described. Additionally, the techniques and methods used to determine drug-protein binding parameters are briefly reviewed.
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Li Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Chen X, Han Y, Liang X, Zheng Y. Studies of Enantiomeric Degradation of the Triazole Fungicide Hexaconazole in Tomato, Cucumber, and Field Soil by Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chirality 2013; 25:160-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
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20
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Huang L, Lu D, Zhang P, Diao J, Zhou Z. Enantioselective Toxic Effects of Hexaconazole Enantiomers Against Scenedesmus Obliquus. Chirality 2012; 24:610-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ledan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing; People's Republic of China
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21
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Wang X, Zhang H, Xu H, Wang X, Wu C, Yang H, Li Z, Wang Q. Enantioselective residue dissipation of hexaconazole in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. caulorapa DC.), and soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2212-2218. [PMID: 22309697 DOI: 10.1021/jf204523t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantioselective dissipation behavior of hexaconazole was investigated in cucumber fruit, head cabbage, and two different types of agricultural soils. The dissipation kinetics was determined by reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a cellulose tris (3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) chiral column. Dissipation rates of hexaconazole enantiomers followed first-order kinetics; the residues of (+)-enantiomer decreased more rapidly than (-)-enantiomer in cucumber and head cabbage, resulting in relative enrichment of the (-)-form, while the two enantiomers showed similar degradation rates in the tested soils. These results indicate substantial enantioselectivity in the residue dissipation of hexaconazole enantiomers in cucumber and head cabbage; however, nonenantioselective dissipation was observed in the tested soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Analysis of Tebuconazole and Tetraconazole Enantiomers by Chiral HPLC-MS/MS and Application to Measure Enantioselective Degradation in Strawberries. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Enantioselective degradation of hexaconazole in rat hepatic microsomes in vitro. Chirality 2012; 24:283-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Shen Z, Zhang P, Xu X, Wang X, Zhou Z, Liu D. Gender-related differences in stereoselective degradation of flutriafol in rabbits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10071-10077. [PMID: 21740052 DOI: 10.1021/jf201784r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective pharmacokinetics of flutriafol were investigated in male and female adult Japanese white rabbits. Following intravenous administration of rac-flutriafol to rabbits at 5 mg/kg (bd wt), the concentrations of the enantiomers in plasma were determined by a HLPC-UV method using a CDMPC-CSP chiral column. R-Flutriafol exhibited a shorter distribution half-life but a longer elimination half-life than the S-isomer. In female rabbits, the distribution half-lives of R- and S-flutriafol were found to be 0.09 and 0.18 h, respectively, significantly shorter than those in male rabbits, but the volume of distribution and elimination half-life for flutriafol enantiomers in both sexes of rabbit showed no significant differences. Female rabbits had a higher clearance for both flutriafol enantiomers. The protein binding value was high for both isomers, with enantioselectivity, but no gender difference. It was an important factor in modulating the disposition of flutriafol. Flutriafol concentrations in kidney, liver, fat, and lung were higher than in other tissues at 10 h after administration, and the concentrations of R-flutriafol were higher in all tissues than those of its antipode. However, gender difference in flutriafol residues in tissues was not observed. It is concluded that the stereoselectivity of flutriafol on distribution and elimination in rabbits mainly depends upon gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Qiu J, Dai S, Zheng C, Yang S, Chai T, Bie M. Enantiomeric separation of triazole fungicides with 3-μm and 5-μml particle chiral columns by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chirality 2011; 23:479-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Xu X, Shen Z, Diao J, Zhang P, Jiang J, Zhou Z. Stereoselective metabolism of the herbicide fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester in rabbits. Chirality 2011; 23:472-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Wang M, Wang Q, Cai H, Sleczka B, D’arienzo C, Josephs J, Ye XY, Robl J, Gordon D, Rodrigues D, Harper T. Prediction of In Vivo Enantiomeric Compositions by Modeling In Vitro Metabolic Profiles. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3234-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Wang Q, Qiu J, Zhou Z, Cao A, Wang X, Zhu W, Dang Z. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of diniconazole enantiomers in rabbits. Chirality 2009; 21:699-703. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Brocks DR. Drug disposition in three dimensions: an update on stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 27:387-406. [PMID: 16944450 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many marketed drugs are chiral and are administered as the racemate, a 50:50 combination of two enantiomers. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between enantiomers are well documented. Because of enantioselectivity in pharmacokinetics, results of in vitro pharmacodynamic studies involving enantiomers may differ from those in vivo where pharmacokinetic processes will proceed. With respect to pharmacokinetics, disparate plasma concentration vs time curves of enantiomers may result from the pharmacokinetic processes proceeding at different rates for the two enantiomers. At their foundation, pharmacokinetic processes may be enantioselective at the levels of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In some circumstances, one enantiomer can be chemically or biochemically inverted to its antipode in a unidirectional or bidirectional manner. Genetic consideration such as polymorphic drug metabolism and gender, and patient factors such as age, disease state and concomitant drug intake can all play a role in determining the relative plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of a racemic drug. The use of a nonstereoselective assay method for a racemic compound can lead to difficulties in interpretation of data from, for example, bioequivalence or dose/concentration vs effect assessments. In this review data from a number of representative studies involving pharmacokinetics of chiral drugs are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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30
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Konwick BJ, Garrison AW, Avants JK, Fisk AT. Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of chiral triazole fungicides in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 80:372-81. [PMID: 17118468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There are very little data on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of current-use pesticides (CUPs) despite the fact that such data are critical in assessing their fate and potential toxic effects in aquatic organisms. To help address this issue, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to dietary concentrations of a mixture of chiral triazole fungicides (bromuconazole, cyproconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, and triadimefon) and a chiral legacy pesticide [alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH)] to study the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of these CUPs. Fish accumulated all triazoles rapidly during the 8 day uptake phase, and was followed by rapid elimination, which was estimated by taking accelerated sampling times during the 16 day depuration period. Half-lives (t1/2s) and times to 95% elimination (t95s) ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 and 4.5 to 11.0 days, respectively. Chiral analysis suggested no significant selectivity in biotransformation for most of the compounds based on statistically unaltered enantiomer fractions (EFs) in the fish compared to food values; exceptions were a change in EF of myclobutanil and changes in diastereomer fractions (DFs) of propiconazole and cyproconazole. No biotransformation was observed for alpha-HCH based on consistent EFs in the fish throughout the experiment and a t1/2 (15.8 days) that fell within the 95% confidence interval of a log K(ow)-log t1/2 relationship developed for assessing biotransformation of organic contaminants. This relationship did show that biotransformation accounted for the majority (ranging from 59.9 to 90.4%) of the elimination for all triazoles, and that triazole compounds with oxygen and hydroxyl functional groups were more easily biotransformed. This research indicated that chiral analysis may potentially miss biotransformation of CUPs and other potential non-persistent organic contaminants and shows the utility of the log K(ow)-log t1/2 relationship as a mechanistic tool for quantifying biotransformation. Based on the rapid biotransformation of the triazoles, future research should focus on formation of metabolites and their fate and possible effects in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Konwick
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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31
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Zhu W, Qiu J, Dang Z, Lv C, Jia G, Li L, Zhou Z. Stereoselective degradation kinetics of tebuconazole in rabbits. Chirality 2006; 19:141-7. [PMID: 17117399 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tebuconazole[(RS)-1-p-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol] is a potent triazole fungicide and consists of a pair of enantiomers. The enantioselective degradation kinetics of tebuconazole was investigated in rabbits by intravenous (iv) injection. The concentrations of (-)-(R)-tebuconazole and (+)-(S)-tebuconazole in plasma and tissues were determined by HPLC with a cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase. Enantioselective analysis methods for this fungicide in plasma and tissues were developed and validated. Good linearities were obtained over the concentration range of 0.25-25 mg/l for both enantiomers. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the degradation of the (+)-(S)-tebuconazole was much faster than that of the (-)-(R)-tebuconazole in plasma after administration of racemic tebuconazole. This study also indicated that environmental assessment of enantiomeric degradation may be needed to fully evaluate risks of tebuconazole use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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