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Dutka M, Zimmer K, Ćwiertnia M, Ilczak T, Bobiński R. The role of PCSK9 in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases-mechanisms of action beyond its effect on LDL cholesterol. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:917-937. [PMID: 38886277 PMCID: PMC11306431 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) is a protein that regulates low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol metabolism by binding to the hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR), ultimately leading to its lysosomal degradation and an increase in LDL cholesterol (LDLc) levels. Treatment strategies have been developed based on blocking PCSK9 with specific antibodies (alirocumab, evolocumab) and on blocking its production with small regulatory RNA (siRNA) (inclisiran). Clinical trials evaluating these drugs have confirmed their high efficacy in reducing serum LDLc levels and improving the prognosis in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Most studies have focused on the action of PCSK9 on LDLRs and the subsequent increase in LDLc concentrations. Increasing evidence suggests that the adverse cardiovascular effects of PCSK9, particularly its atherosclerotic effects on the vascular wall, may also result from mechanisms independent of its effects on lipid metabolism. PCSK9 induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing to inflammation within the vascular wall and promotes apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes and is thus involved in the development and progression of heart failure. The elimination of PCSK9 may, therefore, not only be a treatment for hypercholesterolaemia but also for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of action of PCSK9 in the cardiovascular system are not yet fully understood. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms of PCSK9 action in the cardiovascular system and its contribution to cardiovascular diseases. Knowledge of these mechanisms may contribute to the wider use of PCSK9 inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Michał Ćwiertnia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ilczak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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Dartsch RC, Kraut S, Mayer T, Gabel A, Dietrich A, Weissmann N, Fuchs B, Knoepp F. Use of FRET-Sensor 'Mermaid' to Detect Subtle Changes in Membrane Potential of Primary Mouse PASMCs. Cells 2024; 13:1070. [PMID: 38920698 PMCID: PMC11202191 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Subtle changes in the membrane potential of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are pivotal for controlling pulmonary vascular tone, e.g., for initiating Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction, a vital mechanism of the pulmonary circulation. In our study, we evaluated the ability of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based voltage-sensor Mermaid to detect such subtle changes in membrane potential. Mouse PASMCs were isolated and transduced with Mermaid-encoding lentiviral vectors before the acceptor/donor emission ratio was assessed via live cell FRET-imaging. Mermaid's sensitivity was tested by applying specific potassium chloride (KCl) concentrations. These KCl concentrations were previously validated by patch clamp recordings to induce depolarization with predefined amplitudes that physiologically occur in PASMCs. Mermaid's emission ratio dose-dependently increased upon depolarization with KCl. However, Mermaid formed unspecific intracellular aggregates, which limited the usefulness of this voltage sensor. When analyzing the membrane rim only to circumvent these unspecific signals, Mermaid was not suitable to resolve subtle changes in the membrane potential of ≤10 mV. In summary, we found Mermaid to be a suitable alternative for reliably detecting qualitative membrane voltage changes of more than 10 mV in primary mouse PASMCs. However, one should be aware of the limitations associated with this voltage sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Dartsch
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Mayer
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (T.M.)
| | - Andreas Gabel
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (T.M.)
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fenja Knoepp
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Shen J, Ju D, Wu S, Zhao J, Pham L, Ponce A, Yang M, Li HJ, Zhang K, Yang Z, Xie Y, Li L. SM22α deficiency: promoting vascular fibrosis via SRF-SMAD3-mediated activation of Col1a2 transcription following arterial injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3941602. [PMID: 38464061 PMCID: PMC10925461 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941602/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vascular fibrosis, characterized by increased Type I collagen expression, significantly contributes to vascular remodeling. Our previous studies show that disrupting the expression of SM22α (aka SM22, Tagln) induces extensive vascular remodeling following arterial injury, involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and chondrogenesis within the vessel wall. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcription of Col1a2 , a key fibrotic extracellular matrix marker. We observed upregulation of COL1A2 in the arterial wall of Sm22 -/- mice following carotid injury. Bioinformatics and molecular analyses reveal that Col1a2 transcription depends on a CArG box in the promoter, activated synergistically by SRF and SMAD3. Notably, we detected enhanced nuclear translocation of both SRF and SMAD3 in the smooth muscle cells of the injured carotid artery in Sm22 -/- mice. These findings demonstrate that SM22 deficiency regulates vascular fibrosis through the interaction of SRF and the SMAD3-mediated canonical TGF-β1 signal pathway, suggesting SM22α as a potential therapeutic target for preventing vascular fibrosis.
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Huang SS, Liu R, Chang S, Li X, Weng X, Ge J. Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolite Indole-3-aldehyde Ameliorates Aortic Dissection. Nutrients 2023; 15:4150. [PMID: 37836434 PMCID: PMC10574575 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan, an essential dietary amino acid, is metabolized into various metabolites within both gut microbiota and tissue cells. These metabolites have demonstrated potential associations with panvascular diseases. However, the specific relationship between tryptophan metabolism, particularly Indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAId), and the occurrence of aortic dissection (AD) remains unclear. 3-IAId showed an inverse association with advanced atherosclerosis, a risk factor for AD. In this study, we employed a well-established β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN)-induced AD murine model to investigate the impact of 3-IAId treatment on the progression of AD. Our results reveal compelling evidence that the administration of 3-IAId significantly mitigated aortic dissection and rupture rates (BAPN + 3-IAId vs. BAPN, 45% vs. 90%) and led to a notable reduction in mortality rates (BAPN + 3-IAId vs. BAPN, 20% vs. 55%). Furthermore, our study elucidates that 3-IAId exerts its beneficial effects by inhibiting the phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a synthetic state. It also mitigates extracellular matrix degradation, attenuates macrophage infiltration, and suppresses the expression of inflammatory cytokines, collectively contributing to the attenuation of AD development. Our findings underscore the potential of 3-IAId as a promising intervention strategy for the prevention of thoracic aortic dissection, thus providing valuable insights into the realm of vascular disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Shane Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongle Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shufu Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.-S.H.); (R.L.); (S.C.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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Rager C, Klöpper T, Pfeil U, Tasch S, Whittaker MR, Exintaris B, Mietens A, Middendorff R. Reference Gene U2 Enables Direct Comparison between Relative Gene Expression Levels of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Tissue and Culture Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR. Cells 2023; 12:2135. [PMID: 37681867 PMCID: PMC10487071 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In nearly every lab, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is used to quantify gene expression. However, a comparison of different samples requires the careful selection of suitable reference genes (RGs), sometimes referred to as housekeeping genes. In the case of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), it is important to know under which conditions gene expression in isolated and cultured vSMCs can be compared with vSMCs in a healthy blood vessel. We isolated the vSMC-containing layer of the rat aorta (tunica media) and used one (longitudinal) half for direct RNA extraction, while the other half served to isolate and culture vSMCs prior to RNA extraction. First, the expression of the routinely used RGs beta-actin (Actb) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) is investigated in intact media and corresponding cultured vSMCs. Significant differences in their Ct values show that these RGs could not be used for such direct comparisons; therefore, we select 15 different RGs. Only the gene expression of the small ribonuclear protein (snRNP) U2 shows no significant differences between the absolute Ct values of cultured vSMCs and the intact media; moreover, no differences were found between male and female rats in our experimental setup. In conclusion, U2 was shown to be an appropriate (sex-independent) RG to compare relative expression levels of vSMCs in culture to those vSMCs within their physiological tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rager
- Signalling Transduction Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.)
- Drug Discovery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tobias Klöpper
- Signalling Transduction Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.)
| | - Uwe Pfeil
- Cardiopulmonary Neurobiology Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Tasch
- Signalling Transduction Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.)
| | - Michael Raymond Whittaker
- Drug Discovery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Betty Exintaris
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrea Mietens
- Signalling Transduction Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.)
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Signalling Transduction Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.R.)
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Derhambakhsh S, Mohammadi J, Shokrgozar MA, Rabbani H, Sadeghi N, Nekounam H, Mohammadi S, Lee KB, Khakbiz M. Investigation of electrical stimulation on phenotypic vascular smooth muscle cells differentiation in tissue-engineered small-diameter vascular graft. Tissue Cell 2023; 81:101996. [PMID: 36657256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the development of vascular tissue engineering, particularly in the case of small diameter vessels, one of the key obstacles is the blockage of these veins once they enter the in vivo environment. One of the contributing factors to this problem is the aberrant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media layer of the artery to the interior of the channel. Two distinct phenotypes have been identified for smooth muscle cells, namely synthetic and contractile. Since the synthetic phenotype plays an essential role in the unusual growth and migration, the aim of this study was to convert the synthetic phenotype into the contractile one, which is a solution to prevent the abnormal growth of VSMCs. To achieve this goal, these cells were subjected to electrical signals, using a 1000 μA sinusoidal stimulation at 10 Hz for four days, with 20 min duration per 24 h. The morphological transformations and changes in the expression of vimentin, nestin, and β-actin proteins were then studied using ICC and flow cytometry assays. Also, the expression of VSMC specific markers such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) and smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA) were evaluated using RT-PCR test. In the final phase of this study, the sheep decellularized vessel was employed as a scaffold for seeding these cells. Based on the results, electrical stimulation resulted in some morphological alterations in VSMCs. Furthermore, the observed reductions in the expression levels of vimentin, nestin and β-actin proteins and increase in the expression of SMMHC and α-SMA markers showed that it is possible to convert the synthetic phenotype to the contractile one using the studied regime of electrical stimulation. Finally, it can be concluded that electrical stimulation can significantly affect the phenotype of VSMCs, as demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Derhambakhsh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 439957131, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 439957131, Iran.
| | | | - Hodjattallah Rabbani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houra Nekounam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sotoudeh Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mehrdad Khakbiz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 439957131, Iran.
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Negishi K, Aizawa K, Shindo T, Suzuki T, Sakurai T, Saito Y, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M, Kataoka Y, Maeda M, Tomida S, Morita H, Takeda N, Komuro I, Kario K, Nagai R, Imai Y. An Myh11 single lysine deletion causes aortic dissection by reducing aortic structural integrity and contractility. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8844. [PMID: 35614093 PMCID: PMC9133116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in myosin heavy chain (Myh11) cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (FTAAD). However, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear because of a lack of animal models. In this study, we established a mouse model with Myh11 K1256del, the pathogenic variant we found previously in two FTAAD families. The Myh11∆K/∆K aorta showed increased wall thickness and ultrastructural abnormalities, including weakened cell adhesion. Notably, the Myh11∆K/+ mice developed aortic dissections and intramural haematomas when stimulated with angiotensin II. Mechanistically, integrin subunit alpha2 (Itga2) was downregulated in the Myh11∆K/∆K aortas, and the smooth muscle cell lineage cells that differentiated from Myh11∆K/∆K induced pluripotent stem cells. The contractility of the Myh11∆K/∆K aortas in response to phenylephrine was also reduced. These results imply that the suboptimal cell adhesion indicated by Itga2 downregulation causes a defect in the contraction of the aorta. Consequently, the defective contraction may increase the haemodynamic stress underlying the aortic dissections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Negishi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Saito
- System Integration Center, Gunma University Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shota Tomida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Imai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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8
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Ismaeel A, Miserlis D, Papoutsi E, Haynatzki G, Bohannon WT, Smith RS, Eidson JL, Casale GP, Pipinos II, Koutakis P. Endothelial cell-derived pro-fibrotic factors increase TGF-β1 expression by smooth muscle cells in response to cycles of hypoxia-hyperoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166278. [PMID: 34601016 PMCID: PMC8629962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular pathology of peripheral artery disease (PAD) encompasses abnormal microvascular architecture and fibrosis in response to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) cycles. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which pathological changes in the microvasculature direct fibrosis in the context of I/R. METHODS Primary human aortic endothelial cells (ECs) were cultured under cycles of normoxia-hypoxia (NH) or normoxia-hypoxia-hyperoxia (NHH) to mimic I/R. Primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were cultured and treated with media from the ECs. FINDINGS The mRNA and protein expression of the pro-fibrotic factors platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were significantly upregulated in ECs undergoing NH or NHH cycles. Treatment of SMCs with media from ECs undergoing NH or NHH cycles led to significant increases in TGF-β1, TGF-β pathway signaling intermediates, and collagen expression. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against PDGF-BB and CTGF to the media blunted the increases in TGF-β1 and collagen expression. Treatment of SMCs with PAD patient-derived serum also led to increased TGF-β1 levels. INTERPRETATION In an in-vitro model of I/R, which recapitulates the pathophysiology of PAD, increased secretion of PDGF-BB and CTGF by ECs was shown to be predominantly driving TGF-β1-mediated expression by SMCs. These cell culture experiments help elucidate the mechanism and interaction between ECs and SMCs in microvascular fibrosis associated with I/R. Thus, targeting these pro-fibrotic factors may be an effective strategy to combat fibrosis in response to cycles of I/R. FUNDING National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health grant number R01AG064420. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Evidence before this study: Previous studies in gastrocnemius biopsies from peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients showed that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), the most potent inducer of pathological fibrosis, is increased in the vasculature of PAD patients and correlated with collagen deposition. However, the exact cellular source of TGF-β1 remained unclear. Added value of this study: Exposing cells to cycles of normoxia-hypoxia-hyperoxia (NHH) resulted in pathological changes that are consistent with human PAD. This supports the idea that the use of NHH may be a reliable, novel in vitro model of PAD useful for studying associated pathophysiological mechanisms. Furthermore, pro-fibrotic factors (PDGF-BB and CTGF) released from endothelial cells were shown to induce a fibrotic phenotype in smooth muscle cells. This suggests a potential interaction between these cell types in the microvasculature that drives increased TGF-β1 expression and collagen deposition. Thus, targeting these pro-fibrotic factors may be an effective strategy to combat fibrosis in response to cycles of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, B.207 Baylor Science Building, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA
| | - Dimitrios Miserlis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 8300 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Evlampia Papoutsi
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, B.207 Baylor Science Building, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA
| | - Gleb Haynatzki
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4375, USA
| | - William T Bohannon
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, 2401 S 31st St, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Robert S Smith
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, 2401 S 31st St, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Jack L Eidson
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, 2401 S 31st St, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - George P Casale
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 982500 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-2500, USA
| | - Iraklis I Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 982500 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-2500, USA
| | - Panagiotis Koutakis
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, B.207 Baylor Science Building, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA.
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9
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PDE-Mediated Cyclic Nucleotide Compartmentation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: From Basic to a Clinical Perspective. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 9:jcdd9010004. [PMID: 35050214 PMCID: PMC8777754 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are major components of blood vessels and are involved in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. In healthy vessels, vascular SMCs contribute to vasotone and regulate blood flow by cyclic nucleotide intracellular pathways. However, vascular SMCs lose their contractile phenotype under pathological conditions and alter contractility or signalling mechanisms, including cyclic nucleotide compartmentation. In the present review, we focus on compartmentalized signaling of cyclic nucleotides in vascular smooth muscle. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms clarifies the most relevant axes for the regulation of vascular tone. Furthermore, this allows the detection of possible changes associated with pathological processes, which may be of help for the discovery of novel drugs.
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10
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are now considered important contributors to the pathophysiological and biophysical mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening in aging. Here, we review mechanisms whereby VSMC stiffening alters vascular function and contributes to the changes in vascular stiffening observed in aging and cardiovascular disease. Vascular stiffening in arterial aging was historically associated with changes in the extracellular matrix; however, new evidence suggests that endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness also contribute to overall blood vessel stiffness. Furthermore, VSMC play an integral role in regulating matrix deposition and vessel wall contractility via interaction between the actomyosin contractile unit and adhesion structures that anchor the cell within the extracellular matrix. Aged-induce phenotypic modulation of VSMC from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype is associated with decreased cellular contractility and increased cell stiffness. Aged VSMC also display reduced mechanosensitivity and adaptation to mechanical signals from their microenvironment due to impaired intracellular signaling. Finally, evidence for decreased contractility in arteries from aged animals demonstrate that changes at the cellular level result in decreased functional properties at the tissue level.
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11
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Manning EP, Ramachandra AB, Schupp JC, Cavinato C, Raredon MSB, Bärnthaler T, Cosme C, Singh I, Tellides G, Kaminski N, Humphrey JD. Mechanisms of Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Stiffening in Mice Revealed by a Functional Genetics Assay of Structural, Functional, and Transcriptomic Data. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726253. [PMID: 34594238 PMCID: PMC8478173 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia adversely affects the pulmonary circulation of mammals, including vasoconstriction leading to elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. The clinical importance of changes in the structure and function of the large, elastic pulmonary arteries is gaining increased attention, particularly regarding impact in multiple chronic cardiopulmonary conditions. We establish a multi-disciplinary workflow to understand better transcriptional, microstructural, and functional changes of the pulmonary artery in response to sustained hypoxia and how these changes inter-relate. We exposed adult male C57BL/6J mice to normoxic or hypoxic (FiO2 10%) conditions. Excised pulmonary arteries were profiled transcriptionally using single cell RNA sequencing, imaged with multiphoton microscopy to determine microstructural features under in vivo relevant multiaxial loading, and phenotyped biomechanically to quantify associated changes in material stiffness and vasoactive capacity. Pulmonary arteries of hypoxic mice exhibited an increased material stiffness that was likely due to collagen remodeling rather than excessive deposition (fibrosis), a change in smooth muscle cell phenotype reflected by decreased contractility and altered orientation aligning these cells in the same direction as the remodeled collagen fibers, endothelial proliferation likely representing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning, and a network of cell-type specific transcriptomic changes that drove these changes. These many changes resulted in a system-level increase in pulmonary arterial pulse wave velocity, which may drive a positive feedback loop exacerbating all changes. These findings demonstrate the power of a multi-scale genetic-functional assay. They also highlight the need for systems-level analyses to determine which of the many changes are clinically significant and may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Manning
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Abhay B Ramachandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Cosme
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - George Tellides
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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Kota D, Kang L, Rickel A, Liu J, Smith S, Hong Z, Wang C. Low doses of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles alter the actin organization and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125514. [PMID: 33647611 PMCID: PMC8144069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery and controlled release. Considering most ZIF-8 nanoparticle drug carriers are designed to be administered intravenously, and thus would directly contact vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in many circumstances, the potential interactions of ZIF-8 nanoparticles with VSMCs require investigation. Here, the effects of low doses of ZIF-8 nanoparticles on VSMC morphology, actin organization, and contractility are investigated. Two nanoscale imaging tools, atomic force microscopy, and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, show that even at the concentrations (12.5 and 25 µg/ml) that were deemed "safe" by conventional biochemical cell assays (MTT and LDH assays), ZIF-8 nanoparticles can still cause changes in cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization at the cell apical and basal surfaces. These cytoskeletal structural changes impair the contractility function of VSMCs in response to Angiotensin II, a classic vasoconstrictor. Based on intracellular zinc and actin polymerization assays, we conclude that the increased intracellular Zn2+ concentration due to the uptake and dissociation of ZIF-8 nanoparticles could cause the actin cytoskeleton dis-organization, as the elevated Zn2+ directly disrupts the actin assembly process, leading to altered actin organization such as branches and networks. Since the VSMC phenotype change and loss of contractility are fundamental to the development of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, it is worth noting that these low doses of ZIF-8 nanoparticles administered intravenously could still be a safety concern in terms of cardiovascular risks. Moving forward, it is imperative to re-consider the "safe" nanoparticle dosages determined by biochemical cell assays alone, and take into account the impact of these nanoparticles on the biophysical characteristics of VSMCs, including changes in the actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kota
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701
| | - Lin Kang
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701
| | - Alex Rickel
- Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD, USA 57107; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701
| | - Steve Smith
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD, USA 57107; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701.
| | - Congzhou Wang
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701; BioSystems Networks & Translational Research (BioSNTR), 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, USA 57701.
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13
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Yamamoto Y, Minami M, Yoshida K, Nagata M, Miyata T, Yang T, Takayama N, Suzuki K, Okawa M, Yamada K, Miyamoto S. Irradiation Accelerates Plaque Formation and Cellular Senescence in Flow-Altered Carotid Arteries of Apolipoprotein E Knock-Out Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020712. [PMID: 34227406 PMCID: PMC8483483 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation through cellular senescence, known as the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, is a mechanism of various organ diseases, including atherosclerosis. Particularly, ionizing radiation (IR) contributes to cellular senescence by causing DNA damage. Although previous clinical studies have demonstrated that radiotherapy causes atherosclerosis as a long‐term side effect, the detailed mechanism is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between radiation‐induced atherosclerosis and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype in murine carotid arteries. Methods and Results Partial ligation of the left carotid artery branches in 9‐week‐old male apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice was performed to induce atherosclerosis. The mice received total body irradiation at a dose of 6 Gy using gamma rays at 2 weeks post operation. We compared the samples collected 4 weeks after IR with unirradiated control samples. The IR and control groups presented pathologically progressive lesions in 90.9% and 72.3% of mice, respectively. Plaque volume, macrophage accumulation, and phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells were advanced in the IR group. Irradiated samples showed increased persistent DNA damage response (53BP1 [p53 binding protein 1]), upregulated cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (p16INK4a and p21), and elevated inflammatory chemokines expression (monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, keratinocyte‐derived chemokine, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2). Conclusions IR promoted plaque growth in murine carotid arteries. Our findings support the possibility that senescence‐associated secretory phenotype aggravates atherogenesis in irradiated artery. This mice model might contribute to mechanism elucidation of radiation‐induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Manabu Minami
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Department of Data Science National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Manabu Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan.,Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Naoki Takayama
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Masakazu Okawa
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
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14
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Li H, Zheng L, Wang M. Biofunctionalized Nanofibrous Bilayer Scaffolds for Enhancing Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5276-5294. [PMID: 35007009 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for fabricating functionalized multilayered nanofibrous scaffolds has been developed by combining electrospinning and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) techniques. In this investigation, functionalized bilayer scaffolds were constructed using this method for bone tissue engineering, which consisted of a nanofibrous poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) membrane as the base and a nanofibrous chitosan (CS) or gelatin (Gel) mesh as the surface layer, with the PLGA nanofibers having a biomimetic polydopamine (PDA) coating. It was shown that the PDA coating strongly bonded TIPS-formed CS or Gel networks onto PDA-coated electrospun PLGA membranes. The nanofibrous PLGA membrane provided adequate mechanical support for the whole structure, and the nanofibrous CS or Gel networks enhanced cell growth and maturation. The bioinspired surface modification of PLGA scaffolds through PDA coating could not only provide strong adhesion between the two scaffold layers but also improve biological properties of scaffolds. It was demonstrated that functionalized bilayer scaffolds could promote cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation of mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and rat bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (rBMSCs). Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining and calcium deposition studies revealed that functionalized bilayer scaffolds could enhance osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and rBMSCs in comparison with simple electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The functionalized bilayer scaffolds are promising structures for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Liwu Zheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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15
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Sanyour HJ, Rickel AP, Hong Z. The interplay of membrane cholesterol and substrate on vascular smooth muscle biomechanics. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:279-299. [PMID: 33837696 PMCID: PMC8041049 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the primary cause of death worldwide. Specifically, atherosclerosis is a CVD characterized as a slow progressing chronic inflammatory disease. During atherosclerosis, vascular walls accumulate cholesterol and cause fatty streak formation. The progressive changes in vascular wall stiffness exert alternating mechanical cues on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The detachment of VSMCs in the media layer of the vessel and migration toward the intima is a critical step in atherosclerosis. VSMC phenotypic switching is a complicated process that modifies VSMC structure and biomechanical function. These changes affect the expression and function of cell adhesion molecules, thus impacting VSMC migration. Accumulating evidence has shown cholesterol is capable of regulating cellular migration, proliferation, and spreading. However, the interaction and coordinated effects of both cellular cholesterol and the extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness/composition on VSMC biomechanics remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Sanyour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Alex P Rickel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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16
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Yurtseven E, Ural D, Baysal K, Tokgözoğlu L. An Update on the Role of PCSK9 in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:909-918. [PMID: 32713931 PMCID: PMC7508721 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by functional changes in the endothelium accompanied by accumulation, oxidation, and glycation of LDL-cholesterol in the inner layer of the arterial wall and continues with the expression of adhesion molecules and release of chemoattractants. PCSK9 is a proprotein convertase that increases circulating LDL levels by directing hepatic LDL receptors into lysosomes for degradation. The effects of PCSK9 on hepatic LDL receptors and contribution to atherosclerosis via the induction of hyperlipidemia are well defined. Monoclonal PCSK9 antibodies that block the effects of PCSK9 on LDL receptors demonstrated beneficial results in cardiovascular outcome trials. In recent years, extrahepatic functions of PCSK9, particularly its direct effects on atherosclerotic plaques have received increasing attention. Experimental trials have revealed that PCSK9 plays a significant role in every step of atherosclerotic plaque formation. It contributes to foam cell formation by increasing the uptake of LDL by macrophages via scavenger receptors and inhibiting cholesterol efflux from macrophages. It induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemoattractants, thereby increasing monocyte recruitment, inflammatory cell adhesion, and inflammation at the atherosclerotic vascular wall. Moreover, low shear stress is associated with increased PCSK9 expression. PCSK9 may induce endothelial cell apoptosis and autophagy and stimulate the differentiation of smooth muscle cells from the contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype. Increasing evidence indicates that PCSK9 is a molecular target in the development of novel approaches toward the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the molecular roles of PCSK9 in atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yurtseven
- Department of Cardiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ural
- Department of Cardiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Baysal
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lale Tokgözoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Bâră RI, Voinea LM, Vrapciu AD, Rusu MC. Adding myofibroblasts to the lacrimal pump. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151536. [PMID: 32156483 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The lacrimal sac (LS) empties in the nasolacrimal duct to drain the tears in the inferior nasal meatus. Different studies indicated the role of the lacrimal pump in the lacrimal drainage. Although controversial, the lacrimal pump mechanism is an extrinsic one, either active, or passive. An intrinsic contractile potential of the LS was not documented previously. We thus aimed a retrospective immunohistochemical study to test the alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and h-caldesmon expression in the LS wall. We used archived paraffin-embedded samples of LS from ten adult patients. The α-SMA + phenotype was detected in basal epithelial cells, in subepithelial ribbons of stromal cells, in vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as in pericytes. H-caldesmon was exclusively expressed in pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and myoepithelial cells of the subepithelial glands. The most striking feature we found in all samples was a consistent stromal network of α-SMA+/h-caldesmon- myofibroblasts. This finding supports an intrinsic scaffold useful for the lacrimal pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Iustina Bâră
- Department of Ophtalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Ophtalmology, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Liliana Mary Voinea
- Department of Ophtalmology, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandra Diana Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd., RO-050474, Bucharest, Romania.
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18
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Garoffolo G, Ruiter MS, Piola M, Brioschi M, Thomas AC, Agrifoglio M, Polvani G, Coppadoro L, Zoli S, Saccu C, Spinetti G, Banfi C, Fiore GB, Madeddu P, Soncini M, Pesce M. Coronary artery mechanics induces human saphenous vein remodelling via recruitment of adventitial myofibroblast-like cells mediated by Thrombospondin-1. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2597-2611. [PMID: 32194822 PMCID: PMC7052885 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Despite the preferred application of arterial conduits, the greater saphenous vein (SV) remains indispensable for coronary bypass grafting (CABG), especially in multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of the present work was to address the role of mechanical forces in the activation of maladaptive vein bypass remodeling, a process determining progressive occlusion and recurrence of ischemic heart disease. Methods: We employed a custom bioreactor to mimic the coronary shear and wall mechanics in human SV vascular conduits and reproduce experimentally the biomechanical conditions of coronary grafting and analyzed vein remodeling process by histology, histochemistry and immunofluorescence. We also subjected vein-derived cells to cyclic uniaxial mechanical stimulation in culture, followed by phenotypic and molecular characterization using RNA and proteomic methods. We finally validated our results in vitro and using a model of SV carotid interposition in pigs. Results: Exposure to pulsatile flow determined a remodeling process of the vascular wall involving reduction in media thickness. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) underwent conversion from contractile to synthetic phenotype. A time-dependent increase in proliferating cells expressing mesenchymal (CD44) and early SMC (SM22α) markers, apparently recruited from the SV adventitia, was observed especially in CABG-stimulated vessels. Mechanically stimulated SMCs underwent transition from contractile to synthetic phenotype. MALDI-TOF-based secretome analysis revealed a consistent release of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a matricellular protein involved in TGF-β-dependent signaling. TSP-1 had a direct chemotactic effect on SV adventitia resident progenitors (SVPs); this effects was inhibited by blocking TSP-1 receptor CD47. The involvement of TSP-1 in adventitial progenitor cells differentiation and graft intima hyperplasia was finally contextualized in the TGF-β-dependent pathway, and validated in a saphenous vein into carotid interposition pig model. Conclusions: Our results provide the evidence of a matricellular mechanism involved in the human vein arterialization process controlled by alterations in tissue mechanics, and open the way to novel potential strategies to block VGD progression based on targeting cell mechanosensing-related effectors.
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19
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Akyürek LM, Bergo MO, Bandaru S. Response by Akyürek et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Targeting Filamin A Reduces Macrophage Activity and Atherosclerosis". Circulation 2019; 140:e814-e815. [PMID: 31765260 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levent M Akyürek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.M.A., S.B.).,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalandregionen, Göteborg, Sweden (L.M.A.).,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.O.B.)
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.M.A., S.B.).,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalandregionen, Göteborg, Sweden (L.M.A.).,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.O.B.)
| | - Sashidar Bandaru
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.M.A., S.B.).,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalandregionen, Göteborg, Sweden (L.M.A.).,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.O.B.)
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20
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Yi B, Shen Y, Tang H, Wang X, Li B, Zhang Y. Stiffness of Aligned Fibers Regulates the Phenotypic Expression of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6867-6880. [PMID: 30676736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun uniaxially aligned ultrafine fibers show great promise in constructing vascular grafts mimicking the anisotropic architecture of native blood vessels. However, understanding how the stiffness of aligned fibers would impose influences on the functionality of vascular cells has yet to be explored. The present study aimed to explore the stiffness effects of electrospun aligned fibrous substrates (AFSs) on phenotypic modulation in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). A stable jet coaxial electrospinning (SJCES) method was employed to generate highly aligned ultrafine fibers of poly(l-lactide- co-caprolactone)/poly(l-lactic acid) (PLCL/PLLA) in shell-core configuration with a remarkably varying stiffness region from 0.09 to 13.18 N/mm. We found that increasing AFS stiffness had no significant influence on the cellular shape and orientation along the fiber direction with the cultured human umbilical artery SMCs (huaSMCs) but inhibited the cell adhesion rate, promoted cell proliferation and migration, and especially enhanced the F-actin fiber assembly in the huaSMCs. Notably, higher fiber stiffness resulted in significant downregulation of contractile markers like alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, and desmin, whereas upregulated the gene expression of pathosis-associated osteopontin ( OPN) in the huaSMCs. These results allude to the phenotype of huaSMCs on stiffer AFSs being miserably modulated into a proliferative and pathological state. Consequently, it adversely affected the proliferation and migration behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells as well. Moreover, stiffer AFSs also revealed to incur significant upregulation of inflammatory gene expression, such as interleukin-6 ( IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1), in the huaSMCs. This study stresses that although electrospun aligned fibers are capable of modulating native-like oriented cell morphology and even desired phenotype realization or transition, they might not always direct cells into correct functionality. The integrated fiber stiffness underlying is thereby a critical parameter to consider in engineering structurally anisotropic tissue-engineered vascular grafts to ultimately achieve long-term patency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College , Soochow University , Suzhou 215007 , China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yanzhong Zhang
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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21
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Ramos D, Catita J, López-Luppo M, Valença A, Bonet A, Carretero A, Navarro M, Nacher V, Mendez-Ferrer S, Meseguer A, Casellas A, Mendes-Jorge L, Ruberte J. Vascular Interstitial Cells in Retinal Arteriolar Annuli Are Altered During Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:473-487. [PMID: 30707220 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose It has been suggested that arteriolar annuli localized in retinal arterioles regulate retinal blood flow acting as sphincters. Here, the morphology and protein expression profile of arteriolar annuli have been analyzed under physiologic conditions in the retina of wild-type, β-actin-Egfp, and Nestin-gfp transgenic mice. Additionally, to study the effect of hypertension, the KAP transgenic mouse has been used. Methods Cellular architecture has been studied using digested whole mount retinas and transmission electron microscopy. The profile of protein expression has been analyzed on paraffin sections and whole mount retinas by immunofluorescence and histochemistry. Results The ultrastructural analysis of arteriolar annuli showed a different cell population found between endothelial and muscle cells that matched most of the morphologic criteria established to define interstitial Cajal cells. The profile of protein expression of these vascular interstitial cells (VICs) was similar to that of interstitial Cajal cells and different from the endothelial and smooth muscle cells, because they expressed β-actin, nestin, and CD44, but they did not express CD31 and α-SMA or scarcely express F-actin. Furthermore, VICs share with pericytes the expression of NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β). The high expression of Ano1 and high activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase observed in VICs was diminished during hypertensive retinopathy suggesting that these cells might play a role on the motility of arteriolar annuli and that this function is altered during hypertension. Conclusions A novel type of VICs has been described in the arteriolar annuli of mouse retina. Remarkably, these cells undergo important molecular modifications during hypertensive retinopathy and might thus be a therapeutic target against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramos
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joana Catita
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana López-Luppo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Andreia Valença
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aina Bonet
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Carretero
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Navarro
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Nacher
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon Mendez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and NHS-Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Renal Physiopathology Group, CIBBM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto Carlos III-FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luísa Mendes-Jorge
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT By compiling findings from recent studies, this review will garner novel insight on the dynamic and complex role of BMP signaling in diseases of inflammation, highlighting the specific roles played by both individual ligands and endogenous antagonists. Ultimately, this summary will help inform the high therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for modulating diseases of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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23
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Lauf PK, Sharma N, Adragna NC. Kinetic studies of K-Cl cotransport in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C274-C284. [PMID: 30649919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00002.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During aging, and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transition from healthy contractile to diseased synthetic phenotypes. K-Cl cotransport (KCC) maintains cell volume and ion homeostasis in growth and differentiation, and hence is important for VSMC proliferation and migration. Therefore, KCC activity may play a role in the contractile-to-synthetic VSMC phenotypic transition. Early, medium, and late synthetic passage VSMCs were tested for specific cytoskeletal protein expression. KCC-mediated ouabain- and bumetanide-insensitive Rb+ (a K+ congener) influx was determined as Cl--dependent Rb+ influx at different external Rb+ and Cl- ion concentrations, [Rb+]o and [Cl-]o. Expressions of the cytoskeletal proteins α-actin, vimentin, and desmin fell from early through late synthetic VSMCs. KCC kinetic parameters, such as maximum velocity ( Vm), and apparent Cl- and Rb+ affinities ( Km), were calculated with Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, and Hill approximations. Vm values of both Rb+- and Cl--dependent influxes were of equal magnitude, commensurate with a KCC stoichiometry of unity, and rose threefold from early to late synthetic VSMCs. Hill coefficients for Rb+ and Cl- correlated with cell passage number, suggesting increased KCC ligand cooperativity. However, Km values for [Cl-]o were strikingly bimodal with 60-80 mM in early, ~20-30 mM in medium, and 60 mM in late passage cells. In contrast, Km values for [Rb+]o remained steady at ~17 mM. Since total KCC isoform expression was similar with cell passage, structure/function changes of the KCC signalosome may accompany the transition of aortic VSMCs from a healthy to a diseased phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lauf
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Neelima Sharma
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Norma C Adragna
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
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24
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Kim PH, Luu J, Heizer P, Tu Y, Weston TA, Chen N, Lim C, Li RL, Lin PY, Dunn JCY, Hodzic D, Young SG, Fong LG. Disrupting the LINC complex in smooth muscle cells reduces aortic disease in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaat7163. [PMID: 30257952 PMCID: PMC6166472 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a disorder of premature aging in children caused by de novo mutations in LMNA that lead to the synthesis of an internally truncated form of prelamin A (commonly called progerin). The production of progerin causes multiple disease phenotypes, including an unusual vascular phenotype characterized by the loss of smooth muscle cells in the arterial media and fibrosis of the adventitia. We show that progerin expression, combined with mechanical stress, promotes smooth muscle cell death. Disrupting the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in smooth muscle cells ameliorates the toxic effects of progerin on smooth muscle cells and limits the accompanying adventitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennings Luu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Heizer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natalie Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert L Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Po-Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Zhou F, Rao F, Deng YQ, Yang H, Kuang SJ, Wu FL, Wu SL, Xue YM, Wu XM, Deng CY. Atorvastatin ameliorates the contractile dysfunction of the aorta induced by organ culture. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Smooth muscle cell-driven vascular diseases and molecular mechanisms of VSMC plasticity. Cell Signal 2018; 52:48-64. [PMID: 30172025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Unlike many other mature cell types in the adult body, VSMC do not terminally differentiate but retain a remarkable plasticity. Fully differentiated medial VSMCs of mature vessels maintain quiescence and express a range of genes and proteins important for contraction/dilation, which allows them to control systemic and local pressure through the regulation of vascular tone. In response to vascular injury or alterations in local environmental cues, differentiated/contractile VSMCs are capable of switching to a dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by increased proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix synthesis in concert with decreased expression of contractile markers. Imbalanced VSMC plasticity results in maladaptive phenotype alterations that ultimately lead to progression of a variety of VSMC-driven vascular diseases. The nature, extent and consequences of dysregulated VSMC phenotype alterations are diverse, reflecting the numerous environmental cues (e.g. biochemical factors, extracellular matrix components, physical) that prompt VSMC phenotype switching. In spite of decades of efforts to understand cues and processes that normally control VSMC differentiation and their disruption in VSMC-driven disease states, the crucial molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that shape the VSMC phenotype programme have still not yet been precisely elucidated. In this article we introduce the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle/VSMCs, outline VSMC-driven cardiovascular diseases and the concept of VSMC phenotype switching, and review molecular mechanisms that play crucial roles in the regulation of VSMC phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Frismantiene
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Philippova
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erne
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Therese J Resink
- Department of Biomedicine, Laboratory for Signal Transduction, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Jones SM, Mann A, Conrad K, Saum K, Hall DE, McKinney LM, Robbins N, Thompson J, Peairs AD, Camerer E, Rayner KJ, Tranter M, Mackman N, Owens AP. PAR2 (Protease-Activated Receptor 2) Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1271-1282. [PMID: 29599135 PMCID: PMC6324171 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2)-dependent signaling results in augmented inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS PAR2 mRNA and protein expression is increased in human carotid artery and mouse aortic arch atheroma versus control carotid and aortic arch arteries, respectively. To determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on atherosclerosis, male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (8-12 weeks old) that were Par2+/+ or Par2-/- were fed a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 12 or 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and aortic root after 12 and 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency did not alter total plasma cholesterol concentrations or lipoprotein distributions. Bone marrow transplantation showed that PAR2 on nonhematopoietic cells contributed to atherosclerosis. PAR2 deficiency significantly attenuated levels of the chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl1 in the circulation and macrophage content in atherosclerotic lesions. Mechanistic studies using isolated primary vascular smooth muscle cells showed that PAR2 deficiency is associated with reduced Ccl2 and Cxcl1 mRNA expression and protein release into the supernatant resulting in less monocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PAR2 deficiency is associated with attenuation of atherosclerosis and may reduce lesion progression by blunting Ccl2- and Cxcl1-induced monocyte infiltration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Jones
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Adrien Mann
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Kelsey Conrad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Keith Saum
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- University of Cincinnati Medical Scientist Training Program (K.S.)
| | - David E Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Lisa M McKinney
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nathan Robbins
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Joel Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (J.T.)
| | - Abigail D Peairs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, France (E.C.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Michael Tranter
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
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28
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Lehners M, Dobrowinski H, Feil S, Feil R. cGMP Signaling and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020020. [PMID: 29671769 PMCID: PMC6023364 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP regulates multiple cell types and functions of the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the effects of cGMP on the growth and survival of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which display remarkable phenotypic plasticity during the development of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that VSMCs contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques by clonal expansion and transdifferentiation to macrophage-like cells. VSMCs express a variety of cGMP generators and effectors, including NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI), respectively. According to the traditional view, cGMP inhibits VSMC proliferation, but this concept has been challenged by recent findings supporting a stimulatory effect of the NO-cGMP-cGKI axis on VSMC growth. Here, we summarize the relevant studies with a focus on VSMC growth regulation by the NO-cGMP-cGKI pathway in cultured VSMCs and mouse models of atherosclerosis, restenosis, and angiogenesis. We discuss potential reasons for inconsistent results, such as the use of genetic versus pharmacological approaches and primary versus subcultured cells. We also explore how modern methods for cGMP imaging and cell tracking could help to improve our understanding of cGMP’s role in vascular plasticity. We present a revised model proposing that cGMP promotes phenotypic switching of contractile VSMCs to VSMC-derived plaque cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Regulation of vascular remodeling by cGMP is not only an interesting new therapeutic strategy, but could also result in side effects of clinically used cGMP-elevating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lehners
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hyazinth Dobrowinski
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Lee J, Lee CY, Seo HH, Bazarragchaa B, Batdelger G, Choi S, Hwang KC, Lee S, Lim S. Extract of Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via suppression of ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:277-287. [PMID: 29660921 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration accelerate the development of occlusive vascular disease. Therefore, finding a means to control the aberrant proliferation and migration of VSMCs has own clinical significance. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of using extract from medicinal plant Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa (OG) to control pathologic proliferation and migration of VSMCs, which never have been tested. Our data indicate that the extract of OG significantly suppressed proliferation and migration of VSMCs without cytotoxic effect, suggesting the OG extract may be an alternative agent to effectively control the aberrant VSMC proliferation and migration without any serious adverse effect. These data suggest that the extract of OG may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of occlusive vascular disease and warrant further studies to identify the major acting ingredient and to validate in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Youn Lee
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang-Hee Seo
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Gantuya Batdelger
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sangho Choi
- International Biological Material Research Center (IBMRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
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30
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Bioprinted gelatin hydrogel platform promotes smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype maintenance. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:32. [PMID: 29594704 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been proposed as a method for fabricating tissue engineered small diameter vascular prostheses. This technique not only involves constructing the structural features to obtain a desired pattern but the morphology of the pattern may also be used to influence the behavior of seeded cells. Herein, we 3D bioprinted a gelatin hydrogel microchannel construct to promote and preserve the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), which is crucial for vasoresponsiveness. The microchanneled surface of a gelatin hydrogel facilitated vSMC attachment and an elongated alignment along the microchannel direction. The cells displayed distinct F-actin anisotropy in the direction of the channel. The vSMC contractile phenotype was confirmed by the positive detection of contractile marker gene proteins (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC)). Having demonstrated the effectiveness of the hydrogel channels bioprinted on a film, the bioprinting was applied radially to the surface of a 3D tubular construct by integrating a rotating mandrel into the 3D bioprinter. The hydrogel microchannels printed on the 3D tubular vascular construct also orientated the vSMCs and strongly promoted the contractile phenotype. Together, our study demonstrated that microchannels bioprinted using a transglutaminase crosslinked gelatin hydrogel, could successfully promote and preserve vSMC contractile phenotype. Furthermore, the hydrogel bioink could be retained on the surface of a rotating polymer tube to print radial cell guiding channels onto a vascular graft construct.
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Goikuria H, Freijo MDM, Vega Manrique R, Sastre M, Elizagaray E, Lorenzo A, Vandenbroeck K, Alloza I. Characterization of Carotid Smooth Muscle Cells during Phenotypic Transition. Cells 2018; 7:cells7030023. [PMID: 29562638 PMCID: PMC5870355 DOI: 10.3390/cells7030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are central players in carotid atherosclerosis plaque development. Although the precise mechanisms involved in plaque destabilization are not completely understood, it is known that VSMC proliferation and migration participate in plaque stabilization. In this study, we analyzed expression patterns of genes involved in carotid atherosclerosis development (e.g., transcription factors of regulation of SMC genes) of VSMCs located inside or outside the plaque lesion that may give clues about changes in phenotypic plasticity during atherosclerosis. VSMCs were isolated from 39 carotid plaques extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients by endarterectomy. Specific biomarker expression, related with VSMC phenotype, was analyzed by qPCR, western immunoblot, and confocal microscopy. MYH11, CNN1, SRF, MKL2, and CALD1 were significantly underexpressed in VSMCs from plaques compared with VSMCs from a macroscopically intact (MIT) region, while SPP1, KLF4, MAPLC3B, CD68, and LGALS3 were found significantly upregulated in plaque VSMCs versus MIT VSMCs. The gene expression pattern of arterial VSMCs from a healthy donor treated with 7-ketocholesterol showed high similarity with the expression pattern of carotid plaque VSMCs. Our results indicate that VSMCs isolated from plaque show a typical SMC dedifferentiated phenotype with macrophage-like features compared with VSMCs isolated from a MIT region of the carotid artery. Additionally, MYH11, KLF5, and SPP1 expression patterns were found to be associated with symptomatology of human carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haize Goikuria
- Neurogenomiks Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- ACHUCARRO Basque Center for Neuroscience, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | | | | | - María Sastre
- Neurogenomiks Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- ACHUCARRO Basque Center for Neuroscience, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Lorenzo
- Neurology Unit, Basurto University Hospital (BUH), 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- ACHUCARRO Basque Center for Neuroscience, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- ACHUCARRO Basque Center for Neuroscience, Basque Country University, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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Murali M, MacDonald JA. Smoothelins and the Control of Muscle Contractility. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 81:39-78. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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LPP is a Src substrate required for invadopodia formation and efficient breast cancer lung metastasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15059. [PMID: 28436416 PMCID: PMC5413977 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that lipoma preferred partner (LPP) mediates TGFβ-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Herein, we demonstrate that diminished LPP expression reduces circulating tumour cell numbers, impairs cancer cell extravasation and diminishes lung metastasis. LPP localizes to invadopodia, along with Tks5/actin, at sites of matrix degradation and at the tips of extravasating breast cancer cells as revealed by intravital imaging of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Invadopodia formation, breast cancer cell extravasation and metastasis require an intact LPP LIM domain and the ability of LPP to interact with α-actinin. Finally, we show that Src-mediated LPP phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues (Y245/301/302) is critical for invadopodia formation, breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Together, these data define a previously unknown function for LPP in the formation of invadopodia and reveal a requirement for LPP in mediating the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells.
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Zhu X, Jackson EK. RACK1 regulates angiotensin II-induced contractions of SHR preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F565-F576. [PMID: 28100502 PMCID: PMC5407068 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00547.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The preglomerular microcirculation of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is hypersensitive to angiotensin (ANG) II, and studies have shown that this is likely due to enhanced coincident signaling between G protein subunits αq (Gαq; released by ANG II) and βγ (Gβγ; released by Gi-coupled receptors) to active phospholipase C (PLC). Here we investigated the molecular basis for the enhanced coincident signaling between Gβγ and Gαq in SHR preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs). Because receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1; a scaffolding protein) organizes interactions between Gβγ, Gαq, and PLC, we included RACK1 in this investigation. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated increased levels of membrane (but not cytosolic) Gβ, Gαq, PLCβ3, and RACK1 in SHR PGVSMCs compared with Wistar-Kyoto rat PGVSMCs. In SHR PGVSMCs, coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated RACK1 binding to Gβ and PLCβ3, but only at cell membranes. Pertussis toxin (which blocks Gβγ) and U73122 (which blocks PLC) reduced membrane RACK1; however, RACK1 knockdown (shRNA) did not affect membrane levels of Gβ, Gαq, or PLCβ3 In a novel gel contraction assay, RACK1 knockdown in SHR PGVSMCs attenuated contractions to ANG II and abrogated the ability of neuropeptide Y (which signals via Gβγ) to enhance ANG II-induced contractions. We conclude that in SHR PGVSMCs the enlarged pool of Gβγ and PLCβ3 recruits RACK1 to membranes and RACK1 then organizes signaling. Consequently, knockdown of RACK1 prevents coincident signaling between ANG II and the Gi pathway. This is the first study to implicate RACK1 in vascular smooth muscle cell contraction and suggests that RACK1 inhibitors could be effective cardiovascular drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus/blood supply
- Male
- Microvessels/enzymology
- Microvessels/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Phospholipase C beta/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- RNA Interference
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors for Activated C Kinase
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Strobel HA, Dikina AD, Levi K, Solorio LD, Alsberg E, Rolle MW. Cellular Self-Assembly with Microsphere Incorporation for Growth Factor Delivery Within Engineered Vascular Tissue Rings. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 23:143-155. [PMID: 27784202 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular self-assembly has been used to generate living tissue constructs as an alternative to seeding cells on or within exogenous scaffold materials. However, high cell and extracellular matrix density in self-assembled constructs may impede diffusion of growth factors during engineered tissue culture. In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of incorporating gelatin microspheres within vascular tissue rings during cellular self-assembly to achieve growth factor delivery. To assess microsphere incorporation and distribution within vascular tissue rings, gelatin microspheres were mixed with a suspension of human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at 0, 0.2, or 0.6 mg per million cells and seeded into agarose wells to form self-assembled cell rings. Microspheres were distributed throughout the rings and were mostly degraded within 14 days in culture. Rings with microspheres were cultured in both SMC growth medium and differentiation medium, with no adverse effects on ring structure or mechanical properties. Incorporated gelatin microspheres loaded with transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulated smooth muscle contractile protein expression in tissue rings. These findings demonstrate that microsphere incorporation can be used as a delivery vehicle for growth factors within self-assembled vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Strobel
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anna D Dikina
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Karen Levi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Loran D Solorio
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eben Alsberg
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marsha W Rolle
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts
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Ferri N, Marchianò S, Tibolla G, Baetta R, Dhyani A, Ruscica M, Uboldi P, Catapano AL, Corsini A. PCSK9 knock-out mice are protected from neointimal formation in response to perivascular carotid collar placement. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rezvanfar MA, Hodjat M, Abdollahi M. Growing knowledge of using embryonic stem cells as a novel tool in developmental risk assessment of environmental toxicants. Life Sci 2016; 158:137-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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38
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Timraz SBH, Farhat IAH, Alhussein G, Christoforou N, Teo JCM. In-depth evaluation of commercially available human vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype: Implications for vascular tissue engineering. Exp Cell Res 2016; 343:168-176. [PMID: 27079869 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro research on vascular tissue engineering has extensively used isolated primary human or animal smooth muscle cells (SMC). Research programs that lack such facilities tend towards commercially available primary cells sources. Here, we aim to evaluate the capacity of commercially available human SMC to maintain their contractile phenotype, and determine if dedifferentiation towards the synthetic phenotype occurs in response to conventional cell culture and passaging without any external biochemical or mechanical stimuli. Lower passage SMC adopted a contractile phenotype marked by a relatively slower proliferation rate, higher expression of proteins of the contractile apparatus and smoothelin, elongated morphology, and reduced deposition of collagen types I and III. As the passage number increased, migratory capacity was enhanced, average cell speed, total distance and net distance travelled increased up to passage 8. Through the various assays, corroborative evidence pinpoints SMC at passage 7 as the transition point between the contractile and synthetic phenotypes, while passage 8 distinctly and consistently exhibited characteristics of synthetic phenotype. This knowledge is particularly useful in selecting SMC of appropriate passage number for the target vascular tissue engineering application, for example, a homeostatic vascular graft for blood vessel replacement versus recreating atherosclerotic blood vessel model in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B H Timraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ilyas A H Farhat
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ghada Alhussein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nicolas Christoforou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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39
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An overview of potential molecular mechanisms involved in VSMC phenotypic modulation. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:119-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Zeng L, Li Y, Yang J, Wang G, Margariti A, Xiao Q, Zampetaki A, Yin X, Mayr M, Mori K, Wang W, Hu Y, Xu Q. XBP 1-Deficiency Abrogates Neointimal Lesion of Injured Vessels Via Cross Talk With the PDGF Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2134-44. [PMID: 26315405 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation play an essential role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. In this study, we intended to investigate whether the X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) was involved in these processes. APPROACH AND RESULTS In vivo studies on femoral artery injury models revealed that vascular injury triggered an immediate upregulation of XBP1 expression and splicing in vascular SMCs and that XBP1 deficiency in SMCs significantly abrogated neointimal formation in the injured vessels. In vitro studies indicated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB triggered XBP1 splicing in SMCs via the interaction between platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α. The spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) increased SMC migration via PI3K/Akt activation and proliferation via downregulating calponin h1 (CNN1). XBP1s directed the transcription of mir-1274B that targeted CNN1 mRNA degradation. Proteomic analysis of culture media revealed that XBP1s decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins secretion via transcriptional suppression. TGF-β3 but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 attenuated XBP1s-induced CNN1 decrease and SMC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that XBP1 is crucial for SMC proliferation via modulating the platelet-derived growth factor/TGF-β pathways, leading to neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Zeng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.).
| | - Yi Li
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Juanyao Yang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Gang Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Andriana Margariti
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Wen Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.).
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Rattik S, Hultman K, Rauch U, Söderberg I, Sundius L, Ljungcrantz I, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Wigren M, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J. IL-22 affects smooth muscle cell phenotype and plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:506-14. [PMID: 26298743 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IL-22 is a recently discovered cytokine that belongs to the family of IL-10 related cytokines. It is produced by activated T-cells and innate lymphoid cells and has been suggested to be involved in tissue repair. As both inflammation and repair play important roles in atherosclerosis we investigated if IL-22 deficiency influences the disease process in Apoe(-/-) mice. METHODS We generated IL-22(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice and fed them high-fat-diet for 14 weeks to characterize atherosclerosis development. RESULTS IL-22(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice exhibited reduced plaque size both in the aorta (p = 0.0036) and the aortic root compared (p = 0.0012) with Apoe(-/-) controls. Moreover, plaque collagen was reduced in IL-22(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice (p = 0.02) and this was associated with an increased expression of smooth muscle cell (SMC)-α-actin (p = 0.04) and caldesmon (p = 0.016) in the underlying media. Carotid arteries from IL-22(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice displayed increased expression of genes associated with a contractile SMC phenotype e.g. α-actin (p = 0.004) and caldesmon (p = 0.03). Arterial SMCs were shown to express the IL-22 receptor and in vitro exposure to IL-22 resulted in a down-regulation of alpha actin and caldesmon gene expression in these cells. CONCLUSION Our observations demonstrate that IL-22 is involved in plaque formation and suggest that IL-22 released by immune cells is involved in activation of vascular repair by stimulating medial SMC dedifferentiation into a synthetic phenotype. This response contributes to plaque growth by enabling SMC migration into the intima but may also help to stabilize the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Karin Hultman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Söderberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lena Sundius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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Smooth Muscle Cell Alignment and Phenotype Control by Melt Spun Polycaprolactone Fibers for Seeding of Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels. Int J Biomater 2015; 2015:434876. [PMID: 26413093 PMCID: PMC4568037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method has been developed to induce and retain a contractile phenotype for vascular smooth muscle cells, as the first step towards the development of a biomimetic blood vessel construct with minimal compliance mismatch. Melt spun PCL fibers were deposited on a mandrel to form aligned fibers of 10 μm in diameter. The fibers were bonded into aligned arrangement through dip coating in chitosan solution. This formed a surface of parallel grooves, 10 μm deep by 10 μm across, presenting a surface layer of chitosan to promote cell surface interactions. The aligned fiber surface was used to culture cells present in the vascular wall, in particular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. This topography induced “surface guidance” over the orientation of the cells, which adopted an elongated spindle-like morphology, whereas cells on the unpatterned control surface did not show such orientation, assuming more rhomboid shapes. The preservation of VSMC contractile phenotype on the aligned scaffold was demonstrated by the retention of α-SMA expression after several days of culture. The effect was assessed on a prototype vascular graft prosthesis fabricated from polylactide caprolactone; VSMCs aligned longitudinally along a fiberless tube, whereas, for the aligned fiber coated tubes, the VSMCs aligned in the required circumferential orientation.
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Kang I, Barth JL, Sproul EP, Yoon DW, Workman GA, Braun KR, Argraves WS, Wight TN. Expression of V3 Versican by Rat Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Differentiated and Anti-inflammatory Phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21629-41. [PMID: 26152723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) undergo phenotypic changes during development and pathological processes in vivo and during cell culture in vitro. Our previous studies demonstrated that retrovirally mediated expression of the versican V3 splice variant (V3) by ASMCs retards cell proliferation and migration in vitro and reduces neointimal thickening and macrophage and lipid accumulation in animal models of vascular injury and atherosclerosis. However, the molecular pathways induced by V3 expression that are responsible for these changes are not yet clear. In this study, we employed a microarray approach to examine how expression of V3 induced changes in gene expression and the molecular pathways in rat ASMCs. We found that forced expression of V3 by ASMCs affected expression of 521 genes by more than 1.5-fold. Gene ontology analysis showed that components of the extracellular matrix were the most significantly affected by V3 expression. In addition, genes regulating the formation of the cytoskeleton, which also serve as markers of contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs), were significantly up-regulated. In contrast, components of the complement system, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and transcription factors crucial for regulating inflammatory processes were among the genes most down-regulated. Consistently, we found that the level of myocardin, a key transcription factor promoting contractile SMC phenotype, was greatly increased, and the proinflammatory transcription factors NFκB1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β were significantly attenuated in V3-expressing SMCs. Overall, these findings demonstrate that V3 expression reprograms ASMCs promoting differentiated and anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Kang
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101 and
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Erin P Sproul
- the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Dong Won Yoon
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101 and
| | - Gail A Workman
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101 and
| | - Kathleen R Braun
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101 and
| | - W Scott Argraves
- the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Thomas N Wight
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101 and
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Herrick WG, Rattan S, Nguyen TV, Grunwald MS, Barney CW, Crosby AJ, Peyton SR. Smooth Muscle Stiffness Sensitivity is Driven by Soluble and Insoluble ECM Chemistry. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:333-348. [PMID: 26495043 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion into plaques and subsequent proliferation is a major factor in the progression of atherosclerosis. During disease progression, SMCs experience major changes in their microenvironment, such as what integrin-binding sites are exposed, the portfolio of soluble factors available, and the elasticity and modulus of the surrounding vessel wall. We have developed a hydrogel biomaterial platform to examine the combined effect of these changes on SMC phenotype. We were particularly interested in how the chemical microenvironment affected the ability of SMCs to sense and respond to modulus. To our surprise, we observed that integrin binding and soluble factors are major drivers of several critical SMC behaviors, such as motility, proliferation, invasion, and differentiation marker expression, and these factors modulated the effect of stiffness on proliferation and migration. Overall, modulus only modestly affected behaviors other than proliferation, relative to integrin binding and soluble factors. Surprisingly, pathological behaviors (proliferation, motility) are not inversely related to SMC marker expression, in direct conflict with previous studies on substrates coupled with single extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. A high-throughput bead-based ELISA approach and inhibitor studies revealed that differentiation marker expression is mediated chiefly via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, and we propose that integrin binding and FAK drive the transition from a migratory to a proliferative phenotype. We emphasize the importance of increasing the complexity of in vitro testing platforms to capture these subtleties in cell phenotypes and signaling, in order to better recapitulate important features of in vivo disease and elucidate potential context-dependent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Herrick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 686 N. Pleasant Street, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shruti Rattan
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Conte Polymer Research Center, 120 Governors Dr., Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Thuy V Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 686 N. Pleasant Street, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michael S Grunwald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 686 N. Pleasant Street, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Conte Polymer Research Center, 120 Governors Dr., Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 686 N. Pleasant Street, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Chen T, Zhou G, Zhou Q, Tang H, Ibe JCF, Cheng H, Gou D, Chen J, Yuan JXJ, Raj JU. Loss of microRNA-17∼92 in smooth muscle cells attenuates experimental pulmonary hypertension via induction of PDZ and LIM domain 5. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:678-92. [PMID: 25647182 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0941oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) phenotype and are implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. OBJECTIVES This study aims to understand the mechanisms regulating PASMC proliferation and differentiation by microRNA-17∼92 (miR-17∼92) and to elucidate its implication in PAH. METHODS We generated smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific miR-17∼92 and PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) knockout mice and overexpressed miR-17∼92 and PDLIM5 by injection of miR-17∼92 mimics or PDLIM5-V5-His plasmids and measured their responses to hypoxia. We used miR-17∼92 mimics, inhibitors, overexpression vectors, small interfering RNAs against PDLIM5, Smad, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β to determine the role of miR-17∼92 and its downstream targets in PASMC proliferation and differentiation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that human PASMC (HPASMC) from patients with PAH expressed decreased levels of the miR-17∼92 cluster, TGF-β, and SMC markers. Overexpression of miR-17∼92 increased and restored the expression of TGF-β3, Smad3, and SMC markers in HPASMC of normal subjects and patients with idiopathic PAH, respectively. Knockdown of Smad3 but not Smad2 prevented miR-17∼92-induced expression of SMC markers. SMC-specific knockout of miR-17∼92 attenuated hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice, whereas reconstitution of miR-17∼92 restored hypoxia-induced PH in these mice. We also found that PDLIM5 is a direct target of miR-17/20a, and hypertensive HPASMC and mouse PASMC expressed elevated PDLIM5 levels. Suppression of PDLIM5 increased expression of SMC markers and enhanced TGF-β/Smad2/3 activity in vitro and enhanced hypoxia-induced PH in vivo, whereas overexpression of PDLIM5 attenuated hypoxia-induced PH. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first evidence that miR-17∼92 inhibits PDLIM5 to induce the TGF-β3/SMAD3 pathway, contributing to the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Hedgehog and Resident Vascular Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:468428. [PMID: 26064136 PMCID: PMC4438189 DOI: 10.1155/2015/468428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is a pivotal morphogenic driver during embryonic development and a key regulator of adult stem cell self-renewal. The discovery of resident multipotent vascular stem cells and adventitial progenitors within the vessel wall has transformed our understanding of the origin of medial and neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during vessel repair in response to injury, lesion formation, and overall disease progression. This review highlights the importance of components of the Hh and Notch signalling pathways within the medial and adventitial regions of adult vessels, their recapitulation following vascular injury and disease progression, and their putative role in the maintenance and differentiation of resident vascular stem cells to vascular lineages from discrete niches within the vessel wall.
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Eddinger TJ. Smooth muscle-protein translocation and tissue function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1734-46. [PMID: 25125185 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) tissue is a complex organization of multiple cell types and is regulated by numerous signaling molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, etc.). SM contractile function can be regulated via expression and distribution of the contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, and activation of any of the second messenger pathways that regulate them. Spatial-temporal changes in the contractile, cytoskeletal or regulatory components of SM cells (SMCs) have been proposed to alter SM contractile activity. Ca(2+) sensitization/desensitization can occur as a result of changes at any of these levels, and specific pathways have been identified at all of these levels. Understanding when and how proteins can translocate within the cytoplasm, or to-and-from the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm to alter contractile activity is critical. Numerous studies have reported translocation of proteins associated with the adherens junction and G protein-coupled receptor activation pathways in isolated SMC systems. Specific examples of translocation of vinculin to and from the adherens junction and protein kinase C (PKC) and 17 kDa PKC-potentiated inhibitor of myosin light chain phosphatase (CPI-17) to and from the plasmalemma in isolated SMC systems but not in intact SM tissues are discussed. Using both isolated SMC systems and SM tissues in parallel to pursue these studies will advance our understanding of both the role and mechanism of these pathways as well as their possible significance for Ca(2+) sensitization in intact SM tissues and organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Eddinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ye GJC, Nesmith AP, Parker KK. The role of mechanotransduction on vascular smooth muscle myocytes' [corrected] cytoskeleton and contractile function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1758-69. [PMID: 25125187 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) exhibits a highly organized structural hierarchy that extends over multiple spatial scales to perform a wide range of functions at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Early efforts primarily focused on understanding vascular SM (VSM) function through biochemical signaling. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mechanotransduction, the process through which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical cues, is requisite for regulating contractility. Cytoskeletal proteins that comprise the extracellular, intercellular, and intracellular domains are mechanosensitive and can remodel their structure and function in response to external mechanical cues. Pathological stimuli such as malignant hypertension can act through the same mechanotransductive pathways to induce maladaptive remodeling, leading to changes in cellular shape and loss of contractile function. In both health and disease, the cytoskeletal architecture integrates the mechanical stimuli and mediates structural and functional remodeling in the VSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J C Ye
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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49
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Surface biocompatible construction of polyurethane by heparinization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Adeoye OO, Silpanisong J, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. Role of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system in hypoxic remodeling of the fetal cerebral vasculature. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65:308-16. [PMID: 25853949 PMCID: PMC4391294 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxia triggers compensatory angiogenesis and remodeling through mechanisms not fully elucidated. In response to hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor drives expression of cytokines that exert multiple effects on cerebral structures. Among these, the artery wall is composed of a heterogeneous cell mix and exhibits distinct patterns of cellular differentiation and reactivity. Governing these patterns are the vascular endothelium, smooth muscle (SM), adventitia, sympathetic perivascular nerves (SPN), and the parenchyma. Although an extensive literature details effects of nonneuronal factors on cerebral arteries, the trophic role of perivascular nerves remains unclear. Hypoxia increases sympathetic innervation with subsequent release of norepinephrine (NE), neuropeptide-Y (NPY), and adenosine triphosphate, which exert motor and trophic effects on cerebral arteries and influence dynamic transitions among SM phenotypes. Our data also suggest that the cerebrovasculature reacts very differently to hypoxia in fetuses and adults, and we hypothesize that these differences arise from age-related differences in arterial SM phenotype reactivity and proximity to trophic factors, particularly of neural origin. We provide an integration of recent literature focused on mechanisms by which SPN mediate hypoxic remodeling. Our recent findings suggest that trophic effects of SPN on cerebral arteries accelerate functional maturation through shifts in SM phenotype in an age-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Fetal Hypoxia/complications
- Fetal Hypoxia/metabolism
- Fetal Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia, Brain/complications
- Hypoxia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia, Brain/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi O Adeoye
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
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