1
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Countermeasures in organophosphorus intoxication: pitfalls and prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:593-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Kohoutova Z, Malinak D, Andrys R, Svobodova J, Psotka M, Schmidt M, Prchal L, Musilek K. Charged pyridinium oximes with thiocarboxamide moiety are equally or less effective reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases compared to analogous carboxamides. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:760-767. [PMID: 35193448 PMCID: PMC8881075 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2041628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organophosphorus antidotes, so-called oximes, are able to restore the enzymatic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) via cleavage of organophosphate from the active site of the phosphylated enzyme. In this work, the charged pyridinium oximes containing thiocarboxamide moiety were designed, prepared and tested. Their stability and pKa properties were found to be analogous to parent carboxamides (K027, K048 and K203). The inhibitory ability of thiocarboxamides was found in low µM levels for AChE and high µM levels for BChE. Their reactivation properties were screened on human recombinant AChE and BChE inhibited by nerve agent surrogates and paraoxon. One thiocarboxamide was able to effectively restore function of NEMP- and NEDPA-AChE, whereas two thiocarboxamides were able to reactivate BChE inhibited by all tested organophosphates. These results were confirmed by reactivation kinetics, where thiocarboxamides were proved to be effective, but less potent reactivators if compared to carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kohoutova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Svobodova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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3
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Thakur A, Patil P, Sharma A, Flora S. Advances in the Development of Reactivators for the Treatment of Organophosphorus Inhibited Cholinesterase. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201020203544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus Compounds (OPCs) are used as pesticides to control pest, as
chemical weapons in military conflict and unfortunately in the terrorist attack. These compounds
are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in the accumulation of
acetylcholine that leads to severe health complications which may be ended with the death of
the victim. Current antidotes used for reactivation of organophosphorus inhibited acetylcholinesterase
(OP-AChE) are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier efficiently, therefore being
incapable to reactivate OP-AChE of the central nervous system. Due to limitations with
current antidotes, there is an urgent need for new effective antidotes that could be included in
the treatment regimen of OP poisoning. In this direction, comprehensive work has been done
to improve the permeability of existing antidotes using a variety of strategies that include
synthesis of oxime bonded to peripheral site binding moiety via an alkyl, aryl, or heteroatom-containing linker, synthesis
of sugar oximes, and prodrug of 2-PAM, incorporating fluorine and chlorine in the structure of charged oximes.
Other classes of compounds such as the mannich base, N-substituted hydroxyimino acetamide, alkylating
agents, have been investigated for reactivation of OP-AChE. This review comprises the development of various
classes of reactivators with the aim of either enhancing blood-brain permeability of existing antidotes or discovering
a new class of reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Thakur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Pooja Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - S.J.S. Flora
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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4
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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5
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic AB, Antonijevic B. Comparison of oximes K203 and K027 based on Benchmark dose analysis of rat diaphragmal acetylcholinesterase reactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:385-391. [PMID: 31141677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Andjelkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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6
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Iqbal A, Malik S, Nurulain SM, Musilek K, Kuca K, Kalasz H, Fatmi MQ. Reactivation potency of two novel oximes (K456 and K733) against paraoxon-inhibited acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase: In silico and in vitro models. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108735. [PMID: 31276662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. The reactivation of these inhibited enzymes is paramount for their normal function. Present study evaluates reactivation potency of two newly developed oximes, K456 and K733, against paraoxon (POX)-inhibited human-RBC-AChE and human-plasma-BChE in comparison to reported reactivator, pralidoxime (2-PAM). In vitro studies showed higher intrinsic toxicities of both oximes than 2-PAM for AChE. No substantial reactivation of hBChE was noted by tested concentration. Contrary to 2-PAM, the in silico study predicted lower binding free energies for both oximes. However, the detailed interaction study revealed inability of oximes to interact with catalytic anionic site of AChE and hBChE in contrast to 2-PAM. Both in vitro and in silico studies conclude that K456 and K733 are unlikely to be used as reactivators of paraoxon-inhibited AChE or BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Iqbal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - Shahrukh Malik
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - M Qaiser Fatmi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan.
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7
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Ochoa R, Rodriguez CA, Zuluaga AF. Prediction of Ligands Binding Acetylcholinesterase with Potential Antidotal Activity: A Virtual Screening Approach. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1800126. [PMID: 30950246 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intoxications caused by organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are associated with the reversible, and sometimes irreversible interaction with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). OPs are commonly used as pesticides mainly in developing countries, where the associated poisoning is a major health problem related to suicidal attempts, careless manipulation, and chemical warfare. The current antidotes are oxime-based drugs that can regenerate the AChE catalytic activity. Nevertheless, challenges associated with lack of efficiency and difficulties for crossing blood-brain barrier have motivated the design of novel alternatives. We used a validated molecular docking approach for the virtual screening of 579,890 synthetic ligands and 478 drugs against a human AChE in its apo conformation, and a murine AChE conjugated with the OP tabun. After filtering, 7 hits were selected as potential competitors due to the formation of key interactions within the active site gorge of the AChE structure, and potential reactivators based on interactions with amino acids of the catalytic triad in the presence of organophosphorus compounds. The selected candidates will be further evaluated through in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ochoa
- CIEMTO: Centro de Información y Estudio de Medicamentos y Tóxicos, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Rodriguez
- CIEMTO: Centro de Información y Estudio de Medicamentos y Tóxicos, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,GRIPE: Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres F Zuluaga
- CIEMTO: Centro de Información y Estudio de Medicamentos y Tóxicos, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,GRIPE: Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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8
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Gorecki L, Soukup O, Kucera T, Malinak D, Jun D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Korabecny J. Oxime K203: a drug candidate for the treatment of tabun intoxication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:673-691. [PMID: 30564897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For over 60 years, researchers across the world have sought to deal with poisoning by nerve agents, the most toxic and lethal chemical weapons. To date, there is no efficient causal antidote with sufficient effect. Every trialed compound fails to fulfil one or more criteria (e.g. reactivation potency, broad reactivation profile). In this recent contribution, we focused our attention to one of the promising compounds, namely the bis-pyridinium reactivator K203. The oxime K203 is very often cited as the best reactivator against tabun poisoning. Herein, we provide all the available literature data in comprehensive and critical review to address whether K203 could be considered as a new drug candidate against organophosphorus poisoning with the stress on tabun. We describe its development from the historical point of view and review all available in vitro as well as in vivo data to date. K203 is easily accessible by a relatively simple two-step synthesis. It is well accommodated in the enzyme active gorge of acetylcholinesterase providing suitable interactions for reactivation, as shown by molecular docking simulations. According to a literature survey, in vitro data for tabun-inhibited AChE are extraordinary. However, in vivo efficiency remains unconvincing. The K203 toxicity profile did not show any perturbations compared to clinically used standards; on the other hand versatility of K203 does not exceed currently available oximes. In summary, K203 does not seem to address current issues associated with the organophosphorus poisoning, especially the broad profile against all nerve agents. However, its reviewed efficacy entitles K203 to be considered as a backup or tentative replacement for obidoxime and trimedoxime, currently only available anti-tabun drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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9
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Tang S, Wong PT, Cannon J, Yang K, Bowden S, Bhattacharjee S, O'Konek JJ, Choi SK. Hydrophilic scaffolds of oxime as the potent catalytic inactivator of reactive organophosphate. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 297:67-79. [PMID: 30393113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite its efficacy as a skin decontaminant of reactive organophosphates (OP), Dekon 139-a potassium salt of 2,3-butanedione monooxime (DAM)-is associated with adverse events related to percutaneous absorption largely due to its small size and lipophilicity. In order to address this physicochemical issue, we synthesized and evaluated the activity of a focused library of 14 hydrophilic oxime compounds, each designed with either a DAM or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) oxime tethered to a polar or charged scaffold in order to optimize the size, hydrophilicity, and oxime acidity. High-throughput colorimetric assays were performed with paraoxon (POX) as a model OP to determine the kinetics of POX inactivation by these compounds under various pH and temperature conditions. This primary screening led to the identification of 6 lead compounds, predominantly in the MINA series, which displayed superb catalytic activity by reducing the POX half-life (t1/2) by 2-3 fold relative to Dekon 139. Our mechanistic studies show that POX inactivation by the oxime compounds occurred faster at a higher temperature and in a pH-dependent manner in which the negatively charged oximate species is ≥ 10-fold more effective than the neutral oxime species. Lastly, using one of the lead compounds, we demonstrated its promising efficacy for POX decontamination in porcine skin ex vivo, and showed its potent ability to protect acetylcholine esterase (AChE) through POX inactivation. In summary, we report the rational design and chemical biological validation of novel hydrophilic oximes which address an unmet need in therapeutic OP decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhuang Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Pamela T Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jayme Cannon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kelly Yang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sierra Bowden
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Somnath Bhattacharjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Kim J, Malpani YR, Lee J, Shin JS, Han SB, Jung YS. Novel tacrine-pyridinium hybrid reactivators of organophosphorus-inhibited acetylcholinesterase: Synthesis, molecular docking, and in vitro reactivation study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3784-3786. [PMID: 30301674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
First-line medical treatment against nerve agents consists of co-administration of anticholinergic agents and oxime reactivators, which reactivate inhibited AChE. Pralidoxime, a commonly used oxime reactivator, is effective against some nerve agents but not against others; thus, new oxime reactivators are needed. Novel tacrine-pyridinium hybrid reactivators in which 4-pyridinealdoxime derivatives are connected to tacrine moieties by linear carbon chains of different lengths (C2-C7) were prepared (Scheme 1, 5a-f). Their binding affinities to electric eel AChE were tested because oximes can inhibit free AChE, and the highest AChE activity (95%, 92%, and 90%) was observed at 1 μM concentrations of the oximes (5a, 5b, and 5c, respectively). Based on their inhibitory affinities towards free AChE, 1 μM concentrations of the oxime derivatives (5) were used to examine reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited AChE. Reactivation ability increased as the carbon linker chains lengthened (n = 2-5), and 5c and 5d showed remarkable reactivation ability (41%) compared to that of 2-PAM (16%) and HI-6 (4%) against paraoxon-inhibited electric eel AChE at 1 μM concentrations. Molecular docking simulation showed that the most stable binding free energy was observed in 5c at 73.79 kcal⋅mol-1, and the binding mode of 5c is acceptable for the oxygen atom of oximate to attack the phosphorus atom of paraoxon and reactivate paraoxon-inhibited eel AChE model structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yashwardhan R Malpani
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyun Lee
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Novel Group of AChE Reactivators-Synthesis, In Vitro Reactivation and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092291. [PMID: 30205495 PMCID: PMC6225275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (e.g., obidoxime, asoxime) became an essential part of organophosphorus (OP) poisoning treatment, together with atropine and diazepam. They are referred to as a causal treatment of OP poisoning, because they are able to split the OP moiety from AChE active site and thus renew its function. In this approach, fifteen novel AChE reactivators were determined. Their molecular design originated from former K-oxime compounds K048 and K074 with remaining oxime part of the molecule and modified part with heteroarenium moiety. The novel compounds were prepared, evaluated in vitro on human AChE (HssAChE) inhibited by tabun, paraoxon, methylparaoxon or DFP and compared to commercial HssAChE reactivators (pralidoxime, methoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, asoxime) or previously prepared compounds (K048, K074, K075, K203). Some of presented oxime reactivators showed promising ability to reactivate HssAChE comparable or higher than the used standards. The molecular modelling study was performed with one compound that presented the ability to reactivate GA-inhibited HssAChE. The SAR features concerning the heteroarenium part of the reactivator’s molecule are described.
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12
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Curcic M, Miladinovic DC, Bulat Z, Antonijevic B. Dose-response modeling of reactivating potency of oximes K027 and K203 against a direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in rat erythrocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:224-230. [PMID: 30176309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) as a key molecular event induced by organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents presents a human health concern. In efficacy testing of experimental oximes, potential antidotes in OP poisoning, reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE is used as specific endpoint. However, according to our best knowledge, so far oximes have not been quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive benchmark dose (BMD) approach, that would improve both identification and quantification of the effect and allow more rigorous comparison of efficacies. Thus, we have examined in vivo dose-response relationship for two promising experimental oximes, K203 and K027, concerning reactivation of erythrocyte AChE inhibited by dichlorvos (DDVP). Groups of Wistar rats were treated with six different doses of oximes (i.m) immediately after DDVP challenge (s.c) and AChE was measured 60 min later. Dose-response modeling was done by PROAST software 65.5 (RIVM, The Nederlands). BMD-covariate method resulted in four-parameter model from both exponential and Hill model families as the best estimate of relationship between AChE activity and oxime dose, with potency parameter being oxime-dependent. Oxime K027 was shown to be 1.929-fold more potent considering that 58% increase in AChE activity was achived with the dose BMD58-K027 = 52 μmol/kg in contrast to BMD58-K203 = 100 μmol/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marijana Curcic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejana Cupic Miladinovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Bulat
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Influence of gauche effect on uncharged oxime reactivators for the reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE: quantum chemical and steered molecular dynamics studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:793-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Janockova J, Zilecka E, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Soukup O, Kuca K, Kozurkova M. Assessment of DNA-binding affinity of cholinesterase reactivators and electrophoretic determination of their effect on topoisomerase I and II activity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2910-20. [PMID: 27412811 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00332j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the biochemical properties and biological activity of a series of cholinesterase reactivators (symmetrical bisquaternary xylene-linked compounds, K106-K114) with ctDNA. The interaction of the studied derivatives with ctDNA was investigated using UV-Vis, fluorescence, CD and LD spectrometry, and electrophoretic and viscometric methods. The binding constants K were estimated to be in the range 1.05 × 10(5)-5.14 × 10(6) M(-1) and the percentage of hypochromism was found to be 10.64-19.28% (from UV-Vis titration). The used methods indicate that the studied samples are groove binders. Electrophoretic methods proved that the studied compounds clearly influence calf thymus Topo I (at 5 μM concentration, except for compounds K107, K111 and K114 which were effective at higher concentrations) and human Topo II (K110 partially inhibited Topo II effects even at 5 μM concentration) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janockova
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic. and Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - E Zilecka
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - V Brabec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - O Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozurkova
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic. and Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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15
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Ghosh S, Chandar NB, Jana K, Ganguly B. Revealing the importance of linkers in K-series oxime reactivators for tabun-inhibited AChE using quantum chemical, docking and SMD studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017. [PMID: 28646405 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with organophosphorus compounds has a detrimental effect on human life. Oxime K203 seems to be one of the promising reactivators for tabun-inhibited AChE than (K027, K127, and K628). These reactivators differ only in the linker units between the two pyridinium rings. The conformational analyses performed with quantum chemical RHF/6-31G* level for K027, K127, K203 and K628 showed that the minimum energy conformers have different orientations of the active and peripheral pyridinium rings for these reactivator molecules. K203 with (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-) linker unit possesses more open conformation compared to the other reactivators. Such orientation of K203 experiences favorable interaction with the surrounding residues of catalytic anionic site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of tabun-inhibited AChE. From the steered molecular dynamics simulations, it has been observed that the oxygen atom of the oxime group of K203 reactivator approaches nearest to the P-atom of the SUN203 (3.75 Å) at lower time scales (less than ~1000 ps) as compared to the other reactivators. K203 experiences less number of hydrophobic interaction with the PAS residues which is suggested to be an important factor for the efficient reactivation process. In addition, K203 crates large number of H-bonding with CAS residues SUN203, Phe295, Tyr337, Phe338 and His447. K203 barely changes its conformation during the SMD simulation process and hence the energy penalty to adopt any other conformation is minimal in this case as compared to the other reactivators. The molecular mechanics and Poisson-Boltzmann surface area binding energies obtained for the interaction of K203 inside the gorge of tabun inhibited AChE is substantially higher (-290.2 kcal/mol) than the corresponding K628 reactivator (-260.4 kcal/mol), which also possess unsaturated aromatic linker unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibaji Ghosh
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Nellore Bhanu Chandar
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Kalyanashis Jana
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India.
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16
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Kassa J, Misik J, Hatlapatkova J, Zdarova Karasova J. A comparison of neuroprotective efficacy of two novel reactivators of acetylcholinesterase called K920 and K923 with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:236-243. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1275907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hatlapatkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Hrabcova V, Korabecny J, Manyova B, Matouskova L, Kucera T, Dolezal R, Musilek K, Gorecki L, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Jun D. Bis-isoquinolinium and bis-pyridinium acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: in vitro screening of probes for novel selective insecticides. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Library screening of pyridinium-based compounds, acting as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, for their potential insecticidal efficacy.
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18
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Gorecki L, Korabecny J, Musilek K, Malinak D, Nepovimova E, Dolezal R, Jun D, Soukup O, Kuca K. SAR study to find optimal cholinesterase reactivator against organophosphorous nerve agents and pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2831-2859. [PMID: 27582056 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphates leads to many failures in living organism and ultimately in death. Organophosphorus compounds developed as nerve agents such as tabun, sarin, soman, VX and others belong to the most toxic chemical warfare agents and are one of the biggest threats to the modern civilization. Moreover, misuse of nerve agents together with organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. malathion, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos, etc.) which are annually implicated in millions of intoxications and hundreds of thousand deaths reminds us of insufficient protection against these compounds. Basic treatments for these intoxications are based on immediate administration of atropine and acetylcholinesterase reactivators which are currently represented by mono- or bis-pyridinium aldoximes. However, these antidotes are not sufficient to ensure 100 % treatment efficacy even they are administered immediately after intoxication, and in general, they possess several drawbacks. Herein, we have reviewed new efforts leading to the development of novel reactivators and proposition of new promising strategies to design novel and effective antidotes. Structure-activity relationships and biological activities of recently proposed acetylcholinesterase reactivators are discussed and summarized. Among further modifications of known oximes, the main attention has been paid to dual binding site ligands of AChE as the current mainstream strategy. We have also discussed new chemical entities as potential replacement of oxime functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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19
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Vucinic S, Antonijevic B. Therapeutic and reactivating efficacy of oximes K027 and K203 against a direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:33-39. [PMID: 27177985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As oxime-based structures are the only causal antidotes to organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the majority of studies on these have been directed towards their synthesis and testing. In this study, experimental bispyridinium oximes K027 and K203, which have shown promising results in the last decade of research, were examined in vivo for their therapeutic and reactivating ability in acute poisoning by the direct AChE-inhibitor dichlorvos (DDVP), used as a dimethyl OP structural model. Additionally, the efficacy of oximes K027 and K203 was compared with the efficacy of four oximes (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and HI-6), already used in efficacy experiments and human medicine. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy, groups of Wistar rats were treated with equitoxic doses of oximes (5% LD50, i.m.) and/or atropine (10mg/kg, i.m.) immediately after s.c. DDVP challenge (4-6 doses). Using the same antidotal protocol, AChE activity was measured in erythrocytes, diaphragm and brain 60min after s.c. DDVP exposure (75% LD50). The oxime K027 was the most efficacious in reducing the DDVP induced lethal effect in rats, while the oxime K203 was more efficacious than trimedoxime, pralidoxime and HI-6. Significant reactivation of DDVP inhibited AChE was achieved only with oxime K027 or its combination with atropine in erythocytes and the diaphragm. Moreover, the acute i.m. toxicity of oxime K027 in rats was lower than all other tested oximes. The results of this study support previous studies considering the oxime K027 as a promising experimental oxime structure for further testing against structurally-different OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slavica Vucinic
- National Poison Control Center, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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20
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Horova A, Musilek K. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K920, K923) with the oxime K203 and trimedoxime in tabun-poisoned rats and mice. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Valiveti AK, Acharya J, Pratap A, Halve AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and in vitro screening of N-phenacylpyridinium oximes as reactivators of organophosphorus (OP)-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Valiveti AK, Bhalerao UM, Acharya J, Karade HN, Gundapu R, Halve AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and in vitro kinetic study of novel mono-pyridinium oximes as reactivators of organophosphorus (OP) inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Valiveti AK, Bhalerao UM, Acharya J, Karade HN, Acharya BN, Raviraju G, Halve AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and in vitro kinetic evaluation of N-thiazolylacetamido monoquaternary pyridinium oximes as reactivators of sarin, O-ethylsarin and VX inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4899-4910. [PMID: 26043948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presently available medications for treatment of organiphosphorus poisoning are not sufficiently effective due to various pharmacological and toxicological reasons. In this regard, herein we report the synthesis of a series of N-thiazolylacetamide monoquaternary pyridinium oximes and its analogs (1a-1b to 6a-6b) with diversely substituted thiazole ring and evaluation of their in vitro reactivation efficacies against nerve agent (sarin, O-ethylsarin and VX) inhibited human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). Reactivation kinetics was performed to determine dissociation constant (KD), reactivity rate constant (kr) and the second order rate constant (kr2) for all the compounds and compared their efficacies with commercial antidotes viz. 2-PAM and obidoxime. All the newly synthesized oximes were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters (pKa) and correlated with their respective reactivation efficacies to assess the capability of the oxime reactivator. Three of these novel compounds showed promising reactivation efficacies toward OP inhibited hAChE. Molecular docking studies were performed in order to correlate the reactivation efficacies with their interactions in the active site of the AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kapil Valiveti
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Uma M Bhalerao
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Jyotiranjan Acharya
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India.
| | - Hitendra N Karade
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Badri Narayan Acharya
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - G Raviraju
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
| | - Anand K Halve
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Mahabir Parshad Kaushik
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India
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Kassa J, Hatlapatková J, Žďárová Karasová J. The Evaluation of the Potency of Newly Developed Oximes (K727, K733) and Trimedoxime to Counteract Acute Neurotoxic Effects of Tabun in Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 58:135-43. [PMID: 26960827 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The ability of two newly developed oximes (K727, K733) to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was evaluated and compared with currently available trimedoxime in rats. METHODS The neuroprotective effects of the oximes studied combined with atropine on Wistar rats poisoned with tabun at a lethal dose (380 µg/kg i.m.; 90% of LD50 value) were evaluated. Tabun-induced neurotoxicity was monitored by the functional observational battery consisting of 38 measurements of sensory, motor and autonomic nervous functions at 2 hours following tabun challenge. RESULTS All tested oximes combined with atropine enable tabun-poisoned rats to survive till the end of experiment. Both newly developed oximes (K727, K733) combined with atropine were able to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity in the case of lethal poisoning although they did not eliminate all tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION The ability of both novel bispyridinium oximes to decrease tabun-induced acute neurotoxicity was slightly lower than that of trimedoxime. Therefore, the newly developed oximes are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes such as trimedoxime in the treatment of acute tabun poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hatlapatková
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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25
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Kassa J, Sepsova V, Tumova M, Horova A, Musilek K. A Comparison of the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Two Newly Developed Oximes (K727 and K733) with Oxime K203 and Trimedoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats and Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:367-71. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tumova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Anna Horova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy; Faculty of Military Health Sciences; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Bharathi S, Wong PT, Desai A, Lykhytska O, Choe V, Kim H, Thomas TP, Baker JR, Choi SK. Design and mechanistic investigation of oxime-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers as the catalytic scavenger of reactive organophosphate. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1068-1078. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gupta B, Sharma R, Singh N, Kuca K, Acharya JR, Ghosh KK. In vitro reactivation kinetics of paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE using mono- and bis-pyridinium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:381-90. [PMID: 24065055 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxime-assisted reactivation of organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a crucial step in the post-inhibitory treatment of OP intoxication. The limited efficacy of oxime reactivators for all OP nerve agents and pesticides led to the development of various novel oximes and their thorough kinetic investigations. Hence, in the present investigation, we have tested 10 structurally different pyridinium oxime-based reactivators for their in vitro potency to reactivate paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE. From structure activity relationship point of view, various oximes such as mono-quaternary (2-PAM, K100, K024) and bis-quaternary symmetric (obidoxime, TMB-4) and asymmetric (K027, K048, K203, K618, K628) oximes bearing different connecting linkers (oxybismethylene, trimethylene, propane, butane, butene, and xylene) have been studied. The observed kinetic data demonstrate that not only the position of oxime group is decisive for the increased reactivation ability of oximes, but the role of connecting linker is also significant. Oximes with aliphatic linkers are superior reactivators than the oximes with unsaturated and aromatic linkers. The optimal chain length for plausible reactivation ability for paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited AChE is 3 or 4 carbon-carbon connecting linker between prydinium rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanushree Gupta
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, CG, India
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Renou J, Kliachyna M, Baati R, Nachon F, Jean L, Renard PY. Reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:756-66. [PMID: 22360473 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, the specter of a chemical threat against civilian populations has renewed research interest in chemical warfare agents, their mechanisms of action, and treatments that reverse their effects. In this Account, we focus specifically on organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs). Although some OPNAs are used as pest control, the most toxic chemicals in this class are used as chemical warfare agents in armed conflicts. The acute toxicity of OPNAs results from the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) via the formation of a covalent P-O bond at the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site. AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junctions. The irreversible inhibition of AChE causes the neurotransmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, seizures, respiratory arrest, and death. The current treatment for OPNA poisoning combines an antimuscarinic drug (e.g., atropine), an anticonvulsant drug (e.g., diazepam), and an AChE reactivator of the pyridinium aldoxime family (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, HLö-7). Because of their high nucleophilicity, oximes can displace the phosphyl group from the catalytic serine, thus restoring the enzyme's catalytic activity. During 50 years of research in the reactivator field, researchers have synthesized and tested numerous structural modifications of monopyridinium oximes and bispyridinium oximes. In the past decade, medicinal chemists have focused their research on the more efficient bispyridinium reactivators, but all known reactivators have several drawbacks. First, due to their permanent positive charge, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently and do not readily reactivate AChE in the central nervous system. Second, no single oxime is efficient against a wide variety of OPNAs. Third, oximes cannot reactivate "aged" AChE. This Account summarizes recent strategies for the development of AChE reactivators capable of crossing the BBB. The use of nanoparticulate transport and inhibition of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps improves BBB transport of these AChE reactivators. Chemical modifications that increased the lipophilicity of the pyridinium aldoximes, the addition of a fluorine atom and the replacement of a pyridyl ring with a dihydropyridyl moiety, enhances BBB permeability. The glycosylation of pyridine aldoximes facilitates increased BBB penetration via the GLUT-1 transport system. The development of novel uncharged reactivators that can move efficiently across the BBB represents one of the most promising of these new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mercey
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tristan Verdelet
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julien Renou
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maria Kliachyna
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24 Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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Acharya J, Rana H, Kaushik M. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of xylene linked carbamoyl bis-pyridinium monooximes as reactivators of organophosphorus (OP) inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3926-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Saint-André G, Gillon E, Wagner A, Baati R, Jean L, Nachon F, Renard PY. First efficient uncharged reactivators for the dephosphylation of poisoned human acetylcholinesterase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5295-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Musilek K, Komloova M, Holas O, Horova A, Pohanka M, Gunn-Moore F, Dohnal V, Dolezal M, Kuca K. Mono-oxime bisquaternary acetylcholinesterase reactivators with prop-1,3-diyl linkage—Preparation, in vitro screening and molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Musilek K, Komloova M, Holas O, Hrabinova M, Pohanka M, Dohnal V, Nachon F, Dolezal M, Kuca K. Preparation and in vitro screening of symmetrical bis-isoquinolinium cholinesterase inhibitors bearing various connecting linkage--implications for early Myasthenia gravis treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:811-8. [PMID: 21236521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase are compounds widely used in the treatment of various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma and Myasthenia gravis (MG). Compounds used in the therapy of MG posses a positive charge in the molecule to ensure peripheral effect of action and minimal blood-brain barrier penetration. The most prescribed carbamate inhibitors are however known for many severe side effects related to the carbamylation of AChE. This paper describes preparation and in vitro evaluation of 20 newly prepared bis-isoquinolinium inhibitors of potential concern for MG. The newly prepared compounds were evaluated in vitro on human recombinant AChE and human plasmatic butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Their inhibitory ability was expressed as IC50 and compared to chosen standards ambenonium dichloride, edrophonium chloride, BW284c51 and ethopropazine hydrochloride. Three novel compounds presented promising inhibition (in nM range) of both enzymes in vitro better or similar to edrophonium and BW284c51, but worse to ambenonium. The novel inhibitors did not present higher selectivity toward AChE or BChE. The kinetic assay confirmed non-competitive inhibition of hAChE by two selected promising novel compounds. Two newly prepared compounds were also chosen for docking studies that confirmed apparent π-π or π-cationic interactions aside the cholinesterases catalytic sites. The SAR findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Musilek
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Musilek K, Roder J, Komloova M, Holas O, Hrabinova M, Pohanka M, Dohnal V, Opletalova V, Kuca K, Jung YS. Preparation, in vitro screening and molecular modelling of symmetrical 4-tert-butylpyridinium cholinesterase inhibitors--analogues of SAD-128. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:150-4. [PMID: 21144749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate inhibitors (e.g., pyridostimine bromide) are used as a pre-exposure treatment for the prevention of organophosphorus poisoning. They work by blocking acetylcholinesterase's (AChE) native function and thus protect AChE against irreversible inhibition by organophosphorus compounds. However, carbamate inhibitors are known for many undesirable side-effects related to the carbamylation of AChE. In this Letter, 19 analogues of SAD-128 were prepared and evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors. The screening results showed promising inhibitory ability of four compounds better to used standards (pralidoxime, obidoxime, BW284c51, ethopropazine, SAD-128). Four most promising compounds were selected for further molecular docking studies. The SAR was stated from obtained data. The former receptor studies were reported and discussed. The further in vivo studies were recommended in the view of OP pre-exposure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Musilek
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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