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Tang X, Tang Y, Peng J, Du H, Huang L, Gao J, Liu S, Wang D, Wang W, Gao L, Lan Y, Song Z. Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Ring Expansion of Benzosilacyclobutenes with Alkynes en Route to Axially Chiral Silacyclohexenyl Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26639-26648. [PMID: 39305495 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
A ligand-controlled regiodivergent and enantioselective ring expansion of benzosilacyclobutenes with internal naphthyl alkynes has been achieved by adjusting the ligand cavity size. The ligand (S)-8H-binaphthyl phosphoramidite, featuring small methyl groups on its arms, provides a spacious cavity that favors sterically demanding Si-Csp3 ring expansion, predominantly yielding axially chiral (S)-1-silacyclohexenyl arenes. In contrast, the ligand (R)-spiro phosphoramidite, with bulky t-Bu groups on its arms, offers a compact cavity that facilitates less sterically demanding Si-Csp2 ring expansion, leading primarily to axially chiral (S)-2-silacyclohexenyl arenes. Density functional theory calculations delineate distinct mechanistic pathways for each ring expansion route and elucidate their regio- and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yulang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ju Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Huimin Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiahui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wanshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Ciceri S, Fassi EMA, Vezzoli V, Bonomi M, Colombo D, Ferraboschi P, Grazioso G, Grisenti P, Villa S, Castellano C, Meneghetti F. Novel non-peptide uracil-derived human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116903. [PMID: 39342681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the main regulator of the reproductive system, acting on gonadotropic cells by binding to the GnRH1 receptor (GnRH1R). Traditionally, therapies targeting this receptor have relied on peptide modulators, which required subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. Due to the limitations of the parenteral administrations, there is a growing interest in developing oral small molecule modulators of GnRH1R as more convenient therapeutic alternatives. In this study, we examined the potential of chemically modifying elagolix, the first approved non-peptide, orally active GnRH1R antagonist, to increase its atropisomeric properties by introducing new moieties. We designed and synthesized the thio-uracil (1) and cytosine (2) derivatives of elagolix, both demonstrating GnRH1R antagonistic activities, with EC50 values of 39 and 110 nM, respectively. The atropisomers of 1 and 2 were efficiently separated using silica gel chromatography, and extensive NMR investigation, supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, allowed us to define their conformations and rotational barriers. Docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) studies revealed that 1 and 2 bind to GnRH1R with ΔG values comparable to elagolix, but through distinct binding modes. These results highlight the potential of non-peptide modulators to effectively modulate GnRH1R activity and pave the way for developing novel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrico M A Fassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Grisenti
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical Consulting and IP Management, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Gao G, Liang PY, Jin N, Zhao ZB, Tian XC, Xie D, Tu CZ, Zhang HR, Zhou PP, Yang Z. Mechanism and origin of enantioselectivity for organocatalyzed asymmetric heteroannulation of alkynes in the construction of axially chiral C2-arylquinoline. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7500-7517. [PMID: 39189805 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Axially chiral C2-arylquinoline has been successfully constructed via asymmetric heteroannulation of alkynes catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid with high yield and high enantioselectivity. Inspired by this intriguing work, theoretical calculations have been carried out, and the detailed reaction mechanism has been elaborated, in which the whole reaction can be divided into steps including hydrogen transfer, C-N bonding, annulation reaction and the final dehydration processes. The initial hydrogen-transfer reaction has two possible pathways, while the subsequent C-N bonding process has eight possible pathways. Then, after the annulation reaction and the final dehydration processes, the major product and byproduct were formed. QTAIM and IGMH analyses were used to illustrate the role of weak intermolecular interactions in the catalytic process, and the distortion/interaction and EDA analyses provided a deeper understanding of the origin of enantioselectivity. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental results. This work would provide valuable insights into asymmetric reactions catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Nengzhi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Computing of Gansu Province, Gansu Computing Center, 42 Qingyang Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Cheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Chi-Zhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, Advanced Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100050, P. R. China.
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4
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Zheng J, Lu B, Carr G, Mwangi J, Wang K, Hao J, Staiger KM, Kozon N, Murray BP, Bashir M, Gohdes MA, Tse WC, Schroeder S, Graupe M, Link JO, Yoon J, Chiu A, Rowe W, Smith BJ, Subramanian R. Lenacapavir Exhibits Atropisomerism-Mechanistic Pharmacokinetics and Disposition Studies of Lenacapavir Reveal Intestinal Excretion as a Major Clearance Pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 391:91-103. [PMID: 39117460 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lenacapavir (LEN), a long-acting injectable, is the first approved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid inhibitor and one of a few Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that exhibit atropisomerism. LEN exists as a mixture of two class 2 atropisomers that interconvert at a fast rate (half-life < 2 hours) with a ratio that is stable over time and unaffected by enzymes or binding to proteins in plasma. LEN exhibits low systemic clearance (CL) in nonclinical species and humans; however, in all species, the observed CL was higher than the in vitro predicted CL. The volume of distribution was moderate in nonclinical species and consistent with the tissue distribution observed by whole-body autoradiography in rats. LEN does not distribute to brain, consistent with being a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Mechanistic drug disposition studies with [14C]LEN in intravenously dosed bile duct-cannulated rats and dogs showed a substantial amount of unchanged LEN (31%-60% of dose) excreted in feces, indicating that intestinal excretion (IE) was a major clearance pathway for LEN in both species. Coadministration of oral elacridar, a P-gp inhibitor, in rats decreased CL and IE of LEN. Renal excretion was < 1% of dose in both species. In plasma, almost all radioactivity was unchanged LEN. Low levels of metabolites in excreta included LEN conjugates with glutathione, pentose, and glucuronic acid, which were consistent with metabolites formed in vitro in Hμrel hepatocyte cocultures and those observed in human. Our studies highlight the importance of IE for efflux substrates that are highly metabolically stable compounds with slow elimination rates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: LEN is a long-acting injectable that exists as conformationally stable atropisomers. Due to an atropisomeric interconversion rate that significantly exceeds the in vivo elimination rate, the atropisomer ratio of LEN remains constant in circulation. The disposition of LEN highlights that intestinal excretion has a substantial part in the elimination of compounds that are metabolically highly stable and efflux transporter substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Bing Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Gavin Carr
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Judy Mwangi
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Kelly Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Kelly McLennan Staiger
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Nathan Kozon
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Mohammad Bashir
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Mark A Gohdes
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Winston C Tse
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Scott Schroeder
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Michael Graupe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - John O Link
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Jungjoo Yoon
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Anna Chiu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - William Rowe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Bill J Smith
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (J.Z., B.L., G.C., J.M., K.W., J.H., K.M.S., N.K., B.P.M., W.C.T., S.S., M.G., J.O.L., J.Y., A.C., W.R., B.J.S., R.S.); and Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (M.B., M.A.G.)
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5
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Roper NJ, Campbell ADG, Waddell PG, Brown AK, Ermanis K, Armstrong RJ. A stereodivergent multicomponent approach for the synthesis of C-N atropisomeric peptide analogues. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04700a. [PMID: 39323517 PMCID: PMC11418089 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A four-component Ugi reaction is described for the stereoselective synthesis of novel C-N atropisomeric peptide analogues. Using this approach, a combination of simple, readily available starting materials (ortho-substituted anilines, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and isocyanides) could be combined to access complex products possessing both central and axial chirality in up to 92% yield and >95 : 5 d.r. Variation of the reaction temperature enabled the development of stereodivergent reactions capable of selectively targeting either diastereoisomer of a desired product from a single set of starting materials with high levels of stereocontrol. Detailed experimental and computational studies have been performed to probe the reaction mechanism and stereochemical outcome of these reactions. Preliminary studies show that novel atropisomeric scaffolds prepared using this method display inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis with a significant difference in activity observed between different atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Roper
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Aaron D G Campbell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Alistair K Brown
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Kristaps Ermanis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Roly J Armstrong
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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6
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LaPlante SR, Coric P, Bouaziz S, França TCC. NMR spectroscopy can help accelerate antiviral drug discovery programs. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105297. [PMID: 38199267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule drugs have an important role to play in combating viral infections, and biophysics support has been central for contributing to the discovery and design of direct acting antivirals. Perhaps one of the most successful biophysical tools for this purpose is NMR spectroscopy when utilized strategically and pragmatically within team workflows and timelines. This report describes some clear examples of how NMR applications contributed to the design of antivirals when combined with medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, X-ray crystallography and computational chemistry. Overall, these multidisciplinary approaches allowed teams to reveal and expose compound physical properties from which design ideas were spawned and tested to achieve the desired successes. Examples are discussed for the discovery of antivirals that target HCV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R LaPlante
- Pasteur Network, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada; NMX Research and Solutions, Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest, Laval, Québec, H7V 5B7, Canada; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Tanos C C França
- Pasteur Network, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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7
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Zhang GS, Li HY, Liang LF, Fu CQ, Yu Q, Liu K, Su ZW, Zhou DM, Gao CH, Xu XY, Liu YH. Secofumitremorgins C and D, a pair of atropisomers from saltern-derived fungus Aspergillus fumigatus GXIMD00544. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:1049-1056. [PMID: 38753589 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2349664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A pair of atropisomers secofumitremorgins C (1a) and D (1b), together with fifteen known alkaloids (2-16), were isolated from a saltern-derived fungus Aspergillus fumigatus GXIMD00544. The structures of atropisomers 1a and 1b were elucidated by the detailed spectroscopic data, chemical reaction and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 1 and 8 displayed antifungal spore germination effects against plant pathogenic fungus associated with sugarcane Fusarium sp. with inhibitory rates of 53% and 77% at the concentration of 100 µM, repectively. Atropisomers 1 also exhibited antifouling potential against Balanus amphitrite larval settlement with an inhibitory rate of 96% at the concentration of 100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Si Zhang
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Li-Fen Liang
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Chun-Qing Fu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Su
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xin-Ya Xu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
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8
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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1971-2014. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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9
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Pospíšilová J, Heger T, Kurka O, Kvasnicová M, Chládková A, Nemec I, Rárová L, Cankař P. Atropisomeric 1-phenylbenzimidazoles affecting microtubule organization: influence of axial chirality. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6966-6980. [PMID: 38988246 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are frequently used in medicinal chemistry. Their anticancer effect is among the most prominent biological activities exhibited by this scaffold. Although numerous benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized, possible atropisomerism of ortho-substituted 1-phenylbenzimidazoles has been largely overlooked. The aim of this research was to synthesize a small library of novel atropisomeric benzimidazole derivatives and explore their biological activity in various cancer and normal human cell lines. The new unique structural motif provides an interesting 3D architecture with axial chirality, which further contributes to molecular complexity and specificity. Racemates and their separated atropisomers arrested the cell cycle, caused apoptosis, and affected microtubule organization in cancer cells in vitro at different intensities. Moreover, this phenomenon was also verified by the inhibition of endothelial cell migration. These results showed that (+)-atropisomers, especially 5n, exhibit a stronger effect and show promise as agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pospíšilová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Heger
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Kurka
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 27, Olomouc CZ-77900, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kvasnicová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Chládková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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10
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Hughes RR, Battistoni LD, Ciesla MJ, Bolton T, Asher PM, Irizarry G, de Jesus Antonio Martinez A, Baker KM, Mulcahy SP. Asymmetric Synthesis of an Atropisomeric β-Carboline via Regioselective Intermolecular Rh(I)-Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization. Tetrahedron Lett 2024; 146:155187. [PMID: 39100891 PMCID: PMC11293437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2024.155187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The rational design of atropisomeric small molecules is becoming increasingly common in chemical synthesis as a result of the unique advantages this property provides in drug discovery, asymmetric catalysis, and chiroptical activity. In this study, we designed a synthesis of a configurationally stable β-carboline in six steps. Our synthesis made use of an innovative Grignard addition/elimination reaction that formed an yne-ynamide precursor that then reacted with ethyl cyanoformate in a rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization reaction to give the atropisomeric β-carboline in excellent yield, good enantioselectivity, and excellent regioselectivity. Extensive optimization of this transformation is described. Racemization kinetics experiments were also conducted on the individual atropisomers and their absolute configurations were determined by circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley R Hughes
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | | | - Matthew J Ciesla
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | - Te'jandrio Bolton
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | - Patrick M Asher
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | - Giancarlo Irizarry
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | | | - Kristen M Baker
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
| | - Seann P Mulcahy
- Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02918
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11
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Cao Y, Balduf T, Beachy MD, Bennett MC, Bochevarov AD, Chien A, Dub PA, Dyall KG, Furness JW, Halls MD, Hughes TF, Jacobson LD, Kwak HS, Levine DS, Mainz DT, Moore KB, Svensson M, Videla PE, Watson MA, Friesner RA. Quantum chemical package Jaguar: A survey of recent developments and unique features. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:052502. [PMID: 39092934 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the quantum chemical package Jaguar, which is commercial software developed and distributed by Schrödinger, Inc. We discuss Jaguar's scientific features that are relevant to chemical research as well as describe those aspects of the program that are pertinent to the user interface, the organization of the computer code, and its maintenance and testing. Among the scientific topics that feature prominently in this paper are the quantum chemical methods grounded in the pseudospectral approach. A number of multistep workflows dependent on Jaguar are covered: prediction of protonation equilibria in aqueous solutions (particularly calculations of tautomeric stability and pKa), reactivity predictions based on automated transition state search, assembly of Boltzmann-averaged spectra such as vibrational and electronic circular dichroism, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance. Discussed also are quantum chemical calculations that are oriented toward materials science applications, in particular, prediction of properties of optoelectronic materials and organic semiconductors, and molecular catalyst design. The topic of treatment of conformations inevitably comes up in real world research projects and is considered as part of all the workflows mentioned above. In addition, we examine the role of machine learning methods in quantum chemical calculations performed by Jaguar, from auxiliary functions that return the approximate calculation runtime in a user interface, to prediction of actual molecular properties. The current work is second in a series of reviews of Jaguar, the first having been published more than ten years ago. Thus, this paper serves as a rare milestone on the path that is being traversed by Jaguar's development in more than thirty years of its existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Cao
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Ty Balduf
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Michael D Beachy
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - M Chandler Bennett
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Art D Bochevarov
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Alan Chien
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Pavel A Dub
- Schrödinger, Inc., 9868 Scranton Road, Suite 3200, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Kenneth G Dyall
- Schrödinger, Inc., 101 SW Main St., Suite 1300, Portland, Oregon 97204, USA
| | - James W Furness
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Mathew D Halls
- Schrödinger, Inc., 9868 Scranton Road, Suite 3200, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Thomas F Hughes
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Leif D Jacobson
- Schrödinger, Inc., 101 SW Main St., Suite 1300, Portland, Oregon 97204, USA
| | - H Shaun Kwak
- Schrödinger, Inc., 101 SW Main St., Suite 1300, Portland, Oregon 97204, USA
| | - Daniel S Levine
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Daniel T Mainz
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Kevin B Moore
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Mats Svensson
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Pablo E Videla
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Mark A Watson
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, Floor 24, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA
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12
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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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13
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Naghim A, Rodriguez J, Chuzel O, Chouraqui G, Bonne D. Enantioselective Synthesis of Heteroatom-Linked Non-Biaryl Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407767. [PMID: 38748462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomers hold significant fascination, not only for their prevalence in natural compounds but also for their biological importance and wide-ranging applications as chiral materials, ligands, and organocatalysts. While biaryl and heterobiaryl atropisomers are commonly studied, the enantioselective synthesis of less abundant heteroatom-linked non-biaryl atropisomers presents a formidable challenge in modern organic synthesis. Unlike classical atropisomers, these molecules allow rotation around two bonds, resulting in low barriers to enantiomerization through concerted bond rotations. In recent years the discovery of new configurationally stable rare non-biaryl scaffolds such as aryl amines, aryl ethers and aryl sulfones as well as innovative methodologies to control their configuration have been disclosed in the literature and constitute the topic of this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelati Naghim
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Chouraqui
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Bonne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
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14
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Shi X, Ding R, Han L, Yang X, Zhang H, Hobson AD. Impact of atropisomerism on a non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2357-2371. [PMID: 39026657 PMCID: PMC11253871 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate atropisomers of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator GSK866, a virtual library of substituted benzoic acid analogues was enumerated. Compounds from this library were subjected to a torsion angle scan using Spartan'20 to calculate the torsion rotation energy barrier which identified compounds predicted to be stable as atropisomers. After synthesis of the library, analysis showed that compounds 13 and 14 existed as stable atropisomers 13a, 13b, 14a and 14b, in agreement with the earlier calculations. Screening in a glucocorticoid receptor cellular assay showed that one compound from each atropisomer pair was significantly more potent than the other. Docking in a public structure of the glucocorticoid receptor (PBD code 3E7C) enabled the stereochemistry of the two most potent compounds 13a and 14b to be assigned as (R a) and (S a), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xu
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Xiaona Shi
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Rui Ding
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Li Han
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xueping Yang
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
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15
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Fer M, Amalric C, Arban R, Baron L, Ben Hamida S, Breh-Schlanser P, Cui Y, Darcq E, Eickmeier C, Faye V, Franchet C, Frauli M, Halter C, Heyer M, Hoenke C, Hoerer S, Hucke OT, Joseph C, Kieffer BL, Lebrun L, Lotz N, Mayer S, Omrani A, Recolet M, Schaeffer L, Schann S, Schlecker A, Steinberg E, Viloria M, Würstle K, Young K, Zinser A, Montel F, Klepp J. Discovery of BI-9508, a Brain-Penetrant GPR88-Receptor-Agonist Tool Compound for In Vivo Mouse Studies. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11296-11325. [PMID: 38949964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Decreased activity and expression of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR88 is linked to many behavior-linked neurological disorders. Published preclinical GPR88 allosteric agonists all have in vivo pharmacokinetic properties that preclude their progression to the clinic, including high lipophilicity and poor brain penetration. Here, we describe our attempts to improve GPR88 agonists' drug-like properties and our analysis of the trade-offs required to successfully target GPR88's allosteric pocket. We discovered two new GPR88 agonists: One that reduced morphine-induced locomotor activity in a murine proof-of-concept study, and the atropoisomeric BI-9508, which is a brain penetrant and has improved pharmacokinetic properties and dosing that recommend it for future in vivo studies in rodents. BI-9508 still suffers from high lipophilicity, and research on this series was halted. Because of its utility as a tool compound, we now offer researchers access to BI-9508 and a negative control free of charge via Boehringer Ingelheim's open innovation portal opnMe.com.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Arban
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Luc Baron
- Domain Therapeutics, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR 1247- Research Group on Alcohol & Pharmacodependences (GRAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
| | | | - Yunhai Cui
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR-S1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience & Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Christian Eickmeier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christoph Hoenke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoerer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Oliver T Hucke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- INSERM UMR-S1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience & Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | | | | | | | - Azar Omrani
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Annette Schlecker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Würstle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Kyle Young
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alexander Zinser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Florian Montel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Julian Klepp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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16
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Kotwal N, Chauhan P. Evolution in the asymmetric synthesis of biaryl ethers and related atropisomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6837-6846. [PMID: 38767332 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Axially chiral biaryl ethers and related compounds hold valuable potential in natural products, medicinal chemistry, and catalysis; however, their asymmetric syntheses have always been overlooked compared to other biaryl/hetero-biaryl atropisomers. Unlike the later class molecules bearing a single chiral axis, the former category possesses a unique type of atropisomerism bearing two potential axes. Due to their great importance in diverse research domains, catalytic atropselective biaryl ether synthesis has recently witnessed an upsurge. This highlight article provides an elaborated view on the developments of catalytic synthetic methods that have been explored to achieve dual axial chirality in biaryl ethers and related scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kotwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221 J&K, India.
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221 J&K, India.
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17
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Sun T, Guo L, Li Q, Cao ZC. Nickel-Catalyzed Chemoselective Carbomagnesiation for Atroposelective Ring-Opening Difunctionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401756. [PMID: 38651647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for methods that can connect enantioenriched organic compounds with readily accessible building blocks via asymmetric functionalization of unreactive chemical bonds in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Herein, the asymmetric chemoselective cleavage of two unactivated C(Ar)-O bonds in the same molecule is disclosed for the first time through an unusual nickel-catalyzed carbomagnesiation. This reaction facilitates the evolution of a novel atroposelective ring-opening difunctionalization. Utilizing readily available dibenzo bicyclic substrates, diverse valuable axially chiral biaryls are furnished with high efficiencies. Synthetic elaborations showcase the application potential of this method. The features of this method include good atom-economy, multiple roles of the nucleophile, and a simple catalytic system that enables the precise magnesiation of an α-C(Ar)-O bond and arylation of a β-C(Ar)-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sun
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230036
| | - Linchao Guo
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230036
| | - Qi Li
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230036
| | - Zhi-Chao Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230036
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18
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Schmidt TA, Hutskalova V, Sparr C. Atroposelective catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:497-517. [PMID: 38890539 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric compounds-stereoisomers that arise from the restricted rotation about a single bond-have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their immense potential for applications in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, catalysis and molecular nanoscience. This increased interest led to the invention of new molecular motors, the incorporation of atropisomers into drug discovery programmes and a wide range of novel atroposelective reactions, including those that simultaneously control multiple stereogenic axes. A diverse set of synthetic methodologies, which can be grouped into desymmetrizations, (dynamic) kinetic resolutions, cross-coupling reactions and de novo ring formations, is available for the catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis of various atropisomer classes. In this Review, we generalize the concepts for the catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis of atropisomers within these categories with an emphasis on recent advancements and underdeveloped atropisomeric scaffolds beyond stereogenic C(sp2)-C(sp2) axes. We also discuss more complex systems with multiple stereogenic axes or higher-order stereogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanno A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Yin Q, Chen G, Mu D, Yang Y, Hao J, Lin B, Zhou D, Hou Y, Li N. Natural anti-neuroinflammatory inhibitors in vitro and in vivo from Aglaia odorata. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107335. [PMID: 38583250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Fifty compounds including seven undescribed (1, 13, 18-20, 30, 31) and forty-three known (2-12, 14-17, 21-29, 32-50) ones were isolated from the extract of the twigs and leaves of Aglaia odorata with anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectral analysis and calculated spectra (ECD and NMR). Among them, compounds 13-25 were found to possess tertiary amide bonds, with compounds 16, 17, and 19-21 existing detectable cis/trans mixtures in 1H NMR spectrum measured in CDCl3. Specifically, the analysis of the cis-trans isomerization equilibrium of tertiary amides in compounds 19-24 was conducted using NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Bioactivity evaluation showed that the cyclopenta[b]benzofuran derivatives (2-6, 8, 10, 12) could inhibit nitric oxide production at the nanomolar concentration (IC50 values ranging from 2 to 100 nM) in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells, which were 413-20670 times greater than that of the positive drug (minocycline, IC50 = 41.34 μM). The cyclopenta[bc]benzopyran derivatives (13-16), diterpenoids (30-35), lignan (40), and flavonoids (45, 47, 49, 50) also demonstrated significant inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 1.74 to 38.44 μM. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-neuroinflammatory effect of rocaglaol (12) was evaluated via immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays in the LPS-treated mice model. The results showed that rocaglaol (12) attenuated the activation of microglia and decreased the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. The mechanistic study suggested that rocaglaol might inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway to relieve the neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Danyang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Jinle Hao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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20
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Li X, Kong L, Yin S, Zhou H, Lin A, Yao H, Gao S. Palladium-Catalyzed Atroposelective Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling to Construct Axially Chiral Tetra-Substituted α-Boryl Styrenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309706. [PMID: 38602437 PMCID: PMC11199998 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) coupling is a valuable method for forming C─C bonds, including those between aryl moieties. However, achieving atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral styrenes via SM coupling remains challenging. In this study, a palladium-catalyzed atroposelective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between gem-diborylalkenes and aryl halides is presented. Using the monophosphine ligand Me-BI-DIME (L2), a range of axially chiral tetra-substituted acyclic styrenes with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities are successfully synthesized. Control experiments reveal that the gem-diboryl group significantly influences the product enantioselectivities and the coupling prefers to occur at sites with lower steric hindrance. Additionally, the alkenyl boronate group in the products proves versatile, allowing for various transformations while maintaining high optical purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Hengrui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
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21
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Shao S, Sun M, Ma X, Jiang J, Tian J, Zhang J, Ye F, Li S. Novel phenanthrene/bibenzyl trimers from the tubers of Bletilla striata attenuate neuroinflammation via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:441-454. [PMID: 38796217 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Five novel (9,10-dihydro) phenanthrene and bibenzyl trimers, as well as two previously identified biphenanthrenes and bibenzyls, were isolated from the tubers of Bletilla striata. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive analyses of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of these compounds were determined by calculating rotational energy barriers and comparison of experimental and calculated ECD curves. Compounds 5b and 6 exhibited inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells, with IC50 values of 12.59 ± 0.40 and 15.59 ± 0.83 μmol·L-1, respectively. A mechanistic study suggested that these compounds may attenuate neuroinflammation by reducing the activation of the AKT/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, compounds 3a, 6, and 7 demonstrated significant PTP1B inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 1.52 ± 0.34, 1.39 ± 0.11, and 1.78 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1, respectively. Further investigation revealed that compound 3a might inhibit LPS-induced PTP1B overexpression and NF-κB activation, thereby mitigating the neuroinflammatory response in BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mohan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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22
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Đorđević Zlatković MR, Radulović NS, Dangalov M, Vassilev NG. Conformation Analysis and Stereodynamics of Symmetrically ortho-Disubstituted Carvacrol Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:1962. [PMID: 38731453 PMCID: PMC11085911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of analogs of natural products can be a valuable source of medicinal preparations for the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, the structural elucidation of eleven derivatives of 2,4-dihalogeno substituted synthetic analogues of the natural compound carvacrol was carried out by means of NMR experiments, and of another thirteen by DFT calculations. By selective NOE experiments and the irradiation of CH signals of the isopropyl group, individual conformers were assigned as syn and anti. By comparing GIAO/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)-calculated and experimentally measured vicinal 3JCH spin-spin constants, this assignment was confirmed. An unusual relationship is reported for proton-carbon vicinal couplings: 3JCH (180°) < 3JCH (0°). The conformational mobility of carvacrols was studied by 2D EXSY spectra. The application of homonuclear decoupling technique (HOBS) to these spectra simplifies the spectra, improves resolution without reducing the sensitivity, and allows a systematic examination of the rotational barrier of all compounds via their CH signals of the isopropyl group in a wider temperature interval. The rate constants of the isopropyl rotation between syn and anti conformers were determined and the corresponding energy barriers (14-17 kcal/mol) were calculated. DFT calculations of the energy barriers in carvacrol derivatives allowed the determination of the steric origin of the restricted isopropyl rotation. The barrier height depends on the size of the 2- and 4-position substituents, and is independent of the derivatization of the OH group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niko S. Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Miroslav Dangalov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolay G. Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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23
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Yeung A, Zwijnenburg MA, Orton GRF, Robertson JH, Barendt TA. Investigating the diastereoselective synthesis of a macrocycle under Curtin-Hammett control. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5516-5524. [PMID: 38638241 PMCID: PMC11023033 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05715a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This work sheds new light on the stereoselective synthesis of chiral macrocycles containing twisted aromatic units, valuable π-conjugated materials for recognition, sensing, and optoelectronics. For the first time, we use the Curtin-Hammett principle to investigate a chiral macrocyclisation reaction, revealing the potential for supramolecular π-π interactions to direct the outcome of a dynamic kinetic resolution, favouring the opposite macrocyclic product to that expected under reversible, thermodynamically controlled conditions. Specifically, a dynamic, racemic perylene diimide dye (1 : 1 P : M) is strapped with an enantiopure (S)-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol group (P-BINOL) to form two diastereomeric macrocyclic products, the homochiral macrocycle (PP) and the heterochiral species (PM). We find there is notable selectivity for the PM macrocycle (dr = 4 : 1), which is rationalised by kinetic templation from intramolecular aromatic non-covalent interactions between the P-BINOL π-donor and the M-PDI π-acceptor during the macrocyclisation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Georgia R F Orton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | - Timothy A Barendt
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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24
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Campbell ADG, Roper NJ, Waddell PG, Wills C, Dixon CM, Denton RM, Ermanis K, Armstrong RJ. Synthesis, structure and stereodynamics of atropisomeric N-chloroamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3818-3821. [PMID: 38494914 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric N-chloroamides were efficiently accessed by electrophilic halogenation of ortho-substituted secondary anilides. The stereodynamics of atropisomerism in these novel scaffolds was interrogated by detailed experimental and computational studies, revealing that racemization is correlated with amide isomerization. The stereoelectronic nature of the amide was shown to significantly influence racemization rates, with potentially important implications for other C-N atropisomeric scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D G Campbell
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Natalie J Roper
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Corinne Wills
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Casey M Dixon
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Ross M Denton
- School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - Roly J Armstrong
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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25
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Zhang J, Wang K, Zhu C. Deracemization of Atropisomeric Biaryls Enabled by Copper Catalysis. JACS AU 2024; 4:502-511. [PMID: 38425940 PMCID: PMC10900502 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric biaryls have found crucial applications in versatile chiral catalysts as well as in ligands for transition metals. Herein, we have developed an efficient crystallization-induced deracemization (CID) method to access chiral biaryls from their racemates with a chiral ammonium salt under copper catalysis including BINOL, NOBIN, and BINAM derivatives. After being significantly accelerated by its bidentate diamine ligand, the copper catalyst exhibits high efficiency and selectivity in racemizing biaryl skeletons, and the cocrystal complex would be enantioselectively formed together with chiral ammonium salt, which on acid-quenching would directly deliver chiral biaryl without further chromatographic purification. This CID process is easily scalable, and the chiral ammonium salt was nicely recoverable. Ligand effect studies showed that bulky alkyl substitution was an indispensable element to ensure efficient racemization, which probably proceeds via a radical-cation intermediate and further allows axial rotation by forming a delocalized radical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Can Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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26
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Bhattacharya P, Mandal A. Identification of amentoflavone as a potent SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor: a combination of computational studies and in vitro biological evaluation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38263736 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2304676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro that block the active site pocket of the viral main protease have been considered potential therapeutics for the development of drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the identification of amentoflavone (a biflavonoid) through docking-based virtual screening of a library comprised of 231 compounds consisting of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. The docking results were further substantiated through extensive analysis of the data obtained from all-atom 150 ns MD simulation. End-state effective free energy calculations using MM-PBSA calculations further suggested that (Ra)-amentoflavone (C3'-C8''-atropisomer) may show a greater binding affinity towards the Mpro than (Sa)-amentoflavone. In vitro cytotoxicity assay established that amentoflavone showed a high CC50 value indicating much lower toxicity. Further, potent inhibition of the Mpro by amentoflavone was established by studying the effect on HEK293T cells treated with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro expressing plasmid.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith, Kolkata, India
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27
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Ishida M, Adachi R, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto Y, Kawahara C, Yamada T, Aoyama H, Kanomata K, Akai S, Lam PYS, Sajiki H, Ikawa T. First atroposelective Chan-Lam coupling for the synthesis of C-N linked biaryls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:678-681. [PMID: 38165949 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The first atroposelective Chan-Lam coupling for the synthesis of C-N axial enantiomers is reported with good yields and ee. MnO2 additive is crucial for the success of the coupling. The longstanding problem of the lack of enantioselective synthesis to make chiral C-N linked atropisomers is solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Ishida
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Rina Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Chinatsu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kanomata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Patrick Y S Lam
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 18902, USA
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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28
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Hu P, Hu L, Li XX, Pan M, Lu G, Li X. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylative Cyclization of 1,6-Diynes to Access Atropisomerically Labile Chiral Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312923. [PMID: 37971168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral open-chained olefins are an underexplored class of atropisomers, whose enantioselective synthesis represents a daunting challenge due to their relatively low racemization barrier. We herein report rhodium(I)-catalyzed hydroarylative cyclization of 1,6-diynes with three distinct classes of arenes, enabling highly enantioselective synthesis of a broad range of axially chiral 1,3-dienes that are conformationally labile (ΔG≠ (rac)=26.6-28.0 kcal/mol). The coupling reactions in each category proceeded with excellent enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, and Z/E selectivity under mild reaction conditions. Computational studies of the coupling of quinoline N-oxide system reveal that the reaction proceeds via initial oxidative cyclization of the 1,6-diyne to give a rhodacyclic intermediate, followed by σ-bond metathesis between the arene C-H bond and the Rh-C(vinyl) bond, with subsequent C-C reductive elimination being enantio-determining and turnover-limiting. The DFT-established mechanism is consistent with the experimental studies. The coupled products of quinoline N-oxides undergo facile visible light-induced intramolecular oxygen-atom transfer, affording chiral epoxides with complete axial-to-central chirality transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjie Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mengxiao Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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29
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Calderón JC, Herrera A, Heinemann FW, Langer J, Linden A, Chelouan A, Grasruck A, Añez R, Clark T, Dorta R. Stereochemical Stability of Planar-Chiral Benzazepine Tricyclics: Inversion Energies of P- and S-Alkene Ligands. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16144-16154. [PMID: 37944159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Inversion barriers ΔG‡ for planar chiral phosphine-alkene and sulfonamide-alkene hybrid ligands based on phenyl-dibenz[b,f]azepine have been determined by density-functional theory calculations. Analysis of the structural and electronic characteristics of the minima and transition states explains the magnitudes of ΔG‡ and the geometrical changes during the inversion process. The steric repulsion caused by bulky substituents attached to the azepine nitrogen atom has a pronounced effect on the ΔG‡ value, explaining, inter alia, the stereochemical stability of the P- and S-alkene ligands when compared to the fluxional parent compound where X = H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Calderón
- Laboratorio de Química Física y Catálisis Computacional, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas, Venezuela
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Chelouan
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Grasruck
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Añez
- Laboratorio de Química Física y Catálisis Computacional, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romano Dorta
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Dong H, Wang C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Alkenylation and Arylation of Heterobiaryl Tosylates: Kinetic Resolution or Dynamic Kinetic Resolution? J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38018138 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective reductive cross-coupling of racemic heterobiaryl tosylates with a C(sp2)-X type electrophile. Both aryl and alkenyl halides are competent precursors for this reaction, providing a variety of heterobiaryls as the products in a highly enantioselective manner with high functionality tolerance. The related asymmetric arylation and alkenylation are discovered to proceed with divergent mechanisms. The reaction pathway changes from kinetic resolution (KR) when alkenyl bromides and aryl iodides bearing strong electron-withdrawing substitution on the para-position are employed as the starting materials to an enantioconvergent transformation via dynamic KR of configurationally labile cobaltacycles when relatively electron-rich aryl iodides are used. The change of the reaction mechanisms turns out to arise from the relative rates of two competing elementary steps, which are the epimerization of the cyclic Co(I) intermediates and their trapping by the coupling electrophiles of the C(sp2)-type via oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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31
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Denhez C, Lameiras P, Berber H. Atropisomerism about aryl-C(sp 3) bonds: chemically driven rotational pathway in cannabidiol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38009203 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01617j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The conformational behaviour arising from the restricted C(sp2)-C(sp3) axis in ortho O-substituted naphthylcyclohexane and naphthylcyclohexene oxide derivatives of cannabidiol was examined by means of VT-NMR experiments and DFT calculations. Atropisomeric compounds with barriers in the range of 91.1 to 95.1 kJ mol-1 were obtained at 298 K. Two possible transition states (TS1 and TS2) were located, one is more stable depending on the chemical modification made on the monoterpene ring close to the pivot bond. Extended analysis of TS structures to previously reported phenyl derivatives bearing the same O-substituent led to similar rotational pathways according to the series: through TS1 in arylcylohexenes and TS2 in arylcyclohexanes. Likewise, conversion of arylcyclohexenes into both series affects the rotation speed by decelerating it, and the nature of the aryl ring seems to have a very minor effect on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Denhez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Pedro Lameiras
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Hatice Berber
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
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32
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Kee Cheng J, Tan B. Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds Involving Indole Derivatives. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300147. [PMID: 37358342 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Indoles are one of the most ubiquitous subclass of N-heterocycles and are increasingly incorporated to design new axially chiral scaffolds. The rich profile of reactivity and N-H functionality allow chemical derivatization for enhanced medicinal, material and catalytic properties. Although asymmetric C-C coupling of two arenes gives the most direct access of axially chiral biaryl scaffolds, this chemistry has been the remit of metal catalysis and works efficiently on limited substrates. Our group has devoted special interest in devising novel organocatalytic arylation reactions to fabricate biaryl atropisomers. In this realm, indoles and derivatives have been reliably used as the arylation partners in combination with azoarenes, nitrosonapthalenes and quinone derivatives. Their efficient interaction with chiral phosphoric acid catalyst as well as the tunability of electronics and sterics have enabled excellent control of stereo-, chemo- and regioselectivity to furnish diverse scaffolds. In addition, indoles could act as nucleophiles in desymmetrization of 1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diones. This account provides a succinct illustration of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kee Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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33
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Moser D, Jana K, Sparr C. Atroposelective P III /P V =O Redox Catalysis for the Isoquinoline-Forming Staudinger-aza-Wittig Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309053. [PMID: 37486685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the feasibility of atroposelective PIII /PV =O redox organocatalysis by the Staudinger-aza-Wittig reaction. The formation of isoquinoline heterocycles thereby enables the synthesis of a broad range of valuable atropisomers under mild conditions with enantioselectivities of up to 98 : 2 e.r. Readily prepared azido cinnamate substrates convert in high yield with stereocontrol by a chiral phosphine catalyst, which is regenerated using a silane reductant under Brønsted acid co-catalysis. The reaction provides access to diversified aryl isoquinolines, as well as benzoisoquinoline and naphthyridine atropisomers. The products are expeditiously transformed into N-oxides, naphthol and triaryl phosphine variants of prevalent catalysts and ligands. With dinitrogen release and aromatization as ideal driving forces, it is anticipated that atroposelective redox organocatalysis provides access to a multitude of aromatic heterocycles with precise control over their configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kalipada Jana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Roos CB, Chiang CH, Murray LAM, Yang D, Schulert L, Narayan ARH. Stereodynamic Strategies to Induce and Enrich Chirality of Atropisomers at a Late Stage. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10641-10727. [PMID: 37639323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers, where chirality arises from restricted rotation around a single bond, are atropisomers. Due to the unique nature of the origins of their chirality, synthetic strategies to access these compounds in an enantioselective manner differ from those used to prepare enantioenriched compounds containing point chirality arising from an unsymmetrically substituted carbon center. In particular stereodynamic transformations, such as dynamic kinetic resolutions, thermodynamic dynamic resolutions, and deracemizations, which rely on the ability to racemize or interconvert enantiomers, are a promising set of transformations to prepare optically pure compounds in the late stage of a synthetic sequence. Translation of these synthetic approaches from compounds with point chirality to atropisomers requires an expanded toolbox for epimerization/racemization and provides an opportunity to develop a new conceptual framework for the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds.
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35
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Heeb JP, Clayden J, Smith MD, Armstrong RJ. Interrogating the configurational stability of atropisomers. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2745-2771. [PMID: 37542183 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomers are molecules whose stereogenicity arises from restricted rotation about a single bond. They are of current importance because of their applications in catalysis, medicine and materials science. The defining feature of atropisomeric molecules is that their stereoisomers are related to one another by bond rotation: as a result, evaluating their configurational stability (i.e., the rate at which their stereoisomers interconvert) is central to any work in this area. Important atropisomeric scaffolds include C-C linked biaryls, such as the ligand BINAP and the drug vancomycin, and C-N linked amine derivatives such as the drug telenzepine. This article focuses on the three most widely used experimental methods that are available to measure the rate of racemization in atropisomers, namely: (i) kinetic analysis of the racemization of an enantioenriched sample, (ii) dynamic HPLC and (iii) variable-temperature NMR. For each technique, an explanation of the theory is set out, followed by a detailed experimental procedure. A discussion is also included of which technique to try when confronted with a new molecular structure whose properties are not yet known. None of the three procedures require complex experimental techniques, and all can be performed by using standard analytical equipment (NMR and HPLC). The time taken to determine a racemization rate depends on which experimental method is required, but for a new compound it is generally possible to measure a racemization rate in <1 d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Roly J Armstrong
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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36
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Huth SE, Stone EA, Crotti S, Miller SJ. On the Ability of the N-O Bond to Support a Stable Stereogenic Axis: Peptide-Catalyzed Atroposelective N-Oxidation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12857-12862. [PMID: 37561942 PMCID: PMC11316589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
During studies of atroposelective, peptide-catalyzed N-oxidations of pyridines, we observed lower-than-expected barriers to atropisomerization for these stereodynamic processes under the reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate a hydrogen bond-assisted racemization mechanism intrinsic to both the starting materials and products. We also identified a protonation-dependent barrier to rotation that operates for the starting materials alone. Nonetheless, several substrates were amenable to atroposelective N-oxidations via kinetic resolution, yielding krel values of up to 12.6 and the isolation of one N-oxide with >99:1 er after recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah E. Huth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Simone Crotti
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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37
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Li Y, Duan XY, Yang C, Wei Y, Li J, Ren X, Qi J. Atroposelective Access to Dihydropyridinones with C-N Axial and Point Chirality via NHC-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37449806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective [3 + 3] annulation of enals with 2-aminomaleate derivatives is described. A series of substituted dihydropyridones bearing both C-N axis and point chirality were synthesized with good diastereo- and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. This efficient strategy successfully superpositions an extra point chiral element with an axial backbone, and the generated structurally interesting atropisomers may have potential application in drug discovery.
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38
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Jin J, Mou C, Zou J, Xie X, Wang C, Shen T, Deng Y, Li B, Jin Z, Li X, Chi YR. Development of axially chiral urazole scaffolds for antiplant virus applications against potato virus Y. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2527-2538. [PMID: 36864730 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato virus Y (PVY) was first discovered by Smith in 1931 and is currently ranked as the fifth most significant plant virus. It can cause severe damage to plants from the family Solanaceae, which results in billions of dollars of economic loss worldwide every year. To discover new antiviral drugs, a class of multifunctional urazole derivatives bearing a stereogenic CN axis were synthesized with excellent optical purities for antiviral evaluations against PVY. RESULTS The absolute configurations of the axially chiral compounds exhibited obvious distinctions in antiviral bioactivities, with several of these enantio-enriched axially chiral molecules showing excellent anti-PVY activities. In particular, compound (R)-9f exhibited remarkable curative activities against PVY with a 50% maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) of 224.9 μg mL-1 , which was better than that of ningnanmycin (NNM), which had an EC50 of 234.0 μg mL-1 . And the EC50 value of the protective activities of compound (R)-9f was 462.2 μg mL-1 , which was comparable to that of NNM (442.0 μg mL-1 ). The mechanisms of two enantiomer of the axially chiral compounds 9f were studied by both molecule docking and defensive enzyme activity tests. CONCLUSION Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the axially chiral configurations of the compounds played significant roles in the molecule PVY-CP (PVY Coat Protein) interactions and could enhance the activities of the defense enzymes. The (S)-9f showed only one carbon-hydrogen bond and one π-cation interaction between the chiral molecule and the PVY-CP amino acid sites. In contrast, the (R)-enantiomer of 9f exhibited three hydrogen bonding interactions between the carbonyl groups and the PVY-CP active sites of ARG157 and GLN158. The current study provides significant information on the roles that axial chiralities play in plant protection against viruses, which will facilitate the development of novel green pesticides bearing axial chiralities with excellent optical purities. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Grants
- Frontiers Science Center for Asymmetric Synthesis and Medicinal Molecules, Department of Education, Guizhou Province [Qianjiaohe KY number (2020)004]
- The 10 Talent Plan (Shicengci) of Guizhou Province ([2016]5649)
- Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its MOE AcRF Tier 1 Award (RG7/20, RG5/19), MOE AcRF Tier 2 (MOE2019-T2-2-117), and MOE AcRF Tier 3 Award (MOE2018-T3-1-003)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172459, 21961006, 22071036)
- Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023) at Guizhou University
- Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province ([2018]2802, [2019]1020, Qiankehejichu-ZK[2021]Key033)
- Singapore National Research Foundation under its NRF Investigatorship (NRF-NRFI2016-06) and Competitive Research Program (NRF-CRP22-2019-0002)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengli Mou
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingwei Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Benpeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Kearney SE, Gangano AJ, Barrus DG, Rehrauer KJ, Reid TER, Navaratne PV, Tracy EK, Roitberg A, Ghiviriga I, Cunningham CW, Gamage T, Grenning AJ. Axially Chiral Cannabinoids: Design, Synthesis, and Cannabinoid Receptor Affinity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13581-13591. [PMID: 37314891 PMCID: PMC11392426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The resorcinol-terpene phytocannabinoid template is a privileged scaffold for the development of diverse therapeutics targeting the endocannabinoid system. Axially chiral cannabinols (axCBNs) are unnatural cannabinols (CBNs) that bear an additional C10 substituent, which twists the cannabinol biaryl framework out of planarity creating an axis of chirality. This unique structural modification is hypothesized to enhance both the physical and biological properties of cannabinoid ligands, thus ushering in the next generation of endocannabinoid system chemical probes and cannabinoid-inspired leads for drug development. In this full report, we describe the philosophy guiding the design of axCBNs as well as several synthetic strategies for their construction. We also introduce a second class of axially chiral cannabinoids inspired by cannabidiol (CBD), termed axially chiral cannabidiols (axCBDs). Finally, we provide an analysis of axially chiral cannabinoid (axCannabinoid) atropisomerism, which spans two classes (class 1 and 3 atropisomers), and provide first evidence that axCannabinoids retain─and in some cases, strengthen─affinity and functional activity at cannabinoid receptors. Together, these findings present a promising new direction for the design of novel cannabinoid ligands for drug discovery and exploration of the complex endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Kearney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anghelo J Gangano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel G Barrus
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kyle J Rehrauer
- Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
| | - Terry-Elinor R Reid
- Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, United States
| | - Primali V Navaratne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Emily K Tracy
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Adrian Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Thomas Gamage
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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40
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Zuccarello G, Nannini LJ, Arroyo-Bondía A, Fincias N, Arranz I, Pérez-Jimeno AH, Peeters M, Martín-Torres I, Sadurní A, García-Vázquez V, Wang Y, Kirillova MS, Montesinos-Magraner M, Caniparoli U, Núñez GD, Maseras F, Besora M, Escofet I, Echavarren AM. Enantioselective Catalysis with Pyrrolidinyl Gold(I) Complexes: DFT and NEST Analysis of the Chiral Binding Pocket. JACS AU 2023; 3:1742-1754. [PMID: 37388697 PMCID: PMC10301678 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of chiral gold(I) catalysts based on variations of complexes with JohnPhos-type ligands with a remote C2-symmetric 2,5-diarylpyrrolidine have been synthesized with different substitutions at the top and bottom aryl rings: from replacing the phosphine by a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to increasing the steric hindrance with bis- or tris-biphenylphosphine scaffolds, or by directly attaching the C2-chiral pyrrolidine in the ortho-position of the dialkylphenyl phosphine. The new chiral gold(I) catalysts have been tested in the intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of arylalkynes with alkenes and in the atroposelective synthesis of 2-arylindoles. Interestingly, simpler catalysts with the C2-chiral pyrrolidine in the ortho-position of the dialkylphenyl phosphine led to the formation of opposite enantiomers. The chiral binding pockets of the new catalysts have been analyzed by DFT calculations. As revealed by non-covalent interaction plots, attractive non-covalent interactions between substrates and catalysts direct specific enantioselective folding. Furthermore, we have introduced the open-source tool NEST, specifically designed to account for steric effects in cylindrical-shaped complexes, which allows predicting experimental enantioselectivities in our systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zuccarello
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Leonardo J. Nannini
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo-Bondía
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Nicolás Fincias
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Isabel Arranz
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Alba H. Pérez-Jimeno
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Matthias Peeters
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Torres
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Sadurní
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vázquez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Yufei Wang
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mariia S. Kirillova
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marc Montesinos-Magraner
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ulysse Caniparoli
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Gonzalo D. Núñez
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Maria Besora
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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41
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de Ceuninck van Capelle LA, Wales SM, Macdonald JM, Kruger M, Richardson C, Gardiner MG, Hyland CJT. Synthesis and Atropisomeric Properties of Benzoazepine-Fused Isoindoles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37326851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomeric, bench-stable benzoazepine-fused isoindoles were synthesized via oxidation from isoindoline precursors. Using the isoindoles 5d-f as models, the stereochemistry and conformational folding of the systems were examined. Chiral UHPLC was used to analyze the rate of racemization and calculate the Gibbs free energy of enantiomerization (ΔG‡Enant). X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations were used to elucidate the three axes of chirality and clarify the structural factors contributing to ΔG‡Enant. Tandem rotation around the axes of chirality precludes the formation of diastereomers, with rotational restriction of the Caryl-Nsulfonamide bond determined as the moderator of atropisomeric stability in the system, affected primarily by steric hindrance as well as by π-stacking interactions facilitated by the folded conformation of the sulfonamide over the isoindole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian A de Ceuninck van Capelle
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Steven M Wales
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - James M Macdonald
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Megan Kruger
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Materials Characterisation and Modelling Program, Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher Richardson
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher J T Hyland
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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42
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Ali HA, Ismail MA, Fouda AEAS, Ghaith EA. A fruitful century for the scalable synthesis and reactions of biphenyl derivatives: applications and biological aspects. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18262-18305. [PMID: 37333795 PMCID: PMC10274569 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides recent developments in the current status and latest synthetic methodologies of biphenyl derivatives. Furthermore, this review investigates detailed discussions of several metalated chemical reactions related to biphenyl scaffolds such as Wurtz-Fittig, Ullmann, Bennett-Turner, Negishi, Kumada, Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, Friedel-Crafts, cyanation, amination, and various electrophilic substitution reactions supported by their mechanistic pathways. Furthermore, the preconditions required for the existence of axial chirality in biaryl compounds are discussed. Furthermore, atropisomerism as a type of axial chirality in biphenyl molecules is discussed. Additionally, this review covers a wide range of biological and medicinal applications of the synthesized compounds involving patented approaches in the last decade corresponding to investigating the crucial role of the biphenyl structures in APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar A Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Abd El-Aziz S Fouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eslam A Ghaith
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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43
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Senda R, Watanabe Y, Miwa S, Sato A, Kitagawa O. Synthesis of Isotopic Atropisomers Based on 12C/ 13C Discrimination. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37300502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quinazolin-4-one derivatives possessing an isotopic atropisomerism (isotopic N-C axial chirality) based on ortho-12CH3/13CH3 discrimination were prepared. The diastereomeric quinazolin-4-ones bearing an asymmetric carbon as well as an isotopic atropisomerism were clearly discriminated by 1H and 13C NMR spectra and revealed to possess high rotational stability and stereochemical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Senda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Yuka Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shota Miwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Azusa Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Osamu Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
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44
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Yang X, Li T, Chen J, Huang Y, Shen T, Li S, Jin Z, Ren SC. Carbene-Catalyzed Atroposelective Annulation for Quick Access to Axially Chiral Thiazine Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104052. [PMID: 37241792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective annulation reaction is disclosed for quick and efficient access to thiazine derivatives. A series of axially chiral thiazine derivatives bearing various substituents and substitution patterns were produced in moderate to high yields with moderate to excellent optical purities. Preliminary studies revealed that some of our products exhibit promising antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) that causes rice bacterial blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yixian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingwei Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shiguang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Chao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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45
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Ciceri S, Colombo D, Fassi EMA, Ferraboschi P, Grazioso G, Grisenti P, Iannone M, Castellano C, Meneghetti F. Elagolix Sodium Salt and Its Synthetic Intermediates: A Spectroscopic, Crystallographic, and Conformational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093861. [PMID: 37175271 PMCID: PMC10180344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elagolix sodium salt is the first marketed orally active non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist (GnRHR-ant) for the management of hormone dependent diseases, such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids. Despite its presence on the market since 2018, a thorough NMR analysis of this drug, together with its synthetic intermediates, is still lacking. Hence, with the aim of filling this literature gap, we here performed a detailed NMR investigation, which allowed the complete assignment of the 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR signals. These data allowed, with the support of the conformational analysis, the determination of the stereochemical profile of the two atropisomers, detectable in solution. Moreover, these latter were also detected by means of cellulose-based chiral HPLC, starting from a sample prepared through an implemented synthetic procedure with respect to the reported ones. Overall, these results contribute to further understanding of the topic of atropisomerism in drug discovery and could be applied in the design of safe and stable analogs, endowed with improved target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico M A Fassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paride Grisenti
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical Consulting and IP Management, Viale G. da Cermenate 58, 20141 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Iannone
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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46
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Pecorari D, Mazzanti A, Mancinelli M. Atropostatin: Design and Total Synthesis of an Atropisomeric Lactone–Atorvastatin Prodrug. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073176. [PMID: 37049939 PMCID: PMC10095771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatins play an important role in the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme present in the liver that takes part in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In this article, we report the total synthesis of a lactone–atorvastatin prodrug with additional atropisomeric features. Conformational and experimental studies of model compounds were designed to test the stability of the chiral axis. Docking calculations were performed to evaluate the constant inhibition of a library of atorvastatins. Full synthesis of the best candidate was achieved and thermally stable atropisomeric lactone–atorvastatin was obtained. The absolute configuration of the chiral axis of the atropisomers was assigned by means of chiroptical ECD spectroscopy coupled with TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pecorari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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47
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Bao H, Chen Y, Yang X. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Diaryl Ethers through Enantioselective Desymmetrization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300481. [PMID: 36760025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral diaryl ethers are a type of unique atropisomers bearing two potential axes, which have potential applications in a variety of research fields. However, the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of these diaryl ether atropisomers is largely underexplored when compared to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biaryl or other types of atropisomers. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalytic asymmetric synthesis of diaryl ether atropisomers through an organocatalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization protocol. The chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric electrophilic aromatic aminations of the symmetrical 1,3-benzenediamine type substrates afforded a series of diaryl ether atropisomers in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The facile construction of heterocycles by the utilizations of the 1,2-benzenediamine moiety in the products provided access to a variety of structurally diverse and novel azaarene-containing diaryl ether atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yunrong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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48
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Surgenor RR, Liu X, Keenlyside MJH, Myers W, Smith MD. Enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric indoles via iron-catalysed oxidative cross-coupling. Nat Chem 2023; 15:357-365. [PMID: 36509852 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterobiaryl compounds that exhibit axial chirality are of increasing value and interest across several fields, but direct oxidative methods for their enantioselective synthesis remain elusive. Here we disclose that an iron catalyst in the presence of a chiral PyBOX ligand and an oxidant enables direct coupling between naphthols and indoles to yield atropisomeric heterobiaryl compounds with high levels of enantioselectivity. The reaction exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity and exclusively yields cross-coupled products without competing homocoupling. Mechanistic investigations enable us to postulate that an indole radical is generated in the reaction but that this is probably an off-cycle event, and that the reaction proceeds through formation of a chiral Fe-bound naphthoxy radical that is trapped by a nucleophilic indole. We envision that this simple, cheap and sustainable catalytic manifold will facilitate access to a range of heterobiaryl compounds and enable their application across the fields of materials science, medicinal chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangqian Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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49
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Atroposelective desymmetrization of 2-arylresorcinols via Tsuji-Trost allylation. Commun Chem 2023; 6:42. [PMID: 36841918 PMCID: PMC9968306 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation has proven to be a powerful method for the preparation of a wide variety of chiral molecules. However, the catalytic and atroposelective allylic alkylation is still rare and challenging, especially for biaryl substrates. Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed desymmetric and atroposelective allylation, in which the palladium complex with a chiral phosphoramidite ligand enables desymmetrization of nucleophilic 2-arylresorcinols in a highly enantioselective manner. With the aid of the secondary kinetic resolution effect, a wide variety of substrates containing a hydroxymethyl group at the bottom aromatic ring are able to provide O-allylated products up to 98:2 er. Computational studies show an accessible quadrant of the allylpalladium complex and provide three plausible transition states with intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The energetically favorable transition state is in good agreement with the observed enantioselectivity and suggests that the catalytic reaction would proceed with an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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50
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Gillis EP, Parcella K, Bowsher M, Cook JH, Iwuagwu C, Naidu BN, Patel M, Peese K, Huang H, Valera L, Wang C, Kieltyka K, Parker DD, Simmermacher J, Arnoult E, Nolte RT, Wang L, Bender JA, Frennesson DB, Saulnier M, Wang AX, Meanwell NA, Belema M, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Kadow JF, Cockett M, Fridell R. Potent Long-Acting Inhibitors Targeting the HIV-1 Capsid Based on a Versatile Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1941-1954. [PMID: 36719971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting (LA) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral therapy characterized by a ≥1 month dosing interval offers significant advantages over daily oral therapy. However, the criteria for compounds that enter clinical development are high. Exceptional potency and low plasma clearance are required to meet dose size requirements; excellent chemical stability and/or crystalline form stability is required to meet formulation requirements, and new antivirals in HIV-1 therapy need to be largely free of side effects and drug-drug interactions. In view of these challenges, the discovery that capsid inhibitors comprising a quinazolinone core tolerate a wide range of structural modifications while maintaining picomolar potency against HIV-1 infection in vitro, are assembled efficiently in a multi-component reaction, and can be isolated in a stereochemically pure form is reported herein. The detailed characterization of a prototypical compound, GSK878, is presented, including an X-ray co-crystal structure and subcutaneous and intramuscular pharmacokinetic data in rats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kyle Parcella
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Michael Bowsher
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - James H Cook
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Christiana Iwuagwu
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - B Narasimhulu Naidu
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Manoj Patel
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kevin Peese
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Haichang Huang
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Lourdes Valera
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Chunfu Wang
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kasia Kieltyka
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Jean Simmermacher
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Molecular Design, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Robert T Nolte
- Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - John A Bender
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David B Frennesson
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mark Saulnier
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alan Xiangdong Wang
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Makonen Belema
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States.,ViiV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - John F Kadow
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mark Cockett
- ViiV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Robert Fridell
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
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