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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Nucleoside Tetraphosphate Compounds. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2864-2883. [PMID: 38345794 PMCID: PMC10895676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of three types of nucleoside tetraphosphate derivatives 4-9 acting as potential prodrugs of d4T nucleotides: (i) the δ-phosph(on)ate is modified by two hydrolytically stable alkyl residues 4 and 5; (ii) the δ-phosph(on)ate is esterified covalently by one biodegradable acyloxybenzyl moiety and a nonbioreversible moiety 6 and 7; or (iii) the δ-phosphate of nucleoside tetraphosphate is masked by two biodegradable prodrug groups 8 and 9. We were able to prove the efficient release of d4T triphosphate (d4TTP, (i)), δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates (20 and 24, (ii)), and d4T tetraphosphate (d4T4P, (iii)), respectively, by chemical or enzymatic processes. Surprisingly, δ-dialkylated d4T tetraphosphates, δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates, and d4T4P were substrates for HIV-RT. Remarkably, the antiviral activity of TetraPPPPro-prodrug 7 was improved by 7700-fold (SI 5700) as compared to the parent d4T in CEM/TK- cells, denoting a successful cell membrane passage of these lipophilic prodrugs and an intracellular delivery of the nucleotide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
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2
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs of Anti-HIV Active Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Compounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2306021. [PMID: 37884485 PMCID: PMC10754118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs require three phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases to give their triphosphorylated metabolites. Herein, the synthesis of two types of triphosphate prodrugs of different nucleoside analogs is disclosed. Triphosphates comprising: i) a γ-phosphate or γ-phosphonate bearing a bioreversible acyloxybenzyl group and a long alkyl group and ii) γ-dialkyl phosphate/phosphonate modified nucleoside triphosphate analogs. Almost selective conversion of the former TriPPPro-compounds into the corresponding γ-alkylated nucleoside triphosphate derivatives is demonstrated in CEM/0 cell extracts that proved to be stable toward further hydrolysis. The latter γ-dialkylated triphosphate derivatives lead to the slow formation of the corresponding NDPs. Both types of TriPPPro-compounds are highly potent in wild-type CEM/0 cells and more importantly, they exhibit even better activities against HIV-2 replication in CEM/TK- cell cultures. A finding of major importance is that, in primer extension assays, γ-phosphate-modified-NTPs, γ-mono-alkylated-triphosphates, and NDPs prove to be substrates for HIV-RT but not for cellular DNA-polymerases α,γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU Leuven, Herestraat 49LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
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3
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Fernandes LDR, Lopes JR, Bonjorno AF, Prates JLB, Scarim CB, Dos Santos JL. The Application of Prodrugs as a Tool to Enhance the Properties of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:2234. [PMID: 38005911 PMCID: PMC10675571 DOI: 10.3390/v15112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is an effective treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which has transformed the highly lethal disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), into a chronic and manageable condition. However, better methods need to be developed for enhancing patient access and adherence to therapy and for improving treatment in the long term to reduce adverse effects. From the perspective of drug discovery, one promising strategy is the development of anti-HIV prodrugs. This approach aims to enhance the efficacy and safety of treatment, promoting the development of more appropriate and convenient systems for patients. In this review, we discussed the use of the prodrug approach for HIV antiviral agents and emphasized nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We comprehensively described various strategies that are used to enhance factors such as water solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters, permeability across biological membranes, chemical stability, drug delivery to specific sites/organs, and tolerability. These strategies might help researchers conduct better studies in this field. We also reported successful examples from the primary therapeutic classes while discussing the advantages and limitations. In this review, we highlighted the key trends in the application of the prodrug approach for treating HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (L.d.R.F.); (J.R.L.); (A.F.B.); (J.L.B.P.); (C.B.S.)
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4
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Pronucleotides of 2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydrothymidine as Potent Anti-HIV Compounds. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12163-12184. [PMID: 37647547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and evaluation of three different nucleotide prodrug systems: (i) nucleoside triphosphate analogues in which the γ-phosph(on)ate has two different lipophilic nonbioreversible alkyl residues with d4TDP as the released nucleotide analogue; (ii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing a bioreversible and a stable β-alkyl group; or (iii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing two nonhydrolysable lipophilic alkyl moieties. The delivery of d4TDP (for the triphosphate precursor) and d4TMP (for the diphosphate precursor) was demonstrated in CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts as well as in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In primer extension assay, we found that γ-dialkylated d4TTP derivatives and d4TDP were accepted as substrates by HIV-RT. Several of these compounds were observed to be extremely active against HIV-1/2 replication in HIV-infected cells. A more than 45,000-fold increase in the anti-HIV activity was detected for compound 18a as compared to the parent d4T which results in a selectivity index value of 37,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
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5
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Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Jia X, Ganter B, Meier C. Improving properties of the nucleobase analogs T-705/T-1105 as potential antiviral. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:1-47. [PMID: 34728864 PMCID: PMC8553380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this minireview we describe our work on the improvement of the nucleobase analogs Favipiravir (T-705) und its non-fluorinated derivative T-1105 as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 active compounds. Both nucleobases were converted into nucleotides and then included in our nucleotide prodrugs technologies cycloSal-monophosphates, DiPPro-nucleoside diphosphates and TriPPPro-nucleoside triphosphates. Particularly the DiPPro-derivatives of T-1105-RDP proved to be very active against influenza viruses. T-1105-derivatives in general were found to be more antivirally active as compared to their T-705 counterpart. This may be due to the low chemical stability of all ribosylated derivatives of T-705. The ribosyltriphosphate derivative of T-1105 was studied for the potential to act as a inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and was found to be an extremely potent compound causing lethal mutagenesis. The pronucleotide technologies, the chemical synthesis, the biophysical properties and the biological effects of the compounds will be addressed as well.
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Nack T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Weber S, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. γ-Ketobenzyl-Modified Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs as Potential Antivirals. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13745-13761. [PMID: 33186038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often hampered by insufficient phosphorylation. Nucleoside triphosphate analogues are presented, in which the γ-phosphate was covalently modified by a non-bioreversible, lipophilic 4-alkylketobenzyl moiety. Interestingly, primer extension assays using human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and three DNA-polymerases showed a high selectivity of these γ-modified nucleoside triphosphates to act as substrates for HIV-RT, while they proved to be nonsubstrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In contrast to d4TTP, the γ-modified d4TTPs showed a high resistance toward dephosphorylation in cell extracts. A series of acyloxybenzyl-prodrugs of these γ-ketobenzyl nucleoside triphosphates was prepared. The aim was the intracellular delivery of a stable γ-modified nucleoside triphosphate to increase the selectivity of such compounds to act in infected versus noninfected cells. Delivery of γ-ketobenzyl-d4TTPs was proven in T-lymphocyte cell extracts. The prodrugs were potent inhibitors of HIV-1/2 in cultures of infected CEM/0 cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nack
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Zhao C, Jia X, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. γ-Non-Symmetrically Dimasked TriPPPro Prodrugs as Potential Antiviral Agents against HIV. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:499-512. [PMID: 33089929 PMCID: PMC7894357 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and nucleoside analogue monophosphate prodrugs are used in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The design of antivirally active nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is a recent and an important advancement in the field of nucleoside analogue drug development. Here, we report on TriPPPro‐derivatives of nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTPs) that comprised two different acyloxybenzyl‐masks at the γ‐phosphate of the NTP aiming to achieve the metabolic bypass. Thus, γ‐non‐symmetrically dimasked TriPPPro‐compounds (γ‐(AB,ab)‐d4TTPs) were synthesized and they proved to be active against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in cultures of infected wild‐type human CD4+ T‐lymphocyte (CEM/0) cells and more importantly also in thymidine kinase‐deficient CD4+ T‐cells (CEM/TK‐). From hydrolysis studies both in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.3) and CEM cell extracts, there was surprisingly no differentiation in the cleavage of the two acyloxybenzyl prodrug‐masks. However, if within one of the two acyloxybenzyl groups a short PEG‐type methoxytriglycol group was introduced, the “standard” acyloxybenzyl‐mask was cleaved with high preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhao
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Kraszewski A, Sobkowski M, Stawinski J. H-Phosphonate Chemistry in the Synthesis of Electrically Neutral and Charged Antiviral and Anticancer Pronucleotides. Front Chem 2020; 8:595738. [PMID: 33282839 PMCID: PMC7691650 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.595738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review a short account of our work on the synthesis and biological activity of electrically neutral and charged anti-HIV and anticancer pronucleotides, presented on the background of the contemporary research in this area, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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10
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Jia X, Weber S, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane Permeable, Bioreversibly Modified Prodrugs of Nucleoside Diphosphate-γ-Phosphonates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11990-12007. [PMID: 32991174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are widely used as antiviral and anticancer agents, although they require intracellular phosphorylation into their antivirally active form, the triphosphorylated nucleoside analogue metabolites. We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new class of nucleoside triphosphate analogues comprising a C-alkyl-phosphonate moiety replacing the γ-phosphate. These compounds were converted into bioreversibly modified lipophilic prodrugs at the γ-phosphonate by the attachment of an acyloxybenzyl (ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (carbonate) group. Such compounds formed γ-C-(alkyl)-nucleoside triphosphate analogues with high selectivity because of an enzyme-triggered delivery mechanism. The latter compounds were very stable in CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CEM cell) extracts, and they were substrates for HIV-reverse transcriptase without being substrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In antiviral assays, the excellent antiviral activity of the prodrugs that was found in CEM/0 cells was completely kept in CEM/TK- cells. The activity was improved by 3 logs as compared to the parent nucleoside d4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Dasari M, Ma P, Pelly SC, Sharma SK, Liotta DC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5'-C-methyl nucleotide prodrugs for treating HCV infections. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127539. [PMID: 32919013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide prodrugs are of great clinical interest for treating a variety of viral infections due to their ability to target tissues selectively and to deliver relatively high concentrations of the active nucleotide metabolite intracellularly. However, their clinical successes have been limited, oftentimes due to unwanted in vivo metabolic processes that reduce the quantities of nucleoside triphosphate that reach the site of action. In an attempt to circumvent this, we designed novel nucleosides that incorporate a sterically bulky group at the 5'-carbon of the phosphoester prodrug, which we reasoned would reduce the amounts of non-productive PO bond cleavage back to the corresponding nucleoside by nucleotidases. Molecular docking studies with the NS5B HCV polymerase suggested that a nucleotide containing a 5'-methyl group could be accommodated. Therefore, we synthesized mono- and diphosphate prodrugs of 2',5'-C-dimethyluridine stereoselectively and evaluated their cytotoxicity and anti-HCV activity in the HCV replicon assay. All four prodrugs exhibited anti-HCV activity with IC50 values in the single digit micromolar concentrations, with the 5'(R)-C-methyl prodrug displaying superior potency relative to its 5'(S)-C-methyl counterpart. However, when compared to the unmethylated prodrug, the potency is poorer. The poorer potency of these prodrugs may be due to unfavorable steric interactions of the 5'-C-methyl group in the active sites of the kinases that catalyze the formation of active triphosphate metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Dasari
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Peipei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Stephen C Pelly
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Savita K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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12
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Triphosphate Prodrugs of Various Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6991-7007. [PMID: 32515595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral efficacy of many nucleoside analogues is strongly dependent on their intracellular activation by host cellular kinases to yield ultimately the bioactive nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTP). The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (the TriPPPro approach), in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units, one is the acyloxybenzyl (AB) moiety and the other is the alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB) group. Such compounds formed NTPs with high selectivity by an enzyme-triggered mechanism in human T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts loosing first the AB moiety, followed by the ACB group. This enables the bypass of all steps of the intracellular phosphorylation. This approach was applied here to convert some modestly active or even inactive nucleoside analogues into powerful biologically active metabolites. Potent antiviral activity profiles were obtained depending on the lipophilicity of the TriPPPro-NTP prodrugs against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cultures of infected wild-type CD4+ CEM T-cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-). This TriPPPro strategy offers high potential for future antiviral and antitumoral chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
We disclose a study on nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogues in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units and d4T as nucleoside analogue that enable the delivery of d4TTP with high selectivity in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and by enzyme-triggered reactions in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. This allows the bypass of all steps normally needed in the intracellular phosphorylation. These TriPPPro-nucleotides comprising an acyloxybenzyl (AB; ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB; carbonate) in combination with an ACB moiety are described as NTP delivery systems. The introduction of these two different groups led to the selective formation of γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs by chemical hydrolysis and in particular by cell extract enzymes. γ-(AB)-d4TTPs are faster cleaved than γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs. In antiviral assays, the compounds are highly active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in wild-type CEM/O cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Prominent in the current stage of drug development, antiviral compounds can be efficiently prepared through cycloaddition reactions. The chapter reports the use of classical Diels–Alder and their hetero version for the design and synthesis of compounds that were tested for their antiviral activities against a variety of viruses. Furthermore, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of selected 1,3-dipoles, such as azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides, are reviewed in the light of their application in the preparation of key intermediates for antiviral synthesis. A few examples of [2+2] cycloaddition reactions are also presented. The products obtained from these pericyclic reaction approaches were all tested for their activities in terms of blocking the virus replication, and the relevant biological data are highlighted.
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15
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Membrane-Permeable Octanoyloxybenzyl-Masked cNMPs As Novel Tools for Non-Invasive Cell Assays. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112960. [PMID: 30428589 PMCID: PMC6278358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide (AN) 2nd messengers, such as 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), are central elements of intracellular signaling, but many details of their underlying processes remain elusive. Like all nucleotides, cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) are net-negatively charged at physiologic pH which limits their applicability in cell-based settings. Thus, many cellular assays rely on sophisticated techniques like microinjection or electroporation. This setup is not feasible for medium- to high-throughput formats, and the mechanic stress that cells are exposed to raises the probability of interfering artefacts or false-positives. Here, we present a short and flexible chemical route yielding membrane-permeable, bio-reversibly masked cNMPs for which we employed the octanoyloxybenzyl (OB) group. We further show hydrolysis studies on chemical stability and enzymatic activation, and present results of real-time assays, where we used cAMP and Ca2+ live cell imaging to demonstrate high permeability and prompt intracellular conversion of some selected masked cNMPs. Based on these results, our novel OB-masked cNMPs constitute valuable precursor-tools for non-invasive studies on intracellular signaling.
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16
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Camarasa MJ. Prodrugs of Nucleoside Triphosphates as a Sound and Challenging Approach: A Pioneering Work That Opens a New Era in the Direct Intracellular Delivery of Nucleoside Triphosphates. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1885-1889. [PMID: 30152096 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleosides, designed to mimic naturally occurring nucleosides, are important antiviral and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. However, nucleosides are not active as such and need to be metabolized, step by step, to their corresponding active nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). This is mediated by phosphorylating enzymes, mainly host cellular kinases with strong specificity for their substrates; in many cases, this specificity prevents efficient conversion into the NTPs. To circumvent this metabolic handicap, successful nucleo(s/t)ide prodrugs have been developed as a valuable concept in the design of effective drugs. The unique concept of the TriPPPro approach, developed by Chris Meier and colleagues, is a powerful tool for the intracellular delivery of active NTPs, bypassing all the phosphorylation steps required by nucleosides to yield the active NTP metabolites. This concept is illustrated herein with general examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Weising S, Sterrenberg V, Schols D, Meier C. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of TriPPPro-AbacavirTP, TriPPPro-CarbovirTP, and Their 1′,2′-cis-Disubstituted Analogues. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1771-1778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weising
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincente Sterrenberg
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Rega Institute for Medical Research; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- University of Hamburg; Faculty of Sciences; Department Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Martin-Luther-King Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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18
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Huchting J, Vanderlinden E, Winkler M, Nasser H, Naesens L, Meier C. Prodrugs of the Phosphoribosylated Forms of Hydroxypyrazinecarboxamide Pseudobase T-705 and Its De-Fluoro Analogue T-1105 as Potent Influenza Virus Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6193-6210. [PMID: 29906392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We here disclose chemical synthesis of ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate (RMP), -diphosphate (RDP), and -triphosphate (RTP) and cycloSal-, Di PPro-, and Tri PPPro nucleotide prodrugs of the antiviral pseudobase T-1105. Moreover, we include one nucleoside diphosphate prodrug of the chemically less stable T-705. We demonstrate efficient T-1105-RDP and -RTP release from the Di PPro and Tri PPPro compounds by esterase activation. Using crude enzyme extracts, we saw rapid phosphorylation of T-1105-RDP into T-1105-RTP. In sharp contrast, phosphorylation of T-1105-RMP was not seen, indicating a yet unrecognized bottleneck in T-1105's metabolic activation. Accordingly, Di PPro and Tri PPPro compounds displayed improved cell culture activity against influenza A and B virus, which they retained in a mutant cell line incapable of activating the nucleobase parent. T-1105-RTP had a strong inhibitory effect against isolated influenza polymerase, and Di PPro-T-1105-RDP showed 4-fold higher potency in suppressing one-cycle viral RNA synthesis versus T-1105. Hence, our T-1105-RDP and -RTP prodrugs improve antiviral potency and achieve efficient metabolic bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huchting
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Hamburg University , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany.,KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Evelien Vanderlinden
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Matthias Winkler
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Hamburg University , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hiba Nasser
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Hamburg University , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Lieve Naesens
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Hamburg University , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
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19
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Abstract
In this review, our recent advances in the development of nucleoside di- and nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is summarized. Previously, we had developed a successful membrane-permeable pronucleotide system for the intracellular delivery of nucleoside monophosphates as well, the so-called cycloSal-approach. In contrast to that work in which the delivery is initiated by a chemically driven hydrolysis reaction, for the di- and triphosphate delivery, an enzymatic trigger mechanism involving (carboxy)esterases had to be used. The other features of the new pronucleotide approaches are: (i) lipophilic modification was restricted to the terminal phosphate group leaving charges at the internal phosphate moieties and (ii) appropriate lipophilicity is introduced by long aliphatic residues within the bipartite prodrug moiety. The conceptional design of the di- and triphosphate prodrug systems will be described and the chemical synthesis, the hydrolysis properties, a structure-activity relationship and antiviral activity data will be discussed as well. The advantage of these new approaches is that all phosphorylation steps from the nucleoside analogue into the bioactive nucleoside triphosphate form can be bypassed in the case of the triphosphate prodrugs. Moreover, enzymatic processes like the deamination of nucleosides or nucleoside monophosphates which lead to catabolic clearance of the potential antivirally active compound can be avoided by the delivery of the higher phosphorylated nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Pahnke K, Meier C. Synthesis of a Bioreversibly Masked Lipophilic Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose Derivative. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1616-1626. [PMID: 28589630 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of a bioreversibly protected lipophilic sugar nucleotide as a potential membrane-permeable precursor of adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is described. ADPR is the most potent activator of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channel. Membrane-permeable, lipophilic derivatives of ADPR are of great interest as tools for study of the mechanism of TRPM2. The approach described here was based on our recently disclosed "DiPPro" and "TriPPPro" prodrug approaches developed for the intracellular delivery of nucleotides. A lipophilic, bioreversibly masked ADPR analogue containing an enzymatically cleavable 4-pentanoyloxybenzyl (PB) mask at the phosphate moiety next to the 5'-position of adenosine, together with O-acetyl groups, was prepared in high yields. Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) were performed to assess chemical stability and possible (selective) enzymatic demasking of the ADPR analogue. HPLC-MS revealed that the PB group was readily cleaved enzymatically. In addition, the formation of partially deacetylated ADPR compounds and also of fully unprotected ADPR was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pahnke
- Universität Hamburg, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Universität Hamburg, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Vasilyeva SV, Shtil AA, Petrova AS, Balakhnin SM, Achigecheva PY, Stetsenko DA, Silnikov VN. Conjugates of phosphorylated zalcitabine and lamivudine with SiO2 nanoparticles: Synthesis by CuAAC click chemistry and preliminary assessment of anti-HIV and antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1696-1702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Gollnest T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Rath A, Hauber I, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Membrane-permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Rath
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute; Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology; Martinistrasse 52 20251 Hamburg Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Minderbroedersstraat 10 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Minderbroedersstraat 10 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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23
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Gollnest T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Rath A, Hauber I, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Membrane-permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5255-8. [PMID: 27008042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. Rate-limitations can be at the mono-, but also at the di- and triphosphorylation steps. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (TriPPPro-approach). In this approach, NTPs are masked by two bioreversible units at the γ-phosphate. Using a procedure involving H-phosphonate chemistry, a series of derivatives bearing approved, as well as potentially antivirally active, nucleoside analogues was synthesized. The enzyme-triggered delivery of NTPs was demonstrated by pig liver esterase, in human T-lymphocyte cell extracts and by a polymerase chain reaction using a prodrug of thymidine triphosphate. The TriPPPro-compounds of some HIV-inactive nucleoside analogues showed marked anti-HIV activity. For cellular uptake studies, a fluorescent TriPPPro-compound was prepared that delivered the triphosphorylated metabolite to intact CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rath
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Yin Y, Sasaki S, Taniguchi Y. Inhibitory Effect of 8-Halogenated 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine Triphosphates on Human 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine Triphosphatase, hMTH1, Activities. Chembiochem 2016; 17:566-9. [PMID: 26879218 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
hMTH1 (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanine triphosphatase) hydrolyzes oxidized nucleoside triphosphates; its presence is non-essential for survival of normal cells but is required for survival of cancer cells. In this study, 8-halogenated-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate (8-halogenated-7-deazadGTP) derivatives were synthesized. Interestingly, these triphosphates were poor substrates for hMTH1, but exhibited strong competitive inhibition against hMTH1 at nanomolar levels. This inhibitory effect is attributed to slower rate of hydrolysis, possibly arising from enzyme structural changes, specifically different stacking interactions with 8-halogenated-7-deazadGTP. This is the first example of using nucleotide derivatives to inhibit hMTH1, thus demonstrating their potential as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Yin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yosuke Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Gollnest T, de Oliveira TD, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Lipophilic prodrugs of nucleoside triphosphates as biochemical probes and potential antivirals. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8716. [PMID: 26503889 PMCID: PMC4640093 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often limited by ineffective phosphorylation. We report on a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) prodrug approach in which the γ-phosphate of NTPs is bioreversibly modified. A series of TriPPPro-compounds bearing two lipophilic masking units at the γ-phosphate and d4T as a nucleoside analogue are synthesized. Successful delivery of d4TTP is demonstrated in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell extracts by an enzyme-triggered mechanism with high selectivity. In antiviral assays, the compounds are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in CD4+ T-cell (CEM) cultures. Highly lipophilic acyl residues lead to higher membrane permeability that results in intracellular delivery of phosphorylated metabolites in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK− cells with higher antiviral activity than the parent nucleoside. Charged phosphorylated metabolite such as nucleoside tri-phosphates exhibit poor membrane permeability due to their high polarity, limiting their utility as drugs or cellular probes. Here the authors develop a method to render nucleoside triphosphates cell permeable and allows their release by an enzyme-triggered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Weinschenk L, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside Diphosphate Prodrugs: Nonsymmetric DiPPro-Nucleotides. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6114-30. [PMID: 26125628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonsymmetric DiPPro-nucleotides are described as nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) delivery systems. The concept is to attach different bis(acyloxybenzyl) moieties at the β-phosphate moiety of a NDP. DiPPro compounds bearing two alkanoylbenzyl residues and DiPPro compounds bearing an alkanoylbenzyl or a benzoylbenzyl group as bioreversible prodrug moieties were studied. Compounds bearing short chain alkanoyl esters led to a fast hydrolysis by chemical or enzymatic means. The ester group in the second prodrug group comprised a long lipophilic aliphatic or an aromatic residue. The lipophilicity of this group enabled the prodrug to penetrate the cell membrane. The introduction of two different groups allowed a controlled stepwise removal of the prodrug moieties to achieve a highly selective delivery of the NDP in CEM cell extracts. The compounds were highly active against HIV even in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells. Thus, the compounds, although charged at the α-phosphate group, were taken up by the cells and released NDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Weinschenk
- †Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- ‡Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- ‡Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- †Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Xu Z. A review on the chemical synthesis of pyrophosphate bonds in bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3777-83. [PMID: 26189080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is an ongoing interest in the synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate analogs as important regulators in catabolism/anabolism, and their potential applications as mechanistic probes and chemical tools for bioassays. However, the pyrophosphate bond formation step remains as the bottleneck. In this Digest, the chemical synthesis of the pyrophosphate bonds of representative bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs, i.e. phosphorus-modified analogs, nucleoside cyclic diphosphates, and nucleoside diphosphate conjugates, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States.
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28
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Pavlovic I, Thakor DT, Bigler L, Wilson MSC, Laha D, Schaaf G, Saiardi A, Jessen HJ. Prometabolites of 5-Diphospho-myo-inositol Pentakisphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9622-6. [PMID: 26014370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Diphospho-myo-inositol phosphates (PP-InsP(y)) are an important class of cellular messengers. Thus far, no method for the transport of PP-InsP(y) into living cells is available. Owing to their high negative charge density, PP-InsP(y) will not cross the cell membrane. A strategy to circumvent this issue involves the generation of precursors in which the negative charges are masked with biolabile groups. A PP-InsP(y) prometabolite would require twelve to thirteen biolabile groups, which need to be cleaved by cellular enzymes to release the parent molecules. Such densely modified prometabolites of phosphate esters and anhydrides have never been reported to date. This study discloses the synthesis of such agents and an analysis of their metabolism in tissue homogenates by gel electrophoresis. The acetoxybenzyl-protected system is capable of releasing 5-PP-InsP5 in mammalian cell/tissue homogenates within a few minutes and can be used to release 5-PP-InsP5 inside cells. These molecules will serve as a platform for the development of fundamental tools required to study PP-InsP(y) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Divyeshsinh T Thakor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | | | - Debabrata Laha
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen (Germany)
| | | | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich (UZH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
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29
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Pavlovic I, Thakor DT, Bigler L, Wilson MSC, Laha D, Schaaf G, Saiardi A, Jessen HJ. Prometabolites of 5-Diphospho-myo-inositol Pentakisphosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Weinschenk L, Gollnest T, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Bis(benzoyloxybenzyl)-DiPPro nucleoside diphosphates of anti-HIV active nucleoside analogues. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:891-900. [PMID: 25847660 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are extensively used as antiviral and anticancer agents. Their efficiency is dependent on their metabolism into the ultimately active nucleoside triphosphates. Often one step or even more in the metabolism of the nucleoside to the triphosphate is inefficient. To overcome this hurdle, prodrugs of the nucleotides are needed. Bis(acyloxybenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates have been reported by us as a first example of an efficient nucleoside diphosphate prodrug (DiPPro nucleotides). Here, the synthesis and the properties of bis(benzoyloxybenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates of the nucleoside analogues d4T and AZT are disclosed. The synthesis was achieved by using a phosphoramidite/oxidation route. In chemical hydrolysis studies, most of the compounds formed a nucleoside diphosphate. This was confirmed in CEM cell extracts, although the prodrug stability in extracts was lower than in phosphate buffer. Furthermore, the stability and the amount of nucleoside diphosphate formed were dependent on the substituent in the benzoyl moiety. Some of the compounds were more active against HIV in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells than were d4T or AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Weinschenk
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany); German Center of Infection Research (DZIF)
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31
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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32
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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33
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Pertenbreiter F, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside mono- and diphosphate prodrugs of 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:94-106. [PMID: 25209965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their close structural similarity to nucleoside analogues such as the anti-HIV drugs AZT and d4T, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (ddU) and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine (d4U) are entirely inactive against HIV in their nucleoside form. However, it has been shown that the corresponding triphosphates of these two nucleosides can effectively block HIV reverse transcriptase. Herein we report on two types of nucleotide prodrugs (cycloSal and DiPPro nucleotides) of ddU and d4U to investigate their ability to overcome insufficient intracellular phosphorylation, which may be the reason behind their low anti-HIV activity. The release of the corresponding mono- and diphosphates from these compounds was demonstrated by hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. Surprisingly, however, these compounds showed low or no anti-HIV activity in tests with human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells. Studies of the conversion of ddUDP and d4UDP into their triphosphate metabolites by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) showed nearly no conversion of either diphosphate, which may be the reason for low intracellular triphosphate levels that result in low antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pertenbreiter
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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