1
|
Steiner MA, Toeroek-Schafroth M, Giusepponi ME, Dacome L, Tessari M. Abuse potential assessment of the dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1249-1260. [PMID: 38059356 PMCID: PMC10714714 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231215415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS) and have sedative effects can lead to abuse in humans. New CNS-active drugs often require evaluation of their abuse potential in dedicated animal models before marketing approval. Daridorexant is a new dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) with sleep-promoting properties in animals and humans. It was approved in 2022 in the United States and Europe for the treatment of insomnia disorder. AIMS Nonclinical evaluation of abuse potential of daridorexant using three specific rat models assessing reinforcement, interoception, and withdrawal. METHODS Reinforcing effects of daridorexant were assessed in an operant rat model of intravenous drug self-administration. Similarity of interoceptive effects to those of the commonly used sleep medication zolpidem was tested in an operant drug discrimination task. Withdrawal signs indicative of physical dependence were evaluated upon sudden termination of chronic daridorexant treatment. Rat experiments were conducted at a dose range resulting in daridorexant plasma concentrations equaling or exceeding those achieved at the clinically recommended dose of 50 mg in humans. RESULTS Daridorexant had no reinforcing effects, was dissimilar to zolpidem in the drug discrimination task, and did not induce any withdrawal-related signs upon treatment discontinuation that would be indicative of physical dependence. OUTCOMES Daridorexant showed no signs of abuse or dependence potential in rats. Our data indicate that daridorexant, like other DORAs, has a low potential for abuse in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Toeroek-Schafroth
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Current affiliation: Galapagos GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lisa Dacome
- Aptuit Srl, An Evotec Company, Verona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bonifazi A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Saab E, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Quaglia W. Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1607-1667. [PMID: 37036052 DOI: 10.1002/med.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeth Saab
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Balestrieri M, Miniati M, Biggio G, Liguori C, Menicucci D, Ferini-Strambi L, Nobili L, Riemann D, Gemignani A. Current models of insomnia disorder: a theoretical review on the potential role of the orexinergic pathway with implications for insomnia treatment. J Sleep Res 2023:e13825. [PMID: 36786121 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia disorder is considered as a stress-related disorder associated with hyperarousal, stress and emotion dysregulation and the instability of the 'flip-flop' switch system. The orexinergic system is well known for its key role in sleep and arousal processes but also in the allostatic system regulating stress and emotions and may thus be of major interest for insomnia and its treatment. Accordingly, we discuss the potential role of orexins on sleep processes, brain systems modulating stress and emotions with potential implications for insomnia pathophysiology. We reviewed available data on the effect of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) on sleep and brain systems modulating stress/emotions with implications for insomnia treatment. We present our findings as a narrative review. Few data in animals and humans have reported that disrupted sleep and insomnia may be related to the overactivation of orexinergic system, while some more consistent data in humans and animals reported the overactivation of orexins in response to acute stress and in stress-related disorders. Taken together these findings may let us hypothesise that an orexins overactivation may be associated with stress-related hyperarousal and the hyperactivation of arousal-promoting systems in insomnia. On the other hand, it is possible that by rebalancing orexins with DORAs we may regulate both sleep and allostatic systems, in turn, contributing to a 'switch off' of hyperarousal in insomnia. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to clarify the role of the orexin system in insomnia and to evaluate the effects of DORAs on sleep, stress and emotions regulating systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et D'Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Biggio
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Sleep Disorders Centre, RCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Robinson CL, Supra R, Downs E, Kataria S, Parker K, Kaye A, Viswanath O, Urits I. Daridorexant for the Treatment of Insomnia. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:37400. [PMID: 36045942 DOI: 10.52965/001c.37400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Insomnia is a complex sleeping disorder that affects the lives of many individuals worldwide. Insomnia often occurs in the presence of coexisting comorbidities making it a complex disorder that requires a multifactorial approach to therapy. First-line therapy is cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Pharmacotherapy for insomnia falls into four classes based on mechanism of action: benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), histamine receptor antagonists, melatonin receptor agonists, and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs). Recent Findings Daridorexant is a dual orexin type 1 and types 2 (OX1 and OX2) receptor antagonist that was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of adults suffering from insomnia. It was shown to be effective in reducing insomnia symptoms, increasing daytime functioning, and improving the overall quality of sleep. Daridorexant offers patients relief from insomnia while avoiding the severe side effects and dependency issues of traditional treatments like benzodiazepines and sedatives. Summary In this article, we review the most recent data on insomnia treatments and summarize the safety and efficacy of daridorexant in treating insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan Downs
- Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Saurabh Kataria
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center at Shreveport
| | - Katelyn Parker
- Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Alan Kaye
- Department of Anesthesia, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans School of Medicine
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Envision Physician Services, Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed across the brain and involved in a myriad of neurophysiological functions that include sleep, arousal, feeding, reward, fear, anxiety and cognition. Hcrt cell loss in humans leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1), a disorder characterized by intrusions of sleep into wakefulness, demonstrating that the Hcrt system is nonredundant and essential for sleep/wake stability. The causal link between Hcrts and arousal/wakefulness stabilisation has led to the development of a new class of drugs, Hcrt receptor antagonists to treat insomnia, based on the assumption that blocking orexin-induced arousal will facilitate sleep. This has been clinically validated: currently, two Hcrt receptor antagonists are approved to treat insomnia (suvorexant and lemborexant), with a New Drug Application recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for a third drug (daridorexant). Other therapeutic applications under investigation include reduction of cravings in substance-use disorders and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, given the apparent bidirectional relationship between poor sleep and worsening of the disease. Circuit neuroscience findings suggest that the Hcrt system is a hub that integrates diverse inputs modulating arousal (e.g., circadian rhythms, metabolic status, positive and negative emotions) and conveys this information to multiple output regions. This neuronal architecture explains the wealth of physiological functions associated with Hcrts and highlights the potential of the Hcrt system as a therapeutic target for a number of disorders. We discuss present and future possible applications of drugs targeting the Hcrt system for the treatment of circuit-related neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coleman P, de Lecea L, Gotter A, Hagan J, Hoyer D, Kilduff T, Kukkonen JP, Porter R, Renger J, Siegel JM, Sutcliffe G, Upton N, Winrow CJ. Orexin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3. IUPHAR/BPS GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY CITE 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34927075 DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f51/2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [42]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [109]. Currently the only orexin receptor ligands in clinical use are suvorexant and lemborexant, which are used as hypnotics. Orexin receptor crystal structures have been solved [134, 133, 54, 117, 46].
Collapse
|
7
|
Parekh RU, White A, Leffler KE, Biancardi VC, Eells JB, Abdel-Rahman AA, Sriramula S. Hypothalamic kinin B1 receptor mediates orexin system hyperactivity in neurogenic hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21050. [PMID: 34702886 PMCID: PMC8548389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain orexin system hyperactivity contributes to neurogenic hypertension. We previously reported upregulated neuronal kinin B1 receptor (B1R) expression in hypertension. However, the role of central B1R activation on the orexin system in neurogenic hypertension has not been examined. We hypothesized that kinin B1R contributes to hypertension via upregulation of brain orexin-arginine vasopressin signaling. We utilized deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension model in wild-type (WT) and B1R knockout (B1RKO) mice. In WT mice, DOCA-salt-treatment increased gene and protein expression of orexin A, orexin receptor 1, and orexin receptor 2 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and these effects were attenuated in B1RKO mice. Furthermore, DOCA-salt- treatment increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels in WT mice, but not in B1RKO mice. Cultured primary hypothalamic neurons expressed orexin A and orexin receptor 1. B1R specific agonist (LDABK) stimulation of primary neurons increased B1R protein expression, which was abrogated by B1R selective antagonist R715 but not by the dual orexin receptor antagonist, ACT 462206, suggesting that B1R is upstream of the orexin system. These data provide novel evidence that B1R blockade blunts orexin hyperactivity and constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Umesh Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Acacia White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Korin E Leffler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Vinicia C Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Eells
- 4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East, Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma S, Kaur G, Handa S. Insights into Fast Amide Couplings in Aqueous Nanomicelles. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudripet Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
Collapse
|
10
|
Boss C, Gatfield J, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Sifferlen T, von Raumer M, Schmidt G, Williams JT, Treiber A, Roch C. The Quest for the Best Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist (Daridorexant) for the Treatment of Insomnia Disorders. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2286-2305. [PMID: 32937014 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has been of interest to the research community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sleep/wake disorders, stress and anxiety disorders, addiction or eating disorders. It consists of two G protein-coupled receptors, the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors, and two neuropeptides with agonistic effects, the orexin A and orexin B peptides. Herein we describe our efforts leading to the identification of a promising set of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) which subsequently went through physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling>[1] and finally led to the selection of daridorexant, currently in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Markus von Raumer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Schmidt
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Jodi T Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biernacki K, Daśko M, Ciupak O, Kubiński K, Rachon J, Demkowicz S. Novel 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives in Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060111. [PMID: 32485996 PMCID: PMC7345688 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-membered 1,2,4-oxadiazole heterocyclic ring has received considerable attentionbecause of its unique bioisosteric properties and an unusually wide spectrum of biological activities.Thus, it is a perfect framework for the novel drug development. After a century since the1,2,4-oxadiazole have been discovered, the uncommon potential attracted medicinal chemists'attention, leading to the discovery of a few presently accessible drugs containing 1,2,4-oxadiazoleunit. It is worth noting that the interest in a 1,2,4-oxadiazoles' biological application has been doubledin the last fifteen years. Herein, after a concise historical introduction, we present a comprehensiveoverview of the recent achievements in the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compounds and themajor advances in their biological applications in the period of the last five years as well as briefremarks on prospects for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rappas M, Ali AAE, Bennett KA, Brown JD, Bucknell SJ, Congreve M, Cooke RM, Cseke G, de Graaf C, Doré AS, Errey JC, Jazayeri A, Marshall FH, Mason JS, Mould R, Patel JC, Tehan BG, Weir M, Christopher JA. Comparison of Orexin 1 and Orexin 2 Ligand Binding Modes Using X-ray Crystallography and Computational Analysis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1528-1543. [PMID: 31860301 PMCID: PMC7050010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system, which consists of the two G protein-coupled receptors OX1 and OX2, activated by the neuropeptides OX-A and OX-B, is firmly established as a key regulator of behavioral arousal, sleep, and wakefulness and has been an area of intense research effort over the past two decades. X-ray structures of the receptors in complex with 10 new antagonist ligands from diverse chemotypes are presented, which complement the existing structural information for the system and highlight the critical importance of lipophilic hotspots and water molecules for these peptidergic GPCR targets. Learnings from the structural information regarding the utility of pharmacophore models and how selectivity between OX1 and OX2 can be achieved are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Rappas
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Ammar A. E. Ali
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Kirstie A. Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Jason D. Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Sarah J. Bucknell
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Miles Congreve
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Gabriella Cseke
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Doré
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | - Jayesh C. Patel
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | - Malcolm Weir
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brotschi C, Bolli MH, Gatfield J, Heidmann B, Jenck F, Roch C, Sifferlen T, Treiber A, Williams JT, Boss C. From Oxadiazole to Triazole Analogues: Optimization toward a Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Improved in vivo Efficacy in Dogs. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:430-448. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Francois Jenck
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Jodi T. Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil, BL Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brotschi C, Roch C, Gatfield J, Treiber A, Williams JT, Sifferlen T, Heidmann B, Jenck F, Bolli MH, Boss C. Oxadiazole Derivatives as Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Sleep‐Promoting Properties in Rats. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1257-1270. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Jodi T. Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Francois Jenck
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
So M, Hashimoto H, Saito R, Yamamoto Y, Motojima Y, Ueno H, Sonoda S, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Kusuhara K, Ueta Y. Inhibition of ghrelin-induced feeding in rats by pretreatment with a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:129-136. [PMID: 28054308 PMCID: PMC6394659 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B, and ghrelin are potent orexigenic peptides. The effects of ACT462206, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), on ghrelin-induced feeding were examined in adult male Wistar rats. Hyperphagia induced by the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ghrelin was significantly suppressed for at least 2 h by pretreatment with icv administration of DORA. A marked increase was observed in the number of neurons showing Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), 90 min after icv administration of ghrelin. Pretreatment with DORA significantly decreased the number of Fos-immunoreactive (IR) neurons; however, Fos immunoreactivity remained significantly increased. Double-immunostaining for Fos and orexin-A showed that many orexin-A-IR neurons in the LHA coexisted with Fos immunoreactivity after icv administration of ghrelin, but their number was reduced significantly by DORA pretreatment. These results suggest that centrally administered ghrelin may activate the orexinergic and non-orexinergic pathways responsible for the regulation of feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko So
- Department of Health and Nutritional Care, Faculty of Medical Science, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, 751-0807, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Motojima
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ueno
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Satomi Sonoda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Coleman PJ, Gotter AL, Herring WJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. The Discovery of Suvorexant, the First Orexin Receptor Drug for Insomnia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 57:509-533. [PMID: 27860547 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central nervous system activity. With the discovery of orexin signaling loss as the etiology underlying narcolepsy, a disorder associated with hypersomnolence, orexin antagonism emerged as an alternative approach to attenuate orexin-induced wakefulness more selectively. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the activity of orexin 1 and 2 receptors to both reduce the threshold to transition into sleep and attenuate orexin-mediated arousal. Among DORAs evaluated clinically, suvorexant has pharmacokinetic properties engineered for a plasma half-life appropriate for rapid sleep onset and maintenance at low to moderate doses. Unlike GABAA receptor modulators, DORAs promote both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, do not disrupt sleep stage-specific quantitative electroencephalogram spectral profiles, and allow somnolence indistinct from normal sleep. The preservation of cognitive performance and the ability to arouse to salient stimuli after DORA administration suggest further advantages over historical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486;
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Abstract
The discovery of the orexin system represents the single major progress in the sleep field of the last three to four decades. The two orexin peptides and their two receptors play a major role in arousal and sleep/wake cycles. Defects in the orexin system lead to narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and dogs and can be experimentally reproduced in rodents. At least six orexin receptor antagonists have reached Phase II or Phase III clinical trials in insomnia, five of which are dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) that target both OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX2Rs). All clinically tested DORAs induce and maintain sleep: suvorexant, recently registered in the USA and Japan for insomnia, represents the first hypnotic principle that acts in a completely different manner from the current standard medications. It is clear, however, that in the clinic, all DORAs promote sleep primarily by increasing rapid eye movement (REM) and are almost devoid of effects on slow-wave (SWS) sleep. At present, there is no consensus on whether the sole promotion of REM sleep has a negative impact in patients suffering from insomnia. However, sleep onset REM (SOREM), which has been documented with DORAs, is clearly an undesirable effect, especially for narcoleptic patients and also in fragile populations (e.g. elderly patients) where REM-associated loss of muscle tone may promote an elevated risk of falls. Debate thus remains as to the ideal orexin agent to achieve a balanced increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Here, we review the evidence that an OX2R antagonist should be at least equivalent, or perhaps superior, to a DORA for the treatment of insomnia. An OX2R antagonist may produce more balanced sleep than a DORA. Rodent sleep experiments show that the OX2R is the primary target of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep modulation. Furthermore, an OX2R antagonist should, in theory, have a lower narcoleptic/cataplexic potential. In the clinic, the situation remains equivocal, since OX2R antagonists are in early stages: MK-1064 has completed Phase I, and MIN202 is currently in clinical Phase II/III trials. However, data from insomnia patients have not yet been released. Promotional material suggests that balanced sleep is indeed induced by MIN-202, whereas in volunteers MK-1064 has been reported to act similarly to DORAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanjida Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Treiber A, de Kanter R, Roch C, Gatfield J, Boss C, von Raumer M, Schindelholz B, Muehlan C, van Gerven J, Jenck F. The Use of Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling in the Discovery of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist ACT-541468. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:489-503. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heidmann B, Gatfield J, Roch C, Treiber A, Tortoioli S, Brotschi C, Williams JT, Bolli MH, Abele S, Sifferlen T, Jenck F, Boss C. Discovery of Highly Potent Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists via a Scaffold-Hopping Approach. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2132-2146. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibia Heidmann
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Simone Tortoioli
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Jodi T. Williams
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Stefan Abele
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - François Jenck
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boss C, Roch C. Substituted cyclopentanes, tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines as orexin-1-receptor antagonists for treatment of various CNS disorders (WO2015/055994; WO2015/124932; WO2015/124934). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:409-15. [PMID: 26593218 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1124087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The three patent applications WO2015/055994, WO2015/124932 and WO2015/124934 from Takeda Pharmaceuticals describe antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor, based on saturated substituted five-membered carbo- or heterocycles. According to the patent applications, the compounds have utility in therapeutic areas such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, anxiety or addiction disorders, among others. The patent applications together describe almost 300 examples, and for most of them activity data, determined by Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) technology on the orexin-1 as well as the orexin-2 receptor, are disclosed. Structurally, the building blocks used to prepare the compounds are reminiscent of other orexin antagonist programs recently disclosed in the literature. However, the templates used are novel in the orexin antagonist field and are probably the key feature for the selectivity of the derivatives towards the orexin-1 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- a Drug Discovery, Chemistry Technologies and Lead Discovery , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- b Drug Discovery, CNS Pharmacology , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd ., Allschwil , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roecker AJ, Cox CD, Coleman PJ. Orexin Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Insomnia. J Med Chem 2015; 59:504-30. [PMID: 26317591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, anxiety, and sleep/wake disorders. Genetic evidence in rodents, dogs, and humans was revealed between 1999 and 2000, demonstrating a causal link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by hypersomnolence during normal wakefulness. These findings encouraged efforts to discover agonists to treat narcolepsy and, alternatively, antagonists to treat insomnia. This perspective will focus on the discovery and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology studies and human clinical trials. The work described herein culminated in the 2014 FDA approval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The orexin (hypocretin) system is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide-G-protein-coupled receptor system, consisting of two neuropeptides the orexin-A and the orexin-B peptides as well as two receptors the orexin-1 and the orexin-2 receptors. The orexin system is crucially involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, states of wakefulness and arousal and the modulation of emotions and has attracted the interest of many researchers which resulted in an enormous amount of insight, mainly in the field of antagonists. Clinical proof of concept was obtained with dual orexin receptor antagonists in primary insomnia. Merck's suvorexant got FDA approval on 13 August 2014 for the treatment of insomnia. AREAS COVERED The patent applications from Thomson Reuters Integrity Database (covering 2010-August 2014) are summarized, analyzed and discussed in the review. EXPERT OPINION Intense patenting activities have been observed over the past 3 years in the field of orexin antagonists. Several compounds have been investigated in clinical trials mainly for the treatment of primary insomnia. The advantage of orexin antagonists, based on animal pharmacology results, is the promotion and maintenance of physiological sleep which should avoid hangover phenomena reported as side effects of approved treatments. Many other potential treatment options are mentioned for orexin antagonists of different selectivity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil/ BL , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Recent trends in orexin research—2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2875-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Yoshida Y, Naoe Y, Terauchi T, Ozaki F, Doko T, Takemura A, Tanaka T, Sorimachi K, Beuckmann CT, Suzuki M, Ueno T, Ozaki S, Yonaga M. Discovery of (1R,2S)-2-{[(2,4-Dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (E2006): A Potent and Efficacious Oral Orexin Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4648-64. [PMID: 25953512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors and consist of orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptor subtypes. Orexin receptors are expressed throughout the central nervous system and are involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Because modulation of these receptors constitutes a promising target for novel treatments of disorders associated with the control of sleep and wakefulness, such as insomnia, the development of orexin receptor antagonists has emerged as an important focus in drug discovery research. Here, we report the design, synthesis, characterization, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of novel orexin receptor antagonists. Various modifications made to the core structure of a previously developed compound (-)-5, the lead molecule, resulted in compounds with improved chemical and pharmacological profiles. The investigation afforded a potential therapeutic agent, (1R,2S)-2-{[(2,4-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (E2006), an orally active, potent orexin antagonist. The efficacy was demonstrated in mice in an in vivo study by using sleep parameter measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yoshida
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Naoe
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Taro Terauchi
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ozaki
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Doko
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takemura
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sorimachi
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Carsten T Beuckmann
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Suzuki
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozaki
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yonaga
- †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Biopharmacology, §Physical Chemistry, and ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sifferlen T, Boller A, Chardonneau A, Cottreel E, Gatfield J, Treiber A, Roch C, Jenck F, Aissaoui H, Williams JT, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Siegrist R, Boss C. Substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones: Centrally acting orexin receptor antagonists promoting sleep. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1884-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
28
|
Christopher JA, Aves SJ, Brown J, Errey JC, Klair SS, Langmead CJ, Mace OJ, Mould R, Patel JC, Tehan BG, Zhukov A, Marshall FH, Congreve M. Discovery of HTL6641, a dual orexin receptor antagonist with differentiated pharmacodynamic properties. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of potent, selective, and orally efficacious dual antagonists of the orexin receptors is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd
- Welwyn Garden City
- U.K
| | | | - Suki S. Klair
- Labstract Ltd
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst
- Stevenage
- U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|