1
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Tsukimura T, Saito K, Shiga T, Ogawa Y, Sakuraba H, Togawa T. Does administration of hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone affect the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry mice? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 39:101079. [PMID: 38601121 PMCID: PMC11004688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2024.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a standard therapy for Fabry disease, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal) has been successfully used, and the instructions for this drug state that "it should not be co-administrated with cationic amphiphilic drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and amiodarone (AMI), since these drugs have the potential to inhibit intracellular α-Gal activity". However, there would be cases in which HCQ or AMI is required for patients with Fabry disease, considering their medical efficacy and application. Thus, we examined the impact of HCQ/AMI on recombinant human α-Gal by in vitro, cellular, and animal experiments. The results revealed that HCQ/AMI affected the enzyme activity of α-Gal incorporated into cultured fibroblasts from a Fabry mouse when the cells were cultured in medium containing these drugs and the enzyme, although their direct inhibitory effect on the enzyme is not strong. These lysosomotropic drugs may be trapped and concentrated in lysosomes, followed by inhibition of α-Gal. On the other hand, no reduction of α-Gal activity incorporated into the organs and tissues, or acceleration of glycoshingolipid accumulation was observed in Fabry mice co-administered with HCQ/AMI and the enzyme, compared with in the case of usual ERT. As HCQ/AMI administered are catabolized in the liver, these drugs possibly do not affect ERT for Fabry mice, different from in the case of cultured cells in an environment isolated from the surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsukimura
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Koki Saito
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shiga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Togawa
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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2
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Sawyer TK, Aral E, Staros JV, Bobst CE, Garman SC. Human Saposin B Ligand Binding and Presentation to α-Galactosidase A. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.584535. [PMID: 38617236 PMCID: PMC11014568 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.584535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Sphingolipid activator protein B (saposin B; SapB) is an essential activator of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) catabolism by α-galactosidase A. However, the manner by which SapB stimulates α-galactosidase A activity remains unknown. To uncover the molecular mechanism of SapB presenting Gb3 to α-galactosidase A, we subjected the fluorescent substrate globotriaosylceramide-nitrobenzoxidazole (Gb3-NBD) to a series of biochemical and structural assays involving SapB. First, we showed that SapB stably binds Gb3-NBD using a fluorescence equilibrium binding assay, isolates Gb3-NBD from micelles, and facilitates α-galactosidase A cleavage of Gb3-NBD in vitro. Second, we crystallized SapB in the presence of Gb3-NBD and validated the ligand-bound assembly. Third, we captured transient interactions between SapB and α-galactosidase A by chemical cross-linking. Finally, we determined the crystal structure of SapB bound to α-galactosidase A. These findings establish general principles for molecular recognition in saposin:hydrolase complexes and highlight the utility of NBD reporter lipids in saposin biochemistry and structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Sawyer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Efecan Aral
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - James V Staros
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Cedric E Bobst
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Scott C Garman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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3
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Guile MD, Jain A, Anderson KA, Clarke CF. New Insights on the Uptake and Trafficking of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1391. [PMID: 37507930 PMCID: PMC10376127 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential lipid with many cellular functions, such as electron transport for cellular respiration, antioxidant protection, redox homeostasis, and ferroptosis suppression. Deficiencies in CoQ due to aging, genetic disease, or medication can be ameliorated by high-dose supplementation. As such, an understanding of the uptake and transport of CoQ may inform methods of clinical use and identify how to better treat deficiency. Here, we review what is known about the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of CoQ from yeast, mammalian cell culture, and rodent models, as well as its absorption at the organism level. We discuss the use of these model organisms to probe the mechanisms of uptake and distribution. The literature indicates that CoQ uptake and distribution are multifaceted processes likely to have redundancies in its transport, utilizing the endomembrane system and newly identified proteins that function as lipid transporters. Impairment of the trafficking of either endogenous or exogenous CoQ exerts profound effects on metabolism and stress response. This review also highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of how CoQ is distributed within the cell and suggests future directions of research to better understand this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Guile
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Akash Jain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Kyle A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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4
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Smith M, Zhang L, Jin Y, Yang M, Bade A, Gillis KD, Jana S, Bypaneni RN, Glass TE, Lin H. A Turn-On Fluorescent Amino Acid Sensor Reveals Chloroquine's Effect on Cellular Amino Acids via Inhibiting Cathepsin L. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:980-991. [PMID: 37252359 PMCID: PMC10214525 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining homeostasis of metabolites such as amino acids is critical for cell survival. Dysfunction of nutrient balance can result in human diseases such as diabetes. Much remains to be discovered about how cells transport, store, and utilize amino acids due to limited research tools. Here we developed a novel, pan-amino acid fluorescent turn-on sensor, NS560. It detects 18 of the 20 proteogenic amino acids and can be visualized in mammalian cells. Using NS560, we identified amino acids pools in lysosomes, late endosomes, and surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, we observed amino acid accumulation in large cellular foci after treatment with chloroquine, but not with other autophagy inhibitors. Using a biotinylated photo-cross-linking chloroquine analog and chemical proteomics, we identified Cathepsin L (CTSL) as the chloroquine target leading to the amino acid accumulation phenotype. This study establishes NS560 as a useful tool to study amino acid regulation, identifies new mechanisms of action of chloroquine, and demonstrates the importance of CTSL regulation of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Le Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yizhen Jin
- Graduate
Program of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Min Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Anusha Bade
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Dalton
Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering and Department
of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Sadhan Jana
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ramesh Naidu Bypaneni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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5
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Yao Q, Xing Y, Ma J, Wang C, Zang J, Zhao G. Binding of Chloroquine to Whey Protein Relieves Its Cytotoxicity while Enhancing Its Uptake by Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10669-10677. [PMID: 34463093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) is a famous medicine for treatment of diseases including malaria and pneumonia caused by COVID-19, but gastrointestinal disorder caused by its oral administration is a great concern. Milk is usually recommended to be taken with CQ to reduce such effect. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we found that β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and lactoferrin (LF) in whey proteins were able to interact with CQ to form complexes as suggested by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and molecular docking. Indeed, the crystal structure revealed that β-LG is bound to CQ through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding with a ratio of 1:1. Consequently, the formation of these protein-CQ complexes not only reduced the cytotoxicity of chloroquine to the stomach and gut cells but also facilitated its uptake by cells. This work gave an example to understand the relationship between food and drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yilin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Tsukimura T, Shiga T, Saito K, Ogawa Y, Sakuraba H, Togawa T. Does administration of hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone accelerate accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and globotriaosylsphingosine in Fabry mice? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 28:100773. [PMID: 34136356 PMCID: PMC8178118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced lysosomal storage disease (DILSD) caused by cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs), which exhibits toxic manifestations and pathological findings mimicking Fabry disease (α-galactosidase A deficiency), has attracted the interests of clinicians and pathologists. Although the affected region is lysosomes in both the diseases, DILSD is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of phospholipids and Fabry disease that of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb3). However, it is unknown whether administration of CADs affects the catabolism of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 in Fabry disease. In this study, we independently administered hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone to wild-type and Fabry mice and examined the effects of the drugs on the enzyme activity and substrates accumulated in organs and tissues. The results revealed that the administration of the drugs induced accumulation of phosphatidylcholine in both the wild-type and Fabry mice. However, reduction of α-galactosidase A activity in the organs and tissues of the wild-type mice was not found, and the storage of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 was not accelerated by these drugs in the Fabry mice. This suggests that hydroxychloroquine/amiodarone do not have any significant impact on the catabolism of Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 in organs and tissues of both wild-type and Fabry mice. Effects of cationic amphiphilic drugs on the catabolism of Gb3/Lyso-Gb3 were examined. The drugs induced phospholipidosis in the wild-type and Fabry mice. The drugs did not induce reduction of α-galactosidase A activity in the wild-type mice. The drugs did not accelerate accumulation of Gb3/Lyso-gb3 in the Fabry mice.
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Key Words
- Amiodarone
- CAD, cationic amphiphilic drug
- DILSD, drug-induced lysosomal storage disease
- Drug-induced lysosomal storage disease
- Fabry disease
- Gb3, globotriaosylceramide
- Globotriaosylceramide
- Globotriaosylsphingosine
- Hydroxychloroquine
- ILV, intralysosomal luminal vesicle
- LC, liquid chromatography
- Lyso-Gb3, globotriaosylsphingosine
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- PhC, phosphatidylcholine
- Phospholipid
- α-Gal, α-galactosidase A
- α-Galactosidase A
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsukimura
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shiga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Koki Saito
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Togawa
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Zhao TY, Patankar NA. Tetracycline as an inhibitor to the SARS-CoV-2. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:752-759. [PMID: 33619758 PMCID: PMC8014839 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains an extant threat against public health on a global scale. Cell infection begins when the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with the human cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we address the role of tetracycline as an inhibitor for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Targeted molecular investigation show that tetracycline binds more favorably to the RBD (-9.40 kcal/mol) compared to doxycycline (-8.08 kcal/mol), chloroquine (-6.31 kcal/mol), or gentamicin (-4.83 kcal/mol) while inhibiting attachment to ACE2 to a greater degree (binding efficiency of 2.98 kcal/(mol nm2 ) for tetracycline-RBD, 5.16 kcal/(mol nm2 ) for doxycycline-RBD, 5.59 kcal/(mol nm2 ) for chloroquine-RBD, and 7.02 kcal/(mol nm2 ) for gentamicin-RBD. Stronger inhibition by tetracycline is verified with nonequilibrium PMF calculations, for which the tetracycline-RBD complex exhibits the lowest free energy profile along the dissociation pathway from ACE2. Tetracycline binds to tyrosine and glycine residues on the viral contact interface that are known to modulate molecular recognition and bonding affinity. These RBD residues also engage in significant hydrogen bonding with the human receptor ACE2. The ability to preclude cell infection complements the anti-inflammatory and cytokine suppressing capability of tetracycline; this may reduce the duration of ICU stays and mechanical ventilation induced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Y Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Neelesh A Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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8
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Ab Ghani NS, Emrizal R, Makmur H, Firdaus-Raih M. Side chain similarity comparisons for integrated drug repositioning and potential toxicity assessments in epidemic response scenarios: The case for COVID-19. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2931-2944. [PMID: 33101604 PMCID: PMC7575501 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of protein-drug-complexes provide an atomic level profile of drug-target interactions. In this work, the three-dimensional arrangements of amino acid side chains in known drug binding sites (substructures) were used to search for similarly arranged sites in SARS-CoV-2 protein structures in the Protein Data Bank for the potential repositioning of approved compounds. We were able to identify 22 target sites for the repositioning of 16 approved drug compounds as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. Using the same approach, we were also able to investigate the potentially promiscuous binding of the 16 compounds to off-target sites that could be implicated in toxicity and side effects that had not been provided by any previous studies. The investigations of binding properties in disease-related proteins derived from the comparison of amino acid substructure arrangements allows for effective mechanism driven decision making to rank and select only the compounds with the highest potential for success and safety to be prioritized for clinical trials or treatments. The intention of this work is not to explicitly identify candidate compounds but to present how an integrated drug repositioning and potential toxicity pipeline using side chain similarity searching algorithms are of great utility in epidemic scenarios involving novel pathogens. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we demonstrate that the pipeline can identify candidate compounds quickly and sustainably in combination with associated risk factors derived from the analysis of potential off-target site binding by the compounds to be repurposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syatila Ab Ghani
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Reeki Emrizal
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haslina Makmur
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Perišić O. Recognition of Potential COVID-19 Drug Treatments through the Study of Existing Protein-Drug and Protein-Protein Structures: An Analysis of Kinetically Active Residues. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091346. [PMID: 32967116 PMCID: PMC7565175 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of our in silico study of approved drugs as potential treatments for COVID-19. The study is based on the analysis of normal modes of proteins. The drugs studied include chloroquine, ivermectin, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, boceprevir, and α-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO). We applied the tools we developed and standard tools used in the structural biology community. Our results indicate that small molecules selectively bind to stable, kinetically active residues and residues adjoining them on the surface of proteins and inside protein pockets, and that some prefer hydrophobic sites over other active sites. Our approach is not restricted to viruses and can facilitate rational drug design, as well as improve our understanding of molecular interactions, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjen Perišić
- Big Blue Genomics, Vojvode Brane 32, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Milliken BT, Melegari L, Smith GL, Grohn K, Wolfe AJ, Moody K, Bou-Abdallah F, Doyle RP. Fenretinide binding to the lysosomal protein saposin D alters ceramide solubilization and hydrolysis. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1048-1052. [PMID: 33479697 PMCID: PMC7513591 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid pharmaceutical linked to ceramide build-up in vivo. Saposin D is an intralysosomal protein necessary for ceramide binding/degradation. We show, via electronic absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and ceramide hydrolysis assays, that fenretinide is bound by saposin D {K a = (1.45 ± 0.49) × 105 M-1}, and affects ceramide solubilization/degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , NY 13244 , USA .
| | - Lindy Melegari
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , NY 13244 , USA .
| | - Gideon L Smith
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York , Potsdam , NY 13676 , USA .
| | - Kris Grohn
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc , 2521 US-1 , Lafayette , NY 13084 , USA
| | - Aaron J Wolfe
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc , 2521 US-1 , Lafayette , NY 13084 , USA
- Lysoclear Inc. , 2521 US RT 11 , Lafayette , NY 13084 , USA
| | - Kelsey Moody
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc , 2521 US-1 , Lafayette , NY 13084 , USA
- Lysoclear Inc. , 2521 US RT 11 , Lafayette , NY 13084 , USA
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York , Potsdam , NY 13676 , USA .
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , NY 13244 , USA .
- Department of Medicine , State University of New York , Upstate Medical University , 13210 , USA
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11
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Opisthorchis felineus genes differentially expressed under praziquantel shed light on the nature of tegument disruption and indicate the adaptive role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2695-2702. [PMID: 32556538 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis felineus is a trematode flatworm that parasitises mammals, including humans, and is mainly spread throughout Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. The main drug used in treatment of opisthorchiasis and other trematode and cestode infestations is praziquantel (PZQ). We provide a possible explanation of PZQ-mediated tegument disruption. The idea is that the nature of tegument disruption is related to failure of surface renovation due to insufficiency of microtubule transport of vesicles. This insufficiency arises from microtubule destabilisation, which in the medium term leads to the decrease in tubulins alpha, beta and dynein mRNA amounts and deficiency of the corresponding proteins. We also found the upregulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene, and we concluded that its protein product helped to overcome the effect of praziquantel and might be a promising target for combined anthelmintic therapy with PZQ. We concluded that function of saposin-like protein 2 (SAP2) is unlikely associated with membrane fusion, and SAP2 is probably able to bind some type of hydrophobic compounds including praziquantel.
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12
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Fantini J, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Synergistic antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in combination against SARS-CoV-2: What molecular dynamics studies of virus-host interactions reveal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106020. [PMID: 32405156 PMCID: PMC7219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic disease Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination therapy is currently being tested Molecular mimicry between azithromycin and ganglioside sugar is revealed Azithromycin binds to the virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and hydroxychloroquine binds to gangliosides Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin have synergistic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection
The emergence of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic disease referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine (CLQ-OH)/azithromycin (ATM) combination therapy is currently being tested for the treatment of COVID-19, with promising results. However, the molecular mechanism of action of this combination is not yet established. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study shows that the drugs act in synergy to prevent any close contact between the virus and the plasma membrane of host cells. Unexpected molecular similarity is shown between ATM and the sugar moiety of GM1, a lipid raft ganglioside acting as a host attachment cofactor for respiratory viruses. Due to this mimicry, ATM interacts with the ganglioside-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This binding site shared by ATM and GM1 displays a conserved amino acid triad Q-134/F-135/N-137 located at the tip of the spike protein. CLQ-OH molecules are shown to saturate virus attachment sites on gangliosides in the vicinity of the primary coronavirus receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). Taken together, these data show that ATM is directed against the virus, whereas CLQ-OH is directed against cellular attachment cofactors. We conclude that both drugs act as competitive inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host-cell membrane. This is consistent with a synergistic antiviral mechanism at the plasma membrane level, where therapeutic intervention is likely to be most efficient. This molecular mechanism may explain the beneficial effects of CLQ-OH/ATM combination therapy in patients with COVID-19. Incidentally, the data also indicate that the conserved Q-134/F-135/N-137 triad could be considered as a target for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nouara Yahi
- Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France
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13
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Fantini J, Di Scala C, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105960. [PMID: 32251731 PMCID: PMC7128678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 poses a global health emergency. Promising results suggest that chloroquine could stop the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. In-silico studies confirm the antiviral properties of chloroquine. New mechanism of action of chloroquine elucidated. Hydroxychloroquine is more potent than chloroquine.
The recent emergence of the novel pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a worldwide pandemic. Given the global health emergency, drug repositioning is the most reliable option to design an efficient therapy for infected patients without delay. The first step of the viral replication cycle [i.e. attachment to the surface of respiratory cells, mediated by the spike (S) viral protein] offers several potential therapeutic targets. The S protein uses the angiotension-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor for entry, but also sialic acids linked to host cell surface gangliosides. Using a combination of structural and molecular modelling approaches, this study showed that chloroquine (CLQ), one of the drugs currently under investigation for SARS-CoV-2 treatment, binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity. A new type of ganglioside-binding domain at the tip of the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein was identified. This domain (111–158), which is fully conserved among clinical isolates worldwide, may improve attachment of the virus to lipid rafts and facilitate contact with the ACE-2 receptor. This study showed that, in the presence of CLQ [or its more active derivative, hydroxychloroquine (CLQ-OH)], the viral S protein is no longer able to bind gangliosides. The identification of this new mechanism of action of CLQ and CLQ-OH supports the use of these repositioned drugs to cure patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The in-silico approaches used in this study might also be used to assess the efficiency of a broad range of repositioned and/or innovative drug candidates before clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Fantini
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Marseille, France; Department of Biology, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Coralie Di Scala
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Henri Chahinian
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Marseille, France; Department of Biology, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nouara Yahi
- INSERM UMR_S 1072, Marseille, France; Department of Biology, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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14
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König J, Grune T, Ott C. Assessing autophagy in murine skeletal muscle: current findings to modulate and quantify the autophagic flux. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:355-362. [PMID: 31145123 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In addition to the currently available lysosomotropic drugs and autophagy whole-body knockout mouse models, we provide alternative methods that enable the modulation and detection of autophagic flux in vivo, discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method. RECENT FINDINGS With the autophagosome-lysosome fusion inhibitor colchicine in skeletal muscle and temporal downregulation of autophagy using a novel Autophagy related 5-short hairpin RNA (Atg5-shRNA) mouse model we mention two models that directly modulate autophagy flux in vivo. Furthermore, methods to quantify autophagy flux, such as mitophagy transgenic reporters, in situ immunofluorescent staining and multispectral imaging flow cytometry, in mature skeletal muscle and cells are addressed. SUMMARY To achieve clinical benefit, less toxic, temporary and cell-type-specific modulation of autophagy should be pursued further. A temporary knockdown as described for the Atg5-shRNA mice could provide a first insight into possible implications of autophagy inhibition. However, it is also important to take a closer look into the methods to evaluate autophagy after harvesting the tissue. In particular caution is required when experimental conditions can influence the final measurement and this should be pretested carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette König
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal
| | - Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal
- DZHK (German Centre of Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
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15
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Wu R, Williams RF, Silks LAP, Schmidt JG. Synthesis of stable isotope-labeled chloroquine and amodiaquine and their metabolites. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:230-248. [PMID: 30882940 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anti-malaria drugs chloroquine and amodiaquine and their metabolites were synthesized to incorporate 13 C and 15 N starting from U-13 C-labeled benzene to give M + 7 isotopomers. Chloroquine and its metabolites were prepared from 7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-one through an aryl substitution with the corresponding amines; and the amodiaquine and its metabolites were prepared from 4,7-dichloroquinoline in a similar fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian Wu
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Group-B11, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert F Williams
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Group-B11, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - L A Pete Silks
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Group-B11, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jurgen G Schmidt
- Inorganic, Isotope, and Actinide Chemistry, Group-IIAC, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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16
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Garrido-Arandia M, Cuevas-Zuviría B, Díaz-Perales A, Pacios LF. A Comparative Study of Human Saposins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020422. [PMID: 29443946 PMCID: PMC6017893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Saposins are small proteins implicated in trafficking and loading of lipids onto Cluster of Differentiation 1 (CD1) receptor proteins that in turn present lipid antigens to T cells and a variety of T-cell receptors, thus playing a crucial role in innate and adaptive immune responses in humans. Despite their low sequence identity, the four types of human saposins share a similar folding pattern consisting of four helices linked by three conserved disulfide bridges. However, their lipid-binding abilities as well as their activities in extracting, transporting and loading onto CD1 molecules a variety of sphingo- and phospholipids in biological membranes display two striking characteristics: a strong pH-dependence and a structural change between a compact, closed conformation and an open conformation. In this work, we present a comparative computational study of structural, electrostatic, and dynamic features of human saposins based upon their available experimental structures. By means of structural alignments, surface analyses, calculation of pH-dependent protonation states, Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatic potentials, and molecular dynamics simulations at three pH values representative of biological media where saposins fulfill their function, our results shed light into their intrinsic features. The similarities and differences in this class of proteins depend on tiny variations of local structural details that allow saposins to be key players in triggering responses in the human immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipids/immunology
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Phospholipids/chemistry
- Phospholipids/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Saposins/chemistry
- Saposins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Cuevas-Zuviría
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Zhai Q, Fu Z, Hong Y, Yu X, Han Q, Lu K, Li H, Dou X, Zhu C, Liu J, Lin J, Li G. iTRAQ-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Adult Schistosoma japonicum from Water Buffalo and Yellow Cattle. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:99. [PMID: 29467732 PMCID: PMC5808103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonicum is one of the most severe zoonotic diseases in China. Water buffalo and yellow cattle are important reservoir hosts and the main transmission sources of Schistosoma japonicum in endemic areas. The susceptibility of these two hosts to schistosome infection is different, as water buffaloes are less susceptible to S. japonicum than yellow cattle. In this study, iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS was applied to compare the protein expression profiles of adult schistosomes recovered from water buffalo with those of yellow cattle. A total of 131 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 46 upregulated proteins and 85 downregulated proteins. The iTRAQ results were confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Further analysis indicated that these DEPs were primarily involved in protein synthesis, transcriptional regulation, protein proteolysis, cytoskeletal structure and oxidative stress response processes. The results revealed that some of the differential expression molecules may affect the development and survival of schistosomes in these two natural hosts. Of note, this study provides useful information for understanding the interplay between schistosomes and their final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Tinklepaugh J, Smith BM, Hanlon E, Zubieta C, Bou-Abdallah F, Doyle RP. Exploring the Multiligand Binding Specificity of Saposin B Reveals Two Binding Sites. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7141-7145. [PMID: 29104953 PMCID: PMC5664142 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saposin B (SapB) is a human lysosomal protein, critical for the degradation of O-sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide). SapB binds sulfatide and presents it to the active site of the enzyme arylsulfatase A. Deficiency of SapB leads to fatal activator-deficient metachromatic leukodystrophy. Given the conformational flexibility and the large hydrophobic "pocket" produced upon (physiologically relevant) homodimerization, SapB may have broader substrate diversity than originally thought. Herein, we present evidence using fluorescence spectroscopy and computational docking studies that SapB binds a wide variety of ligands at KD values varying from micromolar to nanomolar, with entropy being the primary driving force. We further demonstrate, for the first time, that SapB has two binding sites that can sequentially (and in a preferred order) accommodate up to two ligands at once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tinklepaugh
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Britannia M. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
at Potsdam, Potsdam, New York 13676, United
States
| | - Etta Hanlon
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire
de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, iRTSV, UMR 5168, CNRS/CEA/INRA/Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
at Potsdam, Potsdam, New York 13676, United
States
| | - Robert P. Doyle
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department
of Medicine, State University of New York
at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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19
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Tinklepaugh J, Smith BM, Nie Y, Moody K, Grohn K, Bou-Abdallah F, Doyle RP. Saposin B Binds the Lipofuscin Bisretinoid A2E and Prevents its Enzymatic and Photooxidation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017; 1:256-259. [PMID: 29057298 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A based bisretinoid accumulation is a major focus in the study of macular degeneration. Whether specific endogenous lysosomal proteins can bind A2E, a pronounced bisretinoid in lipofuscin granules in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and interfere with enzymatic or photoinduced oxidation of such, has not been explored. Herein, using fluorescence and electronic absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that Saposin B, a critical protein in the degradation of sulfatides and "flushing" of lipids, can bind A2E, preventing its H2O2-dependent enzymatic oxidation by horseradish peroxidase and photooxidation by blue light (λ=450-460 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tinklepaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Britannia M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Yan Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA)
| | - Kelsey Moody
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Kris Grohn
- ICHOR Therapeutics, 2521 US-11, Lafayette, NY 13084 (USA)
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676 (USA)
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 (USA).,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 (USA)
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20
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Chloroquine-containing organoruthenium complexes are fast-acting multistage antimalarial agents. Parasitology 2016; 143:1543-56. [PMID: 27439976 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the pharmacological activity of organoruthenium complexes containing chloroquine (CQ) as a chelating ligand. The complexes displayed intraerythrocytic activity against CQ-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with potency and selectivity indexes similar to those of CQ. Complexes displayed activity against all intraerythrocytic stages, but moderate activity against Plasmodium berghei liver stages. However, unlike CQ, organoruthenium complexes impaired gametocyte viability and exhibited fast parasiticidal activity against trophozoites for P. falciparum. This functional property results from the ability of complexes to quickly induce oxidative stress. The parasitaemia of P. berghei-infected mice was reduced by treatment with the complex. Our findings demonstrated that using chloroquine for the synthesis of organoruthenium complexes retains potency and selectivity while leading to an increase in the spectrum of action and parasite killing rate relative to CQ.
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