1
|
Patil S, Cremosnik G, Dötsch L, Flegel J, Schulte B, Maier KC, Žumer K, Cramer P, Janning P, Sievers S, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. The Pseudo-Natural Product Tafbromin Selectively Targets the TAF1 Bromodomain 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404645. [PMID: 38801173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic assays detect small-molecule bioactivity at functionally relevant cellular sites, and inherently cover a variety of targets and mechanisms of action. They can uncover new small molecule-target pairs and may give rise to novel biological insights. By means of an osteoblast differentiation assay which employs a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling agonist as stimulus and which monitors an endogenous marker for osteoblasts, we identified a pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinoline (PQ) pseudo-natural product (PNP) class of osteogenesis inhibitors. The most potent PQ, termed Tafbromin, impairs canonical Hh signaling and modulates osteoblast differentiation through binding to the bromodomain 2 of the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 1 (TAF1). Tafbromin is the most selective TAF1 bromodomain 2 ligand and promises to be an invaluable tool for the study of biological processes mediated by TAF1(2) bromodomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Patil
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Gregor Cremosnik
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Lara Dötsch
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Jana Flegel
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Britta Schulte
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Kerstin C Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Žumer
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Q, Falahati A, Khosh A, Vafaei S, Al-Hendy A. Targeting Bromodomain-Containing Protein 9 in Human Uterine Fibroid Cells. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01608-6. [PMID: 38858328 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins are evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interaction modules involved in many biological processes. BRDs selectively recognize and bind to acetylated lysine residues, particularly in histones, and thereby have a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. BRD protein dysfunction has been linked to many diseases, including tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported the critical role of BRD-containing protein 9 (BRD9) in the pathogenesis of UFs. The present study aimed to extend our previous finding and further understand the role of the BRD9 in UFs. Our studies demonstrated that targeted inhibition of BRD9 with its potent inhibitor TP-472 inhibited the pathogenesis of UF through increased apoptosis and proliferation arrest and decreased extracellular matrix deposition in UF cells. High-throughput transcriptomic analysis further and extensively demonstrated that targeted inhibition of BRD9 by TP-472 impacted the biological pathways, including cell cycle progression, inflammatory response, E2F targets, ECM deposition, and m6A reprogramming. Compared with the previous study, we identified common enriched pathways induced by two BRD9 inhibitors, I-BRD9 and TP-472. Taken together, our studies further revealed the critical role of BRD9 in UF cells. We characterized the link between BRD9 and other vital pathways, as well as the connection between epigenetic and epitranscriptome involved in UF progression. Targeted inhibition of BRD proteins might provide a non-hormonal treatment strategy for this most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Ali Falahati
- DNA GTx LAB, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, 505262, UAE
| | - Azad Khosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dreier MR, Walia J, de la Serna IL. Targeting SWI/SNF Complexes in Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches and Implications. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:7. [PMID: 38390898 PMCID: PMC10885108 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF enzymes are heterogeneous multi-subunit complexes that utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to remodel chromatin structure, facilitating transcription, DNA replication, and repair. In mammalian cells, distinct sub-complexes, including cBAF, ncBAF, and PBAF exhibit varying subunit compositions and have different genomic functions. Alterations in the SWI/SNF complex and sub-complex functions are a prominent feature in cancer, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Current strategies in cancer therapeutics involve the use of pharmacological agents designed to bind and disrupt the activity of SWI/SNF complexes or specific sub-complexes. Inhibitors targeting the catalytic subunits, SMARCA4/2, and small molecules binding SWI/SNF bromodomains are the primary approaches for suppressing SWI/SNF function. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) were generated by the covalent linkage of the bromodomain or ATPase-binding ligand to an E3 ligase-binding moiety. This engineered connection promotes the degradation of specific SWI/SNF subunits, enhancing and extending the impact of this pharmacological intervention in some cases. Extensive preclinical studies have underscored the therapeutic potential of these drugs across diverse cancer types. Encouragingly, some of these agents have progressed from preclinical research to clinical trials, indicating a promising stride toward the development of effective cancer therapeutics targeting SWI/SNF complex and sub-complex functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Dreier
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo 43614, OH, USA
| | - Jasmine Walia
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo 43614, OH, USA
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo 43614, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Breindl M, Spitzer D, Gerasimaitė R, Kairys V, Schubert T, Henfling R, Schwartz U, Lukinavičius G, Manelytė L. Biochemical and cellular insights into the Baz2B protein, a non-catalytic subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:337-354. [PMID: 38000389 PMCID: PMC10783490 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Baz2B is a regulatory subunit of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes BRF1 and BRF5, which control access to DNA during DNA-templated processes. Baz2B has been implicated in several diseases and also in unhealthy ageing, however limited information is available on the domains and cellular roles of Baz2B. To gain more insight into the Baz2B function, we biochemically characterized the TAM (Tip5/ARBP/MBD) domain with the auxiliary AT-hook motifs and the bromodomain (BRD). We observed alterations in histone code recognition in bromodomains carrying cancer-associated point mutations, suggesting their potential involvement in disease. Furthermore, the depletion of Baz2B in the Hap1 cell line resulted in altered cell morphology, reduced colony formation and perturbed transcriptional profiles. Despite that, super-resolution microscopy images revealed no changes in the overall chromatin structure in the absence of Baz2B. These findings provide insights into the biological function of Baz2B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Breindl
- Biochemistry III, University of Regensburg, Regensburg DE-93053, Germany
| | - Dominika Spitzer
- Biochemistry III, University of Regensburg, Regensburg DE-93053, Germany
| | - Rūta Gerasimaitė
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, DE-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | | | - Ramona Henfling
- Biochemistry III, University of Regensburg, Regensburg DE-93053, Germany
| | - Uwe Schwartz
- NGS Analysis Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg DE-93053, Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, DE-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Manelytė
- Biochemistry III, University of Regensburg, Regensburg DE-93053, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Q, Vafaei S, Falahati A, Khosh A, Bariani MV, Omran MM, Bai T, Siblini H, Ali M, He C, Boyer TG, Al-Hendy A. Bromodomain-Containing Protein 9 Regulates Signaling Pathways and Reprograms the Epigenome in Immortalized Human Uterine Fibroid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:905. [PMID: 38255982 PMCID: PMC10815284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing proteins (BRDs) are involved in many biological processes, most notably epigenetic regulation of transcription, and BRD dysfunction has been linked to many diseases, including tumorigenesis. However, the role of BRDs in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids (UFs) is entirely unknown. The present study aimed to determine the expression pattern of BRD9 in UFs and matched myometrium and further assess the impact of a BRD9 inhibitor on UF phenotype and epigenetic/epitranscriptomic changes. Our studies demonstrated that the levels of BRD9 were significantly upregulated in UFs compared to matched myometrium, suggesting that the aberrant BRD expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of UFs. We then evaluated the potential roles of BRD9 using its specific inhibitor, I-BRD9. Targeted inhibition of BRD9 suppressed UF tumorigenesis with increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, decreased cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition in UF cells. The latter is the key hallmark of UFs. Unbiased transcriptomic profiling coupled with downstream bioinformatics analysis further and extensively demonstrated that targeted inhibition of BRD9 impacted the cell cycle- and ECM-related biological pathways and reprogrammed the UF cell epigenome and epitranscriptome in UFs. Taken together, our studies support the critical role of BRD9 in UF cells and the strong interconnection between BRD9 and other pathways controlling the UF progression. Targeted inhibition of BRDs might provide a non-hormonal treatment option for this most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ali Falahati
- DNA GTx LAB, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai 505262, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Azad Khosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (A.K.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Maria Victoria Bariani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Mervat M. Omran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Tao Bai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Hiba Siblini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Thomas G. Boyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (A.K.); (T.G.B.)
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (S.V.); (M.V.B.); (M.M.O.); (H.S.); (M.A.); (A.A.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bradley E, Fusani L, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Demont EH, Humphreys PG, Mitchell DJ, Phillipou A, Rioja I, Shah RR, Wellaway CR, Prinjha RK, Palmer DS, Kerr WJ, Reid M, Wall ID, Cookson R. Structure-Guided Design of a Domain-Selective Bromodomain and Extra Terminal N-Terminal Bromodomain Chemical Probe. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15728-15749. [PMID: 37967462 PMCID: PMC10726358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule-mediated disruption of the protein-protein interactions between acetylated histone tails and the tandem bromodomains of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins is an important mechanism of action for the potential modulation of immuno-inflammatory and oncology disease. High-quality chemical probes have proven invaluable in elucidating profound BET bromodomain biology, with seminal publications of both pan- and domain-selective BET family bromodomain inhibitors enabling academic and industrial research. To enrich the toolbox of structurally differentiated N-terminal bromodomain (BD1) BET family chemical probes, this work describes an analysis of the GSK BRD4 bromodomain data set through a lipophilic efficiency lens, which enabled identification of a BD1 domain-biased benzimidazole series. Structure-guided growth targeting a key Asp/His BD1/BD2 switch enabled delivery of GSK023, a high-quality chemical probe with 300-1000-fold BET BD1 domain selectivity and a phenotypic cellular fingerprint consistent with BET bromodomain inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bradley
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Lucia Fusani
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Alex Phillipou
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | - Rishi R. Shah
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | | | - Rab K. Prinjha
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | - David S. Palmer
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Marc Reid
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Ian D. Wall
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| | - Rosa Cookson
- GSK,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gazzillo E, Pierri M, Colarusso E, Chini MG, Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Irace C, Bruno I, Bifulco G, Terracciano S, Lauro G. Exploring the chemical space of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds targeting the bromodomain of BRD9. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106677. [PMID: 37352721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) study related to [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds targeting the reader module of bromodomain containing-protein 9 (BRD9). 3D structure-based pharmacophore models, previously introduced by us, were here employed to evaluate a second generation of compounds, exploring different substitution patterns on the heterocyclic core. Starting from the promising data obtained from our previously identified [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds 1-4, the combination of in silico studies, chemical synthesis, biophysical and in vitro assays led to the identification of a new set of derivatives, selected for thoroughly exploring the chemical space of the bromodomain binding site. In more details, the investigation of different linkers at C-4 position highlighted the amine spacer as mandatory for the binding with the protein counterpart and the crucial role of the alkyl substituents at C-1 for increasing the selectivity toward BRD9. Additionally, the importance of a hydrogen bond donor group, critical to anchor the ZA region and required for the interaction with Ile53 residue, was inferred from the analysis of our collected results. Herein we also propose an optimization and an update of our previously reported "pharm-druglike2" 3D structure-based pharmacophore model, introducing it as "pharm-druglike2.1". Compounds 24-26, 32, 34 and 36 were identified as new valuable BRD9 binders featuring IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Among them, 24 and 36 displayed an excellent selectivity towards BRD9 and a good antiproliferative effect on a panel of leukemia models, especially toward CCRF-CEM cell line, with no cytotoxicity on healthy cells. Notably, the interaction of 24 and 36 with the bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) also emerged, disclosing them as new and unexplored dual inhibitors for these two proteins highly involved in leukemia. These findings highlight the potential for the identification of new attractive dual epidrugs as well as a promising starting point for the development of chemical degraders endowed with anticancer activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gazzillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Martina Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Ester Colarusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche 86090, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferraro
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zahid H, Costello JP, Li Y, Kimbrough JR, Actis M, Rankovic Z, Yan Q, Pomerantz WCK. Design of Class I/IV Bromodomain-Targeting Degraders for Chromatin Remodeling Complexes. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1278-1293. [PMID: 37260298 PMCID: PMC10698694 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is an emerging technology that can be used for modulating the activity of epigenetic protein targets. Among bromodomain-containing proteins, a number of degraders for the BET family have been developed, while non-BET bromodomains remain underexplored. Several of these proteins are subunits in chromatin remodeling complexes often associated with oncogenic roles. Here, we describe the design of class I (BPTF and CECR2) and IV (BRD9) bromodomain-targeting degraders based on two scaffolds derived from pyridazinone and pyrimidine-based heterocycles. We evaluate various exit vectors and linkers to identify analogues that demonstrate selectivity within these families. We further use an in-cell NanoBRET assay to demonstrate that these heterobifunctional molecules are cell-permeable, form ternary complexes, and can degrade nanoluciferase-bromodomain fusions. As a first example of a CECR2 degrader, we observe that our pyrimidine-based analogues degrade endogenous CECR2 while showing a smaller effect on BPTF levels. The pyridazinone-based compounds did not degrade BPTF when observed through Western blotting, further supporting a more challenging target for degradation and a goal for future optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huda Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeff P Costello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jennifer R Kimbrough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marisa Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
10
|
Martinelli P, Schaaf O, Mantoulidis A, Martin LJ, Fuchs JE, Bader G, Gollner A, Wolkerstorfer B, Rogers C, Balıkçı E, Lipp JJ, Mischerikow N, Doebel S, Gerstberger T, Sommergruber W, Huber KVM, Böttcher J. Discovery of a Chemical Probe to Study Implications of BPTF Bromodomain Inhibition in Cellular and in vivo Experiments. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200686. [PMID: 36649575 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The bromodomain and PHD-finger containing transcription factor (BPTF) is part of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex and has been implicated in multiple cancer types. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective chemical probe targeting the bromodomain of BPTF with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile enabling cellular and in vivo experiments in mice. Microarray-based transcriptomics in presence of the probe in two lung cancer cell lines revealed only minor effects on the transcriptome. Profiling against a panel of cancer cell lines revealed that the antiproliferative effect does not correlate with BPTF dependency score in depletion screens. Both observations and the multi-domain architecture of BPTF suggest that depleting the protein by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) could be a promising strategy to target cancer cell proliferation. We envision that the presented chemical probe and the related negative control will enable the research community to further explore scientific hypotheses with respect to BPTF bromodomain inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Martinelli
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laetitia J Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Esra Balıkçı
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesse J Lipp
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Mischerikow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Doebel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kilian V M Huber
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang X, Cao Y, Duan Z, Wang M, Zhang N, Ding Y, Luo C, Lu N, Chen S. Discovery of new small molecule inhibitors of the BPTF bromodomain. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106453. [PMID: 36898211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling regulates many basic cellular processes, such as gene transcription, DNA repair, and programmed cell death. As the largest member of nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF), BPTF plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of cancer. Currently, BPTF bromodomain inhibitors are still in development. In this study, by conducting homogenous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (HTRF) assay, we identified a potential, novel BPTF inhibitor scaffold Sanguinarine chloride with the IC50 value of 344.2 ± 25.1 nM. Biochemical analysis revealed that compound Sanguinarine chloride exhibited high binding affinity to the BPTF bromodomain. Molecular docking predicted the binding mode of Sanguinarine chloride and elucidated the activities of its derivatives. Moreover, Sanguinarine chloride showed a potent anti-proliferative effect in MIAPaCa-2 cells and inhibited the expression of BPTF target gene c-Myc. Taken together, Sanguinarine chloride provides a qualified chemical tool for developing potent BPTF bromodomain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhe Duan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingchen Wang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiluan Ding
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shijie Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ali MM, Naz S, Ashraf S, Knapp S, Ul-Haq Z. Epigenetic modulation by targeting bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9): Its therapeutic potential and selective inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123428. [PMID: 36709803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The bromodomain-containing protein 9, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, functions as an 'epigenetic reader' selectively recognizing acetyl-lysine marks. It regulates chromatin structure and gene expression by recruitment of acetylated transcriptional regulators and by modulating the function of remodeling complexes. Recent data suggests that BRD9 plays an important role in regulating cellular growth and it has been suggested to drive progression of several malignant diseases such as cervical cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Its role in tumorigenesis suggests that selective BRD9 inhibitors may have therapeutic value in cancer therapy. Currently, there has been increasing interest in developing small molecules that can specifically target BRD9 or the closely related bromodomain protein BRD7. Available chemical probes will help to clarify biological functions of BRD9 and its potential for cancer therapy. Since the report of the first BRD9 inhibitor LP99 in 2015, numerous inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we summarized the biological roles of BRD9, structural details and the progress made in the development of BRD9 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mushtaq Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Naz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Lauestrasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Lauestrasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu M, Zhang K, Li Q, Pang H, Pan Z, Huang X, Wang L, Wu F, He G. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Bromodomain-Containing Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1678-1699. [PMID: 36695774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial research has been conducted on molecular mechanisms and inhibitors targeting bromodomains (BRDs) and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins. On this basis, non-BET BRD is gradually becoming a research hot spot. BRDs are abundant in histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated activating transcription factors, and BRD-containing HATs have been linked to cancer, inflammation, and viral replication. Therefore, the development of BRD-containing HATs as chemical probes is useful for understanding the specific biological roles of BRDs in diseases and drug discovery. Several types of BRD-containing HATs, including CBP/P300, PCAF/GCN5, and TAF1, are discussed in this context in terms of their structures, functions, and small-molecule inhibitors. Additionally, progress in BRD inhibitors/chemical probes and proteolysis targeting chimeras in terms of drug design, biological activity, and disease application are summarized. These findings provide insights into the development of BRD inhibitors as potential drug candidates for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinjue Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Pang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaoping Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sekirnik A, Reynolds JK, See L, Bluck JP, Scorah AR, Tallant C, Lee B, Leszczynska KB, Grimley RL, Storer RI, Malattia M, Crespillo S, Caria S, Duclos S, Hammond EM, Knapp S, Morris GM, Duarte F, Biggin PC, Conway SJ. Identification of Histone Peptide Binding Specificity and Small-Molecule Ligands for the TRIM33α and TRIM33β Bromodomains. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2753-2768. [PMID: 36098557 PMCID: PMC9594046 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
TRIM33 is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins, some of which possess E3 ligase activity and are involved in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of proteins. Four of the TRIM family proteins, TRIM24 (TIF1α), TRIM28 (TIF1β), TRIM33 (TIF1γ) and TRIM66, contain C-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) and bromodomain (BRD) modules, which bind to methylated lysine (KMen) and acetylated lysine (KAc), respectively. Here we investigate the differences between the two isoforms of TRIM33, TRIM33α and TRIM33β, using structural and biophysical approaches. We show that the N1039 residue, which is equivalent to N140 in BRD4(1) and which is conserved in most BRDs, has a different orientation in each isoform. In TRIM33β, this residue coordinates KAc, but this is not the case in TRIM33α. Despite these differences, both isoforms show similar affinities for H31-27K18Ac, and bind preferentially to H31-27K9Me3K18Ac. We used this information to develop an AlphaScreen assay, with which we have identified four new ligands for the TRIM33 PHD-BRD cassette. These findings provide fundamental new information regarding which histone marks are recognized by both isoforms of TRIM33 and suggest starting points for the development of chemical probes to investigate the cellular function of TRIM33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina
R. Sekirnik
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Jessica K. Reynolds
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Larissa See
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Joseph P. Bluck
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Amy R. Scorah
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Cynthia Tallant
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 3TA, U.K.
| | - Bernadette Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Katarzyna B. Leszczynska
- Oxford Institute
for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Rachel L. Grimley
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Biology, Pfizer Ltd, The Portway, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, U.K.
| | - R. Ian Storer
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Biology, Pfizer Ltd, The Portway, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, U.K.
| | - Marta Malattia
- Evotec (UK)
Ltd, 90 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Sara Crespillo
- Evotec (UK)
Ltd, 90 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Sofia Caria
- Evotec (UK)
Ltd, 90 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Stephanie Duclos
- Evotec (UK)
Ltd, 90 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- Oxford Institute
for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Structural
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Garrett M. Morris
- Department
of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3LB, U.K.
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zu G, Liu Y, Cao J, Zhao B, Zhang H, You L. BRPF1-KAT6A/KAT6B Complex: Molecular Structure, Biological Function and Human Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174068. [PMID: 36077605 PMCID: PMC9454415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and PHD finger–containing protein1 (BRPF1) is a member of family IV of the bromodomain-containing proteins that participate in the post-translational modification of histones. It functions in the form of a tetrameric complex with a monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (MOZ or KAT6A), MOZ-related factor (MORF or KAT6B) or HAT bound to ORC1 (HBO1 or KAT7) and two small non-catalytic proteins, the inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) or the paralog ING4 and MYST/Esa1-associated factor 6 (MEAF6). Mounting studies have demonstrated that all the four core subunits play crucial roles in different biological processes across diverse species, such as embryonic development, forebrain development, skeletal patterning and hematopoiesis. BRPF1, KAT6A and KAT6B mutations were identified as the cause of neurodevelopmental disorders, leukemia, medulloblastoma and other types of cancer, with germline mutations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders displaying intellectual disability, and somatic variants associated with leukemia, medulloblastoma and other cancers. In this paper, we depict the molecular structures and biological functions of the BRPF1-KAT6A/KAT6B complex, summarize the variants of the complex related to neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers and discuss future research directions and therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyu Zu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingli Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baicheng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linya You
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taylor AM, Bailey C, Belmont LD, Campbell R, Cantone N, Côté A, Crawford TD, Cummings R, DeMent K, Duplessis M, Flynn M, Good AC, Huang HR, Joshi S, Leblanc Y, Murray J, Nasveschuk CG, Neiss A, Poy F, Romero FA, Sandy P, Tang Y, Tsui V, Zawadzke L, Sims RJ, Audia JE, Bellon SF, Magnuson SR, Albrecht BK, Cochran AG. GNE-064: A Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Chemical Probe for the Bromodomains of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 and the Fifth Bromodomain of PBRM1. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11177-11186. [PMID: 35930799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains are acetyllysine recognition domains present in a variety of human proteins. Bromodomains also bind small molecules that compete with acetyllysine, and therefore bromodomains have been targets for drug discovery efforts. Highly potent and selective ligands with good cellular permeability have been proposed as chemical probes for use in exploring the functions of many of the bromodomain proteins. We report here the discovery of a class of such inhibitors targeting the family VIII bromodomains of SMARCA2 (BRM) and SMARCA4 (BRG1), and PBRM1 (polybromo-1) bromodomain 5. We propose one example from this series, GNE-064, as a chemical probe for the bromodomains SMARCA2, SMARCA4, and PBRM1(5) with the potential for in vivo use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Taylor
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chris Bailey
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisa D Belmont
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Campbell
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nico Cantone
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alexandre Côté
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Terry D Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Cummings
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martin Duplessis
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Megan Flynn
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew C Good
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hon-Ren Huang
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shivangi Joshi
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yves Leblanc
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher G Nasveschuk
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Adrianne Neiss
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Florence Poy
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - F Anthony Romero
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Sandy
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yong Tang
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vickie Tsui
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laura Zawadzke
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert J Sims
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James E Audia
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven F Bellon
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven R Magnuson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian K Albrecht
- Constellation, a Morphosys Company, 215 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrea G Cochran
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu H, Zu S, Duan Z, Feng Y, Wang J, Ma J, Li Q, Chen D, Li B, Chen K, Luo C, Lin J, Lu T, Lin H. Discovery of
CECR2
Bromodomain Inhibitors with High Selectivities over
BPTF
Bromodomain. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Shijia Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhe Duan
- School of Pharmacy Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Yueyao Feng
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi‐Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Dongying Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi‐Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350122 China
| | - Tian Lu
- GuiZhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou 550025 China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu H, Lu T, Zu S, Duan Z, Guang Y, Li Q, Ma J, Chen D, Li B, Lu W, Jiang H, Luo C, Ye D, Chen K, Lin H. Discovery of a Highly Potent CECR2 Bromodomain Inhibitor with 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] Pyrimidine Scaffold. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
19
|
Humphreys PG, Atkinson SJ, Bamborough P, Bit RA, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Cutler L, Davis R, Ferrie A, Gong G, Gordon LJ, Gray M, Harrison LA, Hayhow TG, Haynes A, Henley N, Hirst DJ, Holyer ID, Lindon MJ, Lovatt C, Lugo D, McCleary S, Molnar J, Osmani Q, Patten C, Preston A, Rioja I, Seal JT, Smithers N, Sun F, Tang D, Taylor S, Theodoulou NH, Thomas C, Watson RJ, Wellaway CR, Zhu L, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of I-BET567, a Pan-Bromodomain and Extra Terminal (BET) Bromodomain Oral Candidate. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2262-2287. [PMID: 34995458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Through regulation of the epigenome, the bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of proteins represent important therapeutic targets for the treatment of human disease. Through mimicking the endogenous N-acetyl-lysine group and disrupting the protein-protein interaction between histone tails and the bromodomain, several small molecule pan-BET inhibitors have progressed to oncology clinical trials. This work describes the medicinal chemistry strategy and execution to deliver an orally bioavailable tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) pan-BET candidate. Critical to the success of this endeavor was a potency agnostic analysis of a data set of 1999 THQ BET inhibitors within the GSK collection which enabled identification of appropriate lipophilicity space to deliver compounds with a higher probability of desired oral candidate quality properties. SAR knowledge was leveraged via Free-Wilson analysis within this design space to identify a small group of targets which ultimately delivered I-BET567 (27), a pan-BET candidate inhibitor that demonstrated efficacy in mouse models of oncology and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rino A Bit
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Craggs
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Cutler
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Davis
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ferrie
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - GangLi Gong
- WuXi Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Laurie J Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Gray
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Harrison
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Hayhow
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Haynes
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Henley
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hirst
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Holyer
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Lindon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Cerys Lovatt
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David Lugo
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Scott McCleary
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Molnar
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Qendresa Osmani
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Patten
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Preston
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan T Seal
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Fenglai Sun
- WuXi Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Dalin Tang
- WuXi Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Simon Taylor
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie H Theodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Thomas
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linrong Zhu
- WuXi Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., No. 90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang MY, Yang H, Ortiz G, Trnka MJ, Petronikolou N, Burlingame AL, DeGrado WF, Fujimori DG. Covalent labeling of a chromatin reader domain using proximity-reactive cyclic peptides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6599-6609. [PMID: 35756531 PMCID: PMC9172573 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical probes for chromatin reader proteins are valuable tools for investigating epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and evaluating whether the target of interest holds therapeutic potential. Developing potent inhibitors for the plant homeodomain (PHD) family of methylation readers remains a difficult task due to the charged, shallow and extended nature of the histone binding site that precludes effective engagement of conventional small molecules. Herein, we describe the development of novel proximity-reactive cyclopeptide inhibitors for PHD3—a trimethyllysine reader domain of histone demethylase KDM5A. Guided by the PHD3–histone co-crystal structure, we designed a sidechain-to-sidechain linking strategy to improve peptide proteolytic stability whilst maintaining binding affinity. We have developed an operationally simple solid-phase macrocyclization pathway, capitalizing on the inherent reactivity of the dimethyllysine ε-amino group to generate scaffolds bearing charged tetraalkylammonium functionalities that effectively engage the shallow aromatic ‘groove’ of PHD3. Leveraging a surface-exposed lysine residue on PHD3 adjacent to the ligand binding site, cyclic peptides were rendered covalent through installation of an arylsulfonyl fluoride warhead. The resulting lysine-reactive cyclic peptides demonstrated rapid and efficient labeling of the PHD3 domain in HEK293T lysates, showcasing the feasibility of employing proximity-induced reactivity for covalent labeling of this challenging family of reader domains. We describe the development of covalent cyclic peptide ligands which target a chromatin methylation reader domain using a proximity-reactive sulfonyl fluoride moiety.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yao Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Hyunjun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Gloria Ortiz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Michael J Trnka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Nektaria Petronikolou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Danica Galonić Fujimori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Enríquez P, Krajewski K, Strahl BD, Rothbart SB, Dowen RH, Rose RB. Binding specificity and function of the SWI/SNF subunit SMARCA4 bromodomain interaction with acetylated histone H3K14. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101145. [PMID: 34473995 PMCID: PMC8506967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomains (BD) are conserved reader modules that bind acetylated lysine residues on histones. Although much has been learned regarding the in vitro properties of these domains, less is known about their function within chromatin complexes. SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes modulate transcription and contribute to DNA damage repair. Mutations in SWI/SNF subunits have been implicated in many cancers. Here we demonstrate that the BD of Caenorhabditis elegans SMARCA4/BRG1, a core SWI/SNF subunit, recognizes acetylated lysine 14 of histone H3 (H3K14ac), similar to its Homo sapiens ortholog. We identify the interactions of SMARCA4 with the acetylated histone peptide from a 1.29 Å-resolution crystal structure of the CeSMARCA4 BD-H3K14ac complex. Significantly, most of the SMARCA4 BD residues in contact with the histone peptide are conserved with other proteins containing family VIII bromodomains. Based on the premise that binding specificity is conserved among bromodomain orthologs, we propose that loop residues outside of the binding pocket position contact residues to recognize the H3K14ac sequence. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutations in the SMARCA4 BD that abolish H3K14ac binding in vitro had little or no effect on C. elegans viability or physiological function in vivo. However, combining SMARCA4 BD mutations with knockdown of the SWI/SNF accessory subunit PBRM-1 resulted in severe developmental defects in animals. In conclusion, we demonstrated an essential function for the SWI/SNF bromodomain in vivo and detected potential redundancy in epigenetic readers in regulating chromatin remodeling. These findings have implications for the development of small-molecule BD inhibitors to treat cancers and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Enríquez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott B Rothbart
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert H Dowen
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zahid H, Buchholz CR, Singh M, Ciccone MF, Chan A, Nithianantham S, Shi K, Aihara H, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E, Dos Santos CO, Landry JW, Pomerantz WCK. New Design Rules for Developing Potent Cell-Active Inhibitors of the Nucleosome Remodeling Factor (NURF) via BPTF Bromodomain Inhibition. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13902-13917. [PMID: 34515477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) alters chromatin accessibility through interactions with its largest subunit,the bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor BPTF. BPTF is overexpressed in several cancers and is an emerging anticancer target. Targeting the BPTF bromodomain presents a potential strategy for its inhibition and the evaluation of its functional significance; however, inhibitor development for BPTF has lagged behind those of other bromodomains. Here we describe the development of pyridazinone-based BPTF inhibitors. The lead compound, BZ1, possesses a high potency (Kd = 6.3 nM) and >350-fold selectivity over BET bromodomains. We identify an acidic triad in the binding pocket to guide future designs. We show that our inhibitors sensitize 4T1 breast cancer cells to doxorubicin but not BPTF knockdown cells, suggesting a specificity to BPTF. Given the high potency and good physicochemical properties of these inhibitors, we anticipate that they will be useful starting points for chemical tool development to explore the biological roles of BPTF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huda Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Caroline R Buchholz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Manjulata Singh
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Michael F Ciccone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, United States
| | - Alice Chan
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics and Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marcus Fischer
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics and Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, United States
| | - Joseph W Landry
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clegg MA, Theodoulou NH, Bamborough P, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Demont EH, Gordon LJ, Liwicki GM, Phillipou A, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Optimization of Naphthyridones into Selective TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factor 1 (TAF1) Bromodomain Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1308-1317. [PMID: 34413961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain containing proteins and the acetyl-lysine binding bromodomains contained therein are increasingly attractive targets for the development of novel epigenetic therapeutics. To help validate this target class and unravel the complex associated biology, there has been a concerted effort to develop selective small molecule bromodomain inhibitors. Herein we describe the structure-based efforts and multiple challenges encountered in optimizing a naphthyridone template into selective TAF1(2) bromodomain inhibitors which, while unsuitable as chemical probes themselves, show promise for the future development of small molecules to interrogate TAF1(2) biology. Key to this work was the introduction and modulation of the basicity of a pendant amine which had a substantial impact on not only bromodomain selectivity but also cellular target engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Clegg
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie H. Theodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurie J. Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M. Liwicki
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Phillipou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
ZMYND8-regulated IRF8 transcription axis is an acute myeloid leukemia dependency. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3604-3622.e10. [PMID: 34358447 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transformed state in acute leukemia requires gene regulatory programs involving transcription factors and chromatin modulators. Here, we uncover an IRF8-MEF2D transcriptional circuit as an acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-biased dependency. We discover and characterize the mechanism by which the chromatin "reader" ZMYND8 directly activates IRF8 in parallel with the MYC proto-oncogene through their lineage-specific enhancers. ZMYND8 is essential for AML proliferation in vitro and in vivo and associates with MYC and IRF8 enhancer elements that we define in cell lines and in patient samples. ZMYND8 occupancy at IRF8 and MYC enhancers requires BRD4, a transcription coactivator also necessary for AML proliferation. We show that ZMYND8 binds to the ET domain of BRD4 via its chromatin reader cassette, which in turn is required for proper chromatin occupancy and maintenance of leukemic growth in vivo. Our results rationalize ZMYND8 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating essential transcriptional programs in AML.
Collapse
|
25
|
Brand M, Clayton J, Moroglu M, Schiedel M, Picaud S, Bluck JP, Skwarska A, Bolland H, Chan AKN, Laurin CMC, Scorah AR, See L, Rooney TPC, Andrews KH, Fedorov O, Perell G, Kalra P, Vinh KB, Cortopassi WA, Heitel P, Christensen KE, Cooper RI, Paton RS, Pomerantz WCK, Biggin PC, Hammond EM, Filippakopoulos P, Conway SJ. Controlling Intramolecular Interactions in the Design of Selective, High-Affinity Ligands for the CREBBP Bromodomain. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10102-10123. [PMID: 34255515 PMCID: PMC8311651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CREBBP (CBP/KAT3A)
and its paralogue EP300 (KAT3B) are lysine acetyltransferases
(KATs) that are essential for human development. They each comprise
10 domains through which they interact with >400 proteins, making
them important transcriptional co-activators and key nodes in the
human protein–protein interactome. The bromodomains of CREBBP
and EP300 enable the binding of acetylated lysine residues from histones
and a number of other important proteins, including p53, p73, E2F,
and GATA1. Here, we report a work to develop a high-affinity, small-molecule
ligand for the CREBBP and EP300 bromodomains [(−)-OXFBD05]
that shows >100-fold selectivity over a representative member of
the
BET bromodomains, BRD4(1). Cellular studies using this ligand demonstrate
that the inhibition of the CREBBP/EP300 bromodomain in HCT116 colon
cancer cells results in lowered levels of c-Myc and a reduction in
H3K18 and H3K27 acetylation. In hypoxia (<0.1% O2),
the inhibition of the CREBBP/EP300 bromodomain results in the enhanced
stabilization of HIF-1α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brand
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James Clayton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Mustafa Moroglu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 3TA, U.K
| | - Joseph P Bluck
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Anna Skwarska
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Hannah Bolland
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Anthony K N Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Corentine M C Laurin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amy R Scorah
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Larissa See
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Timothy P C Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Katrina H Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 3TA, U.K
| | - Gabriella Perell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Prakriti Kalra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kayla B Vinh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wilian A Cortopassi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Richard I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 3TA, U.K
| | - Stuart J Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
D'Amico F, Mukhopadhyay R, Ovaa H, Mulder MPC. Targeting TRIM Proteins: A Quest towards Drugging an Emerging Protein Class. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2011-2031. [PMID: 33482040 PMCID: PMC8251876 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitylation machinery regulates several fundamental biological processes from protein homeostasis to a wide variety of cellular signaling pathways. As a consequence, its dysregulation is linked to diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmunity. With this review, we aim to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting E3 ligases, with a special focus on an emerging class of RING ligases, named tri-partite motif (TRIM) proteins, whose role as targets for drug development is currently gaining pharmaceutical attention. TRIM proteins exert their catalytic activity as scaffolds involved in many protein-protein interactions, whose multidomains and adapter-like nature make their druggability very challenging. Herein, we give an overview of the current understanding of this class of single polypeptide RING E3 ligases and discuss potential targeting options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Amico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rishov Mukhopadhyay
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Einthovenweg 202333ZCLeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Muthengi A, Wimalasena VK, Yosief HO, Bikowitz MJ, Sigua LH, Wang T, Li D, Gaieb Z, Dhawan G, Liu S, Erickson J, Amaro RE, Schönbrunn E, Qi J, Zhang W. Development of Dimethylisoxazole-Attached Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines as Potent and Selective CBP/P300 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5787-5801. [PMID: 33872011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of epigenetic bromodomain inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics has transitioned from targeting bromodomain extraterminal domain (BET) proteins into targeting non-BET bromodomains. The two most relevant non-BET bromodomain oncology targets are cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CBP) and E1A binding protein P300 (EP300). To explore the growing CBP/EP300 interest, we developed a highly efficient two-step synthetic route for dimethylisoxazole-attached imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold-containing inhibitors. Our efficient two-step reactions enabled high-throughput synthesis of compounds designed by molecular modeling, which together with structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies facilitated an overarching understanding of selective targeting of CBP/EP300 over non-BET bromodomains. This led to the identification of a new potent and selective CBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibitor, UMB298 (compound 23, CBP IC50 72 nM and bromodomain 4, BRD4 IC50 5193 nM). The SAR we established is in good agreement with literature-reported CBP inhibitors, such as CBP30, and demonstrates the advantage of utilizing our two-step approach for inhibitor development of other bromodomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Muthengi
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Virangika K Wimalasena
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hailemichael O Yosief
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Melissa J Bikowitz
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Logan H Sigua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tingjian Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Deyao Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zied Gaieb
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, LA Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gagan Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Shuai Liu
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Jon Erickson
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, LA Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jaeger MG, Winter GE. Fast-acting chemical tools to delineate causality in transcriptional control. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1617-1630. [PMID: 33689749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multi-dimensional omics profiling continues to illuminate the complexity of cellular processes. Because of difficult mechanistic interpretation of phenotypes induced by slow perturbation, fast experimental setups are increasingly used to dissect causal interactions directly in cells. Here we review a growing body of studies that leverage rapid pharmacological perturbation to delineate causality in gene control. When coupled with kinetically matched readouts, fast chemical genetic tools allow recording of primary phenotypes before confounding secondary effects manifest. The toolbox encompasses directly acting probes, such as active-site inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimeras, as well as strategies using genetic engineering to render target proteins chemically tractable, such as analog-sensitive and degron systems. We anticipate that extrapolation of these concepts to single-cell setups will further transform our mechanistic understanding of transcriptional control in the future. Importantly, the concept of leveraging speed to derive causality should be broadly applicable to many aspects of biological regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Jaeger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hassell‐Hart S, Picaud S, Lengacher R, Csucker J, Millet R, Gasser G, Alberto R, Maple H, Felix R, Leśnikowski ZJ, Stewart HJS, Chevassut TJ, Morley S, Filippakopoulos P, Spencer J. Probing BRD Inhibition Substituent Effects in Bulky Analogues of (+)‐JQ1. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Storm Hassell‐Hart
- Chemistry Department School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Raphael Lengacher
- University of Zurich Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Joshua Csucker
- University of Zurich Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regis Millet
- University of Lille Inserm INFINITE U1286 ICPAL 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83 FR-59006 Lille France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology FR-75005 Paris France
| | - Roger Alberto
- University of Zurich Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hannah Maple
- Bio-Techne (Tocris Bioscience) The Watkins Building Atlantic Road, Avonmouth Bristol BS11 9QD UK
| | - Robert Felix
- Bio-Techne (Tocris Bioscience) The Watkins Building Atlantic Road, Avonmouth Bristol BS11 9QD UK
| | - Zbigniew J. Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences PL 92a–232 Łodź Poland
| | | | | | - Simon Morley
- Biochemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QG UK
| | | | - John Spencer
- Chemistry Department School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xiong L, Mao X, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Chen M, Chen P, Yang S, Li L. Discovery of selective BPTF bromodomain inhibitors by screening and structure-based optimization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:125-131. [PMID: 33548625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain and PHD finger containing transcription factor (BPTF) is a multidomain protein that regulates the transcription of chromatin and is related to many cancers. Herein, we report the screening-based discovery of Cpd1, a compound with micromolar affinity to the BPTF bromodomain. Through structure-guided optimization, we synthesized a variety of new inhibitors. Among these compounds, Cpd8 and Cpd10 were highly potent and selective inhibitors, with KD values of 428 nM and 655 nM in ITC assays, respectively. The high activity was explained by the cocrystal structure of Cpd8 in complex with the BPTF bromodomain protein. Cpd8 and Cpd10 were able to stabilize the BPTF bromodomain protein in cells in a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Cpd8 downregulated c-MYC expression in A549 cells. All experiments prove that these two compounds are potential BPTF inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee D, Lee DY, Hwang YS, Seo HR, Lee SA, Kwon J. The Bromodomain Inhibitor PFI-3 Sensitizes Cancer Cells to DNA Damage by Targeting SWI/SNF. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:900-912. [PMID: 33208498 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic drugs produce double-strand breaks (DSB) on cancer cell DNA, thereby inducing cell death. However, the DNA damage response (DDR) enables cancer cells to overcome DNA damage and escape cell death, often leading to therapeutic resistance and unsuccessful outcomes. It is therefore important to develop inhibitors that target DDR proteins to render cancer cells hypersensitive to DNA damage. Here, we investigated the applicability of PFI-3, a recently developed bromodomain inhibitor specifically targeting the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler that functions to promote DSB repair, in cancer treatment. We verified that PFI-3 effectively blocks chromatin binding of its target bromodomains and dissociates the corresponding SWI/SNF proteins from chromatin. We then found that, while having little toxicity as a single agent, PFI-3 synergistically sensitizes several human cancer cell lines to DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin. This PFI-3 activity occurs only for the cancer cells that require SWI/SNF for DNA repair. Our mechanism studies show that PFI-3 exerts the DNA damage-sensitizing effect by directly blocking SWI/SNF's chromatin binding, which leads to defects in DSB repair and aberrations in damage checkpoints, eventually resulting in increase of cell death primarily via necrosis and senescence. This work therefore demonstrates the activity of PFI-3 to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage and its mechanism of action via SWI/SNF targeting, providing an experimental rationale for developing PFI-3 as a sensitizing agent in cancer chemotherapy. IMPLICATIONS: This study, revealing the activity of PFI-3 to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, provides an experimental rationale for developing this bromodomain inhibitor as a sensitizing agent in cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daye Lee
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Da-Yeon Lee
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - You-Son Hwang
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Seo
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Shin-Ai Lee
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Jongbum Kwon
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Exploiting binding-site arginines in drug design: Recent examples. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Park SG, Lee D, Seo HR, Lee SA, Kwon J. Cytotoxic activity of bromodomain inhibitor NVS-CECR2-1 on human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16330. [PMID: 33004947 PMCID: PMC7529788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain (BRD), a protein module that recognizes acetylated lysine residues on histones and other proteins, has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target for human diseases such as cancer. While most of the studies have been focused on inhibitors against BRDs of the bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins, non-BET family BRD inhibitors remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated a potential anticancer activity of the recently developed non-BET family BRD inhibitor NVS-CECR2-1 that targets the cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 2 (CECR2). We show that NVS-CECR2-1 inhibits chromatin binding of CECR2 BRD and displaces CECR2 from chromatin within cells. NVS-CECR2-1 exhibits cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cells, killing SW48 colon cancer cells in particular with a submicromolar half maximum inhibition value mainly by inducing apoptosis. The sensitivity of the cancer cells to NVS-CECR2-1 is reduced by CECR2 depletion, suggesting that NVS-CECR2-1 exerts its activity by targeting CECR2. Interestingly, our data show that NVS-CECR2-1 also kills cancer cells by CECR2-independent mechanism. This study reports for the first time the cancer cell cytotoxic activity for NVS-CECR2-1 and provides a possibility of this BRD inhibitor to be developed as an anticancer therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Park
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Daye Lee
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Seo
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Shin-Ai Lee
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea.,Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4263, USA
| | - Jongbum Kwon
- Department of Life Science, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clegg MA, Bamborough P, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Gordon L, Grandi P, Leveridge M, Lindon M, Liwicki GM, Michon AM, Molnar J, Rioja I, Soden PE, Theodoulou NH, Werner T, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Application of Atypical Acetyl-lysine Methyl Mimetics in the Development of Selective Inhibitors of the Bromodomain-Containing Protein 7 (BRD7)/Bromodomain-Containing Protein 9 (BRD9) Bromodomains. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5816-5840. [PMID: 32410449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-BET bromodomain-containing proteins have become attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics targeting epigenetic pathways. To help facilitate the target validation of this class of proteins, structurally diverse small-molecule ligands and methodologies to produce selective inhibitors in a predictable fashion are in high demand. Herein, we report the development and application of atypical acetyl-lysine (KAc) methyl mimetics to take advantage of the differential stability of conserved water molecules in the bromodomain binding site. Discovery of the n-butyl group as an atypical KAc methyl mimetic allowed generation of 31 (GSK6776) as a soluble, permeable, and selective BRD7/9 inhibitor from a pyridazinone template. The n-butyl group was then used to enhance the bromodomain selectivity of an existing BRD9 inhibitor and to transform pan-bromodomain inhibitors into BRD7/9 selective compounds. Finally, a solvent-exposed vector was defined from the pyridazinone template to enable bifunctional molecule synthesis, and affinity enrichment chemoproteomic experiments were used to confirm several of the endogenous protein partners of BRD7 and BRD9, which form part of the chromatin remodeling PBAF and BAF complexes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Clegg
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Craggs
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Grandi
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Leveridge
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Lindon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Liwicki
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Michon
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judit Molnar
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Soden
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie H Theodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Werner
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lucas SCC, Atkinson SJ, Bamborough P, Barnett H, Chung CW, Gordon L, Mitchell DJ, Phillipou A, Prinjha RK, Sheppard RJ, Tomkinson NCO, Watson RJ, Demont EH. Optimization of Potent ATAD2 and CECR2 Bromodomain Inhibitors with an Atypical Binding Mode. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5212-5241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. C. Lucas
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang L, Li H, Li L, Niu L, Seupel R, Wu C, Cheng W, Chen C, Ding B, Brennan PE, Yang S. Discovery of Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one Derivatives as a New Class of Potent and Cell-Active Inhibitors of P300/CBP-Associated Factor Bromodomain. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4526-4542. [PMID: 30998845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Raina Seupel
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Chengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Bisen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|