1
|
Syed MH, Gnanakkan A, Pitchiah S. Exploration of acute toxicity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of the black tunicate, Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) using mice model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5809-5821. [PMID: 32978735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among marine animals, ascidians represent the most highly evolved group for marine natural products having rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites with promising potential biomedical applications. In this study, an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of Phallusia nigra were performed. The acute toxicity (LD50) was calculated, and the intraperitoneal route was estimated to be 235.09, 252.90, and 295.59 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits for methanolic extract (ME), acetonitrile extract (ANE), and acetone extract (AE) respectively. Histopathological observations revealed the toxic effects of different crude extracts of P. nigra, which were more analogous on the organs such as the lungs, liver, and kidneys of the test animals. Analgesic response of acetonitrile fraction II (ANF2) was higher than all the crude extracts as well as the fractions tested, and it was very low in acetone fraction I (AF1). In addition to that, different extracts and their fractions obtained from P. nigra was potential to reduce the edema induced by carrageenan (500 μg/paw) in a duration dependent manner. Our study again proves that compounds isolated from lower forms (ascidians) showed tremendous effects in mice without any deleterious effect generally provoked during chemical drug treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hussain Syed
- P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620020, India.
| | - Ananthan Gnanakkan
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India
| | - Sivaperumal Pitchiah
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iakobishvili Z, Hasin T, Klempfner R, Shlomo N, Goldenberg I, Brenner R, Kornowski R, Gerber Y. Association of Bezafibrate Treatment With Reduced Risk of Cancer in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1171-1179. [PMID: 31272567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between bezafibrate, a drug used to treat hypertriglyceridemia, and long-term cancer incidence in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised 2980 patients with CAD (mean age, 60 years; 2729 [91.6%] men) who were free of cancer and were enrolled in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention study, a double-blind trial conducted between May 1, 1990, and January 31, 1993, in 18 cardiology departments in Israel. Patients randomized to receive 400 mg of bezafibrate (n=1486) or placebo (n=1494) daily for a median of 6.2 years (range, 4.7-7.6 years) were followed up for incidence of cancer through the Israeli National Cancer Registry and all-cause death through the Population Registry of the State of Israel until December 31, 2013. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray survival models were used to assess the bezafibrate-cancer association. RESULTS Clinical characteristics and laboratory values were well balanced between the 2 groups at the study entry. Over a median follow-up of 22.5 years (range, 21.2-23.9 years), cancer developed in 753 patients. With death considered a competing event, the cumulative incidence of cancer at the end of the follow-up was lower in the bezafibrate vs the placebo group (23.9%; 95 CI, 21.9%-26.1% vs 27.2%; 95 CI, 25.1%-29.4%; P=.04). The hazard ratio for cancer in the bezafibrate vs placebo groups was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74-0.99). In mediation analysis, the association between bezafibrate treatment and cancer incidence was not sensitive to adjustment for on-trial lipid levels but was attenuated on adjustment for on-trial fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSION Bezafibrate treatment is associated with reduced risk of cancer among patients with CAD. Fibrinogen, but not lipid lowering, is linked to this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaza Iakobishvili
- Department of Community Cardiology, Tel Aviv District, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tal Hasin
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert Klempfner
- Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Nir Shlomo
- Israel Association for Cardiovascular Trials, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldenberg
- Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Israel Association for Cardiovascular Trials, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Department of Oncology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ran Kornowski
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yariv Gerber
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Stanley Steyer Institute for Cancer Epidemiology and Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
4
|
Lerner L, Tao J, Liu Q, Nicoletti R, Feng B, Krieger B, Mazsa E, Siddiquee Z, Wang R, Huang L, Shen L, Lin J, Vigano A, Chiu MI, Weng Z, Winston W, Weiler S, Gyuris J. MAP3K11/GDF15 axis is a critical driver of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:467-82. [PMID: 27239403 PMCID: PMC4863827 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer associated cachexia affects the majority of cancer patients during the course of the disease and thought to be directly responsible for about a quarter of all cancer deaths. Current evidence suggests that a pro-inflammatory state may be associated with this syndrome although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of cachexia are poorly understood. The purpose of this work was the identification of key drivers of cancer cachexia that could provide a potential point of intervention for the treatment and/or prevention of this syndrome. METHODS Genetically engineered and xenograft tumour models were used to dissect the molecular mechanisms driving cancer cachexia. Cytokine profiling from the plasma of cachectic and non-cachectic cancer patients and mouse models was utilized to correlate circulating cytokine levels with the cachexia phenotype. RESULTS Utilizing engineered tumour models we identified MAP3K11/GDF15 pathway activation as a potent inducer of cancer cachexia. Increased expression and high circulating levels of GDF15 acted as a key mediator of this process. In animal models, tumour-produced GDF15 was sufficient to trigger the cachexia phenotype. Elevated GDF15 circulating levels correlated with the onset and progression of cachexia in animal models and in patients with cancer. Inhibition of GDF15 biological activity with a specific antibody reversed body weight loss and restored muscle and fat tissue mass in several cachectic animal models regardless of their complex secreted cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS The combination of correlative observations, gain of function, and loss of function experiments validated GDF15 as a key driver of cancer cachexia and as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and/or prevention of this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lerner
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Julie Tao
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Qing Liu
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | | | - Bin Feng
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Brian Krieger
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Elizabeth Mazsa
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Zakir Siddiquee
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Ruoji Wang
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Lucia Huang
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 211 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Luhua Shen
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Moderna Therapeutics 200 Technology Square Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jie Lin
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Stealth Peptides Inc.275 Grove Street, Ste.3-107 Newton MA 02466 USA
| | - Antonio Vigano
- McGill Nutrition and Performance Laboratory; (MNUPAL) McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) Montreal Canada
| | - M Isabel Chiu
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Enumeral Biomedical Corp One Kendall Square Building 400 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhigang Weng
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - William Winston
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; POTENZA Therapeutics 700 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Solly Weiler
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Jeno Gyuris
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aller MA, Arias N, Fuentes-Julian S, Blazquez-Martinez A, Argudo S, Miguel MPD, Arias JL, Arias J. Coupling inflammation with evo-devo. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:721-31. [PMID: 22405850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation integrates diverse mechanisms that are associated not only with pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, but also with physiological processes like reproduction i.e. oogenesis and embryogenesis as well as aging. In the current review we firstly propose that the inflammatory response could recapitulate the phylogenia. In this way, highly conserved inflammatory mechanisms that play a main role in the evolutive development of different animal species, both invertebrates as well as vertebrates, are identified. Therefore, we also hypothesize that inflammation could represent a key tool used by nature to modulate organisms according to the environmental conditions in which these develop. Thus, inflammation could be the pathway by which the environmental factors could be related to the evolutionary development. If so, the diverse human chronic inflammatory diseases that nowadays the Western society suffer would represent the way for adapting to the abrupt changes in their lifestyle. Nonetheless, the distribution of the different pathological conditions varies in terms of intensity and magnitude among Western country populations depending on their genetic polymorphism. In this case, it should be considered that this set of diseases, distributed between all the individuals that constitute the Westernized society, would represent a true Social Inflammatory Syndrome whose final result is its remodeling. In this context, the use of inflammation by the Western society could represent the camouflaged expression of efficient mechanisms of evolution and development. In addition, if the different types of the inflammatory response involved in these diverse chronic pathological conditions could trace the biochemical origins of life, perhaps inflammation could represent an archaeological tool of unsuspected usefulness for understanding our own origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cata JP, Gottumukkala V, Sessler DI. How regional analgesia might reduce postoperative cancer recurrence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujps.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
7
|
Choi BD, Choi YJ. Nutraceutical functionalities of polysaccharides from marine invertebrates. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:11-30. [PMID: 22361178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers are seeking functional materials from marine resources. These marine resources can be used as traditional food additives, and specifically, these are based on polysaccharides. To date, there is a big opportunity to develop new high-value added products with indispensable functional characteristics, which can be used in nutraceuticals either as additives or supplements. Also, a crossover in the pharmaceutical market may be established. Some glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mimetic-type molecules are already being utilized in the field of nutrition as well as in the cosmetics industry. This chemical is used as a dietary supplement to maintain the structure and function of cartilages, for the relief of pain caused by osteoarthritic joints, and can also be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Recently, in relation to the prevalence of mad cow disease and avian influenza, the production of GAGs from marine invertebrates offers new market opportunities as compared with that obtained from bovine or avian livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Dae Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Amazing Power of Cancer Cells to Recapitulate Extraembryonic Functions: The Cuckoo's Tricks. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:521284. [PMID: 21969829 PMCID: PMC3182376 DOI: 10.1155/2012/521284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Hence, it has been suggested that common cellular and molecular mechanisms are activated in wound repair and in cancer development. In addition, it has been previously proposed that the inflammatory response, which is associated with the wound healing process, could recapitulate ontogeny through the reexpression of the extraembryonic, that is, amniotic and vitelline, functions in the interstitial space of the injured tissue. If so, the use of inflammation by the cancer-initiating cell can also be supported in the ability to reacquire extraembryonic functional axes for tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, the diverse components of the tumor microenvironment could represent the overlapping reexpression of amniotic and vitelline functions. These functions would favor a gastrulation-like process, that is, the creation of a reactive stroma in which fibrogenesis and angiogenesis stand out.
Collapse
|
9
|
Aller MA, Arias JI, Arias J. Pathological axes of wound repair: gastrulation revisited. Theor Biol Med Model 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20840764 PMCID: PMC2945962 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic inflammation is formed by molecular and cellular complex mechanisms whose final goal seems to be injured tissue regeneration. In the skin -an exterior organ of the body- mechanical or thermal injury induces the expression of different inflammatory phenotypes that resemble similar phenotypes expressed during embryo development. Particularly, molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in gastrulation return. This is a developmental phase that delineates the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Consequently, in the post-natal wounded skin, primitive functions related with the embryonic mesoderm, i.e. amniotic and yolk sac-derived, are expressed. Neurogenesis and hematogenesis stand out among the primitive function mechanisms involved. Interestingly, in these phases of the inflammatory response, whose molecular and cellular mechanisms are considered as traces of the early phases of the embryonic development, the mast cell, a cell that is supposedly inflammatory, plays a key role. The correlation that can be established between the embryonic and the inflammatory events suggests that the results obtained from the research regarding both great fields of knowledge must be interchangeable to obtain the maximum advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naor R, Domankevich V, Shemer S, Sominsky L, Rosenne E, Levi B, Ben-Eliyahu S. Metastatic-promoting effects of LPS: sexual dimorphism and mediation by catecholamines and prostaglandins. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:611-21. [PMID: 18951972 PMCID: PMC2723727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in several medical conditions that are sexually dimorphic, including depression, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity, and presumably cancer progression. Here we studied the effects of the proinflammatory agent, LPS, on MADB106 lung tumor retention (LTR), and sought to elucidate underlying mechanisms and sexual dimorphism. F344 male and female rats were administered with LPS (0.001-1mg/kg i.v.) simultaneously with tumor cell inoculation, and treated with a beta-blocker (nadolol, 0.2-0.3mg/kg s.c.), a COX inhibitor (indomethacin, 4mg/kg s.c.) or both drugs. To study the role of NK cells, numbers and cytotoxicity of marginating-pulmonary NK cells were studied, and selective in vivo NK-depletion was employed. Serum levels of corticosterone, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were also assessed. The findings indicated that LPS increased LTR in both sexes, but 10-fold higher doses were needed in females to reach the increase evident in males. Additionally, nadolol and indomethacin reduced the effects of LPS, more so in males. In vivo NK-depletion and ex vivo NK activity studies suggested that LPS affected LTR through both NK-independent and NK-dependent mechanisms, the latter mediated through prostaglandin release in males. Corticosterone, IL-6, and TNF-alpha responses to LPS were sexually dimorphic, but were not associated with LPS or drugs' impacts on LTR. Overall, our findings demonstrate sexual dimorphism in LPS-induced elevated susceptibility to MADB106 experimental metastasis, and in potential humoral underlying mechanisms. Further studies are needed to elucidate additional immunological and non-immunological mediators of these dimorphisms, as well as to assess their involvement in other sexually dimorphic pathologies that are associated with inflammation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Experimental obstructive cholestasis: the wound-like inflammatory liver response. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2008; 1:6. [PMID: 19014418 PMCID: PMC2637833 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive cholestasis causes hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of liver disease are multiple and linked. We propose grouping these mechanisms according to the three phenotypes mainly expressed in the interstitial space in order to integrate them.Experimental extrahepatic cholestasis is the model most frequently used to study obstructive cholestasis. The early liver interstitial alterations described in these experimental models would produce an ischemia/reperfusion phenotype with oxidative and nitrosative stress. Then, the hyperexpression of a leukocytic phenotype, in which Kupffer cells and neutrophils participate, would induce enzymatic stress. And finally, an angiogenic phenotype, responsible for peribiliary plexus development with sinusoidal arterialization, occurs. In addition, an intense cholangiocyte proliferation, which acquires neuroendocrine abilities, stands out. This histopathological finding is also associated with fibrosis.It is proposed that the sequence of these inflammatory phenotypes, perhaps with a trophic meaning, ultimately produces a benign tumoral biliary process - although it poses severe hepatocytic insufficiency. Moreover, the persistence of this benign tumor disease would induce a higher degree of dedifferentiation and autonomy and, therefore, its malign degeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu CX, Jin H, Chung YS, Shin JY, Lee KH, Beck GR, Palmos GN, Choi BD, Cho MH. Chondroitin sulfate extracted from ascidian tunic inhibits phorbol ester-induced expression of Inflammatory factors VCAM-1 and COX-2 by blocking NF-kappaB activation in mouse skin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:9667-9675. [PMID: 18800802 DOI: 10.1021/jf801578x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory factors are known to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis; therefore, it is a promising strategy to inhibit the inflammation for cancer prevention. The current study was performed to investigate the potential effects of chondroitin sulfate (CS) extracted from ascidian tunic on the expression of inflammatory factors induced by treatment with 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of CS action in mouse skin inflammation. TPA was topically applied to the shaven backs of ICR mice with or without CS (1 or 2 mg) for 4 h. The results demonstrated that CS suppressed TPA-induced edema and reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and Akt signaling in mouse skin. These studies suggest that CS from ascidian tunic may be developed as an effective natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiong Xu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arias JI, Aller MA, Arias J. Cancer cell: using inflammation to invade the host. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:29. [PMID: 17437633 PMCID: PMC1855932 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is increasingly recognized as an important component of tumorigenesis, although the mechanisms involved are not fully characterized. The invasive capacity of cancers is reflected in the classic metastatic cascade: tumor (T), node (N) and metastasis (M). However, this staging system for cancer would also have a tumoral biological significance. Presentation of the hypothesis To integrate the mechanisms that control the inflammatory response in the actual staging system of cancer. It is considered that in both processes of inflammation and cancer, three successive phenotypes are presented that represent the expression of trophic functional systems of increasing metabolic complexity for using oxygen. Testing the hypothesis While a malignant tumor develops it express phenotypes that also share the inflammatory response such as: an ischemic phenotype (anoxic-hypoxic), a leukocytic phenotype with anaerobic glycolysis and migration, and an angiogenic phenotype with hyperactivity of glycolytic enzymes, tumor proliferation and metastasis, and cachexia of the host. The increasing metabolic complexity of the tumor cell to use oxygen allows for it to be released, migrate and proliferate, thus creating structures of growing complexity. Implication of the hypothesis One aim of cancer gene therapy could be the induction of oxidative phosphorylation, the last metabolic step required by inflammation in order to differentiate the tissue that it produces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Arias
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arias JI, Aller MA, Sánchez-Patan F, Arias J. Inflammation and cancer: is trophism the link? Surg Oncol 2007; 15:235-42. [PMID: 17400443 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms of the inflammatory response can be common to wound repair and tumor development. We propose that this response evolves in three phases, the nervous or immediate phase, the immune or intermediate phase, and the endocrine or late phase. In wound repair and in these phases, the interstitial space successively presents edema due to ischemia-revascularization and nutrition by diffusion (nervous phase), infiltration by leukocytes, which would mediate the nutrition of damaged neighbor cells (immune phase) and by angiogenesis, nutrition mediated by the capillaries that favor regeneration or scarring (endocrine phase). At the same time, in tumor development, it is considered that the cancerous cell successively occupies the interstitial space, expressing three different phenotypes: the hypoxia-reperfusion phenotype, with anaerobic glycolisis, oxidative stress and edema (dormant stage); the immune phenotype that expresses the functions corresponding to leukocytes, including the hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, lymphangiogenesis, the invasion of lymph nodes (N stage) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome; and lastly, the endocrine phenotype, in which the appearance of both local (tumor or T stage) and systemic (metastasis or M stage) angiogenesis induce a growing disease.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A hypothesis about the inflammatory etiopathogeny mediated by astroglia of hepatic encephalopathy is being proposed. Three evolutive phases are considered in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: an immediate or nervous phase with ischemia-reperfusion, which is associated with reperfusion injury, edema and oxidative stress; an intermediate or immune phase with microglia hyperactivity, which produces cytotoxic cytokines and chemokines and is involved in enzyme hyperproduction and phagocytosis; and a late or endocrine phase, in which neuroglial remodeling, with an alteration of angiogenesis and neurogenesis, stands out. The increasingly complex trophic meaning that the metabolic alterations have in the successive phases making up this chronic inflammation could explain the metabolic regression produced in acute and acute-on-chronic hepatic encephalopathy. In these two types of hepatic encephalopathy, characterized by edema, neuronal nutrition by diffusion would guarantee an appropriate support of substrates, in accordance with the reduced metabolic needs of the cerebral tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Luis Arias
- Psychobiology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aller MA, Arias JL, Arias JI, Sánchez-Patán F, Arias J. The inflammatory response recapitulates phylogeny through trophic mechanisms to the injured tissue. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:202-9. [PMID: 16963191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The post-traumatic local acute inflammatory response is described as a succession of three functional phases of possible trophic significance: 1. Nervous or immediate (ischemia-reperfusion); 2. Immune or intermediate (infiltration by inflammatory and bacterial cells) and 3. Endocrine or late (angiogenesis with regeneration and/or cicatrization). Each of these phases emphasizes the trophic role of the mechanisms in the damaged tissue. Hence, the nervous phase is predominated by nutrition by diffusion; in the immune phase trophism is mediated by inflammatory cells and bacteria and, finally, in the endocrine phase, the blood circulation and oxidative metabolism play the most significant nutritive role. Since these trophic mechanisms are of increasing complexity, progressing from anoxia to total specialization in the use of oxygen to obtain usable energy, it could be speculated that they represent the successive reappearance of the stages that take place during the evolution of life on Earth, from ancient times without oxygen. In this sense, the inflammatory response could recapitulate phylogeny through the successive expression of pathophysiologic mechanisms that have a trophic meaning to the injured tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Aller
- Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|