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Kathuria-Prakash N, Dave P, Garcia L, Brown P, Drakaki A. MicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies: An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9499. [PMID: 39273446 PMCID: PMC11394927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including prostate, urothelial, kidney, testicular, penile, and adrenocortical cancers, comprise a significant burden of cancers worldwide. While many practice-changing advances have been made in the management of GU malignancies in the last decade, there is still significant room for improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcription gene expression and which have been implicated in multiple mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Therefore, they have the potential to revolutionize personalized cancer therapy, with several ongoing preclinical and clinical studies underway to investigate their efficacy. In this review, we describe the current landscape of miRNAs as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomarkers of response for GU malignancies, reflecting a novel frontier in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhita Kathuria-Prakash
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pranali Dave
- School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA
| | - Lizette Garcia
- Division of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paige Brown
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra Drakaki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Sun-Zhang A, Juhlin CC, Carling T, Scholl U, Schott M, Larsson C, Bajalica-Lagercrantz S. Comprehensive genomic analysis of adrenocortical carcinoma reveals genetic profiles associated with patient survival. ESMO Open 2024; 9:103617. [PMID: 38935991 PMCID: PMC11260375 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most lethal endocrine malignancies and there is a lack of clinically useful markers for prognosis and patient stratification. Therefore our aim was to identify clinical and genetic markers that predict outcome in patients with ACC. METHODS Clinical and genetic data from a total of 162 patients with ACC were analyzed by combining an independent cohort consisting of tumors from Yale School of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Düsseldorf University (YKD) with two public databases [The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)]. We used a novel bioinformatical pipeline combining differential expression and messenger RNA (mRNA)- and DNA-dependent survival. Data included reanalysis of previously conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) for the YKD cohort, WES and RNA data for the TCGA cohort, and RNA data for the GEO cohort. RESULTS We identified 3903 significant differentially expressed genes when comparing ACC and adrenocortical adenoma, and the mRNA expression levels of 461/3903 genes significantly impacted survival. Subsequent analysis revealed 45 of these genes to be mutated in patients with significantly worse survival. The relationship was significant even after adjusting for stage and age. Protein-protein interaction showed previously unexplored interactions among many of the 45 proteins, including the cancer-related proteins DNA polymerase delta 1 (POLD1), aurora kinase A (AURKA), and kinesin family member 23 (KIF23). Furthermore 14 of the proteins had significant interactions with TP53 which is the most frequently mutated gene in the germline of patients with ACC. CONCLUSIONS Using a multiparameter approach, we identified 45 genes that significantly influenced survival. Notably, many of these genes have protein interactions not previously implicated in ACC. These findings may lay the foundation for improved prognostication and future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sun-Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
| | - C C Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. https://twitter.com/DrJuhlin
| | - T Carling
- Carling Adrenal Center & Hospital for Endocrine Surgery, Tampa; Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - U Scholl
- Center of Functional Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - M Schott
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - S Bajalica-Lagercrantz
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Ghosh C, Hu J, Kebebew E. Advances in translational research of the rare cancer type adrenocortical carcinoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:805-824. [PMID: 37857840 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy with an annual worldwide incidence of 1-2 cases per 1 million and a 5-year survival rate of <60%. Although adrenocortical carcinoma is rare, such rare cancers account for approximately one third of patients diagnosed with cancer annually. In the past decade, there have been considerable advances in understanding the molecular basis of adrenocortical carcinoma. The genetic events associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in adults are distinct from those of paediatric cases, which are often associated with germline or somatic TP53 mutations and have a better prognosis. In adult primary adrenocortical carcinoma, the main somatic genetic alterations occur in genes that encode proteins involved in the WNT-β-catenin pathway, cell cycle and p53 apoptosis pathway, chromatin remodelling and telomere maintenance pathway, cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway or DNA transcription and RNA translation pathways. Recently, integrated molecular studies of adrenocortical carcinomas, which have characterized somatic mutations and the methylome as well as gene and microRNA expression profiles, have led to a molecular classification of these tumours that can predict prognosis and have helped to identify new therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize these recent translational research advances in adrenocortical carcinoma, which it is hoped could lead to improved patient diagnosis, treatment and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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El-Dakroury WA, Midan HM, Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, El-Husseiny AA, Fathi D, Abdelmaksoud NM, Abdel Mageed SS, Elballal MS, Zaki MB, Abd-Elmawla MA, Al-Noshokaty TM, Rizk NI, Elrebehy MA, Hashem AH, Moustafa YM, Doghish AS. miRNAs orchestration of adrenocortical carcinoma - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression and drug resistance. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154665. [PMID: 37418996 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon aggressive endocrine malignancy that is nonetheless associated with significant mortality and morbidity rates because of endocrine and oncological consequences. Recent genome-wide investigations of ACC have advanced our understanding of the disease, but substantial obstacles remain to overcome regarding diagnosis and prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) play a crucial role in the development and metastasis of a wide range of carcinomas by regulating the expression of their target genes through various mechanisms causing translational repression or messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Along with miRNAs in the adrenocortical cancerous tissue, circulating miRNAs are considered barely invasive diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of ACC. miRNAs may serve as treatment targets that expand the rather-limited therapeutic repertoire in the field of ACC. Patients with advanced ACC still have a poor prognosis when using the available treatments, despite a substantial improvement in understanding of the illness over the previous few decades. Accordingly, in this review, we provide a crucial overview of the recent studies in ACC-associated miRNAs regarding their diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829 Egypt
| | - Heba M Midan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231 Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231 Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd-Elmawla
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tohada M Al-Noshokaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Amr H Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231 Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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da Silva KR, Veronez LC, Correa CAP, Lira RCP, Baroni M, de Paula Silva Queiroz R, Antonini SRR, Yunes JA, Brandalise SR, Tone LG, Scrideli CA. MicroRNA-149-3p expression correlates with outcomes of adrenocortical tumor patients and affects proliferation and cell cycle progression of H295A adrenocortical cancer cell line. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1952-1960. [PMID: 36053456 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric adrenocortical tumor (ACT) is a rare and aggressive neoplasm, with incidence in southern and southeastern Brazil 10-15 times higher than worldwide. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in several cancers, the role of miR-149-3p in ACT remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the expression of miR-149-3p in 67 pediatric ACT samples and 19 non-neoplastic adrenal tissues. The overexpression of miR-149-3p was induced in H295A cell line, and cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle were assessed by in miR-149-3p mimic or mimic control. In silico analysis were used to predict miR-149-3p putative target genes. CDKN1A expression at the mRNA and protein levels was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Higher miR-149-3p expression was associated with unfavorable ACT outcomes. Compared to the mimic control, miR-149-3p overexpression increased cell viability and colony formation, and affected cell cycle progression. Also, we identified CDKN1A as a potential miR-149-3p target gene, with decreased expression at both the gene and protein levels in miR-149-3p mimic cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that miR-149-3p promotes H295A cell viability by downregulating CDKN1A and provide evidence that miR-149-3p may be useful as a novel therapeutic target for pediatric ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keteryne Rodrigues da Silva
- Departments of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Alves Pereira Correa
- Departments of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Régia Caroline Peixoto Lira
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Division of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Campus I, Uberaba, MG, 38025-200, Brazil
| | - Mirella Baroni
- Departments of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane de Paula Silva Queiroz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sonir Roberto Rauber Antonini
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Departments of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Departments of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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6
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Turai PI, Nyirő G, Borka K, Micsik T, Likó I, Patócs A, Igaz P. Exploratory Circular RNA Profiling in Adrenocortical Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174313. [PMID: 36077848 PMCID: PMC9454786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The histological differential diagnosis of adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma is difficult and requires great expertise. Measures taken towards the distinction of adrenal tumors are of paramount importance. The non-coding circular RNAs (circRNAs) were shown to be expressed in a tissue and tumor specific manner. CircRNAs are investigated as a useful adjunct to the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors of several organs, but they have not been investigated in adrenocortical tumors yet. Here, we have performed circRNA profiling in adrenocortical tumors by next-generation sequencing to detect already known and de novo circRNAs. Out of the five most differentially expressed circRNAs, circPHC3 could be confirmed by TaqMan RT-qPCR to be overexpressed in carcinoma and adenoma vs. healthy tissues in an independent validation cohort. Abstract Differentiation of adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and carcinoma (ACC) is often challenging even in the histological analysis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belonging to the group of non-coding RNAs have been implicated as relevant factors in tumorigenesis. Our aim was to explore circRNA expression profiles in adrenocortical tumors by next-generation sequencing followed by RT-qPCR validation. Archived FFPE (formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded) including 8 ACC, 8 ACA and 8 normal adrenal cortices (NAC) were used in the discovery cohort. For de novo and known circRNA expression profiling, a next-generation sequencing platform was used. CIRI2, CircExplorer2, AutoCirc bioinformatics tools were used for the discovery of circRNAs. The top five most differentially circRNAs were measured by RT-qPCR in an independent validation cohort (10 ACC, 8 ACA, 8 NAC). In silico predicted, interacting microRNAs potentially sponged by differentially expressed circRNAs were studied by individual RT-qPCR assays. We focused on overexpressed circRNAs here. Significantly differentially expressed circRNAs have been revealed between the cohorts by NGS. Only circPHC3 could be confirmed to be significantly overexpressed in ACC, ACA vs. NAC samples by RT-qPCR. We could not observe microRNA expression changes fully corresponding to our sponging hypothesis. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate circRNAs in adrenocortical tumors. Further studies are warranted to explore their biological and diagnostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter István Turai
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyirő
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Borka
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Micsik
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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7
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Detomas M, Pivonello C, Pellegrini B, Landwehr LS, Sbiera S, Pivonello R, Ronchi CL, Colao A, Altieri B, De Martino MC. MicroRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:2234. [PMID: 35883677 PMCID: PMC9324008 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of genetic material that do not encode proteins but regulate the gene expression at an epigenetic level, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The role played by ncRNAs in many physiological and pathological processes has gained attention during the last few decades, as they might be useful in the diagnosis, treatment and management of several human disorders, including endocrine and oncological diseases. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine cancer, still characterized by high mortality and morbidity due to both endocrine and oncological complications. Despite the rarity of this disease, recently, the role of ncRNA has been quite extensively evaluated in ACC. In order to better explore the role of the ncRNA in human ACC, this review summarizes the current knowledge on ncRNA dysregulation in ACC and its potential role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Detomas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (L.-S.L.); (S.S.); (C.L.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (B.P.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Bianca Pellegrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (B.P.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura-Sophie Landwehr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (L.-S.L.); (S.S.); (C.L.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (L.-S.L.); (S.S.); (C.L.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (B.P.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina L. Ronchi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (L.-S.L.); (S.S.); (C.L.R.); (B.A.)
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (B.P.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (L.-S.L.); (S.S.); (C.L.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (B.P.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
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8
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Veronez LC, Fedatto PF, Correa CAP, Lira RCP, Baroni M, da Silva KR, Santos P, Antonio DSM, Queiroz RDPS, Antonini SRR, Tucci S, Neder L, Yunes JA, Brandalise SR, Panepucci RA, Tone LG, Scrideli CA. MicroRNA expression profile predicts prognosis of pediatric adrenocortical tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29553. [PMID: 34971073 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are rare aggressive neoplasms with heterogeneous prognosis. Despite extensive efforts, identifying reliable prognostic factors for pediatric patients with ACT remains a challenge. MicroRNA (miRNA) signatures have been associated with cancer diagnosis, treatment response, and prognosis of several types of cancer. However, the role of miRNAs has been poorly explored in pediatric ACT. In this study, we performed miRNA microarray profiling on a cohort of 37 pediatric ACT and nine nonneoplastic adrenal (NNA) samples and evaluated the prognostic significance of abnormally expressed miRNAs using Kaplan-Meier plots, log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis. We identified a total of 98 abnormally expressed miRNAs; their expression profile discriminated ACT from NNAs. Among the 98 deregulated miRNAs, 17 presented significant associations with patients' survival. In addition, higher expression levels of hsa-miR-630, -139-3p, -125a-3p, -574-5p, -596, -564, -1321, and -423-5p and lower expression levels of hsa-miR-377-3p, -126-3p, -410, -136-3p, -29b-3p, -29a-3p, -337-5p, -143-3p, and 140-5p were significantly associated with poor prognosis, tumor relapse, and/or death. Importantly, the expression profile of these 17 miRNAs stratified patients into two groups of ACTs with different clinical outcomes. Although some individual miRNAs exhibit potential prognostic values in ACTs, only the 17 miRNA-based expression clustering was considered an independent prognostic factor for 5-year event-free survival (EFS) compared to other clinicopathological features. In conclusion, our study reports for the first time associations between miRNA profiles and childhood ACT prognosis, providing evidence that miRNAs could be useful biomarkers to discriminate patients with favorable and unfavorable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Fernanda Fedatto
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Régia Caroline Peixoto Lira
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Campus I, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mirella Baroni
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keteryne Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Santos
- Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvio Tucci
- Department of Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Turai PI, Herold Z, Nyirő G, Borka K, Micsik T, Tőke J, Szücs N, Tóth M, Patócs A, Igaz P. Tissue miRNA Combinations for the Differential Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Adenoma Established by Artificial Intelligence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040895. [PMID: 35205648 PMCID: PMC8870702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The histological differential diagnosis of adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma is difficult and requires great expertise. MiRNAs were shown to be useful for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors of several organs, and several findings have suggested their utility in adrenocortical tumors as well. Here, we have selected tissue miRNAs based on the literature search, and used machine learning to identify novel clinically applicable miRNA combinations. Combinations with high sensitivity and specificity (both over 90%) have been identified that could be promising for clinical use. Besides being a useful adjunct to histological examination, these miRNA combinations could enable preoperative adrenal biopsy in patients with adrenal tumors suspicious for malignancy. Abstract The histological analysis of adrenal tumors is difficult and requires great expertise. Tissue microRNA (miRNA) expression is distinct between benign and malignant tumors of several organs and can be useful for diagnostic purposes. MiRNAs are stable and their expression can be reliably reproduced from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Our purpose was to assess the potential applicability of combinations of literature-based miRNAs as markers of adrenocortical malignancy. Archived FFPE tissue samples from 10 adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), 10 adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and 10 normal adrenal cortex samples were analyzed in a discovery cohort, while 21 ACC and 22 ACA patients were studied in a blind manner in the validation cohort. The expression of miRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. Machine learning and neural network-based methods were used to find the best performing miRNA combination models. To evaluate diagnostic applicability, ROC-analysis was performed. We have identified three miRNA combinations (hsa-miR-195 + hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-503; hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-375 + hsa-miR-503 and hsa-miR-210 + hsa-miR-483-5p + hsa-miR-503) as unexpectedly good predictors to determine adrenocortical malignancy with sensitivity and specificity both of over 90%. These miRNA panels can supplement the histological examination of removed tumors and could even be performed from small volume adrenal biopsy samples preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter István Turai
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Nyirő
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Katalin Borka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Micsik
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Judit Tőke
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolette Szücs
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Department of Endocrinology, ENS@T Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (P.I.T.); (G.N.); (J.T.); (N.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-266-0816
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The Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Role of miRNAs in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111501. [PMID: 34829730 PMCID: PMC8614733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with a dismal prognosis and a high rate of recurrence and mortality. Therapeutic options are limited. In some cases, the distinction of ACCs from benign adrenal neoplasms with the existing widely available pathological and histopathological tools is difficult. Thus, new biomarkers have been tested. We conducted a review of the recent literature on the advances of the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role of miRNAs on ACC patients. More than 10 miRNAs validated by multiple studies were found to present a diagnostic and prognostic role for ACC patients, from which miR-483-5p and miR-195 were the most frequently met biomarkers. In particular, upregulation of miR-483-5p and downregulation of miR-195 were the most commonly validated molecular alterations. Unfortunately, data on the therapeutic role of miRNA are still scarce and limited mainly at the experimental level. Thus, the role of miRNA regulation in ACC remains an area of active research.
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Naboulsi R, Larsson M, Andersson L, Younis S. ZBED6 regulates Igf2 expression partially through its regulation of miR483 expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19484. [PMID: 34593874 PMCID: PMC8484269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Igf2 in mammals shows a complex regulation involving multiple promoters and epigenetic mechanisms. We previously identified a novel regulatory mechanism based on the interaction between the transcriptional factor ZBED6 and Igf2 intron. Disruption of the ZBED6-Igf2 interaction leads to a dramatic up-regulation of IGF2 expression postnatally. In the current study we characterize an additional layer of regulation involving miR483 encoded by another Igf2 intron. We found a highly significant up-regulation of miR483 expression when the ZBED6-Igf2 axis is disrupted in transgenic mice. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-out of miR483 in C2C12 myoblast cells, both wild-type and cells with disrupted ZBED6-Igf2 axis (Igf2dGGCT), resulted in down-regulation of Igf2 expression and a reduced proliferation rate. This was further validated using miR483 mimics and inhibitors. RNA-seq analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway among genes down-regulated in miR483-/- cells, including Igf2 down-regulation. The opposite pattern was observed in Igf2dGGCT cells, where Igf2 is up-regulated. Our data suggest a positive feedback between miR483 and Igf2 promoter activity, strongly affecting how ZBED6 controls Igf2 expression in various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan Naboulsi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Shady Younis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, 11241, Egypt.
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Viëtor CL, Creemers SG, van Kemenade FJ, van Ginhoven TM, Hofland LJ, Feelders RA. How to Differentiate Benign from Malignant Adrenocortical Tumors? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174383. [PMID: 34503194 PMCID: PMC8431066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. Adrenal tumors are, however, commonly identified in clinical practice. Discrimination between benign and malignant adrenal tumors is of great importance to determine the appropriate treatment and follow-up strategy. This review summarizes the current diagnostic strategies and challenges to distinguish benign from malignant adrenal lesions. We will focus both on radiological and biochemical assessments, enabling diagnosis of the adrenal lesion preoperatively, and on histopathological and a wide variety of molecular assessments that can be done after surgical removal of the adrenal lesion. Furthermore, new non-invasive strategies such as liquid biopsies, in which blood samples are used to study circulating tumor cells, tumor DNA and microRNA, will be addressed in this review. Abstract Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. Adrenal incidentalomas are, however, commonly identified in clinical practice. Discrimination between benign and malignant adrenal tumors is of great importance considering the large differences in clinical behavior requiring different strategies. Diagnosis of ACC starts with a thorough physical examination, biochemical evaluation, and imaging. Computed tomography is the first-level imaging modality in adrenal tumors, with tumor size and Hounsfield units being important features for determining malignancy. New developments include the use of urine metabolomics, also enabling discrimination of ACC from adenomas preoperatively. Postoperatively, the Weiss score is used for diagnosis of ACC, consisting of nine histopathological criteria. Due to known limitations as interobserver variability and lack of accuracy in borderline cases, much effort has been put into new tools to diagnose ACC. Novel developments vary from immunohistochemical markers and pathological scores, to markers at the level of DNA, methylome, chromosome, or microRNA. Molecular studies have provided insights into the most promising and most frequent alterations in ACC. The use of liquid biopsies for diagnosis of ACC is studied, although in a small number of patients, requiring further investigation. In this review, current diagnostic modalities and challenges in ACC will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Viëtor
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.V.); (T.M.v.G.)
| | - Sara G. Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.G.C.); (L.J.H.)
| | - Folkert J. van Kemenade
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Tessa M. van Ginhoven
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.L.V.); (T.M.v.G.)
| | - Leo J. Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.G.C.); (L.J.H.)
| | - Richard A. Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.G.C.); (L.J.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhou W, Yang W, Yang J, Zhu H, Duan L, Wang X, Li Y, Niu L, Xiao S, Zhang R, Yang J, Hong L. miR‑483 promotes the development of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the expression level of EI24. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:567. [PMID: 34109432 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) serve an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis by negatively regulating gene expression at the transcriptional or post‑transcriptional level. EI24 autophagy associated transmembrane protein (EI24) is a tumor suppressor gene that serves an important role in the occurrence and development of digestive system tumors. However, little is known regarding the relationship between EI24 and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous study confirmed EI24 as the target molecule of miR‑483, using reporter gene detection. Thus, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of the abnormal expression of miR‑483 on the malignant phenotype of CRC through a series of cell function experiments and nude mice tumorigenicity experiments, and to determine the expression level of EI24, a downstream target gene of miR‑483, in CRC and its relationship with patient prognosis. In CRC tissues and cells, the expression level of miR‑483 was upregulated, while the expression level of EI24 was downregulated. Cell function tests such as MTT assay, cell cycle assay, colony formation assay, Migration and invasion assays and nude mice tumorigenicity experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of miR‑483 promoted the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, the reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR results indicated that overexpression of miR‑483 inhibited the expression level of EI24. The relationship between the clinical data and immunohistochemical results from 183 patients with CRC and survival was examined. It was found that the expression level of EI24 was positively associated with the prognosis of patients. As a cancer‑promoting factor, miR‑483 enhances the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells by reducing the expression level of EI24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Lili Duan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuao Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liu Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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MiR-486-3p was downregulated at microRNA profiling of adrenals of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 mice, and inhibited human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14772. [PMID: 34285285 PMCID: PMC8292366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare aggressive disease commonly recurring regardless of radical surgery. Although data on genomic alterations in malignant tumors are accumulating, knowledge of molecular events of importance for initiation of adrenocortical transformation is scarce. In an attempt to recognize early molecular alterations, we used adrenals from young multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 conventional knock-out mice (Men1+/−) closely mimicking the human MEN1 trait (i.e. transformation of pituitary, parathyroid, endocrine pancreatic, and adrenocortical cells). MicroRNA array and hierarchical clustering showed a distinct pattern. Twenty miRNAs were significantly upregulated and eleven were downregulated in Men1+/− compared to wild type littermates. The latter included the known suppressor miRNA miR-486-3p, which was chosen for transfection in human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines H295R and SW13. Cell growth decreased in miR-486-3p overexpressing clones and levels of the predicted target gene fatty acid synthase (FASN) and its downstream product, palmitic acid, were lowered. In conclusion, heterozygous inactivation of Men1 in adrenals results in distinct miRNA profile regulating expression of genes with impact on tumorigenesis, e.g. transcription, nucleic acid and lipid metabolism. Low levels of miR-486-3p in the early stages of transformation may contribute to proliferation by increasing FASN and thus fatty acid production. FASN as a potentially druggable target for treatment of the devastating disease adrenocortical carcinoma warrants further studies.
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15
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A Critical Appraisal of Contemporary and Novel Biomarkers in Pheochromocytomas and Adrenocortical Tumors. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070580. [PMID: 34201922 PMCID: PMC8301201 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGLs) and adrenocortical tumors are neoplasms that originate from different regions of the adrenal gland and display significant heterogeneity with respect to their biological and clinical behavior. They may be sporadic or develop in the context of hereditary syndromes. Adrenocortical tumors are mostly benign but less than 2% are carcinomas associated with a poor outcome when diagnosed in advanced disease. The majority of PPGLS are benign, but a subset may develop metastatic disease. In particular, for PPGLs, it is mandatory to identify biomarkers of high sensitivity and specificity that lead to accurate diagnosis and predict patients with a malignant potential that would benefit from aggressive surveillance and administration of early treatment. Current biomarkers include mostly histopathological and genetic parameters but none of them can be considered independent predictive factors. Recent genomic studies have implemented new molecular biomarkers of high accuracy for the diagnosis and management of PPGLs and adrenocortical tumors. In this review, we summarize the current and novel biomarkers that may be considered valuable tools for diagnosis and prediction of malignancy in patients with PPGLs and adrenocortical tumors. Abstract Pheochromocytomas/Paragangliomas (PPGLs) and adrenocortical tumors are rare neoplasms with significant heterogeneity in their biologic and clinical behavior. Current diagnostic and predictive biomarkers include hormone secretion, as well as histopathological and genetic features. PPGL diagnosis is based on biochemical measurement of catecholamines/metanephrines, while histopathological scoring systems have been proposed to predict the risk of malignancy. Adrenocortical tumors are mostly benign, but some can be malignant. Currently, the stage of disease at diagnosis and tumor grade, appear to be the most powerful prognostic factors. However, recent genomic and proteomic studies have identified new genetic and circulating biomarkers, including genes, immunohistochemical markers and micro-RNAs that display high specificity and sensitivity as diagnostic or prognostic tools. In addition, new molecular classifications have been proposed that divide adrenal tumors in distinct subgroups with different clinical outcomes.
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Nadella KS, Berthon A, Almeida MQ, Levy I, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression in adrenocortical disease due to PRKAR1A mutations compared to other benign adrenal tumors. Endocrine 2021; 72:823-834. [PMID: 33420948 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2), a key regulator of cell growth and development, is tightly regulated in its expression by epigenetic control that maintains its monoallelic expression in most tissues. Biallelic expression of IGF2 resulting from loss of imprinting (LOI) has been reported in adrenocortical tumors. In this study, we wanted to check whether adrenocortical lesions due to PRKAR1A mutations lead to increased IGF2 expression from LOI and compare these findings to those in other benign adrenal lesions. METHODS We compared the expression of IGF2 by RNA and protein studies in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) caused by PRKAR1A gene mutations to that in primary macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PMAH) and cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) that did not have any mutations in known genes. We also checked LOI in all lesions by DNA allelic studies and the expression of other components of IGF2 signaling at the RNA and protein level. RESULTS We identified cell clusters overexpressing IGF2 in PPNAD; although immunostaining was patchy, overall, by RNA and immunoblotting PPNAD expressed high IGF2 message and protein. However, this was not due to LOI, as there was no correlation between IGF2 expression and the presence of LOI. CONCLUSIONS Our data pointed to over-expression of IGF2 protein in PPNAD compared to other benign adrenocortical lesions, such as PMAH and CPA. However, there was no correlation of IGF2 mRNA levels with LOI of IGF2/H19. The discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels with regards to LOI points, perhaps, to different control of IGF2 gene expression in PPNAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Nadella
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Madson Q Almeida
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaac Levy
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Reda El Sayed S, Cristante J, Guyon L, Denis J, Chabre O, Cherradi N. MicroRNA Therapeutics in Cancer: Current Advances and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112680. [PMID: 34072348 PMCID: PMC8198729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a complex disease associated with deregulation of numerous genes. In addition, redundant cellular pathways limit efficiency of monotarget drugs in cancer therapy. MicroRNAs are a class of gene expression regulators, which often function by targeting multiple genes. This feature makes them a double-edged sword (a) as attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy and concomitantly (b) as risky targets due to their potential side effects on healthy tissues. As for conventional antitumor drugs, nanocarriers have been developed to circumvent the problems associated with miRNA delivery to tumors. In this review, we highlight studies that have established the pre-clinical proof-of concept of miRNAs as relevant therapeutic targets in oncology. Particular attention was brought to new strategies based on nanovectorization of miRNAs as well as to the perspectives for their applications. Abstract The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 has challenged the dogma of gene expression regulation. MiRNAs affect most of cellular processes from metabolism, through cell proliferation and differentiation, to cell death. In cancer, deregulated miRNA expression leads to tumor development and progression by promoting acquisition of cancer hallmark traits. The multi-target action of miRNAs, which enable regulation of entire signaling networks, makes them attractive tools for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Hence, supplementing downregulated miRNA by synthetic oligonucleotides or silencing overexpressed miRNAs through artificial antagonists became a common strategy in cancer research. However, the ultimate success of miRNA therapeutics will depend on solving pharmacokinetic and targeted delivery issues. The development of a number of nanocarrier-based platforms holds significant promises to enhance the cell specific controlled delivery and safety profile of miRNA-based therapies. In this review, we provide among the most comprehensive assessments to date of promising nanomedicine platforms that have been tested preclinically, pertaining to the treatment of selected solid tumors including lung, liver, breast, and glioblastoma tumors as well as endocrine malignancies. The future challenges and potential applications in clinical oncology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Reda El Sayed
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
| | - Justine Cristante
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d’Endocrinologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Guyon
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
| | - Josiane Denis
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivier Chabre
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d’Endocrinologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Cherradi
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Biology and Biotechnologies for Health UMR_1292, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (S.R.E.S.); (J.C.); (L.G.); (J.D.); (O.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-38783501; Fax: +33-(0)4-38785058
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Essential Role of the 14q32 Encoded miRNAs in Endocrine Tumors. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050698. [PMID: 34066712 PMCID: PMC8151414 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 14q32 cluster is among the largest polycistronic miRNA clusters. miRNAs encoded here have been implicated in tumorigenesis of multiple organs including endocrine glands. METHODS Critical review of miRNA studies performed in endocrine tumors have been performed. The potential relevance of 14q32 miRNAs through investigating their targets, and integrating the knowledge provided by literature data and bioinformatics predictions have been indicated. RESULTS Pituitary adenoma, papillary thyroid cancer and a particular subset of pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical cancer are characterized by the downregulation of miRNAs encoded by the 14q32 cluster. Pancreas neuroendocrine tumors, most of the adrenocortical cancer and medullary thyroid cancer are particularly distinct, as 14q32 miRNAs were overexpressed. In pheochromocytoma and growth-hormone producing pituitary adenoma, however, both increased and decreased expression of 14q32 miRNAs cluster members were observed. In the background of this phenomenon methodological, technical and biological factors are hypothesized and discussed. The functions of 14q32 miRNAs were also revealed by bioinformatics and literature data mining. CONCLUSIONS 14q32 miRNAs have a significant role in the tumorigenesis of endocrine organs. Regarding their stable expression in the circulation of healthy individuals, further investigation of 14q32 miRNAs could provide a potential for use as biomarkers (diagnostic or prognostic) in endocrine neoplasms.
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Araujo-Castro M, Pascual-Corrales E, Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T. Immunotherapy in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Predictors of Response, Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanisms of Resistance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030304. [PMID: 33809752 PMCID: PMC8002272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with limited treatment options in the advanced stages. Immunotherapy offers hope for altering the orthodox management of cancer, and its role in advanced ACC has been investigated in different studies. With the aim clarifying the role of immunotherapy in ACC we performed a comprehensive review about this topic focusing on the predictors of response, efficacy, safety, and the mechanisms of resistance. Five clinical trials with four immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, avelumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab) have investigated the role of immunotherapy in advanced ACC. Despite, the different primary endpoints used in these studies, the reported rates of overall response rate and progression free survival were generally poor. Three main potential markers of response to immunotherapy in ACC have been described: Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1, microsatellite instability and tumor mutational burden. However, none of them has been validated in prospective studies. Several mechanisms of ACC immunoevasion may be responsible of immunotherapy failure, and a greater knowledge of these mechanisms might lead to the development of new strategies to overcome the immunotherapy resistance. In conclusion, although currently the role of immunotherapy is limited, the identification of immunological markers of response and the implementation of strategies to avoid immunotherapy resistance could improve the efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eider Pascual-Corrales
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-C.); (T.A.-G.)
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-C.); (T.A.-G.)
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Mizdrak M, Tičinović Kurir T, Božić J. The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33578890 PMCID: PMC7916711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells. Distinguishing the etiology of adrenal mass, between benign adenomas, which are quite frequent in general population, and malignant carcinomas with dismal prognosis is often unfeasible. Even after pathohistological analysis, diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinomas is not always straightforward and represents a great challenge for experienced and multidisciplinary expert teams. No single imaging method, hormonal work-up or immunohistochemical labelling can definitively prove the diagnosis of ACC. Over several decades' great efforts have been made in finding novel reliable and available diagnostic and prognostic factors including steroid metabolome profiling or target gene identification. Despite these achievements, the 5-year mortality rate still accounts for approximately 75% to 90%, ACC is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and therapeutic options are unfortunately limited. Therefore, imperative is to identify new biological markers that can predict patient prognosis and provide new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mizdrak
- Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tina Tičinović Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Božić
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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Cheng Y, Kou W, Zhu D, Yu X, Zhu Y. Future Directions in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Disease Monitoring of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:811293. [PMID: 35178030 PMCID: PMC8844185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.811293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with frequent metastatic spread and poor prognosis. The disease can occur at any age with unexpected biological behavior. Recent genome-wide studies of ACC have contributed to our understanding of the disease, but diagnosis of ACC remains a challenge, even for multidisciplinary expert teams. Patients with ACC are frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and have limited therapeutic options. Therefore, for earlier diagnosis and better clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma, specific, sensitive, and minimal invasive markers are urgently needed. Over several decades, great efforts have been made in discovering novel and reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers including microRNAs, steroid profilings, circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNAs and radiomics. In this review, we will summarize these novel noninvasive biomarkers and analyze their values for diagnosis, predicting prognosis, and disease monitoring. Current problems and possible future application of these non-invasive biomarkers will also be discussed.
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22
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Alyateem G, Nilubol N. Current Status and Future Targeted Therapy in Adrenocortical Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613248. [PMID: 33732213 PMCID: PMC7957049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. The current treatment standards include complete surgical resection for localized resectable disease and systemic therapy with mitotane alone or in combination with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with advanced ACC. However, the efficacy of systemic therapy in ACC is very limited, with high rates of toxicities. The understanding of altered molecular pathways is critically important to identify effective treatment options that currently do not exist. In this review, we discuss the results of recent advanced in molecular profiling of ACC with the focus on dysregulated pathways from various genomic and epigenetic dysregulation. We discuss the potential translational therapeutic implication of molecular alterations. In addition, we review and summarize the results of recent clinical trials and ongoing trials.
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23
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Paragliola RM, Corsello A, Locantore P, Papi G, Pontecorvi A, Corsello SM. Medical Approaches in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120551. [PMID: 33260476 PMCID: PMC7760807 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) represents one of the most aggressive endocrine tumors. In spite of a correct therapeutic strategy based on a multidisciplinary approach between endocrinologist, surgeon and oncologist, the prognosis is often poor. Surgery is the mainstay treatment in ACC. Mitotane, a dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane derivate, represents the main medical treatment of ACC in consideration of its adrenocytolitic activity and it is mainly employed as adjuvant treatment after complete surgical resection and for the treatment of advanced ACC. However, the use of mitotane as adjuvant therapy is still controversial, also in consideration of the retrospective nature of several studies. The recurrence of disease is frequent, especially in advanced disease at the diagnosis. Therefore, in these contexts, conventional chemotherapy must be considered in association with mitotane, being the combination etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin (EDP) the standard of care in this setting. A more modern therapeutic approach, based on the need of a salvage therapy for advanced ACC that progresses through first-line EDP, is focused on molecular-targeted therapies. However, robust clinical trials are necessary to assess the real efficacy of these treatments.
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Nadella K, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. c-KIT oncogene expression in PRKAR1A-mutant adrenal cortex. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:591-599. [PMID: 32738126 PMCID: PMC7484269 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKAR1A) defects lead to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). The KIT protooncogene (c-KIT) is not known to be expressed in the normal adrenal cortex (AC). In this study, we investigated the expression of c-KIT and its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), in PPNAD and other cortisol-producing tumors of the adrenal cortex. mRNA and protein expression, by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting (IB), respectively, were studied. We then tested c-KIT and SCF responses to PRKAR1A introduction and PKA stimulation in adrenocortical cell lines CAR47 and H295R, which were also treated with the KIT inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (IM). Mice xenografted with H295R cells were treated with IM. There was increased c-KIT mRNA expression in PPNAD; IHC showed KIT and SCF immunoreactivity within certain nodular areas in PPNAD. IB data was consistent with IHC and mRNA data. PRKAR1A-deficient CAR47 cells expressed c-KIT; this was enhanced by forskolin and lowered by PRKAR1A reintroduction. Knockdown of PKA's catalytic subunit (PRKACA) by siRNA reduced c-KIT levels. Treatment of the CAR47 cells with IM resulted in reduced cell viability, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Treatment with IM of mice xenografted with H295 cells inhibited further tumor growth. We conclude that c-KIT is expressed in PPNAD, an expression that appears to be dependent on PRKAR1A and/or PKA activity. In a human adrenocortical cell line and its xenografts in mice, c-KIT inhibition decreased growth, suggesting that c-KIT inhibitors may be a reasonable alternative therapy to be tested in PPNAD, when other treatments are not optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nadella
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Fabio R. Faucz, PhD: SEGEN, NICHD, NIH - 9000 Rockville Pike, CRC, Bldg 10, Rm 1E-3216, Bethesda, MD 20892-1862, tel. 301-451-7177, fax 301-402-0574,
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
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25
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Chehade M, Bullock M, Glover A, Hutvagner G, Sidhu S. Key MicroRNA's and Their Targetome in Adrenocortical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2198. [PMID: 32781574 PMCID: PMC7465134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and limited response to available systemic therapies. Although complete surgical resection gives the best chance for long-term survival, ACC has a two-year recurrence rate of 50%, which poses a therapeutic challenge. High throughput analyses focused on characterizing the molecular signature of ACC have revealed specific micro-RNAs (miRNAs) that are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or degrading mRNA transcripts and have been generally implicated in carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the current insights into dysregulated miRNAs in ACC tumorigenesis, their known functions, and specific targetomes. In addition, we explore the possibility of particular miRNAs to be exploited as clinical biomarkers in ACC and as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Chehade
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Martyn Bullock
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony Glover
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Hutvagner
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Stan Sidhu
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Jiang N, Pan W, Li J, Cao T, Shen H. Upregulated Circular RNA hsa_circ_0008433 Regulates Pathogenesis in Endometriosis Via miRNA. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:2002-2017. [PMID: 32548806 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
circRNAs (circular RNAs) play important roles in the development of endometriosis. This study aimed to explore the functions of circRNAs on endometriosis. Two ectopic, two paired eutopic, and two normal endometrial tissue samples were collected for RNA-seq to obtain circRNA profiles and construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. The validation of 9 circRNAs in 15 patients was assessed by qRT-PCR. We selected hsa_circ_0008433 as the potential biomarker, followed by examining cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, angiopoiesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis was used to select the potential target miRNA and genes of hsa_circ_0008433. A total of 209 upregulated and 117 downregulated differentially expressed circRNAs were identified from the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples. Eight circRNA levels were significantly increased in ectopic endometrial tissue sample compared with eutopic endometrial tissue. The hsa_circ_0008433 knockdown inhibited endometrial stromal cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and angiopoiesis; promoted cell apoptosis; and downregulated Ki67 and PCNA expression levels. Moreover, the hsa_circ_0008433 knockdown increased Bax and E-CAD expression and decreased Bcl2, CDKN1B, and CyclinD1 levels. Ten potential target miRNAs of hsa_circ_0008433 were selected, and six of them occur significantly aberrant in hsa_circ_0008433-expressing cells. Increased hsa_circ_0008433 levels regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in endometriosis through the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiefeng Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Tömböl Z, Turai PI, Decmann Á, Igaz P. MicroRNAs and Adrenocortical Tumors: Where do we Stand on Primary Aldosteronism? Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:394-403. [PMID: 32168526 DOI: 10.1055/a-1116-2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs, the endogenous mediators of RNA interference, interact with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulate aldosterone secretion and aldosterone effects. Some novel data show that the expression of some microRNAs is altered in primary aldosteronism, and some of these appear to have pathogenic relevance, as well. Differences in the circulating microRNA expression profiles between the two major forms of primary aldosteronism, unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia have also been shown. Here, we present a brief synopsis of these findings focusing on the potential relevance of microRNA in primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Tömböl
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter István Turai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Decmann
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Oreglia M, Sbiera S, Fassnacht M, Guyon L, Denis J, Cristante J, Chabre O, Cherradi N. Early Postoperative Circulating miR-483-5p Is a Prognosis Marker for Adrenocortical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030724. [PMID: 32204444 PMCID: PMC7140036 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified serum miR-483-5p as a preoperative diagnosis and prognosis biomarker for adrenocortical cancer (ACC). Here, we aimed to determine whether circulating miR-483-5p levels measured 3 months post-operatively distinguished patients with good prognosis (no recurrence for at least 3 years; NR3yrs) from patients with poor prognosis (recurrence or death within 3 years after surgery; R < 3yrs). We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis using sera from 48 patients with ACC that were initially non-metastatic and treated by surgery. Sera sampled within 3 months after surgery were available in 26 patients. MiR-483-5p absolute circulating levels were measured using quantitative PCR. Thirteen patients showed a recurrence before 3 years (=R < 3yrs). Thirteen patients showed no recurrence within 3 years, including 11 patients with a follow-up longer than 3 years (=NR3yrs). Serum miR-483-5p levels were higher in R < 3yrs than in NR3yrs: 1,541,990 ± 428,377 copies/mL vs. 388,457 ± 62,169 copies/mL (p = 0.002). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a value of 752,898 copies/mL distinguished R < 3yrs from NR3yrs with 61.5% sensitivity (CI 31.6-86.1) and 100% specificity (CI 71.5-100) with an area under the curve of 0.853. Patients with a value below this threshold had a significantly longer recurrence-free and overall survival. In multivariate analysis, miR-483-5p provided the single best prognostic value for recurrence-free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio (HR) for recurrence 5.98, p < 0.011) but not for overall survival. Our study suggests that serum miR-483-5p is a potent early post-operative biomarker for ACC prognosis that might be a better predictor of RFS than currently used markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Oreglia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d’Endocrinologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.O.); (J.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR_S 1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (L.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Josiane Denis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR_S 1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (L.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Justine Cristante
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d’Endocrinologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.O.); (J.C.); (O.C.)
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR_S 1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (L.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Olivier Chabre
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d’Endocrinologie, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.O.); (J.C.); (O.C.)
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR_S 1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (L.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Nadia Cherradi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, IRIG, Biology of Cancer and Infection UMR_S 1036, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (L.G.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-38783501; Fax: +33-(0)4-38785058
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29
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Decmann A, Perge P, Turai PI, Patócs A, Igaz P. Non-Coding RNAs in Adrenocortical Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020461. [PMID: 32079166 PMCID: PMC7072220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA molecules including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several tumors and numerous data support their applicability in diagnosis as well. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer still remains elusive and there are no reliable blood-borne markers of adrenocortical malignancy, either. Several findings show the potential applicability of microRNAs as biomarkers of malignancy and prognosis, and there are some data on lncRNA as well. In this review, we present a synopsis on the potential relevance of non-coding RNA molecules in adrenocortical pathogenesis and their applicability in diagnosis from tissue and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Decmann
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.); (P.P.); (P.I.T.)
| | - Pál Perge
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.); (P.P.); (P.I.T.)
| | - Peter Istvan Turai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.); (P.P.); (P.I.T.)
| | - Attila Patócs
- MTA-SE Lendület Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi Str. 46., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.); (P.P.); (P.I.T.)
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-1-266-0816
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Hiramatsu N, Chiang K, Aivati C, Rodvold JJ, Lee JM, Han J, Chea L, Zanetti M, Koo EH, Lin JH. PERK-mediated induction of microRNA-483 disrupts cellular ATP homeostasis during the unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:237-249. [PMID: 31792031 PMCID: PMC6952592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which reduces levels of misfolded proteins. However, if ER homeostasis is not restored and the UPR remains chronically activated, cells undergo apoptosis. The UPR regulator, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), plays an important role in promoting cell death when persistently activated; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome in human cells exposed to ER stress and identified miRNAs that are selectively induced by PERK signaling. We found that expression of a PERK-induced miRNA, miR-483, promotes apoptosis in human cells. miR-483 induction was mediated by a transcription factor downstream of PERK, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), but not by the CHOP transcription factor. We identified the creatine kinase brain-type (CKB) gene, encoding an enzyme that maintains cellular ATP reserves through phosphocreatine production, as being repressed during the UPR and targeted by miR-483. We found that ER stress, selective PERK activation, and CKB knockdown all decrease cellular ATP levels, leading to increased vulnerability to ER stress-induced cell death. Our findings identify miR-483 as a downstream target of the PERK branch of the UPR. We propose that disruption of cellular ATP homeostasis through miR-483-mediated CKB silencing promotes ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Karen Chiang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Cathrine Aivati
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Jeffrey J Rodvold
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31151, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31151, Korea
| | - Leon Chea
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0612; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304.
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Wang CC, Chen X. A Unified Framework for the Prediction of Small Molecule–MicroRNA Association Based on Cross-Layer Dependency Inference on Multilayered Networks. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:5281-5293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Wang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Butz H, Patócs A. MicroRNAs in endocrine tumors. EJIFCC 2019; 30:146-164. [PMID: 31263390 PMCID: PMC6599198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, protein noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Their role is considered to set the gene expression to the optimal level, or in other words to provide "fine tuning" of gene expression. They regulate essential physiological processes such as differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis and their role is known in tumor development too. At tissue level differential miRNA expression in endocrine disorders including endocrine malignancies has also been reported. A new era of miRNAs-related research started when miRNAs were successfully detected outside of cells, in biofluids, in cell-free environments. Their significant role has been demonstrated in cell-cell communication in tumor biology. Due to their stability circulating miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers. In common diseases circulating miRNAs can be potentially proposed as screening biomarkers and they are also useful to detect tumor recurrence hence they can be applied in post-surgery follow-up too. MiRNAs as diagnostic markers can also be helpful at tissue level when certain histology diagnosis is challenging. Beside diagnosis, tissue miRNAs have the potential to predict prognosis. Intensive research is carried out regarding endocrine tumors as well in terms of miRNAs. However, until now miRNAs as biomarkers do not applied in routine diagnostics, probably due to the challenging preanalytics. In this review we summarized tissue and circulating miRNAs found in thyroid, adrenal, pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors. We aimed to highlight the most important, selected miRNAs with potential diagnostic and prognostic value both in tissue and circulation. Common miRNAs across different endocrine neoplasms are summarized and miRNAs enriched at 14q31 locus are also highlighted suggesting their general role in tumorigenesis of endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, „Lendulet˝ Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Deparment of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, „Lendulet˝ Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Deparment of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author: Attila Patocs Semmelweis University Department of Laboratory Medicine Szentkiralyi Street 46 Budapest, H-1088 Hungary E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Circulating microRNAs represent promising minimally invasive markers of several diseases including tumors. As the preoperative diagnosis of different adrenal tumors is difficult, for example, diagnosis of adrenocortical or adrenomedullary malignancy, circulating microRNAs might be helpful in their clinical management. RECENT FINDINGS Observations regarding the applicability of circulating microRNAs isolated both from unfractionated plasma or serum and from extracellular vesicle preparations for the diagnosis of adrenocortical malignancy have been published. Data show that circulating microRNA might be exploited for monitoring adrenocortical cancer progression. Circulating microRNA profiles of adrenal myelolipoma have also been published that might be useful for differentiating adrenocortical cancer and adrenal myelolipoma in dubious cases. SUMMARY In this review, recent advances in the field of circulating microRNAs in adrenal tumors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ruff SM, Ayabe RI, Malekzadeh P, Good ML, Wach MM, Gonzales MK, Tirosh A, Nilubol N, Pacak K, Kebebew E, Patel D. MicroRNA-210 May Be a Preoperative Biomarker of Malignant Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. J Surg Res 2019; 243:1-7. [PMID: 31146085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, no reliable predictive clinical or laboratory tests exist that can accurately distinguish between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas (PPGLs). The aim of this study was to investigate if serum microRNA-210 (miR-210) levels could be a marker of malignancy in patients with PPGLs. METHODS Preoperative serum from patients with PPGLs was collected on the day of surgery. Clinical demographics, germline mutation status, primary tumor size, postoperative biochemical response, and the development of malignant disease were prospectively collected. Total microRNA was extracted from preoperative serum samples, and miR-210 levels were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and normalized to miR-16. Prognostic variables were compared using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Of the 35 patients, 10 (29%) were diagnosed with malignant PPGLs and 25 patients (71%) were diagnosed with benign PPGLs (median follow-up 72.5 mo). Sixty-nine percent of patients had a pheochromocytoma (n = 24/35) compared with 31% of patients with paraganglioma (n = 11/35). The most common germline mutation was succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB) (n = 10). On univariable analysis, lower serum miR-210 expression level (2.3 ± 0.5 versus 3.1 ± 1.2, P = 0.013) and larger primary tumor size (6.7 ± 5.0 cm versus 4.1 ± 2.3 cm, P = 0.043) were significantly associated with malignant disease. No significant prognostic variables were found on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, low serum miR-210 expression levels and large primary tumors were identified to be markers of PPGL malignancy on univariable analysis. Given the initial encouraging results in a small cohort, further investigation is warranted to determine if serum miR-210 levels are prognostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ruff
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reed I Ayabe
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Parisa Malekzadeh
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meghan L Good
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael M Wach
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa K Gonzales
- Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amit Tirosh
- Neuroendocrine Tumors Service, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karel Pacak
- Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Shi C, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang T, Yu J, Qin S, Gao Y. Optimal subset of signature miRNAs consisting of 7 miRNAs that can serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic predictor for the progression of cervical cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:3167-3178. [PMID: 30942460 PMCID: PMC6489013 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Novel prognostic biomarkers are required to predict the progression of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer expression data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) significantly differentially expressed between early- and advanced-stage samples were identified by expression analysis. An optimal subset of signature miRNAs for pathologic stage prediction was delineated using the random forest algorithm and was used for the construction of a cervical cancer-specific support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The roles of signature miRNAs in cervical cancer were analyzed by functional annotation. In total, 44 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. An optimal subset of 7 signature miRNAs was identified, including hsa-miR-144, hsa-miR-147b, hsa-miR-218-2, hsa-miR-425, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-483 and hsa-miR-486. The signature miRNAs were used to construct an SVM classifier and exhibited a good performance in predicting pathologic stages of samples. SVM classification was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these signature miRNAs are involved in tumorigenesis. In conclusion, the subset of signature miRNAs could potentially serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic predictor for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Juanpeng Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaiyin, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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Pittaway JFH, Guasti L. Pathobiology and genetics of adrenocortical carcinoma. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R105-R119. [PMID: 30072419 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with an incidence worldwide of 0.7-2.0 cases/million/year. Initial staging is the most important factor in determining prognosis. If diagnosed early, complete surgical resection +/- adjuvant treatment can lead to 5-year survival of up to 80%. However, often it is diagnosed late and in advanced disease, 5-year survival is <15% with a high recurrence rate even after radical surgery. The mainstay of adjuvant treatment is with the drug mitotane. Mitotane has a specific cytotoxic effect on steroidogenic cells of the adrenal cortex, but despite this, progression through treatment is common. Developments in genetic analysis in the form of next-generation sequencing, aided by bioinformatics, have enabled high-throughput molecular characterisation of these tumours. This, in addition to a better appreciation of the processes of physiological, homeostatic self-renewal of the adrenal cortex, has furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy. In this review, we have detailed the pathobiology and genetic alterations in adrenocortical carcinoma by integrating current understanding of homeostasis and self-renewal in the normal adrenal cortex with molecular profiling of tumours from recent genetic analyses. Improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in self-renewal and stem cell hierarchy in normal human adrenal cortices, together with the identification of cell populations likely to be co-opted by oncogenic mutations, will enable further progress in the definition of the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ACC. The combination of these advances eventually will lead to the development of novel, effective and personalised strategies to eradicate molecularly annotated ACCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F H Pittaway
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Pardo M, Cheng Y, Sitbon YH, Lowell JA, Grieco SF, Worthen RJ, Desse S, Barreda-Diaz A. Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) as an emergent target in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Review. Neurosci Res 2018; 149:1-13. [PMID: 30389571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence highlights the role of IGF2 in the brain, sustained by data showing its alterations as a common feature across a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies emphasize the potential role of IGF2 in psychiatric and neurological conditions as well as in memory impairments, targeting IGF2 as a pro-cognitive agent. New research on animal models supports that upcoming investigations should explore IGF2's strong promising role as a memory enhancer. The lack of effective treatments for cognitive disturbances as a result of psychiatric diseases lead to further explore IGF2 as a promising target for the development of new pharmacology for the treatment of memory dysfunctions. In this review, we aim at gathering all recent relevant studies and findings on the role of IGF2 in the development of psychiatric diseases that occur with cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Y Cheng
- University of California Los Angeles, Neurology Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Y H Sitbon
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - J A Lowell
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S F Grieco
- University of California, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - R J Worthen
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S Desse
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Barreda-Diaz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer, with an incidence less than 0.7-1.5 per 1 million people per year, with a poor prognosis. The overall survival (OS) depends on the ENSAT stage: in particular in metastatic ACC the OS varies from 10 to 20 months, with a 5-year survival around 10%. ACC has a different behavior, probably due to a different biology. For this reason, a careful prognostic classification is mandatory, in order to stratify the patients and propose a specific management. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Prognostic factors can be divides in three groups: clinical factors (tumor stage, age, hormone-related symptoms), pathological factors (Weiss Score, mitotic count, Ki-67, SF-1 and AVA2, P53, beta-catenin immunohistochemistry, resection status), molecular factors (chromosomal aberrations, methylation profile, altered gene expression and miRNA expression, gene mutations). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The best way to stratify ACC patients and propose the best therapeutic option is to combine clinical, pathological and molecular factors. CONCLUSIONS Individualizing patients' prognosis and tumor biology appears as a necessary step for personalized medicine. In addition to tumor stage and tumor grade, the genomic classification may precise the risk stratification and thus help defining therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Libé
- French Network for Adrenal Cancer, Department of Endocrinology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France -
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Lotfi CFP, Kremer JL, dos Santos Passaia B, Cavalcante IP. The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e473s. [PMID: 30208164 PMCID: PMC6113920 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e473s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key knowledge regarding the development, growth, and growth disorders of the adrenal cortex from a molecular perspective. The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions: the cortex and the medulla. During embryological development and transition to the adult adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex acquires three different structural and functional zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling and molecules involved during adrenal cortex zonation. Equally significant is the knowledge obtained regarding the action of peptide factors involved in the maintenance of zonation of the adrenal cortex, such as peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin processing, adrenocorticotropin and N-terminal proopiomelanocortin. Findings regarding the development, maintenance and growth of the adrenal cortex and the molecular factors involved has improved the scientific understanding of disorders that affect adrenal cortex growth. Hypoplasia, hyperplasia and adrenocortical tumors, including adult and pediatric adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, are described together with findings regarding molecular and pathway alterations. Comprehensive genomic analyses of adrenocortical tumors have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as methylation alterations and the involvement of miRNAs. These findings provide a new perspective on the diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis of adrenocortical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Jean Lucas Kremer
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Barbara dos Santos Passaia
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isadora Pontes Cavalcante
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Decmann A, Perge P, Nyíro G, Darvasi O, Likó I, Borka K, Micsik T, Tóth Z, Bancos I, Pezzani R, Iacobone M, Patócs A, Igaz P. MicroRNA Expression Profiling in Adrenal Myelolipoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3522-3530. [PMID: 29982598 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenal myelolipoma (AML) is the second most common and invariably benign primary adrenal neoplasm. Due to the variable proportion of fat and hematopoietic elements and its often large size, it can cause differential diagnostic problems. Several reports confirmed the utility of miRNAs in the diagnosis of tumors, but miRNA expression in AML has not yet been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on 30 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tissue samples [10 each of AML, adrenocortical adenoma (ACA), and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC)]. Validation was performed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on a cohort containing 41 further FFPE samples (15 AML, 14 ACA, and 12 ACC samples). Circulating miRNA counterparts of significantly differentially expressed tissue miRNAs were studied in 33 plasma samples (11 each of ACA, ACC, and AML). RESULTS By NGS, 256 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were discovered, and 8 of these were chosen for validation. Significant overexpression of hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-363-3p, and hsa-miR-150-5p was confirmed in AML relative to ACA and ACC. hsa-miR-184, hsa-miR-483-5p, and hsa-miR-183-5p were significantly overexpressed in ACC relative to ACA but not to AML. Circulating hsa-miR-451a and hsa-miR-363-3p were significantly overexpressed in AML, whereas circulating hsa-miR-483-5p and hsa-miR-483-3p were only significantly overexpressed in ACC vs ACA. CONCLUSIONS We have found significantly differentially expressed miRNAs in AML and adrenocortical tumors. Circulating hsa-miR-451a might be a promising minimally invasive biomarker of AML. The lack of significantly different expression of hsa-miR-483-3p and hsa-miR-483-5p between AML and ACC might limit their applicability as diagnostic miRNA markers for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Decmann
- Second Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Perge
- Second Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyíro
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottó Darvasi
- Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Borka
- Second Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Micsik
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Tóth
- Second Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Minimally Invasive Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Attila Patócs
- Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- Second Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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The Glucose-Regulated MiR-483-3p Influences Key Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060181. [PMID: 29867024 PMCID: PMC6025222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hsa-mir-483 gene, located within the IGF2 locus, transcribes for two mature microRNAs, miR-483-5p and miR-483-3p. This gene, whose regulation is mediated by the the CTNNB1/USF1 complex, shows an independent expression from its host gene IGF2. The miR-483-3p affects the Wnt/β-catenin, the TGF-β, and the TP53 signaling pathways by targeting several genes as CTNNB1, SMAD4, IGF1, and BBC3. Accordingly, miR-483-3p is associated with various tissues specific physiological properties as insulin and melanin production, as well as with cellular physiological functions such as wounding, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Deregulation of miR-483-3p is observed in different types of cancer, and its overexpression can inhibit the pro-apoptotic pathway induced by the TP53 target effectors. As a result, the oncogenic characteristics of miR-483-3p are linked to the effect of some of the most relevant cancer-related genes, TP53 and CTNNB1, as well as to one of the most important cancer hallmark: the aberrant glucose metabolism of tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the miR-483-3p, to elucidate its functional role in physiological and pathological contexts, focusing overall on its involvement in cancer and in the TP53 pathway.
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Angelousi A, Kyriakopoulos G, Nasiri-Ansari N, Karageorgou M, Kassi E. The role of epithelial growth factors and insulin growth factors in the adrenal neoplasms. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:253. [PMID: 30069455 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.05.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human fetal and adult adrenal gland express both insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2, their receptors (IGF-Rs) and a variety of specific IGF binding proteins suggesting their potential role in the regulation of adrenal growth and function. IGF-2 overexpression is essential for the growth of monoclonal lesions, such as large benign adenomas (ACA) and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) and has been found to contribute to tumorigenesis in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. IGF-2 is the most highly expressed gene observed in more than 85% of ACCs. However, no significant differences in clinical, biological and transcriptomic traits were found between tumors with high and low expression of IGF-2. On the contrary, the expression of IGF-1R, mediating the IGF-2 effects in vivo, was more discriminant between malignant (overexpression) and benign tumors. Data on the role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) in adrenocortical tumorigenesis are controversial. Several studies have shown EGF-R overexpression in ACCs but not in benign ACAs, suggesting that EGF-R could potentially be used as a marker for the differential diagnosis of ACAs and ACCs. Although, in vitro and animal studies provide promising results in the therapeutic role of IGF and EGF pathway inhibitors, the available data in humans are still not encouraging. Herein, we aim to present recent data on the role of IGF and EGF pathways in adrenal development and tumorigenesis and their potential implication in the treatment of the ACC, a rare malignancy with very poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Kyriakopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Pathology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Karageorgou
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Xu R, Li J, Wei B, Huo W, Wang L. MicroRNA-483-5p Modulates the Expression of Cartilage-Related Genes in Human Chondrocytes through Down-Regulating TGF-β1 Expression. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 243:41-48. [PMID: 28924102 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.243.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to improve chondrocytes phenotype and function. The expression levels of microRNA-483-5p (miR-483-5p), a potential regulator of TGF-β signaling pathway, were elevated in chondrocytes of patients with osteoarthritis. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of miR-483-5p for the expression of cartilage-related genes in chondrocytes. Human chondrocytes were harvested from femoral condyle and tibial plateau of different donors (n = 10) following amputation due to sarcomas not involving the joint space. The expression levels of miR-483-5p and TGF-β1 mRNA were measured by qRT-PCR. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a transcription factor involved in chondrocyte differentiation, and type II collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13) contributes to cartilage degradation. qRT-PCR was also used to measure the levels of RUNX2 and MMP-13 mRNAs, as well as type II collagen alpha 1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan mRNAs. COL2A1 and aggrecan are major cartilage extracellular matrix proteins that are essential for normal cartilage function. The expression levels of miR-483-5p were significantly increased in chondrocytes from Passage 0 to 2, whereas the expression levels of TGF-β1 mRNA were marginally decreased. Passage 1 chondrocytes were employed for following experiments. MiR-483-5p overexpression reduced TGF-β1 expression, while miR-483-5p knockdown dramatically elevated TGF-β1 expression both at mRNA and protein levels. Further, miR-483-5p overexpression significantly decreased the levels of COL2A1 and aggrecan mRNAs, and increased those of RUNX2 and MMP13 mRNAs, by down-regulating TGF-β1 expression. These findings suggest that modulating miR-483-5p expression may contribute to maintaining the cartilage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Weiling Huo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
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44
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Jouinot A, Bertherat J. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Adrenocortical carcinoma: differentiating the good from the poor prognosis tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R215-R230. [PMID: 29475877 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, the five-years overall survival being below 40%. However, there is great variability of outcomes and we have now a better view of the heterogeneity of tumor aggressiveness. The extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis, best assayed by the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) Staging Score, is a major determinant of survival. The tumor grade, including the mitotic count and the Ki67 proliferation index, also appears as a strong prognostic factor. The assessment of tumor grade, even by expert pathologists, still suffers from inter-observer reproducibility. The emergence of genomics in the last decade has revolutionized the knowledge of molecular biology and genetics of cancers. In ACC, genomic approaches - including pan-genomic studies of gene expression (transcriptome), recurrent mutations (exome or whole-genome sequencing), chromosome alterations, DNA methylation (methylome), miRNA expression (miRnome) - converge in a new classification of ACC, characterized by distinct molecular profiles and very different outcomes. Targeted measurements of a few discriminant molecular alterations have been developed in the perspective of clinical routine, and thus, may help defining therapeutic strategy. By individualizing patients' prognosis and tumor biology, these recent progresses appear as an important step forward towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jouinot
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Medical Oncology Reference Center for Rare Adrenal DiseasesDepartment of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Adrenal DiseasesDepartment of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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45
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Armignacco R, Cantini G, Canu L, Poli G, Ercolino T, Mannelli M, Luconi M. Adrenocortical carcinoma: the dawn of a new era of genomic and molecular biology analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:499-507. [PMID: 29080966 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of novel and high penetrance genomic approaches to analyze biological samples has provided very new insights in the comprehension of the molecular biology and genetics of tumors. The use of these techniques, consisting of exome sequencing, transcriptome, miRNome, chromosome alteration, genome, and epigenome analysis, has also been successfully applied to adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). In fact, the analysis of large cohorts of patients allowed the stratification of ACC with different patterns of molecular alterations, associated with different outcomes, thus providing a novel molecular classification of the malignancy to be associated with the classical pathological analysis. Improving our knowledge about ACC molecular features will result not only in a better diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, but also in the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for the development of more effective pharmacological anti-cancer approaches. In particular, the specific molecular alteration profiles identified in ACC may represent targetable events by the use of already developed or newly designed drugs enabling a better and more efficacious management of the ACC patient in the context of new frontiers of personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Armignacco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G Poli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - T Ercolino
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Mannelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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46
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Koperski Ł, Kotlarek M, Świerniak M, Kolanowska M, Kubiak A, Górnicka B, Jażdżewski K, Wójcicka A. Next-generation sequencing reveals microRNA markers of adrenocortical tumors malignancy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49191-49200. [PMID: 28423361 PMCID: PMC5564760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare finding among common adrenocortical tumors, but it is highly aggressive and requires early detection and treatment. Still, the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions is difficult even for experienced pathologists and there is a significant need for novel diagnostic methods. In this study we aimed to reveal a complete set of microRNAs expressed in the adrenal gland and to identify easily detectable, stable and objective biomarkers of adrenocortical malignancy. Methods We employed next-generation sequencing to analyze microRNA profiles in a unique set of 51 samples, assigned to either a learning dataset including 7 adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), 8 adrenocortical adenomas (AAs) and 8 control samples (NAs), or a validation dataset including 8 ACCs, 10 AAs and 10 NAs. The results were validated in real-time Q-PCR. Results We detected 411 miRNAs expressed in 1763 length isoforms in the examined samples. Fifteen miRNAs differentiate between malignant (ACC) and non-malignant (AA + NA) tissue in the test set of independent samples. Expression levels of 6 microRNAs, miR-503-5p, miR-483-3p, miR-450a-5p, miR-210, miR-483-5p, miR-421, predict sample status (malignancy/non-malignancy) with at least 95% accuracy in both datasets. The best single-gene malignancy marker, miR-483-3p, has been validated by real-time RT PCR. Conclusions As a result of the study we propose clinically valid and easily detectable biomarkers of adrenocortical malignancy that may significantly facilitate morphological examination. Since microRNAs can be detected in blood, the study brings tools for development of non-invasive diagnostics of adrenocortical carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Koperski
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kotlarek
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Świerniak
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kolanowska
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kubiak
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Górnicka
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Jażdżewski
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wójcicka
- Laboratory of Human Cancer Genetics, Center of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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47
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Agosta C, Laugier J, Guyon L, Denis J, Bertherat J, Libé R, Boisson B, Sturm N, Feige JJ, Chabre O, Cherradi N. MiR-483-5p and miR-139-5p promote aggressiveness by targeting N-myc downstream-regulated gene family members in adrenocortical cancer. Int J Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29516499 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a tumor with poor prognosis in which overexpression of a panel of microRNAs has been associated with malignancy but a very limited number of investigations on their role in ACC pathogenesis have been conducted. We examined the involvement of miR-483-5p and miR-139-5p in adrenocortical cancer aggressiveness. Using bioinformatics predictions and mRNA/miRNA expression profiles, we performed an integrated analysis to identify inversely correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs in ACC. We identified N-myc downstream-regulated gene family members 2 and 4 (NDRG2 and NDRG4) as targets of miR-483-5p and miR-139-5p, respectively. NDRG2 and NDRG4 expressions were inversely correlated respectively with miR-483-5p and miR-139-5p levels in aggressive ACC samples from two independent cohorts of 20 and 44 ACC. Moreover, upregulation of miR-139-5p and downregulation of NDRG4 demonstrated a striking prognostic value. A direct interaction between miR-483-5p or miR-139-5p and their targets was demonstrated in reporter assays. Downregulation of miR-483-5p or miR-139-5p in the ACC cell lines NCI-H295R and SW13 increased NDRG2 or NDRG4 mRNA and protein expression, compromised adrenocortical cancer cell invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth. MiR-483-5p or miR-139-5p overexpression and NDRG2 or NDRG4 inhibition produce similar changes, which are rescued by NDRG2 or NDRG4 ectopic expression. We established that key factors mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition are downstream effectors of miR-483-5p/NDRG2 and miR-139-5p/NDRG4 pathways. Collectively, our data show for the first time that miR-483-5p/NDRG2 and miR-139-5p/NDRG4 axes promote ACC aggressiveness, with potential implications for prognosis and therapeutic interventions in adrenocortical malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Agosta
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Grenoble, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Josiane Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Centre Expert Cancers Rares de la Surrénale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Rossella Libé
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Centre Expert Cancers Rares de la Surrénale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Boisson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Sturm
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Chabre
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Grenoble, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Cherradi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, Grenoble, France
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Zhang Y, Hu JF, Wang H, Cui J, Gao S, Hoffman AR, Li W. CRISPR Cas9-guided chromatin immunoprecipitation identifies miR483 as an epigenetic modulator of IGF2 imprinting in tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34177-34190. [PMID: 27486969 PMCID: PMC5470959 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The normally imprinted insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene is aberrantly upregulated in a variety of human malignancies, yet the mechanisms underlying this dysregulation are still poorly defined. In this report, we used a CRISPR Cas9-guided chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to characterize the molecular components that participate in the control of IGF2 gene expression in human tumor cells. We found that miR483, an oncogenic intronic miRNA, binds to the most upstream imprinted IGF2 promoter, P2. Ectopic expression of miR483 induced upregulation of IGF2 expression, in parallel with an increase in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor colony formation. miR483 induced loss of IGF2 imprinting by altering the epigenotype at P2, with reduction in histone H3K27 methylation and a decrease in chromatin binding of two imprinting regulatory factors, CTCF and SUZ12. This study identifies a new role for miR483 in the regulation of IGF2 gene expression through the alteration of the promoter epigenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
| | - Andrew R Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
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Bonnet-Serrano F, Bertherat J. Genetics of tumors of the adrenal cortex. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R131-R152. [PMID: 29233839 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the molecular alterations observed in the various types of tumors of the adrenal cortex, excluding Conn adenomas, especially the alterations identified by genomic approaches these last five years. Two main forms of bilateral adrenocortical tumors can be distinguished according to size and aspect of the nodules: primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), which can be sporadic or part of Carney complex and primary bilateral macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH). The bilateral nature of the tumors suggests the existence of an underlying genetic predisposition. PPNAD and Carney complex are mainly due to germline-inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A, coding for a regulatory subunit of PKA, whereas PBMAH genetic seems more complex. However, genome-wide approaches allowed the identification of a new tumor suppressor gene, ARMC5, whose germline alteration could be responsible for at least 25% of PBMAH cases. Unilateral adrenocortical tumors are more frequent, mostly adenomas. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway can be activated in both benign and malignant tumors by CTNNB1 mutations and by ZNRF3 inactivation in adrenal cancer (ACC). Some other signaling pathways are more specific of the tumor dignity. Thus, somatic mutations of cAMP/PKA pathway genes, mainly PRKACA, coding for the catalytic alpha-subunit of PKA, are found in cortisol-secreting adenomas, whereas IGF-II overexpression and alterations of p53 signaling pathway are observed in ACC. Genome-wide approaches including transcriptome, SNP, methylome and miRome analysis have identified new genetic and epigenetic alterations and the further clustering of ACC in subgroups associated with different prognosis, allowing the development of new prognosis markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Hormonal Biology LaboratoryAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Department of EndocrinologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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50
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Lalli E, Luconi M. The next step: mechanisms driving adrenocortical carcinoma metastasis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R31-R48. [PMID: 29142005 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine tumors have the peculiarity to become clinically evident not only due to symptoms related to space occupation by the growing lesion, similarly to most other tumors, but also, and most often, because of their specific hormonal secretion, which significantly contributes to their pathological burden. Malignant endocrine tumors, in addition, have the ability to produce distant metastases. Here, we critically review the current knowledge about mechanisms and biomarkers characterizing the metastatic process in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a rare endocrine malignancy with a high risk of relapse and metastatization even when the primary tumor is diagnosed and surgically removed at an early stage. We highlight perspectives of future research in the domain and possible new therapeutic avenues based on targeting factors having an important role in the metastatic process of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lalli
- Université Côte d'AzurValbonne, France
- CNRS UMR7275Valbonne, France
- NEOGENEX CNRS International Associated LaboratoryValbonne, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et CellulaireValbonne, France
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio'University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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