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Lee SH, Song SY. Recent Advancement in Diagnosis of Biliary Tract Cancer through Pathological and Molecular Classifications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1761. [PMID: 38730713 PMCID: PMC11083053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinomas, as well as gallbladder cancer, are a diverse group of cancers that exhibit unique molecular characteristics in each of their anatomic and pathological subtypes. The pathological classification of BTCs compromises distinct growth patterns, including mass forming, periductal infiltrating, and intraductal growing types, which can be identified through gross examination. The small-duct and large-duct types of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma have been recently introduced into the WHO classification. The presentation of typical clinical symptoms, as well as the extensive utilization of radiological, endoscopic, and molecular diagnostic methods, is thoroughly detailed in the description. To overcome the limitations of traditional tissue acquisition methods, new diagnostic modalities are being explored. The treatment landscape is also rapidly evolving owing to the emergence of distinct subgroups with unique molecular alterations and corresponding targeted therapies. Furthermore, we emphasize the crucial aspects of diagnosing BTC in practical clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea;
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kapoor S, Kalmegh V, Kumar H, Mandoli A, Shard A. Rare diseases and pyruvate kinase M2: a promising therapeutic connection. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103949. [PMID: 38492882 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme that regulates proliferating cell metabolism. The role of PKM2 in common diseases has been well established, but its role in rare diseases (RDs) is less understood. Over the past few years, PKM2 has emerged as a crucial player in RDs, including, neoplastic, respiratory, metabolic, and neurological disorders. Herein, we summarize recent findings and developments highlighting PKM2 as an emerging key player in RDs. We also discuss the current status of PKM2 modulation in RDs with particular emphasis on preclinical and clinical studies in addition to current challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kapoor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kalmegh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER-A, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, NIPER-A, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Yang F, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Shaha A, Wang Y, Wang X, Deng Y, Lai J, Kang N. Metabolic reprogramming and its clinical implication for liver cancer. Hepatology 2023; 78:1602-1624. [PMID: 36626639 PMCID: PMC10315435 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often encounter hypoxic and hypo-nutrient conditions, which force them to make adaptive changes to meet their high demands for energy and various biomaterials for biomass synthesis. As a result, enhanced catabolism (breakdown of macromolecules for energy production) and anabolism (macromolecule synthesis from bio-precursors) are induced in cancer. This phenomenon is called "metabolic reprogramming," a cancer hallmark contributing to cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance. HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are 2 different liver cancers with high intertumoral heterogeneity in terms of etiologies, mutational landscapes, transcriptomes, and histological representations. In agreement, metabolism in HCC or CCA is remarkably heterogeneous, although changes in the glycolytic pathways and an increase in the generation of lactate (the Warburg effect) have been frequently detected in those tumors. For example, HCC tumors with activated β-catenin are addicted to fatty acid catabolism, whereas HCC tumors derived from fatty liver avoid using fatty acids. In this review, we describe common metabolic alterations in HCC and CCA as well as metabolic features unique for their subsets. We discuss metabolism of NAFLD as well, because NAFLD will likely become a leading etiology of liver cancer in the coming years due to the obesity epidemic in the Western world. Furthermore, we outline the clinical implication of liver cancer metabolism and highlight the computation and systems biology approaches, such as genome-wide metabolic models, as a valuable tool allowing us to identify therapeutic targets and develop personalized treatments for liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Yang
- BA/MD Joint Admission Scholars Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Food Science and Nutrition Section, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Aurpita Shaha
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xianghu Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, The University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Ningling Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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4
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Liu F, Hao X, Liu B, Liu S, Yuan Y. Bile liquid biopsy in biliary tract cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 551:117593. [PMID: 37839517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers are heterogeneous in etiology, morphology and molecular characteristics thus impacting disease management. Diagnosis is complex and prognosis poor. The advent of liquid biopsy has provided a unique approach to more thoroughly understand tumor biology in general and biliary tract cancers specifically. Due to their minimally invasive nature, liquid biopsy can be used to serially monitor disease progression and allow real-time monitoring of tumor genetic profiles as well as therapeutic response. Due to the unique anatomic location of biliary tract cancer, bile provides a promising biologic fluid for this purpose. This review focuses on the composition of bile and the use of these various components, ie, cells, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites as potential biomarkers. Based on the disease characteristics and research status of biliary tract cancer, considerable effort should be made to increase understanding of this disease, promote research and development into early diagnosis, develop efficient diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Songmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center for Gene Diagnosis, and Program of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, PR China.
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5
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Aguilar Olivos NE, Oria-Hernández J, Briones NS, Téllez Ávila FI. Effectiveness for Diagnosis of Malignancy of Bile Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Patients with Indeterminate Biliary Stricture. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2023; 33:147-151. [PMID: 36977323 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 70% of the cases of biliary strictures are cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma has a late diagnosis and poor outcomes; therefore, effective biomarkers are needed for malignant lesions detection at earlier stages. AIM The aim was to assess the diagnostic utility of bile pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as a biomarker for the detection of malignant biliary strictures in patients with an indeterminate biliary stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study to evaluate the diagnostic value of bile PKM2 for the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures. Bile samples were collected during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography to quantify PKM2 levels and were used to compare their diagnostic value with biliary brush cytology, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy, or clinical follow-up. RESULTS Forty-six patients were recruited for the study; 19 patients with malignant strictures and 27 with benign biliary strictures. The bile PKM2 levels were elevated in patients with malignant biliary strictures [median 0.045 ng/mL (IQR 0.014 to 0.092)] compared with those with benign strictures [median 0.019 ng/mL (IQR 0.00 to 0.047)]. Bile PKM2 had a receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.66 (0.49 to 0.83) with a cutoff value of bile PKM2 of 0.0017 ng/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of bile PKM2 for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma were 89% and 26%; the positive and negative predictive values were 46% and 78%, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients with indeterminate biliary strictures, bile PKM2 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Oria-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ministry of Health
| | | | - Félix Ignacio Téllez Ávila
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department of the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR
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Li YC, Li KS, Liu ZL, Tang YC, Hu XQ, Li XY, Shi AD, Zhao LM, Shu LZ, Lian S, Yan ZD, Huang SH, Sheng GL, Song Y, Liu YJ, Huan F, Zhang MH, Zhang ZL. Research progress of bile biomarkers and their immunoregulatory role in biliary tract cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049812. [PMID: 36389727 PMCID: PMC9649822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma, originate from the biliary epithelium and have a poor prognosis. Surgery is the only choice for cure in the early stage of disease. However, most patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage and lose the chance for surgery. Early diagnosis could significantly improve the prognosis of patients. Bile has complex components and is in direct contact with biliary tract tumors. Bile components are closely related to the occurrence and development of biliary tract tumors and may be applied as biomarkers for BTCs. Meanwhile, arising evidence has confirmed the immunoregulatory role of bile components. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the relationship between bile components and biliary tract cancers and their ability as biomarkers for BTCs, highlighting the role of bile components in regulating immune response, and their promising application prospects.
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Raggi C, Taddei ML, Rae C, Braconi C, Marra F. Metabolic reprogramming in cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2022; 77:849-864. [PMID: 35594992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and allows tumour cells to meet the increased energy demands required for rapid proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Indeed, many tumour cells acquire distinctive metabolic and bioenergetic features that enable them to survive in resource-limited conditions, mainly by harnessing alternative nutrients. Several recent studies have explored the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells with the aim of identifying new druggable targets, while therapeutic strategies to limit the access to nutrients have been successfully applied to the treatment of some tumours. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a highly heterogeneous tumour, is the second most common form of primary liver cancer. It is characterised by resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of below 20%. Deregulation of metabolic pathways have been described during the onset and progression of CCA. Increased aerobic glycolysis and glutamine anaplerosis provide CCA cells with the ability to generate biosynthetic intermediates. Other metabolic alterations involving carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids have been shown to sustain cancer cell growth and dissemination. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolic rewiring that occurs during CCA development and leads to unique nutrient addiction. The possible role of therapeutic interventions based on metabolic changes is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Raggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Colin Rae
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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8
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Ahn SS, Kim HM, Park Y. Assessment of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using plasma tumour M2-pyruvate kinase test. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901555. [PMID: 36059477 PMCID: PMC9433835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is an enzyme that regulates the final process of glycolysis and exists in tetrameric and dimeric forms. The dimeric form of PKM2, also known as tumour M2-PK, increases when aerobic glycolysis is augmented, a feature observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated whether plasma tumour M2-PK is elevated in patients with RA and whether its levels correlate with disease activity. Methods Plasma levels of tumour M2-PK were measured for patients with RA (n=151), those with osteoarthritis (OA) (n=37), and controls (n=37). We evaluated the association between plasma tumour M2-PK and continuous variables using Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the association between plasma tumour M2-PK and disease activity status. Knee synovial tissue blocks from patients with RA and OA were subjected to real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) using two different primers for PKM2 and tumour M2-PK immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Results The tumour M2-PK level significantly correlated with the disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r=0.546, p<0.001) and DAS28-C-reactive protein (CRP) (r=0.589, p<0.001). Moreover, repeat testing of tumour M2-PK levels in 20 patients revealed a significant decline in tumour M2-PK levels after reduction in inflammation (p<0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis demonstrated that upon incorporation of tumour M2-PK, ESR, and CRP, the area under the curve was 0.962 for distinguishing moderate/high from remission/low disease activity. Adjusted logistic regression also revealed that a tumour M2-PK >43.9 U/mL (OR 3.672, p=0.042) independently predicted moderate/high disease activity status. Furthermore, tumour M2-PK levels in patients with RA were significantly higher than in those with OA and controls (all p<0.001). However, no differences were found in PKM2 expression in RA and OA synovial tissues as assessed by qPCR, and IHC analysis revealed negligible tumour M2-PK expression in the synovial tissues. Conclusion Circulating plasma tumour M2-PK levels may be a clinically useful indicator for evaluating disease activity and RA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Younhee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Younhee Park,
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9
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Arora S, Joshi G, Chaturvedi A, Heuser M, Patil S, Kumar R. A Perspective on Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1171-1205. [PMID: 34726055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) affects the switching of the PKM2 protein between the high-activity and low-activity states that allow ATP and lactate production, respectively. PKM2, in its low catalytic state (dimeric form), is chiefly active in metabolically energetic cells, including cancer cells. More recently, PKM2 has emerged as an attractive target due to its role in metabolic dysfunction and other interrelated conditions. PKM2 (dimer) activity can be inhibited by modulating PKM2 dimer-tetramer dynamics using either PKM2 inhibitors that bind at the ATP binding active site of PKM2 (dimer) or PKM2 activators that bind at the allosteric site of PKM2, thus activating PKM2 from the dimer formation to the tetrameric formation. The present perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry approaches to design and discover PKM2 inhibitors and activators and further provides a scope for the future design of compounds targeting PKM2 with better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248171, India
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Santoshkumar Patil
- Discovery Services, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area-Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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Wang C, Zhang S, Liu J, Tian Y, Ma B, Xu S, Fu Y, Luo Y. Secreted Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis through Activating the Integrin Beta1/FAK Signaling Pathway. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1780-1797.e6. [PMID: 32049010 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived secretomes have been documented to play critical roles in cancer progression. Intriguingly, alternative extracellular roles of intracellular proteins are involved in various steps of tumor progression, which can offer strategies to fight cancer. Herein, we identify lung cancer progression-associated secretome signatures using mass spectrometry analysis. Among them, PKM2 is verified to be highly expressed and secreted in lung cancer cells and clinical samples. Functional analyses demonstrates that secreted PKM2 facilitates tumor metastasis. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis and functional validation identify integrin β1 as a receptor of secreted PKM2. Mechanistically, secreted PKM2 directly bound to integrin β1 and subsequently activated the FAK/SRC/ERK axis to promote tumor metastasis. Collectively, our findings suggest that PKM2 is a potential serum biomarker for diagnosing lung cancer and that targeting the secreted PKM2-integrin β1 axis can inhibit lung cancer development, which provides evidence of a potential therapeutic strategy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siran Xu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Satriano L, Lewinska M, Rodrigues PM, Banales JM, Andersen JB. Metabolic rearrangements in primary liver cancers: cause and consequences. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:748-766. [PMID: 31666728 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related death. The high mortality rates arise from late diagnosis and the limited accuracy of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The liver is a major regulator, orchestrating the clearance of toxins, balancing glucose, lipid and amino acid uptake, managing whole-body metabolism and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Tumour onset and progression is frequently accompanied by rearrangements of metabolic pathways, leading to dysregulation of metabolism. The limitation of current therapies targeting PLCs, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, points towards the importance of deciphering this metabolic complexity. In this Review, we discuss the role of metabolic liver disruptions and the implications of these processes in PLCs, emphasizing their clinical relevance and value in early diagnosis and prognosis and as putative therapeutic targets. We also describe system biology approaches able to reconstruct the metabolic complexity of liver diseases. We also discuss whether metabolic rearrangements are a cause or consequence of PLCs, emphasizing the opportunity to clinically exploit the rewired metabolism. In line with this idea, we discuss circulating metabolites as promising biomarkers for PLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Satriano
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Lewinska
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Mohammad GH, Vassileva V, Acedo P, Olde Damink SWM, Malago M, Dhar DK, Pereira SP. Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A Is an Effective Combination Strategy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091372. [PMID: 31527446 PMCID: PMC6770573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), has been associated with poor prognosis in various malignancies. Targeting these enzymes could attenuate aerobic glycolysis and inhibit tumor proliferation. We investigated whether the PKM2 activator, TEPP-46, and the LDHA inhibitor, FX-11, can be combined to inhibit in vitro and in vivo tumor growth in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. We assessed PKM2 and LDHA expression, enzyme activity, and cell proliferation rate after treatment with TEPP-46, FX-11, or a combination of both. Efficacy was validated in vivo by evaluating tumor growth, PK and LDHA activity in plasma and tumors, and PKM2, LDHA, and Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues following treatment. Dual therapy synergistically inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo without apparent toxicity. Treatment with TEPP-46 and FX-11 resulted in increased PK and reduced LDHA enzyme activity in plasma and tumor tissues and decreased PKM2 and LDHA expression in tumors, which was reflected by a decrease in tumor volume and proliferation. The targeting of glycolytic enzymes such as PKM2 and LDHA represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Hamid Mohammad
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Komar Research Center, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Vessela Vassileva
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0UQ, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Malago
- Hepato-pancreatic-biliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Comparative Medicine Department and Organ Transplantation Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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13
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Zhou X, Shang YN, Lu R, Fan CW, Mo XM. High ANKZF1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer. Future Oncol 2019; 15:2093-2106. [PMID: 31257922 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the association and prognostic value of ANKZF1 gene for survival in colorectal cancer, the mechanism of ANKZF1 level alteration and correlated signaling pathways ANKZF1 is involved. Patients & methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas COREAD dataset was analyzed by bioinformatical investigation. Results: High ANKZF1 expression is associated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.094; 95% CI: 1.188-3.689; p = 0.011) and recurrence-free survival (HR: 1.762; 95% CI: 1.021-3.042; p = 0.042) in colon cancer. Bioinformatical analysis showed ANKZF1 was upregulated by amplification and exon expression. ANKZF1 was associated with angiogenesis and cancer signaling pathways. Conclusion: High ANKZF1 is an independent factor of poor survival (overall survival and recurrence-free survival) in colon cancer by taking part in angiogenesis and some cancer signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan-Na Shang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ran Lu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chuan-Wen Fan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xian-Ming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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14
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Lin Y, Meng F, Lu Z, Chen K, Tao Y, Ouyang Y, Cao X. Knockdown of PKM2 suppresses tumor progression in human cervical cancer by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4191-4202. [PMID: 30323675 PMCID: PMC6177516 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s178219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme and is upregulated in multiple human malignancies. However, the role of PKM2 in human cervical cancer (CC) remains elusive. Thus, this study explored the role of PKM2 in CC by detecting its expression patterns in human CC tissues and cell lines and investigated its effects on cell proliferation and invasion. Materials and methods Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and western blotting assays were used to detect the expression of PKM2 in CC tissues and CC cells. In vitro, we overexpressed and knocked down PKM2 expression in CC cell lines and investigated the biological function and underlying mechanism of PKM2 in cervical carcinogenesis. Results The results showed that PKM2 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in CC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, increasing PKM2 expression was closely correlated with the clinical stage (P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.023). The functional roles of PKM2 were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, and transwell assays. The results showed that PKM2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and the migratory and invasive capacities of CC cells, suppressed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro. However, overexpression of PKM2 led to increased proliferation and invasion activity as well as the EMT in CC cells. Conclusion Taken together, our study results revealed that PKM2 may act as a molecular target for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yalan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Yi Ouyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Xinping Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China,
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15
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Cuenco J, Wehnert N, Blyuss O, Kazarian A, Whitwell HJ, Menon U, Dawnay A, Manns MP, Pereira SP, Timms JF. Identification of a serum biomarker panel for the differential diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17430-17442. [PMID: 29707118 PMCID: PMC5915126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-invasive differentiation of malignant and benign biliary disease is a clinical challenge. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG1), interleukin 6 (IL6), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21.1) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) have reported utility for differentiating cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) from benign biliary disease. Herein, serum levels of these markers were tested in 66 cases of CCA and 62 cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and compared with markers of liver function and inflammation. Markers panels were assessed for their ability to discriminate malignant and benign disease. Several of the markers were also assessed in pre-diagnosis biliary tract cancer (BTC) samples with performances evaluated at different times prior to diagnosis. We show that LRG1 and IL6 were unable to accurately distinguish CCA from PSC, whereas CA19-9, PKM2, CYFRA21.1 and MUC5AC were significantly elevated in malignancy. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for these individual markers ranged from 0.73–0.84, with the best single marker (PKM2) providing 61% sensitivity at 90% specificity. A panel combining PKM2, CYFRA21.1 and MUC5AC gave 76% sensitivity at 90% specificity, which increased to 82% sensitivity by adding gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). In the pre-diagnosis setting, LRG1, IL6 and PKM2 were poor predictors of BTC, whilst CA19-9 and C-reactive protein were elevated up to 2 years before diagnosis. In conclusion, LRG1, IL6 and PKM2 were not useful for early detection of BTC, whilst a model combining PKM2, CYFRA21.1, MUC5AC and GGT was beneficial in differentiating malignant from benign biliary disease, warranting validation in a prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Cuenco
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Natascha Wehnert
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Kazarian
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Harry J Whitwell
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Usha Menon
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne Dawnay
- Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, W1T 4EU, UK
| | - Michael P Manns
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PG, UK
| | - John F Timms
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Phage display library selection of a hypoxia-binding scFv antibody for liver cancer metabolic marker discovery. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38105-38121. [PMID: 27203546 PMCID: PMC5122375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, which is frequently observed in liver cancer and metastasis, influences tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Although hypoxia-associated biomarkers are of use in other cancers, none is recognized as a surrogate for hypoxia in liver cancer. In this study, we generated seven unique human single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies (Abs) specific to hypoxic liver cancer cells, using normoxia-depleted vs hypoxia-selected phage library panning technology. By developing the scFv immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry method, the antigen that bound with one of the Abs (H103) was identified as the M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), an enzyme that is a key regulator of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Increased expression of PKM2 was induced by hypoxia in liver cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed that PKM2 was highly expressed in moderately and well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues with a hypovascular staining pattern. High expression of PKM2 was also localized in the perinecrotic area of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. The percentage of the HCC or ICC tumor expressing PKM2 was significantly higher with more tumor necrosis, low microvessel density, and advanced stage. Moreover, the H103 scFv Ab was efficiently internalized into hypoxic liver cancer cells and could have potential for targeted drug delivery. Conclusion: our study, for the first time, developed hypoxia-specific scFv Ab H103 to liver cancer cells, and revealed that PKM2 is a promising biomarker for hypoxia in HCC and ICC tissues. These allow further exploration of this valuable Ab and PKM2 antigen for hypoxia targeting in liver cancer.
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17
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Peluso G, Incollingo P, Calogero A, Tammaro V, Rupealta N, Chiacchio G, Sandoval Sotelo ML, Minieri G, Pisani A, Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Bracale UM, Dodaro CA, Carlomagno N. Current Tissue Molecular Markers in Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2605628. [PMID: 29214162 PMCID: PMC5682052 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2605628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most spread neoplasia types all around the world, especially in western areas. It evolves from precancerous lesions and adenomatous polyps, through successive genetic and epigenetic mutations. Numerous risk factors intervene in its development and they are either environmental or genetic. AIM OF THE REVIEW Alongside common screening techniques, such as fecal screening tests, endoscopic evaluation, and CT-colonography, we have identified the most important and useful biomarkers and we have analyzed their role in the diagnosis, prevention, and prognosis of CRC. CONCLUSION Biomarkers can become an important tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic process for CRC. But further studies are needed to identify a noninvasive, cost-effective, and highly sensible and specific screening test for their detection and to standardize their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Peluso
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Incollingo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tammaro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Niccolò Rupealta
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Chiacchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Sandoval Sotelo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minieri
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Riccio
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Marcello Bracale
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Anna Dodaro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Carlomagno
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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18
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Keane MG, Shah A, Pereira SP, Joshi D. Novel biomarkers and endoscopic techniques for diagnosing pancreaticobiliary malignancy. F1000Res 2017; 6:1643. [PMID: 28944047 PMCID: PMC5585877 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11371.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The UK incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is 9 per 100,000 population, and biliary tract cancer occurs at a rate of 1–2 per 100,000. The incidence of both cancers is increasing annually and these tumours continue to be diagnosed late and at an advanced stage, limiting options for curative treatment. Population-based screening programmes do not exist for these cancers, and diagnosis currently is dependent on symptom recognition, but often symptoms are not present until the disease is advanced. Recently, a number of promising blood and urine biomarkers have been described for pancreaticobiliary malignancy and are summarised in this review. Novel endoscopic techniques such as single-operator cholangioscopy and confocal endomicroscopy have been used in some centres to enhance standard endoscopic diagnostic techniques and are also evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amar Shah
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Deepak Joshi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Wu J, Hu L, Chen M, Cao W, Chen H, He T. Pyruvate kinase M2 overexpression and poor prognosis in solid tumors of digestive system: evidence from 16 cohort studies. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4277-88. [PMID: 27478385 PMCID: PMC4951066 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been linked to tumor formation and invasion. Specifically, the relationship between high PKM2 expression and prognosis has been evaluated in solid tumors of digestive system. However, the prognostic value of PKM2 remains controversial. Methods A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted until October 2015. The end point focused on overall survival (OS). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated to correlate PKM2 overexpression with OS and clinicopathological characteristics by employing fixed- or random-effects models, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results We identified 18 cohorts in 16 studies involving 2,812 patients for this meta-analysis. Overall, the combined HR for OS in all tumor types was 1.74 (1.44–2.11; P<0.001). When stratified by tumor type, the influence of PKM2 expression on poor prognosis was also found in gastric cancer (HR =1.54 [1.08–2.21], P=0.018), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR =1.71 [1.38–2.12], P<0.001), hepatocellular cancer (HR =1.92 [1.52–2.42], P<0.001), biliary cancer (HR =2.11 [1.50–2.95], P<0.001), and oral cancer (HR =3.49 [1.97–6.18], P<0.001), but not in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (HR =1.03 [0.28–3.76], P=0.968). Furthermore, PKM2 overexpression had a negative effect on the late clinical stage of all tumor types except for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The high density of PKM2 overexpression was significantly associated with some clinical characteristics in different cancer types, such as tumor stage, modal metastasis, and tumor size. Conclusion Our findings revealed significant association of PKM2 overexpression with OS and certain clinicopathological features in solid tumors of digestive system, thereby suggesting that PKM2 might be an indicator of poor prognosis in digestive system cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Wu
- Nutritional Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Liren Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Manyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Wenjun Cao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Haicong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiping He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
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20
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Mohammad GH, Olde Damink SWM, Malago M, Dhar DK, Pereira SP. Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A Are Overexpressed in Pancreatic Cancer and Correlate with Poor Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151635. [PMID: 26989901 PMCID: PMC4798246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a 5-year survival rate of less than 4%. Despite advances in diagnostic technology, pancreatic cancer continues to be diagnosed at a late and incurable stage. Accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis and to predict treatment response are urgently needed. Since alteration of glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, we proposed that pyruvate kinase type M2 (M2PK) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) enzymes could represent novel diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer. In 266 tissue sections from normal pancreas, pancreatic cystic neoplasms, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and cancer, we evaluated the expression of PKM2, LDHA, Ki-67 and CD8+ by immunohistochemistry and correlated these markers with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival. PKM2 and LDHA expression was also assessed by Western blot in 10 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. PKM2 expression increased progressively from cyst through PanIN to cancer, whereas LDHA was overexpressed throughout the carcinogenic process. All but one cell line showed high expression of both proteins. Patients with strong PKM2 and LDHA expression had significantly worse survival than those with weak PKM2 and/or LDHA expression (7.0 months vs. 27.9 months, respectively, p = 0.003, log rank test). The expression of both PKM2 and LDHA correlated directly with Ki-67 expression, and inversely with intratumoral CD8+ cell count. PKM2 was significantly overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumours and both PKM2 and LDHA were overexpressed in larger tumours. Multivariable analysis showed that combined expression of PKM2 and LDHA was an independent poor prognostic marker for survival. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a high expression pattern of two major glycolytic enzymes during pancreatic carcinogenesis, with increased expression in aggressive tumours and a significant adverse effect on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Hamid Mohammad
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - S. W. M. Olde Damink
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Malago
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Fukuda S, Miyata H, Miyazaki Y, Makino T, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, Yamasaki M, Nakajima K, Takiguchi S, Mori M, Doki Y. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Modulates Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Chemotherapy Response by Regulating the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1461-8. [PMID: 25808097 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme that regulates the Warburg effect and is necessary for tumor growth. However, its role in chemoresistance has not been fully elucidated. METHODS PKM2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 205 tissue samples from thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who had undergone curative surgery (100 patients with surgery alone and 105 patients with preoperative chemotherapy). The relationship between PKM2 expression and clinicopathological factors, including chemotherapy response was examined. In vitro assays were performed to determine the mechanism of PKM2-related chemoresistance, using esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS PKM2 expression significantly correlated with tumor cell differentiation, tumor depth, and tumor stage. Strong PKM2 expression significantly correlated with decreased survival rates and poor response to chemotherapy. In vitro assays showed that PKM2 inhibition significantly decreased cisplatin resistance and increased apoptosis. In siPKM2-transfected cells, pyruvate kinase activity paradoxically increased, followed by increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. The ratio of NADPH/NADP, which is an indicator of glucose influx into pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), significantly decreased in siPKM2-transfected cells upon cisplatin treatment compared with control cells. CONCLUSIONS PKM2 expression is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma chemoresistance. PKM2 inhibition can restore cisplatin sensitivity by inactivating PPP.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Esophageal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glycolysis/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Rate
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Comparative effectiveness of pyruvate kinase M2 in bile, serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and biliary brushings in diagnosing malignant biliary strictures. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:903-9. [PMID: 25344422 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of M2-PK (pyruvate kinase) in bile has not been studied in comparison with brushings and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures. AIM To compare the diagnostic accuracy of biliary M2-PK with cytology and serum CA 19-9 METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, bile was aspirated in 74 patients (discovery and validation cohort) undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Levels of M2-PK were measured in bile and compared to brushings for cytology and CA 19-9. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, the median bile M2-PK levels were significantly elevated in patients with malignant biliary strictures [187.9 U/l (interquartile range (IQR) 3.5, 3626.8)] compared to those with benign biliary conditions and primary sclerosing cholangitis [0 U/l (IQR 0, 15)] (P = 0.007). A M2-PK cutoff value of 109.1 U/l distinguished malignant from benign conditions with a sensitivity and specificity of 52.9 and 94.1 %, respectively, and area under curve (AUC) of 0.77. The sensitivity of CA 19-9 and brushings in diagnosing cancer was 52.9 % and 11.1 % and specificity 94.1 and 100 %, respectively. The presence of elevated M2-PK >109.1 U/l or CA 19-9 >33 U/ml or positive brushing was 88.2 % sensitive and 88.2 % specific, AUC of 0.89 in the diagnosis of malignancy. The diagnostic accuracy was confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS As a stand-alone factor, none of the markers were able to distinguish benign from malignant biliary strictures with a high sensitivity. However, a combination was highly sensitive in diagnosing malignant biliary strictures.
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Kachel P, Trojanowicz B, Sekulla C, Prenzel H, Dralle H, Hoang-Vu C. Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase M2 and lactate dehydrogenase A by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in benign and malignant thyroid tissue. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:140. [PMID: 25880801 PMCID: PMC4393606 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) are important enzymes of glycolysis. Both of them can be phosphorylated and therefore regulated by Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). While phosphorylation of LDHA at tyrosine10 leads to tetramerization and activation, phosphorylation of PKM2 at tyrosine105 promotes dimerization and inactivation. Dimeric PKM2 is found in the nucleus and regulates gene transcription. Up-regulation and phosphorylation of LDHA and PKM2 contribute to faster proliferation under hypoxic conditions and promote the Warburg effect. METHODS Using western blot and SYBR Green Real time PCR we investigated 77 thyroid tissues including 19 goiter tissues, 11 follicular adenomas, 16 follicular carcinomas, 15 papillary thyroid carcinomas, and 16 undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas for total expression of PKM2, LDHA and FGFR1. Additionally, phosphorylation status of PKM2 and LDHA was analysed. Inhibition of FGFR was performed on FTC133 cells with SU-5402 and Dovitinib. RESULTS All examined thyroid cancer subtypes overexpressed PKM2 as compared to goiter. LDHA was overexpressed in follicular and papillary thyroid cancer as compared to goiter. Elevated phosphorylation of LDHA and PKM2 was detectable in all analysed cancer subtypes. The highest relative phosphorylation levels of PKM2 and LDHA compared to overall expression were found in undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Inhibition of FGFR led to significantly decreased phosphorylation levels of PKM2 and LDHA. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that overexpression and increased phosphorylation of PKM2 and LHDA is a common finding in thyroid malignancies. Phospho-PKM2 and Phospho-LDHA could be valuable tumour markers for thyroglobulin negative thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kachel
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Bogusz Trojanowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Carsten Sekulla
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Hanna Prenzel
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Cuong Hoang-Vu
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Yang P, Li Z, Li H, Lu Y, Wu H, Li Z. Pyruvate kinase M2 accelerates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1525-32. [PMID: 25778902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Surgery-induced inflammation has been associated with cancer recurrence and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). As a constituent of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently abundant in the peri-operative window. However, the definite roles of LPS in tumour progression remain elusive. Here we reported that LPS treatment increased PKM expression through activation of NF-κB signalling pathway, and knockdown of PKM reversed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β production and cell proliferation in CRC cells. We further showed that the PKM2 but not PKM1 mediated the pro-inflammatory and proliferative effects of LPS. Interestingly, LPS promoted PKM2 binding to the STAT3 promoter to enhance STAT3 expression and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Depletion of STAT3 decreased PKM2-induced TNF-α and IL-1β expression, indicating that STAT3 mediates the pro-inflammatory effects of PKM2. Furthermore, it is the protein kinase activity but not the pyruvate kinase activity of PKM2 that is required for inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, our findings reveal the NF-κB-PKM2-STAT3 axis as a novel mechanism for the regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β production and suggest the importance of PKM2 as a key inflammatory mediator in inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hanqing Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yangxu Lu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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25
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Secreted pyruvate kinase M2 facilitates cell migration via PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:327-332. [PMID: 25732087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme, which highly expressed in tumor cells, and plays a pivotal role in the growth, survival and metabolism reprogramming of cancer cells. Besides the location of cytoplasm as a glycolytic enzyme and the location of nucleus as a protein kinase, extracellular PKM2 is present in serum and feces of tumor patients. However, little is known about the secretion of PKM2 and its significance in the progression of colon cancer. Here we demonstrated that PKM2 could be secreted from colon cancer cells, and purified PKM2 protein mimicing the secreted PKM2 was able to promote colon cancer cell migration. Moreover, PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were involved in secreted PKM2 induced colon cancer cell migration. The results reveal critical roles of secreted PKM2 in the progression of colon cancer, and indicate that PKM2 may be a therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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26
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Liu WR, Tian MX, Yang LX, Lin YL, Jin L, Ding ZB, Shen YH, Peng YF, Gao DM, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Dai Z, He R, Fan J, Shi YH. PKM2 promotes metastasis by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells and indicates poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:846-61. [PMID: 25514599 PMCID: PMC4359260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a member of the pyruvate kinase family. Recent work has defined the "non-metabolic" functions of PKM2. However, the role of PKM2 in HCC remains unclear. To investigate the role of PKM2 in tumor growth, invasion and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), PKM2 expression was measured in HCC cell lines and tissues using qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. In in vitro experiments, PKM2 was knocked down using a short hairpin RNA lentivirus vector, and tumor cell behavior and the downstream signaling pathways and chemokine were analyzed. For the analysis of in vivo tumor growth, intratumoral and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration were examined in nude mice. The prognostic value of PKM2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts including 721 HCC patients. Together, our data obtained from cell lines, tumorigenicity studies, and primary HCC samples illustrate an oncogenic role for PKM2 in tumors. Moreover, PKM2 may serve as a novel prognostic indicator for HCC patients after curative resection, targeted therapy aimed at PKM2 may represent an effective treatment approach for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Xiao Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Li Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hao Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fei Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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27
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Farina A, Delhaye M, Lescuyer P, Dumonceau JM. Bile proteome in health and disease. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:91-108. [PMID: 24692135 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of bile proteins could improve the understanding of physiological processes involved in the regulation of the hepato-biliary system. Researchers have tried for years to investigate the bile proteome but, until recently, only a few tens of proteins were known. The advent of proteomics, availing of large-scale analytical devices paired with potent bioinformatic resources, lately allowed the identification of thousands of proteins in bile. Nevertheless, the knowledge of their role in the hepato-biliary system still represents almost a "blank page in the book of physiology." In this review, we first guide the reader through the historical phases of the analysis of bile protein content, emphasizing the recent progresses achieved through the use of proteomic techniques. Thereafter, we deeply explore the involvement of bile proteins in health and disease, with a particular focus on the discovery of biomarkers for biliary tract malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Farina
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Li Z, Yang P, Li Z. The multifaceted regulation and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:285-96. [PMID: 25064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis to maintain the increased anabolic requirements for cell proliferation. It is widely accepted that specific expression of the M2 type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in tumor cells contributes to this aerobic glycolysis phenotype. To date, researchers have uncovered myriad forms of functional regulation for PKM2, which confers a growth advantage on the tumor cells to enable them to adapt to various microenvironmental signals. Here the richness of our understanding on the modulations and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression is reviewed, and some new insights into the paradoxical expression and functional differences of PKM2 in distinct cancer types are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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29
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Skipworth JRA, Timms JF, Pereira SP. Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in biliary tract cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:487-99. [PMID: 23971898 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.826646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The worldwide incidence of biliary tract carcinoma (BTC, tumours of the bile ducts and gall-bladder) continues to rise, with the only potentially curative treatment remaining surgical resection or transplantation, possible in only a minority of patients. Late presentation and a paucity of effective treatments mandate the development of techniques for early lesion detection. AREAS COVERED This article reviews currently available biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of BTC, as well as recently published studies describing novel serum, bile and urinary biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION The incorporation of novel analysis techniques, such as digital image analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, into existing management algorithms enhances the accuracy of brush cytology taken at the time of therapeutic endoscopy. However, a key goal is the discovery of reliable non-invasive biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Recent advances in gene sequencing and expression, clonal evolution and tumour heterogeneity in other cancers should advance understanding of BTC tumour biology and facilitate biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R A Skipworth
- University College London, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, 4th Floor, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E6AU, UK
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30
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Ruzzenente A, Iacono C, Conci S, Bertuzzo F, Salvagno G, Ruzzenente O, Campagnaro T, Valdegamberi A, Pachera S, Bagante F, Guglielmi A. A novel serum marker for biliary tract cancer: diagnostic and prognostic values of quantitative evaluation of serum mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). Surgery 2013; 155:633-9. [PMID: 24468034 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) is a glycoprotein found in different epithelial cancers, including biliary tract cancer (BTC). The aims of this study were to investigate the role of MUC5AC as serum marker for BTC and its prognostic value after operation with curative intent. PATIENTS AND METHOD From January 2007 to July 2012, a quantitative assessment of serum MUC5AC was performed with enzyme-linked immunoassay in a total of 88 subjects. Clinical and biochemical data (including CEA and Ca 19-9) of 49 patients with BTC were compared with a control population that included 23 patients with benign biliary disease (BBD) and 16 healthy control subjects (HCS). RESULTS Serum MUC5AC was greater in BTC patients (mean 17.93 ± 10.39 ng/mL) compared with BBD (mean 5.95 ± 5.39 ng/mL; P < .01) and HCS (mean 2.74 ± 1.35 ng/mL) (P < .01). Multivariate analysis showed that MUC5AC was related with the presence of BTC compared with Ca 19-9 and CEA: P < .01, P = .080, and P = .463, respectively. In the BTC group, serum MUC5AC ≥ 14 ng/mL was associated with lymph-node metastasis (P = .050) and American Joint Committee on Cancer and International Union for Cancer Control stage IVb disease (P = .047). Moreover, in patients who underwent operation with curative intent, serum MUC5AC ≥ 14 ng/mL was related to a worse prognosis compared with patients with lesser levels, with 3-year survival rates of 21.5% and 59.3%, respectively (P = .039). CONCLUSION MUC5AC could be proposed as new serum marker for BTC. Moreover, the quantitative assessment of serum MUC5AC could be related to tumor stage and long-term survival in patients with BTC undergoing operation with curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruzzenente
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Calogero Iacono
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy.
| | - Simone Conci
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertuzzo
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Salvagno
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, GB Rossi University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Orazio Ruzzenente
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, GB Rossi University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tommaso Campagnaro
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valdegamberi
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pachera
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagante
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guglielmi
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery "A," Unit of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Verona, Italy
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Kapoor S. Pyruvate kinase M2 and its evolving role as a prognostic marker in systemic malignancies besides colorectal carcinomas. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:611. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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