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Wang S, Xing X, Ma J, Zheng S, Song Q, Zhang P. Deacylases-structure, function, and relationship to diseases. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:959-977. [PMID: 38644468 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Reversible S-acylation plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, modulating protein functions such as subcellular localization, protein stability/activity, and protein-protein interactions. These modifications are mediated by acyltransferases and deacylases, among which the most abundant modification is S-palmitoylation. Growing evidence has shown that this rivalrous pair of modifications, occurring in a reversible cycle, is essential for various biological functions. Aberrations in this process have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immune diseases. This underscores the importance of studying enzymes involved in acylation and deacylation to gain further insights into disease pathogenesis and provide novel strategies for disease treatment. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and physiological function of deacylases, highlighting their pivotal roles in pathology. Our aim is to provide insights for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jialin Ma
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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2
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Koster KP, Flores-Barrera E, Artur de la Villarmois E, Caballero A, Tseng KY, Yoshii A. Loss of Depalmitoylation Disrupts Homeostatic Plasticity of AMPARs in a Mouse Model of Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8317-8335. [PMID: 37884348 PMCID: PMC10711723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1113-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Palmitoylation is held in delicate balance by depalmitoylation to precisely regulate protein turnover. While over 20 palmitoylation enzymes are known, depalmitoylation is conducted by fewer enzymes. Of particular interest is the lack of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) that causes the devastating pediatric neurodegenerative condition infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1). While most of the research on Ppt1 function has centered on its role in the lysosome, recent findings demonstrated that many Ppt1 substrates are synaptic proteins, including the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1. Still, the impact of Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation on synaptic transmission and plasticity remains elusive. Thus, the goal of the present study was to use the Ppt1 -/- mouse model (both sexes) to determine whether Ppt1 regulates AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are crucial for the maintenance of homeostatic adaptations in cortical circuits. Here, we found that basal excitatory transmission in the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex is developmentally regulated and that chemogenetic silencing of the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex excessively enhanced the synaptic expression of GluA1. Furthermore, triggering homeostatic plasticity in Ppt1 -/- primary neurons caused an exaggerated incorporation of GluA1-containing, calcium-permeable AMPARs, which correlated with increased GluA1 palmitoylation. Finally, Ca2+ imaging in awake Ppt1 -/- mice showed visual cortical neurons favor a state of synchronous firing. Collectively, our results elucidate a crucial role for Ppt1 in AMPAR trafficking and show that impeded proteostasis of palmitoylated synaptic proteins drives maladaptive homeostatic plasticity and abnormal recruitment of cortical activity in CLN1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal communication is orchestrated by the movement of receptors to and from the synaptic membrane. Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification, a process that must be balanced precisely by depalmitoylation. The significance of depalmitoylation is evidenced by the discovery that mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1) causes severe pediatric neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that the equilibrium provided by Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation is critical for AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated plasticity and associated homeostatic adaptations of synaptic transmission in cortical circuits. This finding complements the recent explosion of palmitoylation research by emphasizing the necessity of balanced depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Eden Flores-Barrera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Adriana Caballero
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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3
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Bernardi S, Gemignani F, Marchese M. The involvement of Purkinje cells in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: Focus on neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106258. [PMID: 37573956 PMCID: PMC10480493 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative diseases characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures, and progressive neurological deterioration with cerebellar involvement. They include storage diseases like Gaucher disease, Lafora disease, and forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). To date, 13 NCLs have been reported (CLN1-CLN8, CLN10-CLN14), associated with mutations in different genes. These forms, which affect both children and adults, are characterized by seizures, cognitive and motor impairments, and in most cases visual loss. In NCLs, as in other PMEs, central nervous system (CNS) neurodegeneration is widespread and involves different subpopulations of neurons. One of the most affected regions is the cerebellar cortex, where motor and non-motor information is processed and transmitted to deep cerebellar nuclei through the axons of Purkinje cells (PCs). PCs, being GABAergic, have an inhibitory effect on their target neurons, and provide the only inhibitory output of the cerebellum. Degeneration of PCs has been linked to motor impairments and epileptic seizures. Seizures occur when some insult upsets the normal balance in the CNS between excitatory and inhibitory impulses, causing hyperexcitability. Here we review the role of PCs in epilepsy onset and progression following their PME-related loss. In particular, we focus on the involvement of PCs in seizure phenotype in NCLs, highlighting findings from case reports and studies of animal models in which epilepsy can be linked to PC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bernardi
- Department Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Marchese
- Department Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Lv D, Cao X, Zhong L, Dong Y, Xu Z, Rong Y, Xu H, Wang Z, Yang H, Yin R, Chen M, Ke C, Hu Z, Deng W, Tang B. Targeting phenylpyruvate restrains excessive NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pathological inflammation in diabetic wound healing. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101129. [PMID: 37480849 PMCID: PMC10439185 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Moderate inflammation is essential for standard wound healing. In pathological conditions, such as diabetes, protracted and refractory wounds are associated with excessive inflammation, manifested by persistent proinflammatory macrophage states. However, the mechanisms are still unclear. Herein, we perform a metabolomic profile and find a significant phenylpyruvate accumulation in diabetic foot ulcers. Increased phenylpyruvate impairs wound healing and augments inflammatory responses, whereas reducing phenylpyruvate via dietary phenylalanine restriction relieves uncontrolled inflammation and benefits diabetic wounds. Mechanistically, phenylpyruvate is ingested into macrophages in a scavenger receptor CD36-dependent manner, binds to PPT1, and inhibits depalmitoylase activity, thus increasing palmitoylation of the NLRP3 protein. Increased NLRP3 palmitoylation is found to enhance NLRP3 protein stability, decrease lysosome degradation, and promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the release of inflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, finally triggering the proinflammatory macrophage phenotype. Our study suggests a potential strategy of targeting phenylpyruvate to prevent excessive inflammation in diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Lv
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiaoling Cao
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Center of Digestive Diseases, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 517108, China
| | - Yunxian Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Zhongye Xu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yanchao Rong
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hailin Xu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Chao Ke
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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5
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Abazari D, Wild AR, Qiu T, Dickinson BC, Bamji SX. Activity-dependent post-translational regulation of palmitoylating and depalmitoylating enzymes in the hippocampus. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260629. [PMID: 37039765 PMCID: PMC10113885 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-induced changes in protein palmitoylation can regulate the plasticity of synaptic connections, critically impacting learning and memory. Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification regulated by both palmitoyl-acyl transferases that mediate palmitoylation and palmitoyl thioesterases that depalmitoylate proteins. However, it is not clear how fluctuations in synaptic activity can mediate the dynamic palmitoylation of neuronal proteins. Using primary hippocampal cultures, we demonstrate that synaptic activity does not impact the transcription of palmitoylating and depalmitoylating enzymes, changes in thioesterase activity, or post-translational modification of the depalmitoylating enzymes of the ABHD17 family and APT2 (also known as LYPLA2). In contrast, synaptic activity does mediate post-translational modification of the palmitoylating enzymes ZDHHC2, ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC9 (but not ZDHHC8) to influence protein-protein interactions, enzyme stability and enzyme function. Post-translational modifications of the ZDHHC enzymes were also observed in the hippocampus following fear conditioning. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that signaling events activated by synaptic activity largely impact activity of the ZDHHC family of palmitoyl-acyl transferases with less influence on the activity of palmitoyl thioesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya Abazari
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Angela R. Wild
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Shernaz X. Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Li W, Cologna SM. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Omics 2022; 18:256-278. [PMID: 35343995 PMCID: PMC9098683 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the lysosome is to degrade unwanted materials such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; therefore, deficits of the lysosomal system can result in improper degradation and trafficking of these biomolecules. Diseases associated with lysosomal failure can be lethal and are termed lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), which affect 1 in 5000 live births collectively. LSDs are inherited metabolic diseases caused by mutations in single lysosomal and non-lysosomal proteins and resulting in the subsequent accumulation of macromolecules within. Most LSD patients present with neurodegenerative clinical symptoms, as well as damage in other organs. The discovery of new biomarkers is necessary to understand and monitor these diseases and to track therapeutic progress. Over the past ten years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has flourished in the biomarker studies in many diseases, including neurodegenerative, and more specifically, LSDs. In this review, biomarkers of disease pathophysiology and monitoring of LSDs revealed by MS-based proteomics are discussed, including examples from Niemann-Pick disease type C, Fabry disease, neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses, mucopolysaccharidosis, Krabbe disease, mucolipidosis, and Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
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7
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Gorenberg EL, Massaro Tieze S, Yücel B, Zhao HR, Chou V, Wirak GS, Tomita S, Lam TT, Chandra SS. Identification of substrates of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 highlights roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001590. [PMID: 35358180 PMCID: PMC9004782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. The substrates of PPT1 are largely undescribed, posing a limitation on molecular dissection of disease mechanisms and therapeutic development. Here, we provide a resource identifying >100 novel PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture (Acyl RAC) and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout (KO) mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated diverse PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein–associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation plays a role in disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Collectively, these data highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of NCL and other neurodegenerative diseases, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Gorenberg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sofia Massaro Tieze
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Betül Yücel
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vicky Chou
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Wirak
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Departments of Neuroscience and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kim WD, Wilson-Smillie MLDM, Thanabalasingam A, Lefrancois S, Cotman SL, Huber RJ. Autophagy in the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812728. [PMID: 35252181 PMCID: PMC8888908 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also referred to as Batten disease, are a family of neurodegenerative diseases that affect all age groups and ethnicities around the globe. At least a dozen NCL subtypes have been identified that are each linked to a mutation in a distinct ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal (CLN) gene. Mutations in CLN genes cause the accumulation of autofluorescent lipoprotein aggregates, called ceroid lipofuscin, in neurons and other cell types outside the central nervous system. The mechanisms regulating the accumulation of this material are not entirely known. The CLN genes encode cytosolic, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins that are associated with a variety of cellular processes, and accumulated evidence suggests they participate in shared or convergent biological pathways. Research across a variety of non-mammalian and mammalian model systems clearly supports an effect of CLN gene mutations on autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays an essential role in the development and progression of the NCLs. In this review, we summarize research linking the autophagy pathway to the NCLs to guide future work that further elucidates the contribution of altered autophagy to NCL pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Kim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aruban Thanabalasingam
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre D'Excellence en Recherche sur Les Maladies Orphelines–Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert J. Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Huber,
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9
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Naseri N, Sharma M, Velinov M. Autosomal dominant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: Clinical features and molecular basis. Clin Genet 2020; 99:111-118. [PMID: 32783189 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are at least 13 distinct progressive neurodegenerative disorders unified by the accumulation of lysosomal auto-fluorescent material called lipofuscin. The only form that occurs via autosomal-dominant inheritance exhibits adult onset and is sometimes referred to as Parry type NCL. The manifestations may include behavioral symptoms followed by seizures, ataxia, dementia, and early death. Mutations in the gene DNAJC5 that codes for the presynaptic co-chaperone cysteine string protein-α (CSPα) were recently reported in sporadic adult-onset cases and in families with dominant inheritance. The mutant CSPα protein may lead to disease progression by both loss and gain of function mechanisms. Iron chelation therapy may be considered as a possible pharmaceutical intervention based on our recent mechanism-based proposal of CSPα oligomerization via ectopic Fe-S cluster-binding, summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Naseri
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, and Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Manu Sharma
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, and Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
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10
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Huber RJ, Hughes SM, Liu W, Morgan A, Tuxworth RI, Russell C. The contribution of multicellular model organisms to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165614. [PMID: 31783156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NCLs (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) are forms of neurodegenerative disease that affect people of all ages and ethnicities but are most prevalent in children. Commonly known as Batten disease, this debilitating neurological disorder is comprised of 13 different subtypes that are categorized based on the particular gene that is mutated (CLN1-8, CLN10-14). The pathological mechanisms underlying the NCLs are not well understood due to our poor understanding of the functions of NCL proteins. Only one specific treatment (enzyme replacement therapy) is approved, which is for the treating the brain in CLN2 disease. Hence there remains a desperate need for further research into disease-modifying treatments. In this review, we present and evaluate the genes, proteins and studies performed in the social amoeba, nematode, fruit fly, zebrafish, mouse and large animals pertinent to NCL. In particular, we highlight the use of multicellular model organisms to study NCL protein function, pathology and pathomechanisms. Their use in testing novel therapeutic approaches is also presented. With this information, we highlight how future research in these systems may be able to provide new insight into NCL protein functions in human cells and aid in the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wenfei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alan Morgan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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11
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Connolly KJ, O'Hare MB, Mohammed A, Aitchison KM, Anthoney NC, Taylor MJ, Stewart BA, Tuxworth RI, Tear G. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis protein Cln7 functions in the postsynaptic cell to regulate synapse development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15592. [PMID: 31666534 PMCID: PMC6821864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of fatal, monogenic neurodegenerative disorders with an early onset in infancy or childhood. Despite identification of the genes disrupted in each form of the disease, their normal cellular role and how their deficits lead to disease pathology is not fully understood. Cln7, a major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein, is affected in a late infantile-onset form of NCL. Cln7 is conserved across species suggesting a common function. Here we demonstrate that Cln7 is required for the normal growth of synapses at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. In a Cln7 mutant, synapses fail to develop fully leading to reduced function and behavioral changes with dysregulation of TOR activity. Cln7 expression is restricted to the post-synaptic cell and the protein localizes to vesicles immediately adjacent to the post-synaptic membrane. Our data suggest an involvement for Cln7 in regulating trans-synaptic communication necessary for normal synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Connolly
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Megan B O'Hare
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alamin Mohammed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katelyn M Aitchison
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Niki C Anthoney
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew J Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bryan A Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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12
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Mirza M, Vainshtein A, DiRonza A, Chandrachud U, Haslett LJ, Palmieri M, Storch S, Groh J, Dobzinski N, Napolitano G, Schmidtke C, Kerkovich DM. The CLN3 gene and protein: What we know. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e859. [PMID: 31568712 PMCID: PMC6900386 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most important steps taken by Beyond Batten Disease Foundation in our quest to cure juvenile Batten (CLN3) disease is to understand the State of the Science. We believe that a strong understanding of where we are in our experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene, its regulation, gene product, protein structure, tissue distribution, biomarker use, and pathological responses to its deficiency, lays the groundwork for determining therapeutic action plans. Objectives To present an unbiased comprehensive reference tool of the experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene and gene product of the same name. Methods BBDF compiled all of the available CLN3 gene and protein data from biological databases, repositories of federally and privately funded projects, patent and trademark offices, science and technology journals, industrial drug and pipeline reports as well as clinical trial reports and with painstaking precision, validated the information together with experts in Batten disease, lysosomal storage disease, lysosome/endosome biology. Results The finished product is an indexed review of the CLN3 gene and protein which is not limited in page size or number of references, references all available primary experiments, and does not draw conclusions for the reader. Conclusions Revisiting the experimental history of a target gene and its product ensures that inaccuracies and contradictions come to light, long‐held beliefs and assumptions continue to be challenged, and information that was previously deemed inconsequential gets a second look. Compiling the information into one manuscript with all appropriate primary references provides quick clues to which studies have been completed under which conditions and what information has been reported. This compendium does not seek to replace original articles or subtopic reviews but provides an historical roadmap to completed works.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto DiRonza
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Uma Chandrachud
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michela Palmieri
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephan Storch
- Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Neurology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Niv Dobzinski
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Carolin Schmidtke
- Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Zhao W, Su J, Wang Y, Qian T, Liu Y. Functional importance of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) expression by Sertoli cells in mediating cholesterol metabolism and maintenance of sperm quality. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:984-998. [PMID: 31134714 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are a type of nurse cell in the seminiferous epithelium that are crucial for sustaining spermatogenesis by extending nutritional and energy support to the developing germ cells. Dysfunction of Sertoli cells could cause disordered spermatogenesis and reduced fertility in males. In this study, we focused on the expression and function of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal depalmitoylating enzyme, in Sertoli cells. Here, we show that PPT1 expression in Sertoli cells is responsive to cholesterol treatment and that specific knockout of Ppt1 in Sertoli cells causes male subfertility associated with poor sperm quality and a high ratio of sperm deformity. Specifically, Ppt1 deficiency leads to poor cell variably accompanied with abnormal lysosome accumulation and increased cholesterol levels in Sertoli cells. Further, Ppt1 deficiency results in poor adhesion of developing germ cells to Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium, which is likely to be responsible for the reduced male fertility as a consequence of declines in sperm count and motility as well as a high incidence of sperm head deformity. In summary, PPT1 affects sperm quality and male fertility through regulating lysosomal function and cholesterol metabolism in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China.,Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Tijun Qian
- Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Koster KP, Francesconi W, Berton F, Alahmadi S, Srinivas R, Yoshii A. Developmental NMDA receptor dysregulation in the infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis mouse model. eLife 2019; 8:40316. [PMID: 30946007 PMCID: PMC6464704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation alter protein function. This post-translational modification is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1), a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of protein depalmitoylation in synaptic maturation is unknown. Therefore, we studied synapse development in Ppt1-/- mouse visual cortex. We demonstrate that the developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit switch from GluN2B to GluN2A is stagnated in Ppt1-/- mice. Correspondingly, Ppt1-/- neurons exhibit immature evoked NMDAR currents and dendritic spine morphology in vivo. Further, dissociated Ppt1-/- cultured neurons show extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vulnerability to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, reflecting the predominance of GluN2B-containing receptors. Remarkably, Ppt1-/- neurons demonstrate hyperpalmitoylation of GluN2B as well as Fyn kinase, which regulates surface retention of GluN2B. Thus, PPT1 plays a critical role in postsynapse maturation by facilitating the GluN2 subunit switch and proteostasis of palmitoylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Walter Francesconi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Fulvia Berton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Sami Alahmadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Roshan Srinivas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
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15
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Sapir T, Segal M, Grigoryan G, Hansson KM, James P, Segal M, Reiner O. The Interactome of Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) Affects Neuronal Morphology and Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:92. [PMID: 30918483 PMCID: PMC6424868 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) is a depalmitoylation enzyme that is mutated in cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). The hallmarks of the disease include progressive neurodegeneration and blindness, as well as seizures. In the current study, we identified 62 high-confident PPT1-binding proteins. These proteins included a self-interaction of PPT1, two V-type ATPases, calcium voltage-gated channels, cytoskeletal proteins and others. Pathway analysis suggested their involvement in seizures and neuronal morphology. We then proceeded to demonstrate that hippocampal neurons from Ppt1−/− mice exhibit structural deficits, and further investigated electrophysiology parameters in the hippocampi of mutant mice, both in brain slices and dissociated postnatal primary cultures. Our studies reveal new mechanistic features involved in the pathophysiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Segal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gayane Grigoryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Karin M Hansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter James
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology (BTK), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Menahem Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Segal-Salto M, Hansson K, Sapir T, Kaplan A, Levy T, Schweizer M, Frotscher M, James P, Reiner O. Proteomics insights into infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1) point to the involvement of cilia pathology in the disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1678. [PMID: 28334871 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the depalmitoylation enzyme, palmitoyl protein thioesterase (PPT1), result in the early onset neurodegenerative disease known as Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Here, we provide proteomic evidence suggesting that PPT1 deficiency could be considered as a ciliopathy. Analysis of membrane proteins from brain enriched for acylated proteins from neonate Ppt1 knock out and control mice revealed a list of 88 proteins with differential expression levels. Amongst them, we identified Rab3IP, which regulates ciliogenesis in concert with Rab8 and Rab11. Immunostaining analysis revealed that PPT1 is localized in the cilia. Indeed, an unbiased proteomics analysis on isolated cilia revealed 660 proteins, which differed in their abundance levels between wild type and Ppt1 knock out. We demonstrate here that Rab3IP, Rab8 and Rab11 are palmitoylated, and that palmitoylation of Rab11 is required for correct intracellular localization. Cells and brain preparations from Ppt1-/- mice exhibited fewer cells with cilia and abnormally longer cilia, with both acetylated tubulin and Rab3IP wrongly distributed along the length of cilia. Most importantly, the analysis revealed a difference in the distribution and levels of the modified proteins in cilia in the retina of mutant mice versus the wildtype, which may be important in the early neurodegenerative phenotype. Overall, our results suggest a novel link between palmitoylated proteins, cilial organization and the pathophysiology of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segal-Salto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Karin Hansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden and BTK, Åbo Academy University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Talia Levy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter James
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden and BTK, Åbo Academy University, Turku, Finland
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Pezzini F, Bianchi M, Benfatto S, Griggio F, Doccini S, Carrozzo R, Dapkunas A, Delledonne M, Santorelli FM, Lalowski MM, Simonati A. The Networks of Genes Encoding Palmitoylated Proteins in Axonal and Synaptic Compartments Are Affected in PPT1 Overexpressing Neuronal-Like Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:266. [PMID: 28878621 PMCID: PMC5572227 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN1 disease (OMIM #256730) is an early childhood ceroid-lipofuscinosis associated with mutated CLN1, whose product Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) is a lysosomal enzyme involved in the removal of palmitate residues from S-acylated proteins. In neurons, PPT1 expression is also linked to synaptic compartments. The aim of this study was to unravel molecular signatures connected to CLN1. We utilized SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells overexpressing wild type CLN1 (SH-p.wtCLN1) and five selected CLN1 patients’ mutations. The cellular distribution of wtPPT1 was consistent with regular processing of endogenous protein, partially detected inside Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2 (LAMP2) positive vesicles, while the mutants displayed more diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Transcriptomic profiling revealed 802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SH-p.wtCLN1 (as compared to empty-vector transfected cells), whereas the number of DEGs detected in the two mutants (p.L222P and p.M57Nfs*45) was significantly lower. Bioinformatic scrutiny linked DEGs with neurite formation and neuronal transmission. Specifically, neuritogenesis and proliferation of neuronal processes were predicted to be hampered in the wtCLN1 overexpressing cell line, and these findings were corroborated by morphological investigations. Palmitoylation survey identified 113 palmitoylated protein-encoding genes in SH-p.wtCLN1, including 25 ones simultaneously assigned to axonal growth and synaptic compartments. A remarkable decrease in the expression of palmitoylated proteins, functionally related to axonal elongation (GAP43, CRMP1 and NEFM) and of the synaptic marker SNAP25, specifically in SH-p.wtCLN1 cells was confirmed by immunoblotting. Subsequent, bioinformatic network survey of DEGs assigned to the synaptic annotations linked 81 DEGs, including 23 ones encoding for palmitoylated proteins. Results obtained in this experimental setting outlined two affected functional modules (connected to the axonal and synaptic compartments), which can be associated with an altered gene dosage of wtCLN1. Moreover, these modules were interrelated with the pathological effects associated with loss of PPT1 function, similarly as observed in the Ppt1 knockout mice and patients with CLN1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pezzini
- Neurology (Neuropathology and Child Neurology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalRome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benfatto
- Functional Genomics Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Francesca Griggio
- Functional Genomics Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella MarisCalambrone-Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalRome, Italy
| | - Arvydas Dapkunas
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Functional Genomics Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | | | - Maciej M Lalowski
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Neurology (Neuropathology and Child Neurology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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18
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Cho E, Park M. Palmitoylation in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:133-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Henderson MX, Wirak GS, Zhang YQ, Dai F, Ginsberg SD, Dolzhanskaya N, Staropoli JF, Nijssen PCG, Lam TT, Roth AF, Davis NG, Dawson G, Velinov M, Chandra SS. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with DNAJC5/CSPα mutation has PPT1 pathology and exhibit aberrant protein palmitoylation. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:621-37. [PMID: 26659577 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with lysosomal pathology (CLN1-14). Recently, mutations in the DNAJC5/CLN4 gene, which encodes the presynaptic co-chaperone CSPα were shown to cause autosomal-dominant NCL. Although 14 NCL genes have been identified, it is unknown if they act in common disease pathways. Here we show that two disease-associated proteins, CSPα and the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1/CLN1) are biochemically linked. We find that in DNAJC5/CLN4 patient brains, PPT1 is massively increased and mis-localized. Surprisingly, the specific enzymatic activity of PPT1 is dramatically reduced. Notably, we demonstrate that CSPα is depalmitoylated by PPT1 and hence its substrate. To determine the consequences of PPT1 accumulation, we compared the palmitomes from control and DNAJC5/CLN4 patient brains by quantitative proteomics. We discovered global changes in protein palmitoylation, mainly involving lysosomal and synaptic proteins. Our findings establish a functional link between two forms of NCL and serve as a springboard for investigations of NCL disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Henderson
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory S Wirak
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong-Quan Zhang
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feng Dai
- Yale Center for Analytical Services, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Dolzhanskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - John F Staropoli
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Peter C G Nijssen
- Department of Neurology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, 5022 GC, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas G Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Glyn Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Segal-Salto M, Sapir T, Reiner O. Reversible Cysteine Acylation Regulates the Activity of Human Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146466. [PMID: 26731412 PMCID: PMC4701722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme gene, PPT1, cause the infantile form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), an early onset neurodegenerative disease. During recent years there have been different therapeutic attempts including enzyme replacement. Here we show that PPT1 is palmitoylated in vivo and is a substrate for two palmitoylating enzymes, DHHC3 and DHHC7. The palmitoylated protein is detected in both cell lysates and medium. The presence of PPT1 with palmitoylated signal peptide in the cell medium suggests that a subset of the protein is secreted by a nonconventional mechanism. Using a mutant form of PPT1, C6S, which was not palmitoylated, we further demonstrate that palmitoylation does not affect intracellular localization but rather that the unpalmitoylated form enhanced the depalmitoylation activity of the protein. The calculated Vmax of the enzyme was significantly affected by the palmitoylation, suggesting that the addition of a palmitate group is reminiscent of adding a noncompetitive inhibitor. Thus, we reveal the existence of a positive feedback loop, where palmitoylation of PPT1 results in decreased activity and subsequent elevation in the amount of palmitoylated proteins. This positive feedback loop is likely to initiate a vicious cycle, which will enhance disease progression. The understanding of this process may facilitate enzyme replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segal-Salto
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Tikka S, Monogioudi E, Gotsopoulos A, Soliymani R, Pezzini F, Scifo E, Uusi-Rauva K, Tyynelä J, Baumann M, Jalanko A, Simonati A, Lalowski M. Proteomic Profiling in the Brain of CLN1 Disease Model Reveals Affected Functional Modules. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 18:109-33. [PMID: 26707855 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most commonly inherited progressive encephalopathies of childhood. Pathologically, they are characterized by endolysosomal storage with different ultrastructural features and biochemical compositions. The molecular mechanisms causing progressive neurodegeneration and common molecular pathways linking expression of different NCL genes are largely unknown. We analyzed proteome alterations in the brains of a mouse model of human infantile CLN1 disease-palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1) gene knockout and its wild-type age-matched counterpart at different stages: pre-symptomatic, symptomatic and advanced. For this purpose, we utilized a combination of laser capture microdissection-based quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS imaging to quantify/visualize the changes in protein expression in disease-affected brain thalamus and cerebral cortex tissue slices, respectively. Proteomic profiling of the pre-symptomatic stage thalamus revealed alterations mostly in metabolic processes and inhibition of various neuronal functions, i.e., neuritogenesis. Down-regulation in dynamics associated with growth of plasma projections and cellular protrusions was further corroborated by findings from RNA sequencing of CLN1 patients' fibroblasts. Changes detected at the symptomatic stage included: mitochondrial functions, synaptic vesicle transport, myelin proteome and signaling cascades, such as RhoA signaling. Considerable dysregulation of processes related to mitochondrial cell death, RhoA/Huntington's disease signaling and myelin sheath breakdown were observed at the advanced stage of the disease. The identified changes in protein levels were further substantiated by bioinformatics and network approaches, immunohistochemistry on brain tissues and literature knowledge, thus identifying various functional modules affected in the CLN1 childhood encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Tikka
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evanthia Monogioudi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Standards for Innovation and Sustainable Development, Geel, Belgium
| | - Athanasios Gotsopoulos
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Scifo
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Doctoral Program Brain & Mind, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Tyynelä
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Room C214a, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Scifo E, Szwajda A, Soliymani R, Pezzini F, Bianchi M, Dapkunas A, Dębski J, Uusi-Rauva K, Dadlez M, Gingras AC, Tyynelä J, Simonati A, Jalanko A, Baumann MH, Lalowski M. Proteomic analysis of the palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 interactome in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. J Proteomics 2015; 123:42-53. [PMID: 25865307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of inherited progressive childhood disorders, characterized by early accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in lysosomes of neurons or other cells. Clinical symptoms of NCL include: progressive loss of vision, mental and motor deterioration, epileptic seizures and premature death. CLN1 disease (MIM#256730) is caused by mutations in the CLN1 gene, which encodes palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). In this study, we utilised single step affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to unravel the in vivo substrates of human PPT1 in the brain neuronal cells. Protein complexes were isolated from human PPT1 expressing SH-SY5Y stable cells, subjected to filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) and analysed on a Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 23 PPT1 interacting partners (IP) were identified from label free quantitation of the MS data by SAINT platform. Three of the identified PPT1 IP, namely CRMP1, DBH, and MAP1B are predicted to be palmitoylated. Our proteomic analysis confirmed previously suggested roles of PPT1 in axon guidance and lipid metabolism, yet implicates the enzyme in novel roles including: involvement in neuronal migration and dopamine receptor mediated signalling pathway. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The significance of this work lies in the unravelling of putative in vivo substrates of human CLN1 or PPT1 in brain neuronal cells. Moreover, the PPT1 IP implicate the enzyme in novel roles including: involvement in neuronal migration and dopamine receptor mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Scifo
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Doctoral Program Brain & Mind, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Agnieszka Szwajda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arvydas Dapkunas
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristiina Uusi-Rauva
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaana Tyynelä
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc H Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.
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Wang R, Borazjani A, Matthews AT, Mangum LC, Edelmann MJ, Ross MK. Identification of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 in human THP1 monocytes and macrophages and characterization of unique biochemical activities for this enzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7559-74. [PMID: 24083319 DOI: 10.1021/bi401138s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The profiles of serine hydrolases in human and mouse macrophages are similar yet different. For instance, human macrophages express high levels of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), whereas mouse macrophages have minimal amounts of the orthologous murine CES1. On the other hand, macrophages from both species exhibit limited expression of the canonical 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzyme, MAGL. Our previous study showed CES1 was partly responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-AG (50%) and prostaglandin glyceryl esters (PG-Gs) (80-95%) in human THP1 monocytes and macrophages. However, MAGL and other endocannabinoid hydrolases, FAAH, ABHD6, and ABHD12, did not have a role because of limited expression or no expression. Thus, another enzyme was hypothesized to be responsible for the remaining 2-AG hydrolysis activity following chemical inhibition and immunodepletion of CES1 (previous study) or CES1 gene knockdown (this study). Here we identified two candidate serine hydrolases in THP1 cell lysates by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-MUDPIT and Western blotting: cathepsin G and palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). Both proteins exhibited electrophoretic properties similar to those of a serine hydrolase in THP1 cells detected by gel-based ABPP at 31-32 kDa; however, only PPT1 exhibited lipolytic activity and hydrolyzed 2-AG in vitro. Interestingly, PPT1 was strongly expressed in THP1 cells but was significantly less reactive than cathepsin G toward the activity-based probe, fluorophosphonate-biotin. KIAA1363, another serine hydrolase, was also identified in THP1 cells but did not have significant lipolytic activity. On the basis of chemoproteomic profiling, immunodepletion studies, and chemical inhibitor profiles, we estimated that PPT1 contributed 32-40% of 2-AG hydrolysis activity in the THP1 cell line. In addition, pure recombinant PPT1 catalyzed the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2-G, and PGF2α-G, although the catalytic efficiency of hydrolysis of 2-AG by PPT1 was ~10-fold lower than that of CES1. PPT1 was also insensitive to several chemical inhibitors that potently inhibit CES1, such as organophosphate poisons and JZL184. This is the first report to document the expression of PPT1 in a human monocyte and macrophage cell line and to show PPT1 can hydrolyze the natural substrates 2-AG and PG-Gs. These findings suggest that PPT1 may participate in endocannabinoid metabolism within specific cellular contexts and highlights the functional redundancy often exhibited by enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , University, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Passantino R, Cascio C, Deidda I, Galizzi G, Russo D, Spedale G, Guarneri P. Identifying protein partners of CLN8, an ER-resident protein involved in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:529-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kollmann K, Uusi-Rauva K, Scifo E, Tyynelä J, Jalanko A, Braulke T. Cell biology and function of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-related proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1866-81. [PMID: 23402926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) comprise a group of inherited lysosomal disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments, neuroinflammation, photoreceptor- and neurodegeneration. Most of the NCL-related genes encode soluble and transmembrane proteins which localize to the endoplasmic reticulum or to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment and directly or indirectly regulate lysosomal function. Recently, exome sequencing led to the identification of four novel gene defects in NCL patients and a new NCL nomenclature currently comprising CLN1 through CLN14. Although the precise function of most of the NCL proteins remains elusive, comprehensive analyses of model organisms, particularly mouse models, provided new insight into pathogenic mechanisms of NCL diseases and roles of mutant NCL proteins in cellular/subcellular protein and lipid homeostasis, as well as their adaptive/compensatorial regulation at the transcriptional level. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the expression, function and regulation of NCL proteins and their impact on lysosomal integrity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kollmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Shacka JJ. Mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: useful pre-clinical tools to delineate disease pathophysiology and validate therapeutics. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:43-57. [PMID: 22502604 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL, also known as Batten disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in either soluble enzymes or membrane-associated structural proteins that result in lysosome dysfunction. Different forms of NCL were defined initially by age of onset, affected population and/or type of storage material but collectively represent the most prevalent pediatric hereditary neurovisceral storage disorder. Specific gene mutations are now known for each subclass of NCL in humans that now largely define the disease: cathepsin D (CTSD) for congenital (CLN10 form); palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) for infantile (CLN1 form); tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) for classic late infantile (CLN2 form); variant late infantile-CLN5, CLN6 or CLN8 for variant late infantile forms; and CLN3 for juvenile (CLN3 form). Several mouse models of NCL have been developed, or in some cases exist sporadically, that exhibit mutations producing a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in human NCL. The study of these mouse models of NCL has dramatically advanced our knowledge of NCL pathophysiology and in some cases has helped delineate the function of proteins mutated in human NCL. In addition, NCL mutant mice have been tested for several different therapeutic approaches and as such they have become important pre-clinical models for validating treatment options. In this review we will assess the current state of mouse models of NCL with regards to their unique pathophysiology and how these mice have helped investigators achieve a better understanding of human NCL disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shacka
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Chu-LaGraff Q, Blanchette C, O'Hern P, Denefrio C. The Batten disease Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 gene regulates neural specification and axon connectivity during Drosophila embryonic development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14402. [PMID: 21203506 PMCID: PMC3008717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) is an essential lysosomal protein in the mammalian nervous system whereby defects result in a fatal pediatric disease called Infantile Neuronal Ceroids Lipofuscinosis (INCL). Flies bearing mutations in the Drosophila ortholog Ppt1 exhibit phenotypes similar to the human disease: accumulation of autofluorescence deposits and shortened adult lifespan. Since INCL patients die as young children, early developmental neural defects due to the loss of PPT1 are postulated but have yet to be elucidated. Here we show that Drosophila Ppt1 is required during embryonic neural development. Ppt1 embryos display numerous neural defects ranging from abnormal cell fate specification in a number of identified precursor lineages in the CNS, missing and disorganized neurons, faulty motoneuronal axon trajectory, and discontinuous, misaligned, and incorrect midline crossings of the longitudinal axon bundles of the ventral nerve cord. Defects in the PNS include a decreased number of sensory neurons, disorganized chordotonal neural clusters, and abnormally shaped neurons with aberrant dendritic projections. These results indicate that Ppt1 is essential for proper neuronal cell fates and organization; and to establish the local environment for proper axon guidance and fasciculation. Ppt1 function is well conserved from humans to flies; thus the INCL pathologies may be due, in part, to the accumulation of various embryonic neural defects similar to that of Drosophila. These findings may be relevant for understanding the developmental origin of neural deficiencies in INCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Chu-LaGraff
- Department of Biology, Union College, Schenectady, New York, United States of America.
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30
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Sanders DN, Farias FH, Johnson GS, Chiang V, Cook JR, O’Brien DP, Hofmann SL, Lu JY, Katz ML. A mutation in canine PPT1 causes early onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in a Dachshund. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:349-56. [PMID: 20494602 PMCID: PMC2930207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are lysosomal storage diseases characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and accumulation of autofluorescent storage granules. A 9-month-old Miniature Dachshund presented with NCL-like signs that included disorientation, ataxia, weakness, visual impairment, and behavioral changes. Neurons throughout the CNS contained autofluorescent lysosomal inclusions with granular osmiophilic deposit (GROD) ultrastructure characteristic of classical infantile NCL (INCL). Human INCL is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from mutations in PPT1, a gene that encodes the enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1; EC 3.1.22). Resequencing of PPT1 from the affected dog revealed that the dog was homozygous for a single nucleotide insertion in exon 8 (PPT1 c.736_737insC), upstream from the His289 active site. Brain tissue from this dog lacked PPT1 activity. The sire and dam of the propositus were heterozygous for the c.736_737insC mutation; whereas, 127 unrelated Dachshunds were homozygous for the wild-type allele. This is the first reported instance of canine NCL caused by a mutation in PPT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N. Sanders
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Fabiana H. Farias
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary S. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Vivian Chiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - James R. Cook
- Veterinary Specialists of South Florida, Cooper City, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis P. O’Brien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra L. Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jui-Yun Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Martin L. Katz
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Getty AL, Pearce DA. Interactions of the proteins of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clues to function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:453-74. [PMID: 20680390 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are caused by mutations in eight different genes, are characterized by lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, and result in a disease that causes degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Although functions are defined for some of the soluble proteins that are defective in NCL (cathepsin D, PPT1, and TPP1), the primary function of the other proteins defective in NCLs (CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN7, and CLN8) remain poorly defined. Understanding the localization and network of interactions for these proteins can offer clues as to the function of the NCL proteins and also the pathways that will be disrupted in their absence. Here, we present a review of the current understanding of the localization, interactions, and function of the proteins associated with NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Getty
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104-0589, USA
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Lyly A, von Schantz C, Heine C, Schmiedt ML, Sipilä T, Jalanko A, Kyttälä A. Novel interactions of CLN5 support molecular networking between Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis proteins. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:83. [PMID: 19941651 PMCID: PMC2790443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) comprise at least eight genetically characterized neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. Despite of genetic heterogeneity, the high similarity of clinical symptoms and pathology of different NCL disorders suggest cooperation between different NCL proteins and common mechanisms of pathogenesis. Here, we have studied molecular interactions between NCL proteins, concentrating specifically on the interactions of CLN5, the protein underlying the Finnish variant late infantile form of NCL (vLINCLFin). RESULTS We found that CLN5 interacts with several other NCL proteins namely, CLN1/PPT1, CLN2/TPP1, CLN3, CLN6 and CLN8. Furthermore, analysis of the intracellular targeting of CLN5 together with the interacting NCL proteins revealed that over-expression of PPT1 can facilitate the lysosomal transport of mutated CLN5FinMajor, normally residing in the ER and in the Golgi complex. The significance of the novel interaction between CLN5 and PPT1 was further supported by the finding that CLN5 was also able to bind the F1-ATPase, earlier shown to interact with PPT1. CONCLUSION We have described novel interactions between CLN5 and several NCL proteins, suggesting a modifying role for these proteins in the pathogenesis of individual NCL disorders. Among these novel interactions, binding of CLN5 to CLN1/PPT1 is suggested to be the most significant one, since over-expression of PPT1 was shown to influence on the intracellular trafficking of mutated CLN5, and they were shown to share a binding partner outside the NCL protein spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Lyly
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Carina von Schantz
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Claudia Heine
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Mia-Lisa Schmiedt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Tessa Sipilä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
| | - Aija Kyttälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine in Finland
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Simonati A, Cannelli N, Pezzini F, Aiello C, Bianchi M, Tessa A, Santorelli FM. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: many players, and more to come. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most common group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases of childhood. The overall clinical features are highly similar regardless of the age at disease manifestation, the extent and shape of abnormally stored cytosomes and the severity of clinical course, and are generally characterized by failure and regression of psychomotor development, impaired vision, seizures and fatal outcome. The expanding array of genetic etiologies and disease-associated mutations in NCL provide the basis for the heterogeneity of these clinical conditions and are the focus of this review. Less understood are the pathogenic mechanisms, but common themes and molecular pathways are now emerging and new players are expected to come into the scene of NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Neurological & Visual Sciences, Section of Neurology – Child Neurology & Psychiatry Unit, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Natalia Cannelli
- Medical Genetic, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy and Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neurological & Visual Sciences, Section of Neurology – Child Neurology & Psychiatry Unit, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale LA Scuro 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Aiello
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy and Department of Biology, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessa
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine & Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4-00165 Rome, Italy
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Tardy C, Sabourdy F, Garcia V, Jalanko A, Therville N, Levade T, Andrieu-Abadie N. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1793:1250-8. [PMID: 19345705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis by TNF has recently been shown to implicate proteases from lysosomal origin, the cathepsins. Here, we investigated the role in apoptosis of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), another lysosomal enzyme that depalmitoylates proteins. We show that transformed fibroblasts derived from patients with the infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), a neurodegenerative disease due to deficient activity of PPT1, are partially resistant to TNF-induced cell death (57-75% cell viability vs. 15-30% for control fibroblasts). TNF-initiated proteolytic cleavage of caspase-8, Bid and caspase-3, as well as cytochrome c release was strongly attenuated in INCL fibroblasts as compared to control cells. Noteworthy, activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and of transcription factor NF-kappaB by TNF, and induction of cell death by staurosporine or chemotherapeutic drugs in INCL cells were unaffected by PPT1 deficiency. Resistance to TNF-induced apoptosis was also observed in embryonic fibroblasts derived from Ppt1/Cln1-deficient mice but not from mice with a targeted deletion of Cln3 or Cln5. Finally, reconstitution of PPT1 activity in mutant cells was accompanied by resensitization to TNF-induced caspase activation and toxicity. These observations emphasize for the first time the role of PPT1 and, likely, protein depalmitoylation in the regulation of TNF-induced apoptosis.
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Jalanko A, Braulke T. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:697-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Martins-de-Souza D, Gattaz WF, Schmitt A, Rewerts C, Maccarrone G, Dias-Neto E, Turck CW. Prefrontal cortex shotgun proteome analysis reveals altered calcium homeostasis and immune system imbalance in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259:151-63. [PMID: 19165527 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-008-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease, likely to be caused by a combination of serial alterations in a number of genes and environmental factors. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's Area 46) is involved in schizophrenia and executes high-level functions such as working memory, differentiation of conflicting thoughts, determination of right and wrong concepts and attitudes, correct social behavior and personality expression. Global proteomic analysis of post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples from schizophrenia patients and non-schizophrenic individuals was performed using stable isotope labeling and shotgun proteomics. The analysis resulted in the identification of 1,261 proteins, 84 of which showed statistically significant differential expression, reinforcing previous data supporting the involvement of the immune system, calcium homeostasis, cytoskeleton assembly, and energy metabolism in schizophrenia. In addition a number of new potential markers were found that may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua. Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, no 785, Consolação, São Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
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Allen J, Chilton JK. The specific targeting of guidance receptors within neurons: who directs the directors? Dev Biol 2008; 327:4-11. [PMID: 19121301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Guidance molecules present in both axonal and dendritic growth cones mediate neuronal responses to extracellular cues thereby ensuring correct neurite pathfinding and development of the nervous system. Little is known though about the mechanisms employed by neurons to deliver these receptors, specifically and efficiently, to the extending growth cone. A deeper understanding of this process is crucial if guidance receptors are to be manipulated to promote nervous system repair. Studies in other polarised cells, notably epithelial, have elucidated fundamental routes to the intracellular segregation of molecules mediated by endosomal pathways. Due to their extreme complexity and specialisation, neurons appear to have built upon these generic systems to evolve sophisticated trafficking networks. A striking feature is the axon initial segment which acts like a valve to tightly regulate the flux of molecules both entering and leaving the axon. Once in the growth cone, further controls operate to enhance the retention or rejection, as appropriate, of membrane receptors. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the intracellular trafficking of axon guidance receptors and how this relates to their developmental roles. We highlight the various facets still to be properly elucidated and by building on existing data regarding neuronal polarity and intracellular sorting mechanisms suggest ways to fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Allen
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
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Kim SJ, Zhang Z, Sarkar C, Tsai PC, Lee YC, Dye L, Mukherjee AB. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 deficiency impairs synaptic vesicle recycling at nerve terminals, contributing to neuropathology in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3075-86. [PMID: 18704195 DOI: 10.1172/jci33482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses represent the most common childhood neurodegenerative storage disorders. Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is caused by palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1) deficiency. Although INCL patients show signs of abnormal neurotransmission, manifested by myoclonus and seizures, the molecular mechanisms by which PPT1 deficiency causes this abnormality remain obscure. Neurotransmission relies on repeated cycles of exo- and endocytosis of the synaptic vesicles (SVs), in which several palmitoylated proteins play critical roles. These proteins facilitate membrane fusion, which is required for neurotransmitter exocytosis, recycling of the fused SV membrane components, and regeneration of fresh vesicles. However, palmitoylated proteins require depalmitoylation for recycling. Using postmortem brain tissues from an INCL patient and tissue from the PPT1-knockout (PPT1-KO) mice that mimic INCL, we report here that PPT1 deficiency caused persistent membrane anchorage of the palmitoylated SV proteins, which hindered the recycling of the vesicle components that normally fuse with the presynaptic plasma membrane during SV exocytosis. Thus, the regeneration of fresh SVs, essential for maintaining the SV pool size at the synapses, was impaired, leading to a progressive loss of readily releasable SVs and abnormal neurotransmission. This abnormality may contribute to INCL neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jo Kim
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA
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von Schantz C, Saharinen J, Kopra O, Cooper JD, Gentile M, Hovatta I, Peltonen L, Jalanko A. Brain gene expression profiles of Cln1 and Cln5 deficient mice unravels common molecular pathways underlying neuronal degeneration in NCL diseases. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:146. [PMID: 18371231 PMCID: PMC2323392 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of children's inherited neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by blindness, early dementia and pronounced cortical atrophy. The similar pathological and clinical profiles of the different forms of NCL suggest that common disease mechanisms may be involved. To explore the NCL-associated disease pathology and molecular pathways, we have previously produced targeted knock-out mice for Cln1 and Cln5. Both mouse-models replicate the NCL phenotype and neuropathology; the Cln1-/- model presents with early onset, severe neurodegenerative disease, whereas the Cln5-/- model produces a milder disease with a later onset. RESULTS Here we have performed quantitative gene expression profiling of the cortex from 1 and 4 month old Cln1-/- and Cln5-/- mice. Combined microarray datasets from both mouse models exposed a common affected pathway: genes regulating neuronal growth cone stabilization display similar aberrations in both models. We analyzed locus specific gene expression and showed regional clustering of Cln1 and three major genes of this pathway, further supporting a close functional relationship between the corresponding gene products; adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 (Cap1), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F (Ptprf) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a2 (Ptp4a2). The evidence from the gene expression data, indicating changes in the growth cone assembly, was substantiated by the immunofluorescence staining patterns of Cln1-/- and Cln5-/- cortical neurons. These primary neurons displayed abnormalities in cytoskeleton-associated proteins actin and beta-tubulin as well as abnormal intracellular distribution of growth cone associated proteins GAP-43, synapsin and Rab3. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first evidence for a common molecular pathogenesis behind neuronal degeneration in INCL and vLINCL. Since CLN1 and CLN5 code for proteins with distinct functional roles these data may have implications for other forms of NCLs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina von Schantz
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Saharinen
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Genome Informatics Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Kopra
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Iiris Hovatta
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Genetics and Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Department of Medical Genetics and Research Programme of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anu Jalanko
- National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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Lyly A, Marjavaara SK, Kyttälä A, Uusi-Rauva K, Luiro K, Kopra O, Martinez LO, Tanhuanpää K, Kalkkinen N, Suomalainen A, Jauhiainen M, Jalanko A. Deficiency of the INCL protein Ppt1 results in changes in ectopic F1-ATP synthase and altered cholesterol metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1406-17. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nakadate K, Sakakibara SI, Ueda S. Attractin/mahogany protein expression in the rodent central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:94-111. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Drosophila huntingtin-interacting protein 14 is a presynaptic protein required for photoreceptor synaptic transmission and expression of the palmitoylated proteins synaptosome-associated protein 25 and cysteine string protein. J Neurosci 2007; 27:12874-83. [PMID: 18032660 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2464-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation affects the trafficking, stability, aggregation, and/or functional activity of a substantial number of neuronal proteins. We identified mutations in dHIP14, the Drosophila homolog of the human palmitoyl transferase, Huntingtin-interacting protein 14 (HIP14). HIP14 was previously reported to localize primarily to Golgi and to palmitoylate the neuronal proteins synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95), GAD65, Synaptotagmin, and Huntingtin in mammalian neurons. We find dHIP14 to be an essential maternal effect gene required for photoreceptor synaptic transmission and for proper in vivo expression of the palmitoylated presynaptic proteins SNAP-25 and cysteine string protein. In non-neuronal cells in the fly, dHIP14 protein is found in Golgi. However, in fly neurons, we find dHIP14 primarily in presynaptic terminals, something we also observe with HIP14. In mammalian neurons, we also find a significant fraction of HIP14 colocalizing with a synaptic vesicle marker. Based on localization of the palmitoyl transferase HIP14 within the presynaptic nerve terminal, we propose palmitoylation as a possible mechanism that may be operating to rapidly regulate synaptic efficacy.
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Qiao X, Lu JY, Hofmann SL. Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis reveals upregulation of immediate early genes and mediators of the inflammatory response. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:95. [PMID: 18021406 PMCID: PMC2204004 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (also known as infantile Batten disease) is caused by hereditary deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1), and is characterized by severe cortical degeneration with blindness and cognitive and motor dysfunction. The PPT1-deficient knockout mouse recapitulates the key features of the disorder, including seizures and death by 7-9 months of age. In the current study, we compared gene expression profiles of whole brain from PPT1 knockout and normal mice at 3, 5 and 8 months of age to identify temporal changes in molecular pathways implicated in disease pathogenesis. RESULTS A total of 267 genes were significantly (approximately 2-fold) up- or downregulated over the course of the disease. Immediate early genes (Arc, Cyr61, c-fos, jun-b, btg2, NR4A1) were among the first genes upregulated during the presymptomatic period whereas immune response genes dominated at later time points. Chemokine ligands and protease inhibitors were among the most transcriptionally responsive genes. Neuronal survival factors (IGF-1 and CNTF) and a negative regulator of neuronal apoptosis (DAP kinase-1) were upregulated late in the course of the disease. Few genes were downregulated; these included the alpha2 subunit of the GABA-A receptor, a component of cortical and hippocampal neurons, and Hes5, a transcription factor important in neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSION A molecular description of gene expression changes occurring in the brain throughout the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis suggests distinct phases of disease progression, provides clues to potential markers of disease activity, and points to new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Qiao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Ahtiainen L, Kolikova J, Mutka AL, Luiro K, Gentile M, Ikonen E, Khiroug L, Jalanko A, Kopra O. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1)-deficient mouse neurons show alterations in cholesterol metabolism and calcium homeostasis prior to synaptic dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 28:52-64. [PMID: 17656100 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of children, characterized by selective death of neocortical neurons. To understand early disease mechanisms in INCL, we have studied Ppt1(Deltaex4) knock-out mouse neurons in culture and acute brain slices. Global transcript profiling showed deregulation of key neuronal functions in knock-out mice including cholesterol metabolism, neuronal maturation, and calcium homeostasis. Cholesterol metabolism showed major changes; sterol biosynthesis was enhanced and steady-state amounts of sterols were altered at the cellular level. Changes were also present in early maturation of Ppt1(Deltaex4) neurons indicated by increased proliferative capacity of neuronal stem cells. Knock-out neurons presented unaltered electrophysiological properties suggesting uncompromised synaptic function in young animals. However, knock-out neurons exhibited more efficient recovery from glutamate-induced calcium transients, possibly indicating neuroprotective activation. This study established that the neuronal deregulation in INCL is linked to neuronal maturation, lipid metabolism and calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ahtiainen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Glycosylation, transport, and complex formation of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1)--distinct characteristics in neurons. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:22. [PMID: 17565660 PMCID: PMC1906764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are collectively the most common type of recessively inherited childhood encephalopathies. The most severe form of NCL, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), is caused by mutations in the CLN1 gene, resulting in a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). The deficiency of PPT1 causes a specific death of neocortical neurons by a mechanism, which is currently unclear. To understand the function of PPT1 in more detail, we have further analyzed the basic properties of the protein, especially focusing on possible differences in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. RESULTS Our study shows that the N-glycosylation of N197 and N232, but not N212, is essential for PPT1's activity and intracellular transport. Deglycosylation of overexpressed PPT1 produced in neurons and fibroblasts demonstrates differentially modified PPT1 in different cell types. Furthermore, antibody internalization assays showed differences in PPT1 transport when compared with a thoroughly characterized lysosomal enzyme aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA), an important observation potentially influencing therapeutic strategies. PPT1 was also demonstrated to form oligomers by size-exclusion chromatography and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, the consequences of disease mutations were analyzed in the perspective of our new results, suggesting that the mutations increase both the degree of glycosylation of PPT1 and its ability to form complexes. CONCLUSION Our current study describes novel properties for PPT1. We observe differences in PPT1 processing and trafficking in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and describe for the first time the ability of PPT1 to form complexes. Understanding the basic characteristics of PPT1 is fundamental in order to clarify the molecular pathogenesis behind neurodegeneration in INCL.
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Buff H, Smith AC, Korey CA. Genetic modifiers of Drosophila palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1-induced degeneration. Genetics 2007; 176:209-20. [PMID: 17409080 PMCID: PMC1893024 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.067983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a pediatric neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the human CLN1 gene. CLN1 encodes palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), suggesting an important role for the regulation of palmitoylation in normal neuronal function. To further elucidate Ppt1 function, we performed a gain-of-function modifier screen in Drosophila using a collection of enhancer-promoter transgenic lines to suppress or enhance the degeneration produced by overexpression of Ppt1 in the adult visual system. Modifier genes identified in our screen connect Ppt1 function to synaptic vesicle cycling, endo-lysosomal trafficking, synaptic development, and activity-dependent remodeling of the synapse. Furthermore, several homologs of the modifying genes are known to be regulated by palmitoylation in other systems and may be in vivo substrates for Ppt1. Our results complement recent work on mouse Ppt1(-/-) cells that shows a reduction in synaptic vesicle pools in primary neuronal cultures and defects in endosomal trafficking in human fibroblasts. The pathways and processes implicated by our modifier loci shed light on the normal cellular function of Ppt1. A greater understanding of Ppt1 function in these cellular processes will provide valuable insight into the molecular etiology of the neuronal dysfunction underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Buff
- Department of Biology, The College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, USA
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Kyttälä A, Lahtinen U, Braulke T, Hofmann SL. Functional biology of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1762:920-33. [PMID: 16839750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofucinoses (NCLs) are a group of severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigment in patients' cells. The different forms of NCL share many similar pathological features but result from mutations in different genes. The genes affected in NCLs encode both soluble and transmembrane proteins and are localized to ER or to the endosomes/lysosomes. Due to selective vulnerability of the central nervous system in the NCL disorders, the corresponding proteins are proposed to have important, tissue specific roles in the brain. The pathological similarities of the different NCLs have led not only to the grouping of these disorders but also to suggestion that the NCL proteins function in the same biological pathway. Despite extensive research, including the development of several model organisms for NCLs and establishment of high-throughput techniques, the precise biological function of many of the NCL proteins has remained elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the functions, or proposed functions, of the different NCL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Kyttälä
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jalanko A, Tyynelä J, Peltonen L. From genes to systems: new global strategies for the characterization of NCL biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:934-44. [PMID: 17045465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are rare neurological disorders with a uniform phenotype, caused by mutations in seven known genes. NCL provide a unique model to characterize molecular pathways critical for normal neuronal development and pathological neuronal degeneration. Systems biology based approach utilizes the rapidly developing tools of genomics, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics and aims at thorough understanding of the functions of cells, tissues and whole organisms by molecular analysis and biocomputing-assisted modeling. The systems level understanding of NCL is now possible by utilizing different model organisms. Initial work has revealed disturbed metabolic pathways in several NCL disorders and most analyses have utilized the infantile (INCL/CLN1) and juvenile (JNCL/CLN3) disease modeling and utilized mainly human and mouse samples. To date, the data obtained from transcript and lipidomic profiling has pinpointed the role of lipid metabolism and synaptic function in the infantile NCL. Changes in glutamate utilization and amino acid metabolism have been a common theme emerging from the transcript and metabolite profiling of the juvenile NCL. Further experimental models are being developed and systematic sample collection as well as data integration projects are needed. The combined analyses of the global information should provide means to expose all the NCL-associated molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Jalanko
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Siintola E, Lehesjoki AE, Mole SE. Molecular genetics of the NCLs -- status and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:857-64. [PMID: 16828266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in many cell types, including neurons. Most NCL subtypes are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and characterized clinically by epileptic seizures, progressive psychomotor decline, visual failure, variable age of onset, and premature death. To date, seven genes underlying human NCLs have been identified. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with specific disease subtypes, while some result in variable disease onset, severity and progression. In addition to these, there are still disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. Although apparent clinical homogeneity exists within some of these subgroups, actual genetic heterogeneity may complicate gene identification. Additional clues to the identification of these unknown genes may come from animal models of NCL and from functional studies of already known genes which may suggest further candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Siintola
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics and Neuroscience Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ahtiainen L, Luiro K, Kauppi M, Tyynelä J, Kopra O, Jalanko A. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) deficiency causes endocytic defects connected to abnormal saposin processing. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1540-53. [PMID: 16542649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of the childhood caused by mutations in the gene encoding palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). PPT1 localizes to late endosomes/lysosomes of non-neuronal cells and in neurons also to presynaptic areas. PPT1-deficiency causes massive death of cortical neurons and most tissues show an accumulation of saposins A and D. We have here studied endocytic pathways, saposin localization and processing in PPT1-deficient fibroblasts to elucidate the cellular defects resulting in accumulation of specific saposins. We show that PPT1-deficiency causes a defect in fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis, whereas marker uptake and recycling endocytosis remain intact. Furthermore, we show that saposins A and D are more abundant and relocalized in PPT-deficient fibroblasts and mouse primary neurons. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed hypersecretion and abnormal processing of prosaposin, implying that the accumulation of saposins may result from endocytic defects. We show for the first time a connection between saposin storage and a defect in the endocytic pathway of INCL cells. These data provide new insights into the metabolism of PPT1-deficient cells and offer a basis for further studies on cellular processes causing neuronal death in INCL and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ahtiainen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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