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Druga R, Mares P, Salaj M, Kubova H. Degenerative Changes in the Claustrum and Endopiriform Nucleus after Early-Life Status Epilepticus in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1296. [PMID: 38279295 PMCID: PMC10816976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the location of degenerating neurons in the dorsal (insular) claustrum (DCL, VCL) and the dorsal, intermediate and ventral endopiriform nucleus (DEn, IEn, VEn) in rat pups following lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE) induced at postnatal days [P]12, 15, 18, 21 and 25. The presence of Fluoro-Jade B-positive neurons was evaluated at 4, 12, 24, 48 h and 1 week later. A small number of degenerated neurons was observed in the CL, as well as in the DEn at P12 and P15. The number of degenerated neurons was increased in the CL as well as in the DEn at P18 and above and was highest at longer survival intervals. The CL at P15 and 18 contained a small or moderate number of degenerated neurons mainly close to the medial and dorsal margins also designated as DCl ("shell") while isolated degenerated neurons were distributed in the VCl ("core"). In P21 and 25, a larger number of degenerated neurons occurred in both subdivisions of the dorsal claustrum. The majority of degenerated neurons in the endopiriform nucleus were found in the intermediate and caudal third of the DEn. A small number of degenerated neurons was dispersed in the whole extent of the DEn with prevalence to its medial margin. Our results indicate that degenerated neurons in the claustrum CL and endopiriform nucleus are distributed mainly in subdivisions originating from the ventral pallium; their distribution correlates with chemoarchitectonics of both nuclei and with their intrinsic and extrinsic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Druga
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mares
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Salaj
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Hana Kubova
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
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2
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Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Mizuma H, Yamauchi K, Okamoto S, Okamoto K, Ishida Y, Koike M, Watanabe M, Isa T, Hioki H. Preferential arborization of dendrites and axons of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive GABAergic neurons within subregions of the mouse claustrum. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:92-106. [PMID: 36574563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum coordinates the activities of individual cortical areas through abundant reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex. Although these excitatory connections have been extensively investigated in three subregions of the claustrum-core region and dorsal and ventral shell regions-the contribution of GABAergic neurons to the circuitry in each subregion remains unclear. Here, we examined the distribution of GABAergic neurons and their dendritic and axonal arborizations in each subregion. Combining in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that approximately 10% of neuronal nuclei-positive cells expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 mRNA across the claustral subregions. Approximately 20%, 30%, and 10% of GABAergic neurons were immunoreactive for parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively, in each subregion, and these neurochemical markers showed little overlap with each other. We then reconstructed PV and SOM neurons labeled with adeno-associated virus vectors. The dendrites and axons of PV and SOM neurons were preferentially localized to their respective subregions where their cell bodies were located. Furthermore, the axons were preferentially extended in a rostrocaudal direction, whereas the dendrites were relatively isotropic. The present findings suggest that claustral PV and SOM neurons might execute information processing separately within the core and shell regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kobayashi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruhi Mizuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Morphology, biochemistry and connectivity of Cluster N and the hippocampal formation in a migratory bird. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2731-2749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe exceptional navigational capabilities of migrating birds are based on the perception and integration of a variety of natural orientation cues. The “Wulst” in the forebrain of night-migratory songbirds contains a brain area named “Cluster N”, which is involved in processing directional navigational information derived from the Earth´s magnetic field. Cluster N is medially joined by the hippocampal formation, known to retrieve and utilise navigational information. To investigate the connectivity and neurochemical characteristics of Cluster N and the hippocampal formation of migratory birds, we performed morphological and histochemical analyses based on the expression of calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, glutamate receptor type 1 and early growth response protein-1 in the night-migratory Garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and mapped their mutual connections using neuronal tract tracing. The resulting expression patterns revealed regionally restricted neurochemical features, which mapped well onto the hippocampal and hyperpallial substructures known from other avian species. Magnetic field-induced neuronal activation covered caudal parts of the hyperpallium and the medially adjacent hippocampal dorsomedial/dorsolateral subdivisions. Neuronal tract tracings revealed connections between Cluster N and the hippocampal formation with the vast majority originating from the densocellular hyperpallium, either directly or indirectly via the area corticoidea dorsolateralis. Our data indicate that the densocellular hyperpallium could represent a central relay for the transmission of magnetic compass information to the hippocampal formation where it might be integrated with other navigational cues in night-migratory songbirds.
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Yan T, Kong Y, Fan W, Kang J, Chen H, He H, Huang F. Expression of nitric oxide synthases in rat odontoblasts and the role of nitric oxide in odontoblastic differentiation of rat dental papilla cells. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:354-371. [PMID: 34411285 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As precursor cells of odontoblasts, dental papilla cells (DPCs) form the dentin-pulp complex during tooth development. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates the functions of multiple cells and organ tissues, including stem cell differentiation and bone formation. In this paper, we explored the involvement of NO in odontoblastic differentiation. We verified the expression of NO synthase (NOS) in rat odontoblasts by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining and immunohistochemistry in vivo. The expression of all three NOS isoforms in rat DPCs was confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, and western blotting in vitro. The expression of neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS was upregulated during the odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs. Inhibition of NOS function by NOS inhibitor l-NG -monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) resulted in reduced formation of mineralized nodules and expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein (DMP1) during DPC differentiation. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) promoted the viability of DPCs. Extracellular matrix mineralization and odontogenic markers expression were elevated by SNAP at low concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) and suppressed at high concentration (100 μM). Blocking the generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo-(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) abolished the positive influence of SNAP on the odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs. These findings demonstrate that NO regulates the odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs, thereby influencing dentin formation and tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoling Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Abstract
The claustrum is one of the most widely connected regions of the forebrain, yet its function has remained obscure, largely due to the experimentally challenging nature of targeting this small, thin, and elongated brain area. However, recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled the anatomy and physiology of the claustrum to be studied with the spatiotemporal and cell type–specific precision required to eventually converge on what this area does. Here we review early anatomical and electrophysiological results from cats and primates, as well as recent work in the rodent, identifying the connectivity, cell types, and physiological circuit mechanisms underlying the communication between the claustrum and the cortex. The emerging picture is one in which the rodent claustrum is closely tied to frontal/limbic regions and plays a role in processes, such as attention, that are associated with these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Albert K. Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
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Baizer JS, Webster CJ, Baker JF. The Claustrum in the Squirrel Monkey. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1439-1454. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan S. Baizer
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo New York
| | - Charles J. Webster
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsJacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo New York
| | - James F. Baker
- Department of PhysiologyNorthwestern University Medical School Chicago Illinois
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Smith JB, Alloway KD, Hof PR, Orman R, Reser DH, Watakabe A, Watson GDR. The relationship between the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus: A perspective towards consensus on cross-species homology. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:476-499. [PMID: 30225888 PMCID: PMC6421118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of interest in studying the claustrum, a recent special issue of the Journal of Comparative Neurology dedicated to the claustrum (Volume 525, Issue 6, pp. 1313-1513) brought to light questions concerning the relationship between the claustrum (CLA) and a region immediately ventral known as the endopiriform nucleus (En). These structures have been identified as separate entities in rodents but appear as a single continuous structure in primates. During the recent Society for Claustrum Research meeting, a panel of experts presented data pertaining to the relationship of these regions and held a discussion on whether the CLA and En should be considered (a) separate unrelated structures, (b) separate nuclei within the same formation, or (c) subregions of a continuous structure. This review article summarizes that discussion, presenting comparisons of the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical profiles, genetic markers, and anatomical connectivity of the CLA and En across several mammalian species. In rodents, we conclude that the CLA and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) are subregions of a larger complex, which likely performs analogous computations and exert similar effects on their respective cortical targets (e.g., sensorimotor versus limbic). Moving forward, we recommend that the field retain the nomenclature currently employed for this region but should continue to examine the delineation of these structures across different species. Using thorough descriptions of a variety of anatomical features, this review offers a clear definition of the CLA and En in rodents, which provides a framework for identifying homologous structures in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin D. Alloway
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203 USA
| | - David H. Reser
- Graduate Entry Medicine Program, Monash Rural Health Churchill, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D. R. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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8
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Landzhov B, Hinova-Palova D, Edelstein L, Dzhambazova E, Brainova I, Georgiev GP, Ivanova V, Paloff A, Ovtscharoff W. Comparative investigation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat and human claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Watson GDR, Smith JB, Alloway KD. Interhemispheric connections between the infralimbic and entorhinal cortices: The endopiriform nucleus has limbic connections that parallel the sensory and motor connections of the claustrum. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1363-1380. [PMID: 26860547 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the claustrum is part of an interhemispheric circuit that interconnects somesthetic-motor and visual-motor cortical regions. The role of the claustrum in processing limbic information, however, is poorly understood. Some evidence suggests that the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn), which lies immediately ventral to the claustrum, has connections with limbic cortical areas and should be considered part of a claustrum-DEn complex. To determine whether DEn has similar patterns of cortical connections as the claustrum, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to elucidate the connectivity of DEn. Following injections of retrograde tracers into DEn, labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the infralimbic (IL) cortex and ipsilaterally in the entorhinal and piriform cortices. Anterograde tracer injections in DEn revealed labeled terminals in the same cortical regions, but only in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These tracer injections also revealed extensive longitudinal projections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Dual retrograde tracer injections into IL and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEnt) revealed intermingling of labeled neurons in ipsilateral DEn, including many double-labeled neurons. In other experiments, anterograde and retrograde tracers were separately injected into IL of each hemisphere of the same animal. This revealed an interhemispheric circuit in which IL projects bilaterally to DEn, with the densest terminal labeling appearing in the contralateral hemisphere around retrogradely labeled neurons that project to IL in that hemisphere. By showing that DEn and claustrum have parallel sets of connections, these results suggest that DEn and claustrum perform similar functions in processing limbic and sensorimotor information, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1363-1380, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D R Watson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jared B Smith
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Hinova-Palova DV, Landzhov B, Dzhambazova E, Minkov M, Edelstein L, Malinova L, Paloff A, Ovtscharoff W. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the cat claustrum: A light- and electron-microscopic investigation. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:107-19. [PMID: 25157673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a telencephalic nucleus located ventrolateral to the basal ganglia in the mammalian brain. It has an extensive reciprocal connectivity with most if not all of the cerebral cortex, in particular, primary sensory areas. However, despite renewed and growing interest amongst investigators, there remains a paucity of data concerning its peptidergic profile. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence, morphology, distribution and ultrastructure of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-ir) neurons and fibers in the claustrum of the cat. Ten adult healthy cats from both sexes were used. All animals received human and ethical treatment in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care. Subjects were irreversibly anesthetized and transcardially perfused with fixative solution containing glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Brains were promptly removed, postfixed and sectioned. Slices were incubated with polyclonal anti-NPY antibodies according to the standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method adopted by our Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. NPY-ir neurons and fibers were found to be diffusely distributed throughout the claustrum, with no obvious topographic or functional patterning other than larger numbers in its central/broadest part (stereotaxic planes A12-A16). Neurons were generally classified by diameter into three sizes: small (under 17 μm), medium (17-25 μm) and large (over 25 μm). Staining density is varied with some neurons appearing darker than others. At the electron-microscopic level NPY immunoproduct was observed within neurons, dendrites and terminal boutons, each differing relative to their ultrastructural attributes. Two types of NPY-ir synaptic boutons were found. Lastly, it is of interest to note that gender-specific differences were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Hinova-Palova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - E Dzhambazova
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Minkov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - L Edelstein
- Medimark Corporation, P.O. Box 2316, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA
| | - L Malinova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A Paloff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - W Ovtscharoff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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11
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Hinova-Palova DV, Edelstein L, Landzhov B, Minkov M, Malinova L, Hristov S, Denaro FJ, Alexandrov A, Kiriakova T, Brainova I, Paloff A, Ovtscharoff W. Topographical distribution and morphology of NADPH-diaphorase-stained neurons in the human claustrum. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:96. [PMID: 24904317 PMCID: PMC4034338 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the topographical distribution and morphological characteristics of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons and fibers in the human claustrum. These neurons were seen to be heterogeneously distributed throughout the claustrum. Taking into account the size and shape of stained perikarya as well as dendritic and axonal characteristics, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive neurons were categorized by diameter into three types: large, medium and small. Large neurons ranged from 25 to 35 μm in diameter and typically displayed elliptical or multipolar cell bodies. Medium neurons ranged from 20 to 25 μm in diameter and displayed multipolar, bipolar and irregular cell bodies. Small neurons ranged from 14 to 20 μm in diameter and most often displayed oval or elliptical cell bodies. Based on dendritic characteristics, these neurons were divided into spiny and aspiny subtypes. Our findings reveal two populations of NADPHd-positive neurons in the human claustrum-one comprised of large and medium cells consistent with a projection neuron phenotype, the other represented by small cells resembling the interneuron phenotype as defined by previous Golgi impregnation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimka V Hinova-Palova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Minko Minkov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Lina Malinova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Hristov
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Frank J Denaro
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandar Alexandrov
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Kiriakova
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ilina Brainova
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adrian Paloff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Wladimir Ovtscharoff
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Hinova-Palova DV, Edelstein L, Landzhov BV, Braak E, Malinova LG, Minkov M, Paloff A, Ovtscharoff W. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the human claustrum. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1813-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Ling S, Zhou J, Rudd JA, Hu Z, Fang M. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the brain of the mouse during embryogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:504-14. [PMID: 22262671 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the process of normal mouse brain growth from embryonic (E) Day 11 to postnatal (P) Day 1 was investigated by means of immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods. Our results demonstrated that nNOS positive neurons appeared early in superficial cortex at E11. At E13, nNOS positive neurons were located in lateral hypothalamus and amygdala, and temporarily in medullar and ventral hypothalamic neuroepithelia. From E15 to P0, nNOS positive neurons were distributed in superior and inferior colliculi, positive staining could also be seen in superior and inferior tectal neuroepithelium at E15. From E17 to birth, the medial geniculate nucleus had a high density of nNOS labeling. The distribution of nNOS gradually increased and extended laterally in embryo brain, which in turn implies that NO might be involved in the development of mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Ling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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McCauley AK, Frank ST, Godwin DW. Brainstem nitrergic innervation of the mouse visual thalamus. Brain Res 2009; 1278:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Hinova-Palova D, Edelstein L, Paloff A, Hristov S, Papantchev V, Ovtscharoff W. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunopositive neurons in cat claustrum—a light and electron microscopic study. J Mol Histol 2008; 39:447-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-008-9184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Kowiański P, Moryś JM, Dziewiątkowski J, Wójcik S, Sidor-Kaczmarek J, Moryś J. NPY-, SOM- and VIP-containing interneurons in postnatal development of the rat claustrum. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Romero D, de Vicente A, Olmos JL, Dávila JC, Pérez-García A. Effect of lipopeptides of antagonistic strains of Bacillus subtilis on the morphology and ultrastructure of the cucurbit fungal pathogen Podosphaera fusca. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:969-76. [PMID: 17897200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the morphological and ultrastructural effects of lipopeptides of cell-free liquid cultures from the antagonistic Bacillus subtilis strains, UMAF6614 and UMAF6639, on the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera fusca, conidial germination. METHODS AND RESULTS Butanolic extracts from cell-free supernatants of B. subtilis cultures were tested for their ability to arrest P. fusca conidial germination using the zucchini cotyledon disc method. Previously, the occurrence of lipopeptide antibiotics fengycin, iturin/bacillomycin and surfactin in the extracts was verified by diverse chromatographic approaches. Conidial germination was strongly reduced by antifungal extracts obtained from liquid cultures of both B. subtilis strains. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed morphological damage in conidia characterized by the presence of large depressions and loss of turgidness. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed severe modifications in the plasma membrane and disorganization of the P. fusca cell cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS The lipopeptides produced by the two strains of B. subtilis are able to reduce cucurbit powdery mildew disease by arresting conidial germination, which seems to result from the induction of important cytological alterations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We elucidated the mechanisms employed by these antagonistic strains of B. subtilis to suppress cucurbit powdery mildew disease and delineate the ultrastructural damages responsible for their suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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18
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Guirado S, Real MÁ, Dávila JC. Distinct immunohistochemically defined areas in the medial amygdala in the developing and adult mouse. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Rahman FE, Baizer JS. Neurochemically defined cell types in the claustrum of the cat. Brain Res 2007; 1159:94-111. [PMID: 17582386 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a subcortical structure reciprocally and topographically connected with all sensory and motor domains of the cerebral cortex. Previous anatomical and electrophysiological data suggested that most cells in the claustrum are large neurons that both receive cortical input and project back to cortex, forming excitatory connections with their cortical targets. These data have been interpreted to imply a relay function for the claustrum, with information from different functional cortical domains remaining segregated. The possibility that the claustrum might mediate a more "global" function has been recently been developed by Crick and Koch [Crick, F. C., Koch, C., 2005. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 360, 1271-1279]. We have reexamined the anatomical substrate for information processing in the claustrum of the cat by analyzing the patterns of immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins, GAD, serotonin, nNOS and the glutamate transporter EAAC1. We found multiple neurochemically defined cell types, suggesting multiple classes of projection neurons and interneurons. Each class was found throughout the entire claustrum, in all functionally defined subdivisions. Many neurons in the claustrum were surrounded by parvalbumin, calretinin, GAD or nNOS immunoreactive terminals, suggesting that many neurons of the claustrum make extensive intraclaustral connections. The entire claustrum also receives a serotonergic input. The identification of multiple neurochemical cell classes, their distribution and the extent of their dendritic arborizations relative to functional compartments suggest a substrate for information processing in the claustrum that may allow integration of information across functional subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad E Rahman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 123 Sherman Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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20
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Hinova-Palova DV, Edelstein LR, Paloff AM, Hristov S, Papantchev VG, Ovtscharoff WA. Parvalbumin in the cat claustrum: ultrastructure, distribution and functional implications. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:61-77. [PMID: 17126385 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) parvalbumin (PV) in the neuronal elements of the cat's dorsal claustrum was studied by immunohistochemistry at the light- and electron-microscopic level. PV-immunoreactive neurons and fibers were detected in all parts of the claustrum. The PV-immunoreactive neurons were divided into several subtypes according to their size and shape. Approximately 7% of all PV-immunoreactive neurons were classified as large, while approximately half of the labeled neurons were medium-sized. The small PV-immunoreactive neurons were 45% of the total PV-immunoreactive neuronal population. Ultrastructurally, many spiny and aspiny dendrites were heavily immunolabeled, and the reaction product was present in dendritic spines as well. Several types of synaptic boutons containing reaction product were also found. These boutons terminated on both labeled and unlabeled postsynaptic targets (soma, dendrites, etc.), forming asymmetric or symmetric synapses. Approximately 70% of all PV-immunoreactive terminals contained round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synapses. The majority of these boutons were of the ''large round'' type. A lesser percentage were of the ''small round'' type. This paper represents the first study demonstrating the existence of PV, a CaBP, in the cat claustrum, and its distribution at the light and electron microscope level. Beyond the relevance of this research from the standpoint of adding to the paucity of literature on PV immunoreactivity in the claustrum of various other mammals (e.g. monkey, rabbit, rat, mouse), it is of particular significance that the cat claustrum is more similar to the rabbit claustrum than to any other mammalian species studied thus far, noted by the existence of four distinct morphologic subtypes. We also demonstrate a lack of intrinsic, and possibly functional, heterogeneity as evidenced by the uniform distribution of PV throughout the cat claustrum, across the four cell subtypes (i.e. inhibitory interneurons as well as projection neurons). Indeed, the association with, and influence of, the cat claustrum on diverse multisensory mechanisms may have more to do with its afferent than efferent relationships, which speaks strongly for its importance in the sensory hierarchy. Exactly what role PV plays in the claustrum is subject to discussion, but it can be postulated that, since CaBP is associated with GABAergic interneurons, synaptogenesis and neuronal maturation, it may also serve as a neuroprotectant, particularly with regard to pathologies associated with the aging process, such as in Alzheimer's disease.
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21
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Papantchev V, Paloff A, Hinova-Palova D, Hristov S, Todorova D, Ovtscharoff W. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunopositive neurons in cat vestibular complex: a light and electron microscopic study. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:343-52. [PMID: 17120106 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a unique neurotransmitter, which participates in many physiological and pathological processes in the organism. Nevertheless, there are little data about the neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (nNOS-ir) in the vestibular complex of a cat. In this respect, the aims of this study were to: (1) demonstrate nNOS-ir in the neurons and fibers, from all major and accessory vestibular nuclei; (2) describe their light microscopic morphology and distribution; (3) investigate and analyze the ultrastructure of the NOS I-immunopositive neurons, fibers, and synaptic boutons. For demonstration of the nNOS-ir, the peroxidase-antiperoxidase-diaminobenzidin method was applied. Immunopositive for nNOS neurons and fibers were present in all major and accessory vestibular nuclei. On the light microscope level, the immunopositive neurons were different in shape and size. According to the latter, they were divided into four groups--small (with diameter less than 15 microm), medium-sized (with diameter from 15 to 30 microm), large type I (with diameter from 30 to 40 microm), and large type II (with diameter greater than 40 microm). On the electron microscope level, the immunoproduct was observed in neurons, dendrites, and terminal boutons. According to the ultrastructural features, the neurons were divided into three groups--small (with diameter less than 15 microm), medium-sized (with diameter from 15 to 30 microm), and large (with diameter greater than 30 microm). At least two types of nNOS-ir synaptic boutons were easily distinguished. As a conclusion, we hope that this study will contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the vestibular complex in cat and that some of the data presented could be extrapolated to other mammals, including human.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Papantchev
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.
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22
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Suárez J, Dávila JC, Real MA, Guirado S, Medina L. Calcium-binding proteins, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and GABA help to distinguish different pallial areas in the developing and adult chicken. I. Hippocampal formation and hyperpallium. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:751-71. [PMID: 16786551 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the formation and adult organization of the avian pallium, we studied the expression patterns of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hippocampal formation and hyperpallium of developing and adult chicks. Each marker showed a specific spatiotemporal expression pattern and was expressed in a region (area)-specific but dynamic manner during development. The combinatorial expression of these markers was very useful for identifying and following the development of subdivisions of the chicken hippocampal formation and hyperpallium. In the hyperpallium, three separate radially arranged subdivisions were present since early development showing distinct expression patterns: the apical hyperpallium (CB-rich); the intercalated hyperpallium (nNOS-rich, CB-poor); the dorsal hyperpallium (nNOS-poor, CB-moderate). Furthermore, a novel division was identified (CB-rich, CR-rich), interposed between hyper- and mesopallium and related to the lamina separating both, termed laminar pallial nucleus. This gave rise at its surface to part of the lateral hyperpallium. Later in development, the interstitial nucleus of the apical hyperpallium became visible as a partition of the apical hyperpallium. In the hippocampal formation, at least five radial divisions were observed, and these were compared with the divisions proposed recently in adult pigeons. Of note, the corticoid dorsolateral area (sometimes referred as caudolateral part of the parahippocampal area) contained CB immunoreactivity patches coinciding with Nissl-stained cell aggregates, partially resembling the patches described in the mammalian entorhinal cortex. Each neurochemical marker was present in specific neuronal subpopulations and axonal networks, providing insights into the functional maturation of the chicken pallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Suárez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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23
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Shiihara T, Kato M, Ichiyama T, Takahashi Y, Tanuma N, Miyata R, Hayasaka K. Acute encephalopathy with refractory status epilepticus: bilateral mesial temporal and claustral lesions, associated with a peripheral marker of oxidative DNA damage. J Neurol Sci 2006; 250:159-61. [PMID: 16935306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 12-year-old girl, who had been medicated with theophylline for bronchial asthma and developed acute encephalopathy with refractory status epilepticus, showing bilateral mesial temporal and claustral lesions, which were evident on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, obtained with 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. To date, oxidative stress has been implicated in aging or various disorders, including inflammatory or degenerative neurological disorders. One of the oxidative stress markers, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, was increased in our patient's cerebro-spinal fluid, plasma and urine. We speculate that augmented oxidative stress was associated with refractory status epilepticus in our patient, accompanying bilateral mesial temporal, claustral lesions and severe neuronal damage. Serial measurements of oxidative stress markers in acute encephalitis, encephalopathy, or status epilepticus could clarify the relationships between acute brain damage and free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Real MA, Dávila JC, Guirado S. Immunohistochemical localization of the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 in the developing and adult mouse claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:169-77. [PMID: 16434168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the immunoreactive expression pattern for the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 in the embryonic, postnatal and adult mouse dorsal claustrum, at the light and electron microscopic levels. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in the dorsal claustrum starts to be observed at E16.5, with a dramatic increase towards P0. At this age, abundant VGLUT2-immunoreactive axons and puncta are observed in all pallial regions, including the claustral complex. From the first postnatal week, VGLUT2 immunoreactivity declines in several telencephalic areas, including the pallium, but abundant VGLUT2-immunoreactive fine axons and puncta remain in the claustrum. Beginning at E18.5, VGLUT2 immunoreactivity within the claustrum shows a characteristic arrangement: a central part of the region is practically devoid of VGLUT2 immunoreactivity, and it is surrounded by plenty of immunoreactive axon terminals forming a shell around it. This core/shell arrangement of the VGLUT2 immunoreactivity resembles the complementary expression of parvalbumin and calretinin described in the mouse claustrum [Real, M.A., Dávila, J.C., Guirado, S., 2003. Expression of calcium-binding proteins in the mouse claustrum. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 25, 151-160]. We observed immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies as well in the dorsal claustrum, but only at P0. Electron microscopic analysis reveals that VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in the developing and adult dorsal claustrum consists predominantly of presynaptic boutons making asymmetric synaptic contacts. These VGLUT2-immunoreactive boutons are observed as early as E16.5 and may be related to thalamo-claustral incoming fibers.
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25
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Legaz I, García-López M, Medina L. Subpallial origin of part of the calbindin-positive neurons of the claustral complex and piriform cortex. Brain Res Bull 2006; 66:470-4. [PMID: 16144634 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether part of the calbindin-positive neurons of the claustral complex and piriform cortex originate in the subpallium. To that end, we prepared organotypic cultures of embryonic telencephalic slices, and applied the cell tracker CMTMR to the ventricular/subventricular zone of the lateral or medial ganglionic eminence. Following 48 h of incubation, we observed a number of CMTMR-labeled cells (showing red fluorescence) of subpallial origin in the claustral complex and piriform cortex. To know whether some of these cells of subpallial origin were calbindin-positive, we performed immunofluorescence for calbindin using an Alexa 488-conjugated secondary antiserum (green fluorescence). Our results showed that some of the CMTMR-labeled cells of subpallial origin in the claustral complex and piriform cortex are calbindin-positive (and possibly GABAergic). The subpallial origin of part of these cells was confirmed by observation of double labeled neurons in the claustral complex that expressed both Lhx6 mRNA (a marker of cells derived from the medial ganglionic eminence) and calbindin. Future studies will be required to analyze the existence of a subpopulation of non-GABAergic calbindin cells in the claustral complex and piriform cortex, and to know their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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26
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Toda N, Ayajiki K. Phylogenesis of constitutively formed nitric oxide in non-mammals. REVIEWS OF PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 157:31-80. [PMID: 17236649 DOI: 10.1007/112_0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian tissues is produced from L-arginine via catalysis by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms such as neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that are constitutively expressed mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system and vascular endothelial cells, respectively. This review concentrates only on these constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms while excluding information about iNOS, which is induced mainly in macrophages upon stimulation by cytokines and polysaccharides. The NO signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the functional regulation of mammalian tissues and organs. Evidence has also been accumulated for the role of NO in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates. Expression of nNOS in the brain and peripheral nervous system is widely determined by staining with NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) diaphorase or NOS immunoreactivity, and functional roles of NO formed by nNOS are evidenced in the early phylogenetic stages (invertebrates and fishes). On the other hand, the endothelium mainly produces vasodilating prostanoids rather than NO or does not liberate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (fishes), and the ability of endothelial cells to liberate NO is observed later in phylogenetic stages (amphibians). This review article summarizes various types of interesting information obtained from lower organisms (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) about the properties and distribution of nNOS and eNOS and also the roles of NO produced by the cNOS as an important intercellular signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Olmos JL, Real MA, Medina L, Guirado S, Dávila JC. Distribution of nitric oxide-producing neurons in the developing and adult mouse amygdalar basolateral complex. Brain Res Bull 2005; 66:465-9. [PMID: 16144633 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the mouse amygdalar basolateral complex (BLC) from embryonic day 15.5 to adult, using standard immunohistochemical methods. Our results indicate that each nucleus of the amygdalar basolateral complex displays a distinct nNOS expression pattern, which is established during the ontogenesis with minor changes in the adult. The basomedial nucleus (BM) exhibited the highest nNOS immunoreactivity in the basolateral complex, observable from early embryonic stages, whereas the lateral nucleus displayed the lowest level of immunoreactivity. The expression pattern for nNOS in the basolateral nucleus differed substantially from that of the lateral and basomedial nuclei, showing a slightly increase in the number of nNOS cells and neuropil staining from intermediate developmental until early postnatal stages. Two distinct types of nitrergic neurons, densely and lightly stained neurons, were observed in the developing basolateral complex. Both types of putative nitrergic neurons were unevenly distributed in the basolateral complex. On the basis of previous data regarding the colocalization between nNOS and GABA in the mouse claustrum, we suggest that nNOS expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdalar complex are both GABAergic and non-GABAergic.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Olmos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, Spain
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Dreyer J, Schleicher M, Tappe A, Schilling K, Kuner T, Kusumawidijaja G, Müller-Esterl W, Oess S, Kuner R. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-interacting protein interacts with neuronal NOS and regulates its distribution and activity. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10454-65. [PMID: 15548660 PMCID: PMC6730309 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2265-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms governing the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), the major source of nitric oxide (NO) in the nervous system, are not completely understood. We report here a protein-protein interaction between nNOS and NOSIP (nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein) in rat brain in vivo. NOSIP and nNOS are concentrated in neuronal synapses and demonstrate significant colocalization in various regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. NOSIP produces a significant reduction in nNOS activity in a neuroepithelioma cell line stably expressing nNOS. Furthermore, overexpression of NOSIP in cultured primary neurons reduces the availability of nNOS in terminal dendrites. These results thus suggest that the interaction between NOSIP and nNOS is functionally involved in endogenous mechanisms regulating NO synthesis. Furthermore, we found that the subcellular distribution and expression levels of NOSIP are dynamically regulated by neuronal activity in vitro as well as in vivo, suggesting that NOSIP may contribute to a mechanism via which neuronal activity regulates the synaptic availability and activity of nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dreyer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gotti S, Sica M, Viglietti-Panzica C, Panzica G. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the mouse brain. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 68:13-35. [PMID: 16208717 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger with a wide range of neural functions. NO is synthesized by activation of different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS). At present NOS immunoreactivity has been described in mouse brain in restricted and definite areas and no detailed mapping studies have yet been reported for NOS immunoreactivity. We have studied the distribution of neuronal NOS-containing neurons in the brain of three months male mice, using a specific commercial polyclonal antibody against the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Neuronal cell bodies exhibiting nNOS immunoreactivity were found in several distinct nuclei throughout the brain. The neurons that were positively stained exhibited different intensities of reaction. In some brain areas (i.e., cortex, striatum, tegmental nuclei) neurons were intensely stained in a Golgi-like fashion. In other regions, immunoreactive cells are moderately stained (i.e., magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, amygdaloid nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray) or weakly stained (i.e., vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, hippocampus, inferior colliculus, reticular nucleus). In the mouse, the NO-producing system appears well developed and widely diffused. In particular, nNOS immunoreactive neurons seem chiefly present in several sensory pathways like all the nuclei of the olfactory system, as well as in many regions of the lymbic system. These data suggest a widespread role for the NO system in the mouse nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gotti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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