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Harzsch S, Krieger J. Genealogical relationships of mushroom bodies, hemiellipsoid bodies, and their afferent pathways in the brains of Pancrustacea: Recent progress and open questions. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101100. [PMID: 34488068 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to all latest phylogenetic analyses, the taxon Pancrustacea embraces the crustaceans in the traditional sense and the hexapods. Members of the Pancrustacea for a long time have been known to display distinct similarities in the architecture of their brains. Here, we review recent progress and open questions concerning structural and functional communalities of selected higher integrative neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum of pancrustaceans, the mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies. We also discuss the projection neuron pathway which provides a distinct input channel to both mushroom and hemiellipsoid bodies from the primary chemosensory centers in the deutocerebrum. Neuronal characters are mapped on a current pancrustacean phylogeny in order to extract those characters that are part of the pancrustacean ground pattern. Furthermore, we summarize recent insights into the evolutionary transformation of mushroom body morphology across the Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - J Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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Krieger J, Hörnig MK, Sandeman RE, Sandeman DC, Harzsch S. Masters of communication: The brain of the banded cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) with an emphasis on sensory processing areas. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1561-1587. [PMID: 31792962 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pan-tropic cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea, Stenopodidea) is famous for its specific cleaning behavior in association with client fish and an exclusively monogamous life-style. Cleaner shrimps feature a broad communicative repertoire, which is considered to depend on superb motor skills and the underlying mechanosensory circuits in combination with sensory organs. Their most prominent head appendages are the two pairs of very long biramous antennules and antennae, which are used both for attracting client fish and for intraspecific communication. Here, we studied the brain anatomy of several specimens of S. hispidus using histological sections, immunohistochemical labeling as well as X-ray microtomography in combination with 3D reconstructions. Furthermore, we investigated the morphology of antennules and antennae using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Our analyses show that in addition to the complex organization of the multimodal processing centers, especially chemomechanosensory neuropils associated with the antennule and antenna are markedly pronounced when compared to the other neuropils of the central brain. We suggest that in their brains, three topographic maps are present corresponding to the sensory appendages. The brain areas which provide the neuronal substrate for these maps share distinct structural similarities to a unique extent in decapods, such as size and characteristic striated and perpendicular layering. We discuss our findings with respect to the sensory landscape within animal's habitat. In an evolutionary perspective, the cleaner shrimp's brain is an excellent example of how sensory potential and functional demands shape the architecture of primary chemomechanosensory processing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie K Hörnig
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Renate E Sandeman
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - David C Sandeman
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany
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Strausfeld NJ, Sayre ME. Mushroom bodies in Reptantia reflect a major transition in crustacean brain evolution. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:261-282. [PMID: 31376285 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain centers possessing a suite of neuroanatomical characters that define mushroom bodies of dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, which are basal malacostracan crustaceans. Recent studies of the caridean shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus further demonstrate the existence of mushroom bodies in Malacostraca. Nevertheless, received opinion promulgates the hypothesis that domed centers called hemiellipsoid bodies typifying reptantian crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, represent the malacostracan cerebral ground pattern. Here, we provide evidence from the marine hermit crab Pagurus hirsutiusculus that refutes this view. P. hirsutiusculus, which is a member of the infraorder Anomura, reveals a chimeric morphology that incorporates features of a domed hemiellipsoid body and a columnar mushroom body. These attributes indicate that a mushroom body morphology is the ancestral ground pattern, from which the domed hemiellipsoid body derives and that the "standard" reptantian hemiellipsoid bodies that typify Astacidea and Achelata are extreme examples of divergence from this ground pattern. This interpretation is underpinned by comparing the lateral protocerebrum of Pagurus with that of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes immunis, members of the reptantian infraorder Astacidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Jackson C, van Staaden M. Characterization of locomotor response to psychostimulants in the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis): A promising model for studying the neural and molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:131-138. [PMID: 30550950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although scientific research using mammalian models has made great strides in uncovering the enigmatic neural and molecular mechanisms orchestrating the state of drug addiction, a complete understanding has thus far eluded researchers. The complexity of the task has led to the use of invertebrate model systems to complement the research of drug-induced reward in mammalian systems. Invertebrates, such as crayfish, offer excellent model systems to help reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug addiction as they retain the ancestral neural reward circuit that is evolutionarily conserved across taxa, and they possess relatively few, large neurons, laid out in an accessible, modularly organized nervous system. Crayfish offer the benefits of delineated developmental life stages, a large body size suitable for a variety of experimental methods, and stereotyped behaviors. Unique among crayfish is the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax forma virginalis), a species of asexually reproducing, genetically identical clones. With the benefits of reduced individual variation, high fecundity, and easy lab husbandry, the marbled crayfish would make a particularly powerful addition to the animal model repertoire. Here we characterize the locomotor response of juvenile P. f. f. virginalis exposed to the psychostimulant, d-amphetamine sulfate. Custom video-tracking software was used to record the movement patterns of juveniles exposed to water infused with varying concentrations of d-amphetamine sulfate. ANOVA demonstrated that crayfish locomotion was significantly impacted by drug concentration. These psychostimulant effects provide the foundation of P. f. f. virginalis as a model for parsing the neural and molecular mechanisms of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Jackson
- J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind & Behavior, and Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Moira van Staaden
- J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind & Behavior, and Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:649-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kenning M, Müller C, Wirkner CS, Harzsch S. The Malacostraca (Crustacea) from a neurophylogenetic perspective: New insights from brain architecture in Nebalia herbstii Leach, 1814 (Leptostraca, Phyllocarida). ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Alteration of c-Fos mRNA in the accessory lobe of crayfish is associated with a conditioned-cocaine induced reward. Neurosci Res 2012; 72:243-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Stegner MEJ, Richter S. Morphology of the brain in Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Cephalocarida, Crustacea). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:221-243. [PMID: 21679884 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
External morphological features of Cephalocarida have long been interpreted as plesiomorphic with regard to those of other crustaceans. Based on transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, however, the brain in the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha has been shown to contain a number of structures that are more difficult to interpret in an evolutionary context. These include the multi-lobed complex, a unique cluster of neuropils associated with the olfactory lobes. To establish a well-founded comparison of phylogenetically relevant, neuroanatomical data from Cephalocarida to other arthropods, we investigated the brain in H. macracantha using immunolabeling (acetylated α-tubulin, serotonin, RFamide, histamine) and nuclear counter stains of whole mounts and vibratome sections analyzing specimens with confocal laser scanning microscopy and computer-aided 3D-reconstruction. Other 3D-reconstructions were based on serial 1 μm semi-thin sections. The multi-lobed complex features a pedunculus and shows detailed homologies with the mushroom bodies of certain Insecta and Lithobiomorpha (Chilopoda), suggesting that the hemiellipsoid bodies in Remipedia and Malacostraca have derived from a cephalocarid-like pattern. Like the corresponding tracts in Insecta, the olfactory globular tracts linking the multi-lobed complex to the olfactory lobes are ipsilateral, probably constituting the plesiomorphic pattern from which the decussating tracts in Remipedia and Malacostraca have evolved. The olfactory lobes in H. macracantha are uniquely organized into vertical stacks of olfactory glomeruli whose exact shape could not be identified. Similarly to Malacostraca and Insecta, the olfactory glomeruli in H. macracantha are innervated by serotonin-like, RFamide-like, and histamine-like immunoreactive interneurons. This suggests homology of the olfactory lobes across Tetraconata, despite the different morphological organization. Although H. macracantha lacks elongated, unpaired midline neuropils known from the protocerebrum of other Arthropoda, the possible rudiment of a central-body-like neuropil that receives decussating fibers from anterior somata was revealed by the serotonin-like immunoreactive pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E J Stegner
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Frenkel L, Dimant B, Portiansky EL, Imboden H, Maldonado H, Delorenzi A. Neuroanatomical distribution of angiotensin-II-like neuropeptide within the central nervous system of the crab Chasmagnathus; physiological changes triggered by water deprivation. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:181-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Strausfeld NJ, Sinakevitch I, Brown SM, Farris SM. Ground plan of the insect mushroom body: functional and evolutionary implications. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:265-291. [PMID: 19152379 PMCID: PMC4876875 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. It is with reference to these components that most functional studies are interpreted. However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies, and likely to serve various functions. In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants, there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that are as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. Antennal lobe loss and calycal regression also typify taxa with short nonfeeding adults, in which olfaction is redundant. Examples are cicadas and mayflies, the latter representing the most basal lineage of winged insects. Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Strausfeld
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Irina Sinakevitch
- IBDML-UMR 6216, Case 907 Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 9, France
| | - Sheena M. Brown
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sarah M. Farris
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Daniel PC, Fox M, Mehta S. Identification of chemosensory sensilla mediating antennular flicking behavior in Panulirus argus, the Caribbean spiny lobster. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2008; 215:24-33. [PMID: 18723634 DOI: 10.2307/25470680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans sample odorants by a rapid series of flicks of the two flagella composing the distal segments of each of the paired antennules. The lateral flagella contain aesthetasc sensilla that house unimodal chemosensory neurons. Nine types of nonaesthetasc setae with putative chemosensory and mechanosensory functions are distributed on the lateral and medial flagella. Sensory neurons in aesthetascs and nonaesthetasc sensilla terminate in separate regions of the brain, the olfactory lobe, and the lateral antennular neuropil, resulting in two odorant-processing pathways. Distilled water ablation of flagella and excision of specific setae were used to identify chemosensory sensilla mediating antennular flick behavior in Panulirus argus. The flick rates of sham-ablated and ablated or excised lobsters toward squid extract were compared. Complete attenuation of flick response to squid extract occurred as a result of (1) distilled water ablation of lateral flagella, (2) excision of aesthetascs and asymmetric sensilla, and (3) excision of aesthetascs. Distilled water ablation of medial flagella resulted in a mean flick rate 52% of that observed for sham-ablated lobsters toward squid extract. Flicking was unaffected by excision of asymmetric, guard, or companion sensilla. We propose that odorant mediation of flicking behavior requires both the aesthetasc and nonaesthetasc pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Daniel
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA.
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Harzsch S, Hansson BS. Brain architecture in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae), a crustacean with a good aerial sense of smell. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:58. [PMID: 18590553 PMCID: PMC2459186 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the evolutionary radiation of Crustacea, several lineages in this taxon convergently succeeded in meeting the physiological challenges connected to establishing a fully terrestrial life style. These physiological adaptations include the need for sensory organs of terrestrial species to function in air rather than in water. Previous behavioral and neuroethological studies have provided solid evidence that the land hermit crabs (Coenobitidae, Anomura) are a group of crustaceans that have evolved a good sense of aerial olfaction during the conquest of land. We wanted to study the central olfactory processing areas in the brains of these organisms and to that end analyzed the brain of Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst, 1791; Anomura, Coenobitidae), a fully terrestrial tropical hermit crab, by immunohistochemistry against synaptic proteins, serotonin, FMRFamide-related peptides, and glutamine synthetase. Results The primary olfactory centers in this species dominate the brain and are composed of many elongate olfactory glomeruli. The secondary olfactory centers that receive an input from olfactory projection neurons are almost equally large as the olfactory lobes and are organized into parallel neuropil lamellae. The architecture of the optic neuropils and those areas associated with antenna two suggest that C. clypeatus has visual and mechanosensory skills that are comparable to those of marine Crustacea. Conclusion In parallel to previous behavioral findings of a good sense of aerial olfaction in C. clypeatus, our results indicate that in fact their central olfactory pathway is most prominent, indicating that olfaction is a major sensory modality that these brains process. Interestingly, the secondary olfactory neuropils of insects, the mushroom bodies, also display a layered structure (vertical and medial lobes), superficially similar to the lamellae in the secondary olfactory centers of C. clypeatus. More detailed analyses with additional markers will be necessary to explore the question if these similarities have evolved convergently with the establishment of superb aerial olfactory abilities or if this design goes back to a shared principle in the common ancestor of Crustacea and Hexapoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str, 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Polanska MA, Yasuda A, Harzsch S. Immunolocalisation of crustacean-SIFamide in the median brain and eyestalk neuropils of the marbled crayfish. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 330:331-44. [PMID: 17828557 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crustacean-SIFamide (GYRKPPFNGSIFamide) is a novel neuropeptide that was recently isolated from crayfish nervous tissue. We mapped the localisation of this peptide in the median brain and eyestalk neuropils of the marbled crayfish (Marmorkrebs), a parthenogenetic crustacean. Our experiments showed that crustacean-SIFamide is strongly expressed in all major compartments of the crayfish brain, including all three optic neuropils, the lateral protocerebrum with the hemiellipsoid body, and the medial protocerebrum with the central complex. These findings imply a role of this peptide in visual processing already at the level of the lamina but also at the level of the deeper relay stations. Immunolabelling is particularly strong in the accessory lobes and the deutocerebral olfactory lobes that receive a chemosensory input from the first antennae. Most cells of the olfactory globular tract, a projection neuron pathway that links deuto- and protocerebrum, are labelled. This pathway plays a central role in conveying tactile and olfactory stimuli to the lateral protocerebrum, where this input converges with optic information. Weak labelling is also present in the tritocerebrum that is associated with the mechanosensory second antennae. Taken together, we suggest an important role of crustacean-SIFamidergic neurons in processing high-order, multimodal input in the crayfish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Polanska
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
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Sullivan JM, Sandeman DC, Benton JL, Beltz BS. Adult neurogenesis and cell cycle regulation in the crustacean olfactory pathway: from glial precursors to differentiated neurons. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:527-42. [PMID: 17624620 PMCID: PMC2725433 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of the olfactory pathways of decapod crustaceans. In crayfish and clawed lobsters, adult-born neurons are the progeny of precursor cells with glial characteristics located in a neurogenic niche on the ventral surface of the brain. The daughters of these precursor cells migrate during S and G(2 )stages of the cell cycle along glial fibers to lateral (cluster 10) and medial (cluster 9) proliferation zones. Here, they divide (M phase) producing offspring that differentiate into olfactory interneurons. The complete lineage of cells producing neurons in these animals, therefore, is arranged along the migratory stream according to cell cycle stage. We have exploited this model to examine the influence of environmental and endogenous factors on adult neurogenesis. We find that increased levels of serotonin upregulate neuronal production, as does maintaining animals in an enriched (versus deprived) environment or augmenting their diet with omega-3 fatty acids; increased levels of nitric oxide, on the other hand, decrease the rate of neurogenesis. The features of the neurogenic niche and migratory streams, and the fact that these continue to function in vitro, provide opportunities unavailable in other organisms to explore the sequence of cellular and molecular events leading to the production of new neurons in adult brains.
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Kirsch R, Richter S. The nervous system of Leptodora kindtii (Branchiopoda, Cladocera) surveyed with confocal scanning microscopy (CLSM), including general remarks on the branchiopod neuromorphological ground pattern. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2007; 36:143-156. [PMID: 18089095 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the nervous system of Leptodora kindtii Focke, 1844 (Branchiopoda, Cladocera) and compares it with that of other branchiopods, with the aim of determining the characters of the branchiopod neuromorphological ground pattern. L. kindtii shares certain correspondences with all studied branchiopods, including a diffuse deutocerebrum, a separated tritocerebrum and a ventral nerve cord with two commissures in each segment. We document a central complex consisting of central body, a protocerebral bridge and lateral lobes which is homologous to that recently described for the anostracan Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758 and also known for malacostracans. Other characters in L. kindtii, such as the fused compound eye, are shared with other cladocerans, and some, such as optic fibres, the elongated circumoesophageal connectives and the short ventral nerve cord without ganglia in the thoracal part, are unique to Leptodora. The innervation of the "lateral lobes" of the "lower lip" indicates a correspondence between these lobes and the maxillules. We found evidence that the ganglia of the maxillula and maxilla segments have not been incorporated in other ganglia, as suggested earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Schmidt M, Derby CD. Non-olfactory chemoreceptors in asymmetric setae activate antennular grooming behavior in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 208:233-48. [PMID: 15634843 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the spiny lobster Panulirus argus the antennules carrying olfactory sensilla called aesthetascs and several types of other non-olfactory sensilla accompanying them are frequently groomed by the third maxillipeds in a stereotyped behavioral pattern. This behavior can be elicited by chemical stimulation with l-glutamate. Using selective sensillar ablations, we tested whether this behavior is driven by the numerous aesthetascs, which have been implicated as mediating this chemically elicited antennular grooming behavior in a previous investigation, or other, less numerous sensilla called asymmetric setae, which are tightly associated with aesthetascs. The selective sensilla ablations showed that the asymmetric setae are necessary and sufficient for driving chemically elicited antennular grooming. Bilateral elimination of the ca. 160 asymmetric setae almost completely abolished the behavior, whereas bilateral elimination of the ca. 2600 aesthetascs or of another type of sensilla associated with them (guard setae) did not cause a reduction in chemically elicited antennular grooming. Microscopical analysis of the morphological properties of the asymmetric setae revealed the presence of a terminal pore at the tip of the seta and a phalloidin-positive scolopale below its base. Since these structures have been identified in decapod crustaceans as modality-specific structures of bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla, we conclude that the asymmetric setae belong to this type of sensilla and thus have the appropriate features to function as chemoreceptors in the elicitation of antennular grooming. The identification of asymmetric setae and not aesthetascs as the drivers of chemically elicited antennular grooming suggests that it is not the olfactory pathway in the brain but a parallel pathway, constituted mainly by the lateral antennular neuropils, that is the neuronal substrate of this behavior. The lateral antennular neuropils receive non-olfactory sensory input from the antennule and contain the major arborizations of antennular motoneurons, allowing that direct sensory-motor coupling is involved in mediating the chemical elicitation of antennular grooming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
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Horner AJ, Weissburg MJ, Derby CD. Dual antennular chemosensory pathways can mediate orientation by Caribbean spiny lobsters in naturalistic flow conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 207:3785-96. [PMID: 15371486 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Benthic crustaceans rely on chemical stimuli to mediate a diversity of behaviors ranging from food localization and predator avoidance to den selection, conspecific interactions and grooming. To accomplish these tasks, Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) rely on a complex chemosensory system that is organized into two parallel chemosensory pathways originating in diverse populations of antennular sensilla and projecting to distinct neuropils within the brain. Chemosensory neurons associated with aesthetasc sensilla project to the glomerular olfactory lobes (the aesthetasc pathway), whereas those associated with non-aesthetasc sensilla project to the stratified lateral antennular neuropils and the unstructured median antennular neuropil (the non-aesthetasc pathway). Although the pathways differ anatomically, unique roles for each in odor-mediated behaviors have not been established. This study investigates the importance of each pathway for orientation by determining whether aesthetasc or non-aesthetasc sensilla are necessary and sufficient for a lobster to locate the source of a 2 m-distant food odor stimulus in a 5000-liter seawater flume under controlled flow conditions. To assess the importance of each pathway for this task, we selectively ablated specific populations of sensilla on the antennular flagella and compared the searching behavior of ablated animals to that of intact controls. Our results show that either the aesthetasc or the non-aesthetasc pathway alone is sufficient to mediate the behavior and that neither pathway alone is necessary. Under the current experimental conditions, there appears to be a high degree of functional overlap between the pathways for food localization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Horner
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, PO Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
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Hansen A, Schmidt M. Influence of season and environment on adult neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Brain Res 2004; 1025:85-97. [PMID: 15464748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In most vertebrates hitherto examined including humans, certain brain areas retain the capacity to build new neurons during adult life. In some arthropods, above all in crustaceans, continuous genesis of brain neurons has also been shown, namely for soma clusters of the olfactory brain. Several factors as, e.g., sensory input, living conditions, or stress, are known to influence the rate of cell proliferation, survival, and cell differentiation. The present study was undertaken to test whether seasonal changes and/or captivity would influence the proliferation of cells in the lateral cluster (LC) of the olfactory lobe (OL) and in the cluster of the hemiellipsoid body (HB) of the eyestalk of shore crabs. During a period of more than a year, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections were administered to freshly caught animals and to animals kept for 12 weeks after capture under artificial conditions. Counts of BrdU-labeled cells showed that animal size, seasonal changes as well as captivity had an influence on the number of proliferating cells. Further, in the lateral soma cluster and the soma cluster of the hemiellipsoid body, cell proliferation is most likely regulated independently. While the lateral soma cluster showed two peaks of cell proliferation (spring and late summer), the soma cluster of the hemiellipsoid body had only one peak in early summer. Furthermore, proliferation decreased with size and hence age of the animal only in the lateral soma cluster but not in the soma cluster of the hemiellipsoid body. Although captivity reduced the number of newborn cells in general, cell proliferation remained synchronous with the seasons of the year, indicating that an endogenous circannual rhythm regulates neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hansen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Mailstop 8108, P.O.B. 6511, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Sullivan JM, Beltz BS. Evolutionary changes in the olfactory projection neuron pathways of eumalacostracan crustaceans. J Comp Neurol 2004; 470:25-38. [PMID: 14755523 DOI: 10.1002/cne.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Output from the olfactory lobe (primary olfactory center) of eumalacostracan crustaceans is transmitted to the medulla terminalis (MT) and hemiellipsoid body (HB) in the lateral protocerebrum (higher order center) by a large population of projection neurons. In eureptantian crustaceans (lobsters, crayfish, and crabs), these projection neurons also form the output pathway from an additional neuropil, the accessory lobe (higher order center), which appears to have arisen de novo in these animals. In a previous study of lobsters and crayfish we showed that whereas projection neurons innervating the olfactory lobe project primarily to the MT, those innervating the accessory lobe project exclusively to the HB (Sullivan and Beltz [ 2001a] J. Comp. Neurol. 441:9-22). In the present study, we used focal dye injections to examine the olfactory projection neuron pathways of representatives of four eumalacostracan taxa (Stomatopoda, Dendrobranchiata, Caridea, and Stenopodidea) that diverged from the eureptantian line prior to the appearance of the accessory lobe. These experiments were undertaken both to examine the evolution of the olfactory pathway in the Eumalacostraca and to provide insights into the changes in this pathway that accompanied the appearance of the accessory lobe. The innervation patterns of the olfactory projection neurons of the species examined were found to differ markedly, varying from that observed in the most basal taxon examined (Stomatopoda), in which the neurons primarily project to the MT, to those observed in the two highest taxa examined (Caridea and Stenopodidea), in which they primarily target the HB. These results suggest that substantial changes in the relative importance of the MT and HB within the olfactory pathway have occurred during the evolution of the Eumalacostraca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA.
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Beltz BS, Sandeman DC. Regulation of life-long neurogenesis in the decapod crustacean brain. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2003; 32:39-60. [PMID: 18088995 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(03)00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2003] [Accepted: 04/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of our understanding of life-long neurogenesis in the decapod crustacean brain, where the proliferation of sensory and interneurons is controlled by many of the same factors as is neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. The relative simplicity, spatial organization and accessibility of the crustacean brain provide opportunities to examine specific neuronal pathways that regulate neurogenesis and the sequence of gene expression that leads to neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Beltz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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Sandeman R, Sandeman D. Development, growth, and plasticity in the crayfish olfactory system. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 60:266-77. [PMID: 12539157 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans have a well-defined olfactory system characterised by a set of chemosensitive sensilla grouped together in an array (the olfactory organ) on their antennules. Olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory organ project exclusively to, and terminate in, cone-shaped olfactory glomeruli in a discrete neuropil in the brain, the olfactory lobe. The olfactory organ appears to be the only afferent input to the olfactory lobe, making the system convenient for the study of its development and growth. The progression of development of the olfactory system is a continuum and can be traced from the first appearance of peripheral receptor cells and central stem cells through to the construction of the tracts and neuropils that constitute the adult system. Cell proliferation leading to the production of peripheral and central olfactory neurons can be observed with mitotic markers in both embryonic stages and in postembryonic growth. Cell proliferation in the olfactory system in crayfish persists throughout the lives of the animals and can be modulated by manipulating the living conditions imposed on growing animals. Large serotonergic neurons that are associated with the olfactory system may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Sandeman
- Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
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Beltz BS, Kordas K, Lee MM, Long JB, Benton JL, Sandeman DC. Ecological, evolutionary, and functional correlates of sensilla number and glomerular density in the olfactory system of decapod crustaceans. J Comp Neurol 2003; 455:260-9. [PMID: 12454990 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the features common among olfactory systems for vertebrate and invertebrate species is the division of the primary processing area into distinct clumps of synaptic neuropil, called glomeruli. The olfactory glomeruli appear to serve as functional units of olfaction and are the location of the primary processing between chemosensory afferents and second-order neurons. Although glomeruli are found across all phyla, their numbers and size appear to be characteristic for each species, giving rise to the speculation that there is a relationship between glomerular number and function. It has been hypothesized, for example, that animals with more glomeruli may be able to resolve a wider range of odors. Crustacean species are distributed among freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats in arctic, temperate, and tropical climates. They also exhibit a variety of lifestyles and behaviors in which olfaction may play a dominant role. Feeding, for example, ranges from carnivorous, through subaquatic and terrestrial omnivorous scavenging, to filter feeding. Mating and territorial behaviors also are known to involve chemical signals. The current study examines glomerular numbers in the olfactory lobes of 17 crustacean species from six of the seven taxa now included in the reptantian decapods. Estimates of the glomerular numbers were obtained from the analysis of sectioned material treated immunocytochemically with an antibody against synapsin that labels proteins contained in neuronal terminals. The numbers of glomeruli found in the different species were then compared with the volume of the glomerular neuropil, numbers of olfactory sensilla, life styles, habitat, and phylogenetic affinities. The picture that emerges from these correlations is that the decapod crustaceans have exploited various strategies in the construction of their olfactory systems in which the problems of size, sensitivity, and selectivity have all interacted. We find a continuum across the groups ranging from those that favor a high convergence of receptor neurons onto a few glomeruli to those that share a small number of receptor neurons among many glomeruli. The potential functional consequences of these differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Beltz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA.
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Sullivan JM, Beltz BS. Neural pathways connecting the deutocerebrum and lateral protocerebrum in the brains of decapod crustaceans. J Comp Neurol 2001; 441:9-22. [PMID: 11745632 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory and accessory lobes of eureptantian decapod crustaceans are bilateral brain neuropil regions located within the deutocerebrum. Although the olfactory lobe seems to receive only primary olfactory inputs, the accessory lobe receives higher-order multimodal (including olfactory) inputs. The output pathways from both the olfactory and accessory lobes are provided by the axons of a large population of projection neurons, whose somata lie adjacent to the lobes. The axons of these neurons form a large tract that projects bilaterally to the medulla terminalis and hemiellipsoid body in the lateral protocerebrum. To gain insights into the ways in which olfactory information is processed on leaving the deutocerebrum, we examined the neuroanatomy of the projection neuron pathways of three species of eureptantian decapod crustaceans: the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes rusticus, and the clawed lobster, Homarus americanus. Projection neurons were labeled by focal injections of the lipophilic tracers DiI and DiA into the olfactory and accessory lobes. In all three species, projection neurons innervating the accessory lobe were found to exclusively innervate the neuropils of the hemiellipsoid body. In contrast, projection neurons innervating the olfactory lobes primarily target neuropil regions of the medulla terminalis. The results of this study indicate, therefore, that the projection neuron pathways from the olfactory and accessory lobes project to separate, largely nonoverlapping regions of the lateral protocerebrum. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the processing of olfactory information in the brains of decapod crustaceans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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