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Baláž M, Filip P, Bočková M, Feitová V, Říha I, Hrabovský D, Chrastina J. Successful asymmetrical deep brain stimulation using right subthalamic and left pallidal electrodes in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Br J Neurosurg 2024; 38:356-360. [PMID: 33475016 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1876210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the best efforts of neurologists, the results of pharmacotherapy in the late stages of Parkinson's disease are often disappointing and accompanied by debilitating side effects. Under these circumstances, deep brain stimulation is a viable treatment option. The aim of the meticulous pre-surgical planning is not only precise electrode implantation, but also the avoidance of intraoperative vascular conflicts potentially causing intracerebral bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this report, we present a patient with early-onset Parkinson's disease whose cerebral vascular anatomy precluded standard bilateral subthalamic nucleus electrode implantation. Initially, right subthalamic stimulation alone provided a very mild clinical benefit that was not reflected in the patient's quality of life. In this patient, an unusual configuration of intracerebral electrodes with right subthalamic and left pallidal stimulation electrodes was applied 15 months after the initial subthalamic electrode implantation. RESULTS The procedure has had a highly beneficial long-term effect without any significant complications. The greatest improvement was noted using the setting 1.8 V, 130 Hz, 90 μs at the right side (STN) and 3.7 V, 130 Hz, 120 μs at the left side (GPi). This allowed the patient to return to his daily life activities. CONCLUSIONS The reported case provides a new perspective of treatment possibilities in complex functional neurosurgical cases requiring exceptional individualisation of the treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Baláž
- Medical Faculty, First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Filip
- Medical Faculty, First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bočková
- Medical Faculty, First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Feitová
- Medical Faculty, Department of Imaging Techniques, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Říha
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Hrabovský
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrastina
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Salin P, Melon C, Chassain C, Gubellini P, Pages G, Pereira B, Le Fur Y, Durif F, Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Interhemispheric reactivity of the subthalamic nucleus sustains progressive dopamine neuron loss in asymmetrical parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106398. [PMID: 38182075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive and asymmetrical degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and the unilateral presentation of the motor symptoms at onset, contralateral to the most impaired hemisphere. We previously developed a rat PD model that mimics these typical features, based on unilateral injection of a substrate inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), in the substantia nigra (SN). Here, we used this progressive model in a multilevel study (behavioral testing, in vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, slice electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization) to characterize the functional changes occurring in the cortico-basal ganglia-cortical network in an evolving asymmetrical neurodegeneration context and their possible contribution to the cell death progression. We focused on the corticostriatal input and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), two glutamate components with major implications in PD pathophysiology. In the striatum, glutamate and glutamine levels increased from presymptomatic stages in the PDC-injected hemisphere only, which also showed enhanced glutamatergic transmission and loss of plasticity at corticostriatal synapses assessed at symptomatic stage. Surprisingly, the contralateral STN showed earlier and stronger reactivity than the ipsilateral side (increased intraneuronal cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA levels; enhanced glutamate and glutamine concentrations). Moreover, its lesion at early presymptomatic stage halted the ongoing neurodegeneration in the PDC-injected SN and prevented the expression of motor asymmetry. These findings reveal the existence of endogenous interhemispheric processes linking the primary injured SN and the contralateral STN that could sustain progressive dopamine neuron loss, opening new perspectives for disease-modifying treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Salin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Carine Chassain
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Guilhem Pages
- INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatisticis Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Durif
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Klavinskis-Whiting S, Bitzenhofer S, Hanganu-Opatz I, Ellender T. Generation and propagation of bursts of activity in the developing basal ganglia. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10595-10613. [PMID: 37615347 PMCID: PMC10560579 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal brain is characterized by intermittent bursts of oscillatory activity interspersed by relative silence. Although well-characterized for many cortical areas, to what extent these propagate and interact with subcortical brain areas is largely unknown. Here, early network activity was recorded from the developing basal ganglia, including motor/somatosensory cortex, dorsal striatum, and intralaminar thalamus, during the first postnatal weeks in mice. An unsupervised detection and classification method revealed two main classes of bursting activity, namely spindle bursts and nested gamma spindle bursts, characterized by oscillatory activity at ~ 10 and ~ 30 Hz frequencies, respectively. These were reliably identified across all three brain regions and exhibited region-specific differences in their structural, spectral, and developmental characteristics. Bursts of the same type often co-occurred in different brain regions and coherence and cross-correlation analyses reveal dynamic developmental changes in their interactions. The strongest interactions were seen for cortex and striatum, from the first postnatal week onwards, and cortex appeared to drive burst events in subcortical regions. Together, these results provide the first detailed description of early network activity within the developing basal ganglia and suggest that cortex is one of the main drivers of activity in downstream nuclei during this postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Bitzenhofer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana Hanganu-Opatz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX13QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Effects of Contralateral Deep Brain Stimulation and Levodopa on Subthalamic Nucleus Oscillatory Activity and Phase-Amplitude Coupling. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:310-319. [PMID: 36513587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulatory effects of medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS) on subthalamic nucleus (STN) neural activity in Parkinson's disease have been widely studied. However, effects on the contralateral side to the stimulated STN, in particular, changes in local field potential (LFP) oscillatory activity and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine changes in STN LFP activity across a range of frequency bands and STN PAC for different combinations of DBS and medication on/off on the side contralateral to the applied stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined STN LFPs that were recorded using externalized leads from eight parkinsonian patients during unilateral DBS from the side contralateral to the stimulation. LFP spectral power in alpha (5 to ∼13 Hz), low beta (13 to ∼20 Hz), high beta (20-30 Hz), and high gamma plus high-frequency oscillation (high gamma+HFO) (100-400 Hz) bands were estimated for different combinations of medication and unilateral stimulation (off/on). PAC between beta and high gamma+HFO in the STN LFPs was also investigated. The effect of the condition was examined using linear mixed models. RESULTS PAC in the STN LFP was reduced by DBS when compared to the baseline condition (no medication and stimulation). Medication had no significant effect on PAC. Alpha power decreased with DBS, both alone and when combined with medication. Beta power decreased with DBS, medication, and DBS and medication combined. High gamma+HFO power increased during the application of contralateral DBS and was unaltered by medication. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new insights into the effects of DBS and levodopa on STN LFP PAC and oscillatory activity on the side contralateral to stimulation. These may have important implications in understanding mechanisms underlying motor improvements with DBS, including changes on both contralateral and ipsilateral sides, while suggesting a possible role for contralateral sensing during unilateral DBS.
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Vertes RP, Linley SB, Rojas AKP. Structural and functional organization of the midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:964644. [PMID: 36082310 PMCID: PMC9445584 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus form a major part of the "limbic thalamus;" that is, thalamic structures anatomically and functionally linked with the limbic forebrain. The midline nuclei consist of the paraventricular (PV) and paratenial nuclei, dorsally and the rhomboid and nucleus reuniens (RE), ventrally. The rostral intralaminar nuclei (ILt) consist of the central medial (CM), paracentral (PC) and central lateral (CL) nuclei. We presently concentrate on RE, PV, CM and CL nuclei of the thalamus. The nucleus reuniens receives a diverse array of input from limbic-related sites, and predominantly projects to the hippocampus and to "limbic" cortices. The RE participates in various cognitive functions including spatial working memory, executive functions (attention, behavioral flexibility) and affect/fear behavior. The PV receives significant limbic-related afferents, particularly the hypothalamus, and mainly distributes to "affective" structures of the forebrain including the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens and the amygdala. Accordingly, PV serves a critical role in "motivated behaviors" such as arousal, feeding/consummatory behavior and drug addiction. The rostral ILt receives both limbic and sensorimotor-related input and distributes widely over limbic and motor regions of the frontal cortex-and throughout the dorsal striatum. The intralaminar thalamus is critical for maintaining consciousness and directly participates in various sensorimotor functions (visuospatial or reaction time tasks) and cognitive tasks involving striatal-cortical interactions. As discussed herein, while each of the midline and intralaminar nuclei are anatomically and functionally distinct, they collectively serve a vital role in several affective, cognitive and executive behaviors - as major components of a brainstem-diencephalic-thalamocortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Vertes
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie B. Linley
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, United States
| | - Amanda K. P. Rojas
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
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Hanini-Daoud M, Jaouen F, Salin P, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Maurice N. Processing of information from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus through the basal ganglia. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1370-1385. [PMID: 35355316 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (Pf) in basal ganglia (BG)-related functions and pathologies. Despite Pf connectivity with all BG components, most attention is focused on the thalamostriatal system and an integrated view of thalamic information processing in this network is still lacking. Here, we addressed this question by recording the responses elicited by Pf activation in single neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), the main BG output structure in rodents, in anesthetized mice. We performed optogenetic activation of Pf neurons innervating the striatum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), or the SNr using virally mediated transcellular delivery of Cre from injection in either target in Rosa26-LoxP-stop-ChR2-EYFP mice to drive channelrhodopsin expression. Photoactivation of Pf neurons connecting the striatum evoked an inhibition often followed by an excitation, likely resulting from the activation of the trans-striatal direct and indirect pathways, respectively. Photoactivation of Pf neurons connecting the SNr or the STN triggered one or two early excitations, suggesting partial functional overlap of trans-subthalamic and direct thalamonigral projections. Excitations were followed in about half of the cases by an inhibition that might reflect recruitment of intranigral inhibitory loops. Finally, global Pf stimulation, electrical or optogenetic, elicited similar complex responses comprising up to four components: one or two short-latency excitations, an inhibition, and a late excitation. These data provide evidence for functional connections between the Pf and different BG components and for convergence of the information processed through these pathways in single SNr neurons, stressing their importance in regulating BG outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Salin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
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Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Neurobiological and Pharmacological Perspectives of D3 Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020243. [PMID: 35204744 PMCID: PMC8961531 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of dopamine (DA) has generated an understandable increase in interest in the field of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, although DA replacement therapy with l-DOPA has provided an effective treatment for patients with PD, it is responsible for invalidating abnormal involuntary movements, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, which constitutes a serious limitation of the use of this therapy. Of particular interest is the finding that chronic l-DOPA treatment can trigger the expression of D1R–D3R heteromeric interactions in the dorsal striatum. The D3R is expressed in various tissues of the central nervous system, including the striatum. Compelling research has focused on striatal D3Rs in the context of PD and motor side effects, including dyskinesia, occurring with DA replacement therapy. Therefore, this review will briefly describe the basal ganglia (BG) and the DA transmission within these brain regions, before going into more detail with regard to the role of D3Rs in PD and their participation in the current treatments. Numerous studies have also highlighted specific interactions between D1Rs and D3Rs that could promote dyskinesia. Finally, this review will also address the possibility that D3Rs located outside of the BG may mediate some of the effects of DA replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), University of Rouen, INSERM 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-83-69
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5287, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEDEX, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
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Sedaghat K, Gundlach AL, Finkelstein DI. Analysis of morphological and neurochemical changes in subthalamic nucleus neurons in response to a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra in adult rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:96-103. [PMID: 33842916 PMCID: PMC8019994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons undergo changes in their pattern of activity and morphology during the clinical course of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Striatal dopamine depletion and hyperactivity of neurons in the parafascicular nucleus (Pf) of the intralaminar thalamus are predicted to contribute to the STN changes. Objective This study investigated possible morphological and neurochemical changes in STN neurons in a rat model of unilateral, nigral dopamine neuron loss, in relation to previously documented alterations in Pf neurons. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats were randomly divided into two groups (6/group) for study at 1 and 5 months by post-treatment. The extent of SNpc dopamine neuron damage was assessed in an amphetamine-induced rotation test and postmortem assessment of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neural cross-sectional measurements and assessment of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (vGlut2) mRNA levels were performed to measure the impact on neurons in the STN. Results A unilateral SNpc dopaminergic neuron lesion significantly decreased the cross-sectional area of STN neurons ipsilateral to the lesion, at 1 month (P < 0.05) and 5 months (P < 0.01) post-lesion, while bilateral vGlut2 mRNA levels in STN neurons were unaltered. Conclusions Decreased size of STN neurons in the presence of sustained vGlut2 mRNA levels following a unilateral SNpc 6-OHDA lesion, indicate altered STN physiology. This study presents further details of changes within the STN, coincident with observed alterations in Pf neurons and behaviour. Data availability The data associated with the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Sedaghat
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lanciego JL, Wouterlood FG. Neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques that did go viral. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1193-1224. [PMID: 32062721 PMCID: PMC7271020 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical tracing methods remain fundamental for elucidating the complexity of brain circuits. During the past decades, the technical arsenal at our disposal has been greatly enriched, with a steady supply of fresh arrivals. This paper provides a landscape view of classical and modern tools for tract-tracing purposes. Focus is placed on methods that have gone viral, i.e., became most widespread used and fully reliable. To keep an historical perspective, we start by reviewing one-dimensional, standalone transport-tracing tools; these including today's two most favorite anterograde neuroanatomical tracers such as Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine. Next, emphasis is placed on several classical tools widely used for retrograde neuroanatomical tracing purposes, where Fluoro-Gold in our opinion represents the best example. Furthermore, it is worth noting that multi-dimensional paradigms can be designed by combining different tracers or by applying a given tracer together with detecting one or more neurochemical substances, as illustrated here with several examples. Finally, it is without any doubt that we are currently witnessing the unstoppable and spectacular rise of modern molecular-genetic techniques based on the use of modified viruses as delivery vehicles for genetic material, therefore, pushing the tract-tracing field forward into a new era. In summary, here, we aim to provide neuroscientists with the advice and background required when facing a choice on which neuroanatomical tracer-or combination thereof-might be best suited for addressing a given experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Lanciego
- Neurosciences Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Floris G Wouterlood
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hasegawa H, Fischer P, Tan H, Pogosyan A, Samuel M, Brown P, Ashkan K. The Effect of Unilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Contralateral Subthalamic Nucleus Local Field Potentials. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:509-514. [PMID: 32281215 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) improves ipsilateral symptoms, but how this occurs is not well understood. We investigated whether unilateral STN DBS suppresses contralateral STN beta activity in the local field potential (LFP), since previous research has shown that activity in the beta band can correlate with the severity of contralateral clinical symptoms and is modulated by DBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recorded STN LFPs from 14 patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS for PD. Following a baseline recording, unilateral STN stimulation was delivered at therapeutic parameters while LFPs were recorded from the contralateral (unstimulated) STN. RESULTS Unilateral STN DBS suppressed contralateral beta power (p = 0.039, relative suppression = -5.7% ± [SD] 16% when averaging across the highest beta peak channels; p = 0.033, relative suppression = -5.2% ± 13% when averaging across all channels). Unilateral STN DBS produced a 17% ipsilateral (p = 0.016) and 29% contralateral (p = 0.002) improvement in upper limb hemi-body bradykinesia-rigidity (UPDRS-III, items 3.3-3.6). The ipsilateral clinical improvement and the change in contralateral beta power were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral STN DBS suppresses contralateral STN beta LFP. This indicates that unilateral STN DBS modulates bilateral basal ganglia networks. It remains unclear whether this mechanism accounts for the ipsilateral motor improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutomo Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Petra Fischer
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huiling Tan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alek Pogosyan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Samuel
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Brown
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Lehto LJ, Canna A, Wu L, Sierra A, Zhurakovskaya E, Ma J, Pearce C, Shaio M, Filip P, Johnson MD, Low WC, Gröhn O, Tanila H, Mangia S, Michaeli S. Orientation selective deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116750. [PMID: 32198048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an important tool in the management of a wide spectrum of diseases in neurology and psychiatry. Target selection is a vital aspect of DBS so that only the desired areas are stimulated. Segmented leads and current steering have been shown to be promising additions to DBS technology enabling better control of the stimulating electric field. Recently introduced orientation selective DBS (OS-DBS) is a related development permitting sensitization of the stimulus to axonal pathways with different orientations by freely controlling the primary direction of the electric field using multiple contacts. Here, we used OS-DBS to stimulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in healthy rats while simultaneously monitoring the induced brain activity with fMRI. Maximal activation of the sensorimotor and basal ganglia-thalamocortical networks was observed when the electric field was aligned mediolaterally in the STN pointing in the lateral direction, while no cortical activation was observed with the electric field pointing medially to the opposite direction. Such findings are consistent with mediolateral main direction of the STN fibers, as seen with high resolution diffusion imaging and histology. The asymmetry of the OS-DBS dipolar field distribution using three contacts along with the potential stimulation of the internal capsule, are also discussed. We conclude that OS-DBS offers an additional degree of flexibility for optimization of DBS of the STN which may enable a better treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri J Lehto
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Antonietta Canna
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Lin Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Zhurakovskaya
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clairice Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Maple Shaio
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Pavel Filip
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital of St. Anne, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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12
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Kato S, Fukabori R, Nishizawa K, Okada K, Yoshioka N, Sugawara M, Maejima Y, Shimomura K, Okamoto M, Eifuku S, Kobayashi K. Action Selection and Flexible Switching Controlled by the Intralaminar Thalamic Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2370-2382. [PMID: 29490273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning processes contributing to appropriate selection and flexible switching of behaviors are mediated through the dorsal striatum, a key structure of the basal ganglia circuit. The major inputs to striatal subdivisions are provided from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, including the central lateral nucleus (CL) and parafascicular nucleus (PF). Thalamostriatal neurons in the PF modulate the acquisition and performance of stimulus-response learning. Here, we address the roles of the CL thalamostriatal neurons in learning processes by using a selective neural pathway targeting technique. We show that the CL neurons are essential for the performance of stimulus-response learning and for behavioral flexibility, including reversal and attentional set-shifting of learned responses. In addition, chemogenetic suppression of neural activity supports the requirements of these neurons for behavioral flexibility. Our results suggest that the main contribution of the CL thalamostriatal neurons is functional control of the basal ganglia circuit linked to the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kana Okada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masateru Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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13
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Younce JR, Campbell MC, Perlmutter JS, Norris SA. Thalamic and ventricular volumes predict motor response to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 61:64-69. [PMID: 30527905 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain atrophy frequently occurs with Parkinson's disease (PD) and relates to increased motor symptoms of PD. The predictive value of neuroimaging-based measures of global and regional brain volume on motor outcomes in deep brain stimulation (DBS) remains unclear but potentially could improve patient selection and targeting. OBJECTIVES To determine the predictive value of preoperative volumetric MRI measures of cortical and subcortical brain volume on motor outcomes of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in PD. METHODS Preoperative T1 3D MP-RAGE structural brain MRI images were analyzed for each participant to determine subcortical, ventricular, and cortical volume and thickness. Change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores for subsection 3, representing motor outcomes, was computed preoperatively and postoperatively following DBS programming in 86 participants. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between volumetric data and the effect of DBS on UPDRS 3 scores. RESULTS Larger ventricular and smaller thalamic volumes predicted significantly less improvement of UPDRS 3 scores after STN DBS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate in PD that regional brain volumes, in particular thalamic and ventricular volumes, predict motor outcomes after DBS. Differences in regional brain volumes may alter electrode targeting, reflect a specific disease trait such as postoperative progression of subclinical dementia, or directly interfere with the action of DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Younce
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8111, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Meghan C Campbell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8111, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8111, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, Campus Box 8508, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, Campus Box 8505, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Scott A Norris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8111, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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14
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Arnulfo G, Pozzi NG, Palmisano C, Leporini A, Canessa A, Brumberg J, Pezzoli G, Matthies C, Volkmann J, Isaias IU. Phase matters: A role for the subthalamic network during gait. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198691. [PMID: 29874298 PMCID: PMC5991417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the subthalamic nucleus in human locomotion is unclear although relevant, given the troublesome management of gait disturbances with subthalamic deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We investigated the subthalamic activity and inter-hemispheric connectivity during walking in eight freely-moving subjects with Parkinson’s disease and bilateral deep brain stimulation. In particular, we compared the subthalamic power spectral densities and coherence, amplitude cross-correlation and phase locking value between resting state, upright standing, and steady forward walking. We observed a phase locking value drop in the β-frequency band (≈13-35Hz) during walking with respect to resting and standing. This modulation was not accompanied by specific changes in subthalamic power spectral densities, which was not related to gait phases or to striatal dopamine loss measured with [123I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane and single-photon computed tomography. We speculate that the subthalamic inter-hemispheric desynchronization in the β-frequency band reflects the information processing of each body side separately, which may support linear walking. This study also suggests that in some cases (i.e. gait) the brain signal, which could allow feedback-controlled stimulation, might derive from network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Arnulfo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicolò Gabriele Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, MBMC Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Leporini
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Fondazione Europea di Ricerca Biomedica (FERB Onlus), Cernusco s/N (Milan), Italy
| | - Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Ugo Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Fazl A, Fleisher J. Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Syndromes of the Basal Ganglia: A Brief Review. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2018; 25:2-9. [PMID: 29735113 PMCID: PMC6039104 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders typically arise from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG), cerebellum, or both. The BG-a group of deep, subcortical structures-form complex circuits that shape motor control and motor learning, as well as limbic and associative functions. In this article, we summarize the anatomy and physiology of the BG and cerebellum, and briefly highlight the clinical syndromes that may arise in the context of their injury or dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Fazl
- Department of Neurology, Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders at NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jori Fleisher
- Department of Neurology, Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders at NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush Medical College, Rush Medical University, Chicago, IL.
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16
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Functional comparison of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal postsynaptic responses in striatal neurons of the mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1229-1253. [PMID: 29101523 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic inputs from cortex and thalamus were compared in electrophysiologically defined striatal cell classes: direct and indirect pathways' striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs), fast-spiking interneurons (FS), cholinergic interneurons (ChINs), and low-threshold spiking-like (LTS-like) interneurons. Our purpose was to observe whether stimulus from cortex or thalamus had equivalent synaptic strength to evoke prolonged suprathreshold synaptic responses in these neuron classes. Subthreshold responses showed that inputs from either source functionally mix up in their dendrites at similar electrotonic distances from their somata. Passive and active properties of striatal neuron classes were consistent with the previous studies. Cre-dependent adeno-associated viruses containing Td-Tomato or eYFP fluorescent proteins were used to identify target cells. Transfections with ChR2-eYFP driven by the promoters CamKII or EF1.DIO in intralaminar thalamic nuclei using Vglut-2-Cre mice, or CAMKII in the motor cortex were used to stimulate cortical or thalamic afferents optogenetically. Both field stimuli in the cortex or photostimulation of ChR2-YFP cortical fibers evoked similar prolonged suprathreshold responses in SPNs. Photostimulation of ChR2-YFP thalamic afferents also evoked suprathreshold responses. Differences previously described between responses of dSPNs and iSPNs were observed in both cases. Prolonged suprathreshold responses could also be evoked from both sources onto all other neuron classes studied. However, to evoke thalamostriatal suprathreshold responses, afferents from more than one thalamic nucleus had to be stimulated. In conclusion, both thalamus and cortex are capable to generate suprathreshold responses converging on diverse striatal cell classes. Postsynaptic properties appear to shape these responses.
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17
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Chotibut T, Meadows S, Kasanga E, McInnis T, Cantu MA, Bishop C, Salvatore MF. Ceftriaxone reduces L-dopa-induced dyskinesia severity in 6-hydroxydopamine parkinson's disease model. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1547-1556. [PMID: 28631864 PMCID: PMC5681381 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased extracellular glutamate may contribute to l-dopa induced dyskinesia, a debilitating side effect faced by Parkinson's disease patients 5 to 10 years after l-dopa treatment. Therapeutic strategies targeting postsynaptic glutamate receptors to mitigate dyskinesia may have limited success because of significant side effects. Increasing glutamate uptake may be another approach to attenuate excess glutamatergic neurotransmission to mitigate dyskinesia severity or prolong the time prior to onset. Initiation of a ceftriaxone regimen at the time of nigrostriatal lesion can attenuate tyrosine hydroxylase loss in conjunction with increased glutamate uptake and glutamate transporter GLT-1 expression in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine model. In this article, we examined if a ceftriaxone regimen initiated 1 week after nigrostriatal lesion, but prior to l-dopa, could reduce l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in an established dyskinesia model. METHODS Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, once daily, 7 consecutive days) was initiated 7 days post-6-hydroxydopamine lesion (days 7-13) and continued every other week (days 21-27, 35-39) until the end of the study (day 39 postlesion, 20 days of l-dopa). RESULTS Ceftriaxone significantly reduced abnormal involuntary movements at 5 time points examined during chronic l-dopa treatment. Partial recovery of motor impairment from nigrostriatal lesion by l-dopa was unaffected by ceftriaxone. The ceftriaxone-treated l-dopa group had significantly increased striatal GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase loss in this group was not significantly different when compared with the l-dopa alone group. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of ceftriaxone after nigrostriatal lesion, but prior to and during l-dopa, may reduce dyskinesia severity without affecting l-dopa efficacy or the reduction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase loss. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chotibut
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Samantha Meadows
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Ella Kasanga
- Institute for Healthy Aging & Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Tamara McInnis
- Institute for Healthy Aging & Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Mark A. Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging & Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Michael F. Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging & Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76107
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130
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18
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Rizzone MG, Ferrarin M, Lanotte MM, Lopiano L, Carpinella I. The Dominant-Subthalamic Nucleus Phenomenon in Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from a Gait Analysis Study. Front Neurol 2017; 8:575. [PMID: 29163340 PMCID: PMC5670355 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that parkinsonian [Parkinson’s disease (PD)] patients might have a “dominant” (DOM) subthalamic nucleus (STN), whose unilateral electrical stimulation [deep brain stimulation (DBS)] could lead to an improvement in PD symptoms similar to bilateral STN-DBS. Objectives Since disability in PD patients is often related to gait problems, in this study, we wanted to investigate in a group of patients bilaterally implanted for STN-DBS: (1) if it was possible to identify a subgroup of subjects with a dominant STN; (2) in the case, if the unilateral stimulation of the dominant STN was capable to improve gait abnormalities, as assessed by instrumented multifactorial gait analysis, similarly to what observed with bilateral stimulation. Methods We studied 10 PD patients with bilateral STN-DBS. A clinical evaluation and a kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of overground walking were performed—off medication—in four conditions: without stimulation, with bilateral stimulation, with unilateral right or left STN-DBS. Through a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis based on motor Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores, it was possible to separate patients into two groups, based on the presence (six patients, DOM group) or absence (four patients, NDOM group) of a dominant STN. Results In the DOM group, both bilateral and unilateral stimulation of the dominant STN significantly increased gait speed, stride length, range of motion of lower limb joints, and peaks of moment and power at the ankle joint; moreover, the EMG activation pattern of distal leg muscles was improved. The unilateral stimulation of the non-dominant STN did not produce any significant effect. In the NDOM group, only bilateral stimulation determined a significant improvement of gait parameters. Conclusion In the DOM group, the effect of unilateral stimulation of the dominant STN determined an improvement of gait parameters similar to bilateral stimulation. The pre-surgical identification of these patients, if possible, could allow to reduce the surgical risks and side effects of DBS adopting a unilateral approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Ferrarin
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Lopiano
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carpinella
- Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
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19
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Matamales M, Skrbis Z, Hatch RJ, Balleine BW, Götz J, Bertran-Gonzalez J. Aging-Related Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Produces Conflict in Action Selection. Neuron 2017; 90:362-73. [PMID: 27100198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For goal-directed action to remain adaptive, new strategies are required to accommodate environmental changes, a process for which parafascicular thalamic modulation of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum (PF-to-CIN) appears critical. In the elderly, however, previously acquired experience frequently interferes with new learning, yet the source of this effect has remained unexplored. Here, combining sophisticated behavioral designs, cell-specific manipulation, and extensive neuronal imaging, we investigated the involvement of the PF-to-CIN pathway in this process. We found functional alterations of this circuit in aged mice that were consistent with their incapacity to update initial goal-directed learning, resulting in faulty activation of projection neurons in the striatum. Toxicogenetic ablation of CINs in young mice reproduced these behavioral and neuronal defects, suggesting that age-related deficits in PF-to-CIN function reduce the ability of older individuals to resolve conflict between actions, likely contributing to impairments in adaptive goal-directed action and executive control in aging. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Matamales
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Zala Skrbis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Robert J Hatch
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bernard W Balleine
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Psychology, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jesus Bertran-Gonzalez
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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20
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Wang M, Qu Q, He T, Li M, Song Z, Chen F, Zhang X, Xie J, Geng X, Yang M, Wang X, Lei C, Hou Y. Distinct temporal spike and local field potential activities in the thalamic parafascicular nucleus of parkinsonian rats during rest and limb movement. Neuroscience 2016; 330:57-71. [PMID: 27238892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the thalamic centromedian-parafascicular (CM/PF or the PF in rodents) is implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, inconsistent changes in the neuronal firing rate and pattern have been reported in parkinsonian animals. To investigate the impact of a dopaminergic cell lesion on PF extracellular discharge in behaving rats, the PF neural activities in the spike and local field potential (LFP) were recorded in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA) lesioned and neurologically intact control rats during rest and limb movement. During rest, the two PF neuronal subtypes was less spontaneously active, with no difference in the spike firing rates between the control and lesioned rats; only the lesioned rats reshaped their spike firing pattern. Furthermore, the simultaneously recorded LFP in the lesioned rats exhibited a significant increase in power at 12-35 and 35-70Hz and a decrease in power at 0.7-12Hz. During the execution of a voluntary movement, two subtypes of PF neurons were identified by a rapid increase in the discharge activity in both the control and lesioned rats. However, dopamine lesioning was associated with a decrease in neuronal spiking fire rate and reshaping in the firing pattern in the PF. The simultaneously recorded LFP activity exhibited a significant increase in power at 12-35Hz and a decrease in power at 0.7-12Hz compared with the control rats. These findings indicate that 6-OHDA induces modifications in PF spike and LFP activities in rats during rest and movement and suggest that PF dysfunction may be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingyang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Song
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Feiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiusong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengdong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Fernández-Seara MA, Mengual E, Vidorreta M, Castellanos G, Irigoyen J, Erro E, Pastor MA. Resting state functional connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease assessed using arterial spin-labeled perfusion fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:1937-50. [PMID: 25641065 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological changes within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits appear to be a characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is one of the basal ganglia components showing pathological neural activity patterns in PD. In this study, perfusion imaging data, acquired noninvasively using arterial spin-labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI, were used to assess the resting state functional connectivity (FC) of the STN in 24 early-to-moderate PD patients and 34 age-matched healthy controls, to determine whether altered FC in the very low frequency range of the perfusion time signal occurs as a result of the disease. Our results showed that the healthy STN was functionally connected with other nuclei of the basal ganglia and the thalamus, as well as with discrete cortical areas including the insular cortex and the hippocampus. In PD patients, connectivity of the STN was increased with two cortical areas involved in motor and cognitive processes. These findings suggest that hyperconnectivity of the STN could underlie some of the motor and cognitive deficits often present even at early stages of the disease. The FC measures provided good discrimination between controls and patients, suggesting that ASL-derived FC metrics could be a putative PD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Fernández-Seara
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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22
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Karain B, Xu D, Bellone JA, Hartman RE, Shi WX. Rat globus pallidus neurons: functional classification and effects of dopamine depletion. Synapse 2015; 69:41-51. [PMID: 25196543 PMCID: PMC4428331 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rat globus pallidus (GP) is homologous to the primate GP externus. Studies with injectable anesthetics suggest that GP neurons can be classified into Type-I and Type-II cells based on extracellularly recorded spike shape, or positively coupled (PC), negatively coupled (NC), and uncoupled (UC) cells based on functional connectivity with the cortex. In this study, we examined the electrophysiology of rat GP neurons using the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane which offers more constant and easily regulated levels of anesthesia than injectable anesthetics. In 130 GP neurons recorded using small-tip glass electrodes (<1 μm), all but one fired Type-II spikes (positive/negative waveform). Type-I cells were unlikely to be inhibited by isoflurane since all GP neurons also fired Type-II spikes under ketamine-induced anesthesia. When recorded with large-tip electrodes (∼2 μm), however, over 70% of GP neurons exhibited Type-I spikes (negative/positive waveform). These results suggest that the spike shape, recorded extracellularly, varies depending on the electrode used and is not reliable in distinguishing Type-I and Type-II neurons. Using dual-site recording, 40% of GP neurons were identified as PC cells, 17.5% NC cells, and 42.5% UC cells. The three subtypes also differed significantly in firing rate and pattern. Lesions of dopamine neurons increased the number of NC cells, decreased that of UC cells, and significantly shifted the phase relationship between PC cells and the cortex. These results support the presence of GP neuron subtypes and suggest that each subtype plays a different role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 69:41-51, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Karain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - John A. Bellone
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Baker PM, Ragozzino ME. Contralateral disconnection of the rat prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum impairs cue-guided behavioral switching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:368-79. [PMID: 25028395 PMCID: PMC4105715 DOI: 10.1101/lm.034819.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Switches in reward outcomes or reward-predictive cues are two fundamental ways in which information is used to flexibly shift response patterns. The rat prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum support behavioral flexibility based on a change in outcomes. The present experiments investigated whether these two brain regions are necessary for conditional discrimination performance in which a switch in reward-predictive cues occurs every three to six trials. The GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol infused into the prelimbic cortex significantly impaired performance leading rats to adopt an inappropriate turn strategy. The NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 infused into the dorsomedial striatum or prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum contralateral disconnection impaired performance due to a rat failing to switch a response choice for an entire trial block in about two out of 13 test blocks. In an additional study, contralateral disconnection did not affect nonswitch discrimination performance. The results suggest that the prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum are necessary to support cue-guided behavioral switching. The prelimbic cortex may be critical for generating alternative response patterns while the dorsomedial striatum supports the selection of an appropriate response when cue information must be used to flexibly switch response patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Baker
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Michael E Ragozzino
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Leventhal DK, Stoetzner C, Abraham R, Pettibone J, DeMarco K, Berke JD. Dissociable effects of dopamine on learning and performance within sensorimotor striatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:43-54. [PMID: 24949283 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine is an important modulator of current behavior, as seen in the rapid and dramatic effects of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson Disease (PD). Yet there is also extensive evidence that dopamine acts as a learning signal, modulating synaptic plasticity within striatum to affect future behavior. Disentangling these "performance" and "learning" functions is important for designing effective, long-term PD treatments. We conducted a series of unilateral drug manipulations and dopamine terminal lesions in the dorsolateral striatum of rats highly-trained to perform brief instructed head/neck movements (two-alternative forced choice task). Reaction times and accuracy were measured longitudinally to determine if task behavior changed immediately, progressed over time, and/or persisted after drug withdrawal. Enhanced dopamine signaling with amphetamine caused an immediate, nonprogressive, and bilateral decrease in reaction times (RT). The altered RT distributions were consistent with reduced distance to threshold in the linear approach to threshold with ergodic rate (LATER) model of decision-making. Conversely, the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol caused experience-dependent, persistent changes in RT and accuracy indicative of a "learning" effect. These RT distributions were consistent with a slowed rate of approach to decision threshold. Our results show that dopaminergic signaling makes dissociable contributions to current and future behavior even within a single striatal subregion, and provide important clues for both models of normal decision-making and the design of novel drug therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Leventhal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ; Movement Disorders Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Colin Stoetzner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Rohit Abraham
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeff Pettibone
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kayla DeMarco
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Movement Disorders Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Smith Y, Galvan A, Ellender TJ, Doig N, Villalba RM, Huerta-Ocampo I, Wichmann T, Bolam JP. The thalamostriatal system in normal and diseased states. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:5. [PMID: 24523677 PMCID: PMC3906602 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of our limited knowledge of the functional role of the thalamostriatal system, this massive network is often ignored in models of the pathophysiology of brain disorders of basal ganglia origin, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, over the past decade, significant advances have led to a deeper understanding of the anatomical, electrophysiological, behavioral and pathological aspects of the thalamostriatal system. The cloning of the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (vGluT1 and vGluT2) has provided powerful tools to differentiate thalamostriatal from corticostriatal glutamatergic terminals, allowing us to carry out comparative studies of the synaptology and plasticity of these two systems in normal and pathological conditions. Findings from these studies have led to the recognition of two thalamostriatal systems, based on their differential origin from the caudal intralaminar nuclear group, the center median/parafascicular (CM/Pf) complex, or other thalamic nuclei. The recent use of optogenetic methods supports this model of the organization of the thalamostriatal systems, showing differences in functionality and glutamate receptor localization at thalamostriatal synapses from Pf and other thalamic nuclei. At the functional level, evidence largely gathered from thalamic recordings in awake monkeys strongly suggests that the thalamostriatal system from the CM/Pf is involved in regulating alertness and switching behaviors. Importantly, there is evidence that the caudal intralaminar nuclei and their axonal projections to the striatum partly degenerate in PD and that CM/Pf deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be therapeutically useful in several movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie Doig
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit Oxford, UK
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Enhanced visual responses in the superior colliculus and subthalamic nucleus in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2013; 252:277-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lei W, Deng Y, Liu B, Mu S, Guley NM, Wong T, Reiner A. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and ultrastructural study of VGLUT2 thalamic input to striatal projection neurons in rats. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1354-77. [PMID: 23047588 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined thalamic input to striatum in rats using immunolabeling for the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2). Double immunofluorescence viewed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that VGLUT2+ terminals are distinct from VGLUT1+ terminals. CLSM of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL)-labeled cortical or thalamic terminals revealed that VGLUT2 is rare in corticostriatal terminals but nearly always present in thalamostriatal terminals. Electron microscopy revealed that VGLUT2+ terminals made up 39.4% of excitatory terminals in striatum (with VGLUT1+ corticostriatal terminals constituting the rest), and 66.8% of VGLUT2+ terminals synapsed on spines and the remainder on dendrites. VGLUT2+ axospinous terminals had a mean diameter of 0.624 μm, while VGLUT2+ axodendritic terminals a mean diameter of 0.698 μm. In tissue in which we simultaneously immunolabeled thalamostriatal terminals for VGLUT2 and striatal neurons for D1 (with about half of spines immunolabeled for D1), 54.6% of VGLUT2+ terminals targeted D1+ spines (i.e., direct pathway striatal neurons), and 37.3% of D1+ spines received VGLUT2+ synaptic contacts. By contrast, 45.4% of VGLUT2+ terminals targeted D1-negative spines (i.e., indirect pathway striatal neurons), and only 25.8% of D1-negative spines received VGLUT2+ synaptic contacts. Similarly, among VGLUT2+ axodendritic synaptic terminals, 59.1% contacted D1+ dendrites, and 40.9% contacted D1-negative dendrites. VGLUT2+ terminals on D1+ spines and dendrites tended to be slightly smaller than those on D1-negative spines and dendrites. Thus, thalamostriatal terminals contact both direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons, with a slight preference for direct. These results are consistent with physiological studies indicating slightly different effects of thalamic input on the two types of striatal projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlong Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China.
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Alloway KD, Smith JB, Watson GDR. Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:36-50. [PMID: 24108793 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Alloway
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
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Castaño JG, González C, Obeso JA, Rodriguez M. Molecular Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease: New Targets for New Therapies. EMERGING DRUGS AND TARGETS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737357-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex chronic neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. A conceptual framework for all chronic diseases involves a series of channels or pathways (aging, genetic, environment, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, protein aggregation, etc.) and their interactions. Those channels with specificities may explain the ‘developmental’ program that through transcriptional reprogramming results in stressed dopamine neurons that eventually become dysfunctional or die, giving rise to the clinical manifestations of PD. In Chapter 2 we review the molecular mechanisms of those channels that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and the pathophysiology of the disease based on the anatomo‐physiological complexity of the basal ganglia. This illustrates that understanding the molecular mechanisms of a disease may not be enough, or we have to reach an adequate system level to understand the disease process. Finally, we suggest that common therapies used for the treatment of other chronic diseases may be useful for the treatment (or help to advance the understanding) of PD, as well as new targets for new therapies that may be useful in the prevention of, or to stop the progression of, PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Castaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen González
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Albacete Spain
| | - José A. Obeso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
- Laboratorio de Trastornos del Movimiento, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada University of Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Madrid Spain
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands
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Mazzone P, Stocchi F, Galati S, Insola A, Altibrandi MG, Modugno N, Tropepi D, Brusa L, Stefani A. Bilateral Implantation of Centromedian-Parafascicularis Complex and GPi: A New Combination of Unconventional Targets for Deep Brain Stimulation in Severe Parkinson Disease. Neuromodulation 2013; 9:221-8. [PMID: 22151710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2006.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Traditional deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has proved to be efficacious on core Parkinsonian symptoms. However, very disabling l-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and axial signs are slightly affected, suggesting that we target less conventional targets. Our candidates for DBS were the globus pallidus internus (GPi) plus the intralaminar thalamic complex (Pf or CM), given its extensive functional links with basal ganglia nuclei. Materials and Methods. The routine utilization of our innovative stereotactic apparatus allows us to implant, at the same time, both the CM-Pf complex together with the GPi in six Parkinson disease patients. Both intraoperative and postoperative neurophysiologic assessments helped us recognize functional subregions while optimizing implantation of electrodes. Unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) motor scores, AIMs, and freezing were carefully blindly evaluated for each condition. Results. A significant amelioration of UPDRS scores was achieved by simultaneous activation of both targets. CM-Pf activation was only slightly effective in reducing rigidity and akinesia, but more efficacious on freezing. Not surprisingly, AIMs were peculiarly decreased by the activation of the permanent electro-catheter in the posteroventral GPi. Conclusions. These findings confirm that, in selected patients, it is conceivable to target structures other than the conventional STN in order to maximize clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mazzone
- Unità Operativa di Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Stereotassica, Ospedale CTO, Roma, Italy; Institute of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Clinica Neurologica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy; Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Ospedale S. Eugenio, ASL RMC, Roma, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione S. Lucia, Roma, Italy
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31
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Kang G, Lowery MM. Interaction of Oscillations, and Their Suppression via Deep Brain Stimulation, in a Model of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Network. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2013; 21:244-53. [PMID: 23476006 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2013.2241791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyeom Kang
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Ellender TJ, Harwood J, Kosillo P, Capogna M, Bolam JP. Heterogeneous properties of central lateral and parafascicular thalamic synapses in the striatum. J Physiol 2013; 591:257-72. [PMID: 23109111 PMCID: PMC3557661 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.245233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the principles of operation of the striatum it is critical to elucidate the properties of the main excitatory inputs from cortex and thalamus, as well as their ability to activate the main neurons of the striatum, the medium spiny neurons (MSNs). As the thalamostriatal projection is heterogeneous, we set out to isolate and study the thalamic afferent inputs to MSNs using small localized injections of adeno-associated virus carrying fusion genes for channelrhodopsin-2 and YFP, in either the rostral or caudal regions of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (i.e. the central lateral or parafascicular nucleus). This enabled optical activation of specific thalamic afferents combined with whole-cell, patch-clamp recordings of MSNs and electrical stimulation of cortical afferents, in adult mice. We found that thalamostriatal synapses differ significantly in their peak amplitude responses, short-term dynamics and expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. Our results suggest that central lateral synapses are most efficient in driving MSNs to depolarization, particularly those of the direct pathway, as they exhibit large amplitude responses, short-term facilitation and predominantly express postsynaptic AMPA receptors. In contrast, parafascicular synapses exhibit small amplitude responses, short-term depression and predominantly express postsynaptic NMDA receptors, suggesting a modulatory role, e.g. facilitating Ca(2+)-dependent processes. Indeed, pairing parafascicular, but not central lateral, presynaptic stimulation with action potentials in MSNs, leads to NMDA receptor- and Ca(2+)-dependent long-term depression at these synapses. We conclude that the main excitatory thalamostriatal afferents differ in many of their characteristics and suggest that they each contribute differentially to striatal information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Ellender
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK.
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Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a009621. [PMID: 23071379 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions. Proposed more than two decades ago, the classical basal ganglia model shows how information flows through the basal ganglia back to the cortex through two pathways with opposing effects for the proper execution of movement. Although much of the model has remained, the model has been modified and amplified with the emergence of new data. Furthermore, parallel circuits subserve the other functions of the basal ganglia engaging associative and limbic territories. Disruption of the basal ganglia network forms the basis for several movement disorders. This article provides a comprehensive account of basal ganglia functional anatomy and chemistry and the major pathophysiological changes underlying disorders of movement. We try to answer three key questions related to the basal ganglia, as follows: What are the basal ganglia? What are they made of? How do they work? Some insight on the canonical basal ganglia model is provided, together with a selection of paradoxes and some views over the horizon in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Lanciego
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA & CIBERNED), University of Navarra Medical College, Pamplona, Spain
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35
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Brun Y, Karachi C, Fernandez-Vidal S, Jodoin N, Grabli D, Bardinet E, Mallet L, Agid Y, Yelnik J, Welter ML. Does unilateral basal ganglia activity functionally influence the contralateral side? What we can learn from STN stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:1575-83. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00254.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the control of voluntary movement, in which the corticobasal ganglia (BG) circuitry participates, is mainly lateralized. However, several studies have suggested that both the contralateral and ipsilateral BG systems are implicated during unilateral movement. Bilateral improvement of motor signs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported with unilateral lesion or high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the internal part of the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS). To decipher the mechanisms of production of ipsilateral movements induced by the modulation of unilateral BG circuitry activity, we recorded left STN neuronal activity during right STN-HFS in PD patients operated for bilateral deep brain stimulation. Left STN single cells were recorded in the operating room during right STN-HFS while patients experienced, or did not experience, right stimulation-induced dyskinesias. Most of the left-side STN neurons (64%) associated with the presence of right dyskinesias were inhibited, with a significant decrease in burst and intraburst frequencies. In contrast, left STN neurons not associated with right dyskinesias were mainly activated (48%), with a predominant increase 4–5 ms after the stimulation pulse and a decrease in oscillatory activity. This suggests that unilateral neuronal STN modulation is associated with changes in the activity of the contralateral STN. The fact that one side of the BG system can influence the functioning of the other could explain the occurrence of bilateral dyskinesias and motor improvement observed in PD patients during unilateral STN-HFS, as a result of a bilateral disruption of the pathological activity in the corticosubcortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Brun
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernandez-Vidal
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Jodoin
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - David Grabli
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Yves Agid
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Yelnik
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - Marie-Laure Welter
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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36
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Smith JB, Mowery TM, Alloway KD. Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats: potential pathway for mediating stimulus-response associations for sensorimotor habits. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:160-74. [PMID: 22496533 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00142.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral part of the striatum (DLS) represents the initial stage for processing sensorimotor information in the basal ganglia. Although the DLS receives much of its input from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, peripheral somesthetic stimulation activates the DLS at latencies that are shorter than the response latencies recorded in the SI cortex. To identify the subcortical regions that transmit somesthetic information directly to the DLS, we deposited small quantities of retrograde tracers at DLS sites that displayed consistent time-locked responses to controlled whisker stimulation. The neurons that were retrogradely labeled by these injections were located mainly in the sensorimotor cortex and, to a lesser degree, in the amygdala and thalamus. Quantitative analysis of neuronal labeling in the thalamus indicated that the strongest thalamic input to the whisker-sensitive part of the DLS originates from the medial posterior nucleus (POm), a somesthetic-related region that receives inputs from the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Anterograde tracer injections in POm confirmed that this thalamic region projects to the DLS neuropil. In subsequent experiments, simultaneous recordings from POm and the DLS during whisker stimulation showed that POm consistently responds before the DLS. These results suggest that POm could transmit somesthetic information to the DLS, and this modality-specific thalamostriatal pathway may cooperate with the thalamostriatal projections that originate from the intralaminar nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Leventhal DK, Gage GJ, Schmidt R, Pettibone JR, Case AC, Berke JD. Basal ganglia beta oscillations accompany cue utilization. Neuron 2012; 73:523-36. [PMID: 22325204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta oscillations in cortical-basal ganglia (BG) circuits have been implicated in normal movement suppression and motor impairment in Parkinson's disease. To dissect the functional correlates of these rhythms we compared neural activity during four distinct variants of a cued choice task in rats. Brief beta (∼20 Hz) oscillations occurred simultaneously throughout the cortical-BG network, both spontaneously and at precise moments of task performance. Beta phase was rapidly reset in response to salient cues, yet increases in beta power were not rigidly linked to cues, movements, or movement suppression. Rather, beta power was enhanced after cues were used to determine motor output. We suggest that beta oscillations reflect a postdecision stabilized state of cortical-BG networks, which normally reduces interference from alternative potential actions. The abnormally strong beta seen in Parkinson's Disease may reflect overstabilization of these networks, producing pathological persistence of the current motor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Leventhal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Selective neural pathway targeting reveals key roles of thalamostriatal projection in the control of visual discrimination. J Neurosci 2012; 31:17169-79. [PMID: 22114284 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4005-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum receives converging excitatory inputs from diverse brain regions, including the cerebral cortex and the intralaminar/midline thalamic nuclei, and mediates learning processes contributing to instrumental motor actions. However, the roles of each striatal input pathway in these learning processes remain uncertain. We developed a novel strategy to target specific neural pathways and applied this strategy for studying behavioral roles of the pathway originating from the parafascicular nucleus (PF) and projecting to the dorsolateral striatum. A highly efficient retrograde gene transfer vector encoding the recombinant immunotoxin (IT) receptor was injected into the dorsolateral striatum in mice to express the receptor in neurons innervating the striatum. IT treatment into the PF of the vector-injected animals caused a selective elimination of neurons of the PF-derived thalamostriatal pathway. The elimination of this pathway impaired the response selection accuracy and delayed the motor response in the acquisition of a visual cue-dependent discrimination task. When the pathway elimination was induced after learning acquisition, it disturbed the response accuracy in the task performance with no apparent change in the response time. The elimination did not influence spontaneous locomotion, methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, and motor skill learning that demand the function of the dorsal striatum. These results demonstrate that thalamostriatal projection derived from the PF plays essential roles in the acquisition and execution of discrimination learning in response to sensory stimulus. The temporal difference in the pathway requirement for visual discrimination suggests a stage-specific role of thalamostriatal pathway in the modulation of response time of learned motor actions.
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Galvan A, Smith Y. The primate thalamostriatal systems: Anatomical organization, functional roles and possible involvement in Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:179-189. [PMID: 22773963 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from two main thalamostriatal systems that originate either from the centre median/parafascicular complex (CM/PF-striatal system) or the rostral intralaminar, midline, associative and relay thalamic nuclei (non-CM/PF-striatal system). These dual thalamostriatal systems display striking differences in their anatomical and, most likely, functional organization. The CM/PF-striatal system is topographically organized, and integrated within functionally segregated basal ganglia-thalamostriatal circuits that process sensorimotor, associative and limbic information. CM/PF neurons are highly responsive to attention-related sensory stimuli, suggesting that the CM/PF-striatal system, through its strong connections with cholinergic interneurons, may play a role in basal ganglia-mediated learning, behavioral switching and reinforcement. In light of evidence for prominent CM/PF neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease, we propose that the significant CM-striatal system degeneration, combined with the severe nigrostriatal dopamine loss in sensorimotor striatal regions, may alter normal automatic actions, and shift the processing of basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor programs towards goal-directed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Emory University Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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40
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Obeso JA, Lanciego JL. Past, present, and future of the pathophysiological model of the Basal Ganglia. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:39. [PMID: 21808607 PMCID: PMC3136734 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current model of basal ganglia (BG) was introduced two decades ago and has settled most of our current understanding of BG function and dysfunction. Extensive research efforts have been carried out in recent years leading to further refinement and understanding of the normal and diseased BG. Several questions, however, are yet to be resolved. This short review provides a synopsis of the evolution of thought regarding the pathophysiological model of the BG and summarizes the main recent findings and additions to this field of research. We have also tried to identify major challenges that need to be addressed and resolved in the near future. Detailed accounts and state-of-the-art developments concerning research on the BG are provided in the articles that make up this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Obeso
- Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
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41
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Cortical and thalamic innervation of direct and indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neurons in mouse striatum. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14610-8. [PMID: 21048118 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1623-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum receives major excitatory inputs from the cortex and thalamus that predominantly target the spines of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs). We aimed to determine whether there is any selectivity of these two excitatory afferents in their innervation of direct and indirect pathway MSNs. To address this, we used bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reports the presence of D(1) or D(2) dopamine receptor subtypes, markers of direct and indirect pathway MSNs, respectively. Excitatory afferents were identified by the selective expression of vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGluT1) by corticostriatal afferents and vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2) by thalamostriatal afferents. A quantitative electron microscopic analysis was performed on striatal tissue from D(1) and D(2) mice that was double immunolabeled to reveal the EGFP and VGluT1 or VGluT2. We found that the proportion of synapses formed by terminals derived from the cortex and thalamus was similar for both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed that individual cortical or thalamic terminals form synapses with both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. Similarly, we observed a convergence of cortical and thalamic inputs onto individual MSNs of both direct and indirect pathway: individual EGFP-positive structures received input from both VGluT2-positive and VGluT2-negative terminals. These findings demonstrate that direct and indirect pathway MSNs are similarly innervated by cortical and thalamic afferents; both projections are thus likely to be critical in the control of MSNs and hence play fundamental roles in the expression of basal ganglia function.
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Bertran-Gonzalez J, Hervé D, Girault JA, Valjent E. What is the Degree of Segregation between Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Projections? Front Neuroanat 2010; 4. [PMID: 20953289 PMCID: PMC2955397 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to most other brain regions, in the striatum the output neurons (the medium-sized spiny neurons, MSNs) are GABAergic and act by inhibiting their targets. The standard model of the basal ganglia is built on the segregation of information processing in the direct and indirect pathways, which act in opposing directions to control movement. The MSNs participating in these two pathways can be identified according to their projection sites and the proteins they express. The differential expression of two of the five known dopamine receptor subtypes, D1 and D2, in the two populations of MSNs is of particular importance, since it confers to dopamine the ability to exert opposite functional modulation on the direct and indirect pathways. However, beyond this simple view of the striatal output organization, anatomical studies questioned the segregation of direct and indirect projections to the SNr, while other studies disclosed variable degrees of overlapping expression of dopamine receptor subtypes in striatal MSNs. New ways to address these issues have emerged recently, using mouse models in which specific populations of striatal neurons are genetically tagged. Here, we review classical and recent studies supporting the segregation of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. We also consider this issue at a functional level by focusing on the regulation of striatal signaling pathways in the two populations of MSNs, which clearly emphasize their profound differences. We discuss the anatomical and functional evidence challenging some aspects of this segregation and outline questions that are still to be addressed.
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Barroso-Chinea P, Bezard E. Basal Ganglia circuits underlying the pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4. [PMID: 20890450 PMCID: PMC2947938 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Involuntary movements or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Dyskinesia is, ultimately, experienced by the vast majority of the patients. Despite the importance of this problem, little was known about the cause of dyskinesia, a situation that has dramatically evolved in the last few years with a focus upon the molecular and signaling changes induced by chronic levodopa treatment. Departing from this, we here review the progress made in functional anatomy and neuroimaging that have had a tremendous impact on our understanding of the anatomo-functional organization of the basal ganglia in Parkinsonism and dyskinetic states, notably the demonstration that dyskinesia are linked to a pathological processing of limbic and cognitive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5227, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, Université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux 2 Bordeaux, France
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44
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Jouve L, Salin P, Melon C, Goff LKL. Deep brain stimulation of the center median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus has efficient anti-parkinsonian action associated with widespread cellular responses in the basal ganglia network in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9919-28. [PMID: 20660274 PMCID: PMC6632817 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1404-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic centromedian-parafascicular (CM/Pf) complex, mainly represented by Pf in rodents, is proposed as an interesting target for the neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined the functional impact of subchronic high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of Pf in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rat model. Pf-HFS had significant anti-akinetic action, evidenced by alleviation of limb use asymmetry (cylinder test). Whereas this anti-akinetic action was moderate, Pf-HFS totally reversed lateralized neglect (corridor task), suggesting potent action on sensorimotor integration. At the cellular level, Pf-HFS partially reversed the dopamine denervation-induced increase in striatal preproenkephalin A mRNA levels, a marker of the neurons of the indirect pathway, without interfering with the markers of the direct pathway (preprotachykinin and preprodynorphin). Pf-HFS totally reversed the lesion-induced changes in the gene expression of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the subthalamic nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and partially in the entopeduncular nucleus. Unlike HFS of the subthalamic nucleus, Pf-HFS did not induce per se dyskinesias and directly, although partially, alleviated L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced forelimb dyskinesia. Conversely, L-DOPA treatment negatively interfered with the anti-parkinsonian effect of Pf-HFS. Altogether, these data show that Pf-DBS, by recruiting a large basal ganglia circuitry, provides moderate to strong anti-parkinsonian benefits that might, however, be affected by L-DOPA. The widespread behavioral and cellular outcomes of Pf-HFS evidenced here demonstrate that CM/Pf is an important node for modulating the pathophysiological functioning of basal ganglia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loréline Jouve
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
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45
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Massie A, Goursaud S, Schallier A, Vermoesen K, Meshul CK, Hermans E, Michotte Y. Time-dependent changes in GLT-1 functioning in striatum of hemi-Parkinson rats. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:572-8. [PMID: 20643175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine loss in Parkinson's disease is accompanied by a dysregulation of corticostriatal glutamatergic neurotransmission. Within this study, we investigated striatal expression and activity of the glial high-affinity Na(+)/K(+)-dependent glutamate transporters, GLT-1 and GLAST, in the 6-hydroxydopamine hemi-Parkinson rat model at different time points after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the medial forebrain bundle. Using semi-quantitative Western blotting and an ex vivo D-[(3)H]-aspartate uptake assay, we showed a time-dependent bilateral effect of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning on the expression as well as activity of GLT-1. At 3 and 12 weeks post-lesion, striatal GLT-1 function was bilaterally upregulated whereas at 5 weeks there was no change. Even though our data do not allow a straightforward conclusion as for the role of glutamate transporters in the pathogenesis of the disease, they do clearly demonstrate a link between disturbed glutamatergic neurotransmission and glutamate transporter functioning in the striatum of a rat model for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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46
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A direct projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the ventral thalamus in monkeys. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:381-92. [PMID: 20452426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current basal ganglia model considers the internal division of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata as the sole sources of basal ganglia output to the thalamus. However, following the delivery of retrograde tracers into the ventral anterior/ventral lateral thalamic nuclei, a moderate number of labeled neurons were found within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in control cases, MPTP-treated monkeys and animals with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Furthermore, dual tracing experiments showed that subthalamo-thalamic and subthalamo-pallidal projections arise from different subpopulations of STN efferent neurons. Moreover, upregulated expression of the mRNA coding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGlut2) was found in retrogradely-labeled STN neurons in MPTP-treated monkeys. By contrast, there is a reduction in vGlut2 mRNA expression in subthalamo-thalamic neurons in dyskinetic monkeys. In conclusion, our findings support the presence of a direct projection from the STN to the ventral thalamus that appears to be functionally modulated by dopaminergic activity.
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47
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López IP, Salin P, Kachidian P, Barroso-Chinea P, Rico AJ, Gómez-Bautista V, Conte-Perales L, Coulon P, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Lanciego JL. The added value of rabies virus as a retrograde tracer when combined with dual anterograde tract-tracing. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 194:21-7. [PMID: 20096304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) has widely been used as a trans-synaptic retrograde tracer to analyze chains of connected neurons. The use of antibodies directed against the viral nucleoprotein enables viral nucleocapsids to be visualized within the cell soma, as well as within the thickest main dendrites. However, through this approach it is often difficult to accurately define post-synaptic elements (thin dendrites and/or dendritic spines). This limitation can now easily been circumvented by taking advantage of antibodies directed against a soluble viral phosphoprotein that spreads throughout the cytoplasm of the infected neuron, thereby producing Golgi-like immunofluorescent labeling of first-order projection neurons that are infected with RV. Furthermore, when combined with anterograde tracers such as Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), this procedure to detect RV facilitates the accurate visualization of both the pre- and post-synaptic elements. Finally, this method of viral detection is sufficiently sensitive to detect weakly labeled second-order neurons, which can then be further characterized neurochemically. Several examples are provided to illustrate why retrograde trans-synaptic tracing using RV can be regarded as an important breakthrough in the analysis of brain circuits, providing an unprecedented level of resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iciar P López
- Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra and Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Pamplona, Spain
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48
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Jourdan I, Barttfeld P, Zanutto BS. A theory about a role of the hyper direct pathway in pattern expression by the basal ganglia. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:5472-5475. [PMID: 21096287 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Basal Ganglia (BG) are a group of nuclei, in the brain of mammalians and other vertebrates, strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The BG are associated with several brain functions including learning and motor control. When there is cortical activation, there is a strong synchronization between BG and cortex, i.e. when a given task is being executed or in the case of Parkinson disease[1], [2]. If we consider the internal segment of the Globus Pallidus (GPi) there is synchronism between GPi-cortex at frequencies as low as 3Hz to as high as 85Hz [1], [3]. In the other hand, in a delta sleep or in an anesthetized case, a very low frequency correlation is observed (1-10 Hz), but no high frequency correlation between GPi-cortex [1], [2], [3]. It is unknown why this decorrelation happens. But It is agreement that when there is no pattern to select, like in delta sleep or with an anesthetized model, the BG network would maintain the GPi and cortex decorrelated at high frequencies. Many thalamus-BG and thalamus-BG-cortex loops are modulators of the BG activity. Particularly there exists an anatomic thalamus-BG loop, formed by GPi, intralaminar thalamic nuclei (IL) and Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) [4]. Using a computational model, based on an "Integrate and Fire" neural network, we analyzed the IL nucleus as a modulator of the so-called hyper direct pathway. Our results show that, in an anesthetic case, this thalamic path could be relevant to allow a high frequency decorrelated state between the GPi and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jourdan
- IBM (Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica) - FI (Facultad de Ingeniería) and the Laboratorio de Fisiología de Circuitos Neuronales - Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kusnoor SV, Muly EC, Morgan JI, Deutch AY. Is the loss of thalamostriatal neurons protective in parkinsonism? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15 Suppl 3:S162-6. [PMID: 20082981 PMCID: PMC2900831 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) is more widespread than originally thought. Among the extrastriatal sites in which significant loss of neurons has been reported is the centremedian-parafascicular (CM-PF) complex of the thalamus, which provides one of the three major afferent sources to the striatum. The functional significance of CM-PF loss in PD is unclear. Interestingly, several recent small trials have suggested that deep brain stimulation of the CM-PF improves motor function in PD. We discuss the possible transsynaptic determination of CM-PF loss secondary to nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration, and suggest that expression of the glycoprotein cerebellin1 (Cbln1) in CM-PF neurons may play an important role in striatal synaptic remodeling in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila V. Kusnoor
- Program in Neuroscience and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - E. Chris Muly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Ariel Y. Deutch
- Program in Neuroscience and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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50
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Humphries MD, Prescott TJ. The ventral basal ganglia, a selection mechanism at the crossroads of space, strategy, and reward. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 90:385-417. [PMID: 19941931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are often conceptualised as three parallel domains that include all the constituent nuclei. The 'ventral domain' appears to be critical for learning flexible behaviours for exploration and foraging, as it is the recipient of converging inputs from amygdala, hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex, putatively centres for stimulus evaluation, spatial navigation, and planning/contingency, respectively. However, compared to work on the dorsal domains, the rich potential for quantitative theories and models of the ventral domain remains largely untapped, and the purpose of this review is to provide the stimulus for this work. We systematically review the ventral domain's structures and internal organisation, and propose a functional architecture as the basis for computational models. Using a full schematic of the structure of inputs to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens core and shell), we argue for the existence of many identifiable processing channels on the basis of unique combinations of afferent inputs. We then identify the potential information represented in these channels by reconciling a broad range of studies from the hippocampal, amygdala and prefrontal cortex literatures with known properties of the ventral striatum from lesion, pharmacological, and electrophysiological studies. Dopamine's key role in learning is reviewed within the three current major computational frameworks; we also show that the shell-based basal ganglia sub-circuits are well placed to generate the phasic burst and dip responses of dopaminergic neurons. We detail dopamine's modulation of ventral basal ganglia's inputs by its actions on pre-synaptic terminals and post-synaptic membranes in the striatum, arguing that the complexity of these effects hint at computational roles for dopamine beyond current ideas. The ventral basal ganglia are revealed as a constellation of multiple functional systems for the learning and selection of flexible behaviours and of behavioural strategies, sharing the common operations of selection-by-disinhibition and of dopaminergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Humphries
- Adaptive Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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