1
|
Urbin MA. Adaptation in the spinal cord after stroke: Implications for restoring cortical control over the final common pathway. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38787922 DOI: 10.1113/jp285563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of voluntary movement is predicated on integration between circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Although damage is often restricted to supraspinal or spinal circuits in cases of neurological injury, both spinal motor neurons and axons linking these cells to the cortical origins of descending motor commands begin showing changes soon after the brain is injured by stroke. The concept of 'transneuronal degeneration' is not new and has been documented in histological, imaging and electrophysiological studies dating back over a century. Taken together, evidence from these studies agrees more with a system attempting to survive rather than one passively surrendering to degeneration. There tends to be at least some preservation of fibres at the brainstem origin and along the spinal course of the descending white matter tracts, even in severe cases. Myelin-associated proteins are observed in the spinal cord years after stroke onset. Spinal motor neurons remain morphometrically unaltered. Skeletal muscle fibres once innervated by neurons that lose their source of trophic input receive collaterals from adjacent neurons, causing spinal motor units to consolidate and increase in size. Although some level of excitability within the distributed brain network mediating voluntary movement is needed to facilitate recovery, minimal structural connectivity between cortical and spinal motor neurons can support meaningful distal limb function. Restoring access to the final common pathway via the descending input that remains in the spinal cord therefore represents a viable target for directed plasticity, particularly in light of recent advances in rehabilitation medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Urbin
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA RR&D Center of Excellence, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morecraft RJ, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Lemon RN, Ganguly K, Darling WG. Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the arm/hand region of the rostral primary motor cortex (M1r or old M1) to the cervical enlargement (C5-T1) in rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1996-2018. [PMID: 37938897 PMCID: PMC10842044 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution anterograde tracers and stereology were used to study the terminal organization of the corticospinal projection (CSP) from the rostral portion of the primary motor cortex (M1r) to spinal levels C5-T1. Most of this projection (90%) terminated contralaterally within laminae V-IX, with the densest distribution in lamina VII. Moderate bouton numbers occurred in laminae VI, VIII, and IX with few in lamina V. Within lamina VII, labeling occurred over the distal-related dorsolateral subsectors and proximal-related ventromedial subsectors. Within motoneuron lamina IX, most terminations occurred in the proximal-related dorsomedial quadrant, followed by the distal-related dorsolateral quadrant. Segmentally, the contralateral lamina VII CSP gradually declined from C5-T1 but was consistently distributed at C5-C7 in lamina IX. The ipsilateral CSP ended in axial-related lamina VIII and adjacent ventromedial region of lamina VII. These findings demonstrate the M1r CSP influences distal and proximal/axial-related spinal targets. Thus, the M1r CSP represents a transitional CSP, positioned between the caudal M1 (M1c) CSP, which is 98% contralateral and optimally organized to mediate distal upper extremity movements (Morecraft et al., 2013), and dorsolateral premotor (LPMCd) CSP being 79% contralateral and optimally organized to mediate proximal/axial movements (Morecraft et al., 2019). This distal to proximal CSP gradient corresponds to the clinical deficits accompanying caudal to rostral motor cortex injury. The lamina IX CSP is considered in the light of anatomical and neurophysiological evidence which suggests M1c gives rise to the major proportion of the cortico-motoneuronal (CM) projection, while there is a limited M1r CM projection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Stilwell-Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Roger N. Lemon
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurology Service, SFVAHSC, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Warren G. Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aljović A, Jacobi A, Marcantoni M, Kagerer F, Loy K, Kendirli A, Bräutigam J, Fabbio L, Van Steenbergen V, Pleśniar K, Kerschensteiner M, Bareyre FM. Synaptogenic gene therapy with FGF22 improves circuit plasticity and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16111. [PMID: 36601738 PMCID: PMC9906383 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) depends on the rewiring of motor circuits during which supraspinal connections form new contacts onto spinal relay neurons. We have recently identified a critical role of the presynaptic organizer FGF22 for the formation of new synapses in the remodeling spinal cord. Here, we now explore whether and how targeted overexpression of FGF22 can be used to mitigate the severe functional consequences of SCI. By targeting FGF22 expression to either long propriospinal neurons, excitatory interneurons, or a broader population of interneurons, we establish that FGF22 can enhance neuronal rewiring both in a circuit-specific and comprehensive way. We can further demonstrate that the latter approach can restore functional recovery when applied either on the day of the lesion or within 24 h. Our study thus establishes viral gene transfer of FGF22 as a new synaptogenic treatment for SCI and defines a critical therapeutic window for its application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almir Aljović
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Graduate School of Systemic NeurosciencesLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Anne Jacobi
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Present address:
F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Maite Marcantoni
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Fritz Kagerer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Elite Graduate Program M.Sc. Biomedical NeuroscienceTUMMunichGermany
| | - Kristina Loy
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Arek Kendirli
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Graduate School of Systemic NeurosciencesLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Jonas Bräutigam
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Luca Fabbio
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Valérie Van Steenbergen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Katarzyna Pleśniar
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University HospitalLMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Faculty of MedicineLMU MunichPlaneggGermany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chovsepian A, Empl L, Bareyre FM. Plasticity of callosal neurons in the contralesional cortex following traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1257-1258. [PMID: 36453402 PMCID: PMC9838154 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chovsepian
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Building and Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Empl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Building and Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence M. Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Building and Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,Correspondence to: Florence M. Bareyre, .
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tedeschi A, Larson MJE, Zouridakis A, Mo L, Bordbar A, Myers JM, Qin HY, Rodocker HI, Fan F, Lannutti JJ, McElroy CA, Nimjee SM, Peng J, Arnold WD, Moon LDF, Sun W. Harnessing cortical plasticity via gabapentinoid administration promotes recovery after stroke. Brain 2022; 145:2378-2393. [PMID: 35905466 PMCID: PMC9890504 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes devastating sensory-motor deficits and long-term disability due to disruption of descending motor pathways. Restoration of these functions enables independent living and therefore represents a high priority for those afflicted by stroke. Here, we report that daily administration of gabapentin, a clinically approved drug already used to treat various neurological disorders, promotes structural and functional plasticity of the corticospinal pathway after photothrombotic cortical stroke in adult mice. We found that gabapentin administration had no effects on vascular occlusion, haemodynamic changes nor survival of corticospinal neurons within the ipsilateral sensory-motor cortex in the acute stages of stroke. Instead, using a combination of tract tracing, electrical stimulation and functional connectivity mapping, we demonstrated that corticospinal axons originating from the contralateral side of the brain in mice administered gabapentin extend numerous collaterals, form new synaptic contacts and better integrate within spinal circuits that control forelimb muscles. Not only does gabapentin daily administration promote neuroplasticity, but it also dampens maladaptive plasticity by reducing the excitability of spinal motor circuitry. In turn, mice administered gabapentin starting 1 h or 1 day after stroke recovered skilled upper extremity function. Functional recovery persists even after stopping the treatment at 6 weeks following a stroke. Finally, chemogenetic silencing of cortical projections originating from the contralateral side of the brain transiently abrogated recovery in mice administered gabapentin, further supporting the conclusion that gabapentin-dependent reorganization of spared cortical pathways drives functional recovery after stroke. These observations highlight the strong potential for repurposing gabapentinoids as a promising treatment strategy for stroke repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Molly J E Larson
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Antonia Zouridakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lujia Mo
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arman Bordbar
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia M Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hannah Y Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Haven I Rodocker
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John J Lannutti
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juan Peng
- Center for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - W David Arnold
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selective plasticity of callosal neurons in the adult contralesional cortex following murine traumatic brain injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2659. [PMID: 35551446 PMCID: PMC9098892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in deficits that are often followed by recovery. The contralesional cortex can contribute to this process but how distinct contralesional neurons and circuits respond to injury remains to be determined. To unravel adaptations in the contralesional cortex, we used chronic in vivo two-photon imaging. We observed a general decrease in spine density with concomitant changes in spine dynamics over time. With retrograde co-labeling techniques, we showed that callosal neurons are uniquely affected by and responsive to TBI. To elucidate circuit connectivity, we used monosynaptic rabies tracing, clearing techniques and histology. We demonstrate that contralesional callosal neurons adapt their input circuitry by strengthening ipsilateral connections from pre-connected areas. Finally, functional in vivo two-photon imaging demonstrates that the restoration of pre-synaptic circuitry parallels the restoration of callosal activity patterns. Taken together our study thus delineates how callosal neurons structurally and functionally adapt following a contralateral murine TBI. Which contralesional circuits adapt after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear. Here the authors used in vivo imaging, retrograde labeling, rabies tracing, clearing and functional imaging to demonstrate that callosal neurons selectively adapt after TBI in mice.
Collapse
|
7
|
Alionte C, Notte C, Strubakos CD. From symmetry to chaos and back: Understanding and imaging the mechanisms of neural repair after stroke. Life Sci 2022; 288:120161. [PMID: 34813796 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience has made strides in recent years allowing us insight into the workings of the brain - from the molecular to the regional anatomy. These insights have given researchers an advantage in seeking novel therapies for neurological disorders, specifically stroke. Yet despite these discoveries, many aspects of stroke remain poorly understood - specifically post-stroke recovery. This review article seeks to outline cutting-edge neuroimaging technologies, and the current level of understanding of neurological repair after stroke, with the main focus on the mechanism of axonal sprouting. Neuronal connectivity has varying levels of complexity that allow neuronal networks to process information and give rise to our day-to-day functioning. As stroke causes the death of groups of regional neurons, it is likely that the reestablishment of function seen in some stroke patients is related to shifting patterns of functional connectivity. This paper touches on the timeline and limits on the amount of functional recovery, as well as the differences in organization of neuronal networks in a healthy versus post stroke brain. Finally, we discuss how the previously mentioned methods of imaging are critical in understanding the mechanisms of functional recovery. The mechanism of axonal sprouting and its theorized different types are explained, along with potential ways of imaging them in rodents. The hope is that, with a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying brain recovery, researchers can apply this knowledge to better help stroke patients and be of use in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alionte
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Christian Notte
- Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Christos D Strubakos
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sato T, Nakamura Y, Takeda A, Ueno M. Lesion Area in the Cerebral Cortex Determines the Patterns of Axon Rewiring of Motor and Sensory Corticospinal Tracts After Stroke. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:737034. [PMID: 34707476 PMCID: PMC8542932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.737034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) is an essential neural pathway for reorganization that recovers motor functions after brain injuries such as stroke. CST comprises multiple pathways derived from different sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex; however, the patterns of reorganization in such complex pathways postinjury are largely unknown. Here we comprehensively examined the rewiring patterns of the CST pathways of multiple cerebral origins in a mouse stroke model that varied in size and location in the sensorimotor cortex. We found that spared contralesional motor and sensory CST axons crossed the midline and sprouted into the denervated side of the cervical spinal cord after stroke in a large cortical area. In contrast, the contralesional CST fibers did not sprout in a small stroke, whereas the ipsilesional axons from the spared motor area grew on the denervated side. We further showed that motor and sensory CST axons did not innervate the projecting areas mutually when either one was injured. The present results reveal the basic principles that generate the patterns of CST rewiring, which depend on stroke location and CST subtype. Our data indicate the importance of targeting different neural substrates to restore function among the types of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease. Current effective therapies for stroke recovery are limited to neurorehabilitation. Most stroke recovery occurs in a limited and early time window. Many of the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery after stroke parallel mechanisms of normal learning and memory. While various efforts are in place to identify potential drug targets, an emerging approach is to understand biological correlates between learning and stroke recovery. This review assesses parallels between biological changes at the molecular, structural, and functional levels during learning and recovery after stroke, with a focus on drug and cellular targets for therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Teena Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Rotella DL, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Morecraft RJ. Greater Reduction in Contralesional Hand Use After Frontoparietal Than Frontal Motor Cortex Lesions in Macaca mulatta. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:592235. [PMID: 33815072 PMCID: PMC8012777 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.592235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that rhesus monkeys recover spontaneous use of the more impaired (contralesional) hand following neurosurgical lesions to the arm/hand representations of primary motor cortex (M1) and lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) (F2 lesion) when tested for reduced use (RU) in a fine motor task allowing use of either hand. Recovery occurred without constraint of the less impaired hand and with occasional forced use of the more impaired hand, which was the preferred hand for use in fine motor tasks before the lesion. Here, we compared recovery of five F2 lesion cases in the same RU test to recovery after unilateral lesions of M1, LPMC, S1 and anterior portion of parietal cortex (F2P2 lesion - four cases). Average and highest %use of the contralesional hand in the RU task in F2 cases were twice that in F2P2 cases (p < 0.05). Recovery in the RU task was closely associated with volume and percentage of lesion to caudal (new) M1 (M1c) in both F2 and F2P2 lesion cases. One F2P2 case, with the largest M1c lesion and a large rostral somatosensory cortex (S1r) lesion developed severe contralesional hand non-use despite exhibiting some recovery of fine motor function initially. We conclude that the degree of reduced use of the contralesional hand is primarily related to the volume of M1c injury and that severe non-use requires extensive injury to M1c and S1r. Thus, assessing peri-Rolandic injury extent in stroke patients may have prognostic value for predicting susceptibility to RU and non-use in rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Kimberly S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Variable Interhemispheric Asymmetry in Layer V of the Supplementary Motor Area following Cervical Hemisection in Adult Macaque Monkeys. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0280-20.2020. [PMID: 32917794 PMCID: PMC7548435 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0280-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor cortical areas from both hemispheres play a role during functional recovery after a unilateral spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little is known about the morphologic and phenotypical differences that a SCI could trigger in corticospinal (CS) neurons of the ipsilesional and contralesional hemisphere. Using an SMI-32 antibody which specifically labeled pyramidal neurons in cortical Layers V, we investigated the impact of a unilateral cervical cord lesion on the rostral part (F6) and caudal part (F3) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in both hemispheres of eight adult macaque monkeys compared with four intact control monkeys. We observed in F3 (but not in F6) interindividual variable and adaptive interhemispheric asymmetries of SMI-32-positive Layer V neuronal density and dendritic arborization, which are strongly correlated with the extent of the SCI as well as the duration of functional recovery, but not with the extent (percentage) of functional recovery.
Collapse
|
12
|
He J, Huang Y, Liu H, Sun X, Wu J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou C, Jiang S, Huang Z, Zhong J, Guo Z, Jiang L, Cheng C. Bexarotene promotes microglia/macrophages - Specific brain - Derived Neurotrophic factor expression and axon sprouting after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113462. [PMID: 32916173 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been regarded as one of the leading cause of injury-related death and disability. White matter injury after TBI is characterized by axon damage and demyelination, resulting in neural network impairment and neurological deficit. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can promote white matter repair. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been reported to promote microglia/macrophages towards anti-inflammatory state and therefore to promote axon regeneration. Bexarotene, an agonist of retinoid X receptor (RXR), can activate RXR/PPARγ heterodimers. The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of bexarotene on BDNF in microglia/macrophages and axon sprouting after TBI in mice. Bexarotene was administered intraperitoneally in C57BL/6 mice undergoing controlled cortical impact (CCI). PPARγ dependency was determined by intraperitoneal administration of a PPARγ antagonist T0070907. We found that bexarotene promoted axon regeneration indicated by increased growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) expression, myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)+ axon sprouting. Bexarotene also increased microglia/macrophages-specific brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression after TBI. In addition, bexarotene reduced the number of pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages while increased the number of anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages after TBI. Moreover, bexaortene inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, bexarotene treatment improved neurological scores and cognitive function of CCI-injured mice. These effects of bexarotene were partially abolished by T0070907. In conclusion, bexarotene promotes axon sprouting, increases microglia/macrophages-specific BDNF expression, and induces microglia/macrophages from a pro-inflammatory state towards an anti-inflammatory one after TBI at least partially in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yike Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Rotella DL, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Morecraft RJ. Changes in ipsilesional hand motor function differ after unilateral injury to frontal versus frontoparietal cortices in Macaca mulatta. Exp Brain Res 2019; 238:205-220. [PMID: 31834452 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that injury to frontoparietal sensorimotor areas causes greater initial impairments in performance and poorer recovery of ipsilesional dexterous hand/finger movements than lesions limited to frontal motor areas in rhesus monkeys. Reaching and grasping/manipulation of small targets with the ipsilesional hand were assessed for 6-12 months post-injury using two motor tests. Initial post-lesion motor skill and long-term recovery of motor skill were compared in two groups of monkeys: (1) F2 group-five cases with lesions of arm areas of primary motor cortex (M1) and lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) and (2) F2P2 group-five cases with F2 lesions + lesions of arm areas of primary somatosensory cortex and the anterior portion of area 5. Initial post-lesion reach and manipulation skills were similar to or better than pre-lesion skills in most F2 lesion cases in a difficult fine motor task but worse than pre-lesion skill in most F2P2 lesion cases in all tasks. Subsequently, reaching and manipulation skills improved over the post-lesion period to higher than pre-lesion skills in both groups, but improvements were greater in the F2 lesion group, perhaps due to additional task practice and greater ipsilesional limb use for daily activities. Poorer and slower post-lesion improvement of ipsilesional upper limb motor skill in the F2P2 cases may be due to impaired somatosensory processing. The persistent ipsilesional upper limb motor deficits frequently observed in humans after stroke are probably caused by greater subcortical white and gray matter damage than in the localized surgical injuries studied here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Kimberly S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Isa T, Mitsuhashi M, Yamaguchi R. Alternative routes for recovery of hand functions after corticospinal tract injury in primates and rodents. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:836-843. [PMID: 31688166 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies on various corticospinal tract (CST) lesions have shown the plastic changes at a variety of motor systems after the lesion. This review provides the alternative routes associated with the motor functional recovery after the CST lesions at various levels in nonhuman primates and rodents. RECENT FINDINGS In the case of the motor cortical lesions, the perilesional area compensates for the lesion. In contrast, sprouting of the corticoreticular tracts was observed after the lesions involving sensorimotor cortical areas. After the internal capsule lesion, sprouting in the cortico-rubral pathway contributes to the recovery. In case of the pyramidal lesion, rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts play a role of the functional recovery. After the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesion at C4/C5, the indirect pathway via propriospinal tract contributes to the recovery. In case of the hemisection at lower cervical cord, the CST fibers sprouted from the bilateral motor cortex and descended to the contralesional DLF and crossed below the lesion area. SUMMARY The central pathways can change their structure and activity dynamically depending on the lesion sites and size. Revealing the difference of the alternative pathways should be crucial to understand the whole recovery mechanism and develop the further neurorehabilitative treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reona Yamaguchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roux C, Kaeser M, Savidan J, Fregosi M, Rouiller EM, Schmidlin E. Assessment of the effect of continuous theta burst stimulation of the motor cortex on manual dexterity in non-human primates in a direct comparison with invasive intracortical pharmacological inactivation. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3599-3613. [PMID: 31410900 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive reversible perturbation techniques of brain output such as continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), commonly used to modulate cortical excitability in humans, allow investigation of possible roles in functional recovery played by distinct intact cortical areas following stroke. To evaluate the potential of cTBS, the behavioural effects of this non-invasive transient perturbation of the hand representation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in non-human primates (two adult macaques) were compared with an invasive focal transient inactivation based on intracortical microinfusion of GABA-A agonist muscimol. The effects on the contralateral arm produced by cTBS or muscimol were directly compared based on a manual dexterity task performed by the monkeys, the "reach and grasp" drawer task, allowing quantitative assessment of the grip force produced between the thumb and index finger and exerted on the drawer's knob. cTBS only induced modest to moderate behavioural effects, with substantial variability on manual dexterity whereas the intracortical muscimol microinfusion completely impaired manual dexterity, producing a strong and clear cortical inhibition of the M1 hand area. In contrast, cTBS induced mixed inhibitory and facilitatory/excitatory perturbations of M1, though with predominant inhibition. Although cTBS impacted on manual dexterity, its effects appear too limited and variable in order to use it as a reliable proof of cortical vicariation mechanism (cortical area replacing another one) underlying functional recovery following a cortical lesion in the motor control domain, in contrast to potent pharmacological block generated by muscimol infusion, whose application is though limited to an animal model such as non-human primate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roux
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Kaeser
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Julie Savidan
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michela Fregosi
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eric Schmidlin
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schambra HM, Xu J, Branscheidt M, Lindquist M, Uddin J, Steiner L, Hertler B, Kim N, Berard J, Harran MD, Cortes JC, Kitago T, Luft A, Krakauer JW, Celnik PA. Differential Poststroke Motor Recovery in an Arm Versus Hand Muscle in the Absence of Motor Evoked Potentials. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:568-580. [PMID: 31170880 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319850138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. After stroke, recovery of movement in proximal and distal upper extremity (UE) muscles appears to follow different time courses, suggesting differences in their neural substrates. Objective. We sought to determine if presence or absence of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) differentially influences recovery of volitional contraction and strength in an arm muscle versus an intrinsic hand muscle. We also related MEP status to recovery of proximal and distal interjoint coordination and movement fractionation, as measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). Methods. In 45 subjects in the year following ischemic stroke, we tracked the relationship between corticospinal tract (CST) integrity and behavioral recovery in the biceps (BIC) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe CST integrity, indicated by MEPs, in BIC and FDI. We used electromyography, dynamometry, and UE FMA subscores to assess muscle-specific contraction, strength, and inter-joint coordination, respectively. Results. Presence of MEPs resulted in higher likelihood of muscle contraction, greater strength, and higher FMA scores. Without MEPs, BICs could more often volitionally contract, were less weak, and had steeper strength recovery curves than FDIs; in contrast, FMA recovery curves plateaued below normal levels for both the arm and hand. Conclusions. There are shared and separate substrates for paretic UE recovery. CST integrity is necessary for interjoint coordination in both segments and for overall recovery. In its absence, alternative pathways may assist recovery of volitional contraction and strength, particularly in BIC. These findings suggest that more targeted approaches might be needed to optimize UE recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Schambra
- 1 New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,2 Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- 3 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meret Branscheidt
- 3 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,4 University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Levke Steiner
- 4 University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathan Kim
- 3 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michelle D Harran
- 2 Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,3 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Cortes
- 2 Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,3 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Andreas Luft
- 4 University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,5 cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morecraft RJ, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Rotella DL, Pizzimenti MA, Darling WG. Terminal organization of the corticospinal projection from the lateral premotor cortex to the cervical enlargement (C5-T1) in rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2761-2789. [PMID: 31032921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution tract tracing and stereology were used to study the terminal organization of the corticospinal projection (CSP) from the ventral (v) and dorsal (d) regions of the lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) to spinal levels C5-T1. The LPMCv CSP originated from the postarcuate sulcus region, was bilateral, sparse, and primarily targeted the dorsolateral and ventromedial sectors of contralateral lamina VII. The convexity/lateral part of LPMCv did not project below C2. Thus, very little LPMCv corticospinal output reaches the cervical enlargement. In contrast, the LPMCd CSP was 5× more prominent in terminal density. Bilateral terminal labeling occurred in the medial sectors of lamina VII and adjacent lamina VIII, where propriospinal neurons with long-range bilateral axon projections reside. Notably, lamina VIII also harbors axial motoneurons. Contralateral labeling occurred in the lateral sectors of lamina VII and the dorsomedial quadrant of lamina IX, noted for harboring proximal upper limb flexor motoneurons. Segmentally, the CSP to contralateral laminae VII and IX preferentially innervated C5-C7, which supplies shoulder, elbow, and wrist musculature. In contrast, terminations in axial-related lamina VIII were distributed bilaterally throughout all cervical enlargement levels, including C8 and T1. These findings demonstrate the LPMCd CSP is structured to influence axial and proximal upper limb movements, supporting Kuypers conceptual view of the LPMCd CSP being a major component of the medial motor control system. Thus, distal upper extremity control influenced by LPMC, including grasping and manipulation, must occur through indirect neural network connections such as corticocortical, subcortical, or intrinsic spinal circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Kim S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Warren G Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Spinal Transcriptome after Cortical Stroke: In Search of Molecular Factors Regulating Spontaneous Recovery in the Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4714-4726. [PMID: 30962276 PMCID: PMC6561692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2571-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cortical stroke and unilateral corticospinal tract degeneration, compensatory sprouting of spared corticospinal fibers is associated with recovery of skilled movement in rodents. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this spontaneous rewiring. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular changes in the spinal cord tissue after large ischemic cortical injury in adult female mice, with a focus on factors that might influence the reinnervation process by contralesional corticospinal neurons. We mapped the area of cervical gray matter reinnervation by sprouting contralesional corticospinal axons after unilateral photothrombotic stroke of the motor cortex in mice using anterograde tracing. The mRNA profile of this reinnervation area was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes at selected time points during the recovery process. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two phases of processes: early after stroke (4–7 d post-injury), the spinal transcriptome is characterized by inflammatory processes, including phagocytic processes as well as complement cascade activation. Microglia are specifically activated in the denervated corticospinal projection fields in this early phase. In a later phase (28–42 d post-injury), biological processes include tissue repair pathways with upregulated genes related to neurite outgrowth. Thus, the stroke-denervated spinal gray matter, in particular its intermediate laminae, represents a growth-promoting environment for sprouting corticospinal fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex. This dataset provides a solid starting point for future studies addressing key elements of the post-stroke recovery process, with the goal to improve neuroregenerative treatment options for stroke patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that the molecular changes in the spinal cord target tissue of the stroke-affected corticospinal tract are mainly defined by two phases: an early inflammatory phase during which microglia are specifically activated in the target area of reinnervating corticospinal motor neurons; and a late phase during which growth-promoting factors are upregulated which can influence the sprouting response, arborization, and synapse formation. By defining for the first time the endogenous molecular machinery in the stroke-denervated cervical spinal gray matter with a focus on promotors of axon growth through the growth-inhibitory adult CNS, this study will serve as a basis to address novel neuroregenerative treatment options for chronic stroke patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Asymmetric and Distant Effects of a Unilateral Lesion of the Primary Motor Cortex on the Bilateral Supplementary Motor Areas in Adult Macaque Monkeys. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10644-10656. [PMID: 30355637 PMCID: PMC6580657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0904-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A restricted lesion of the hand area in the primary motor cortex (M1) leads to a deficit of contralesional manual dexterity, followed by an incomplete functional recovery, accompanied by plastic changes in M1 itself and in other cortical areas on both hemispheres. Using the marker SMI-32 specific to pyramidal neurons in cortical layers III and V, we investigated the impact of a focal unilateral M1 lesion (hand representation) on the rostral part (F6) and caudal part (F3) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in both hemispheres in nine adult macaque monkeys compared with four intact control monkeys. The M1 lesion induced a consistent interhemispheric asymmetry in density of SMI-32-positive neurons in F3 layer V (statistically significant in 8 of 9 lesioned monkeys), highly correlated with the lesion volume and with the duration of functional recovery, but not with the extent of functional recovery itself. Such interhemispheric asymmetry was neither present in the intact monkeys, as expected, nor in F6 in all monkeys. In addition, the M1 lesion also impacted on the basal dendritic arborization of F3 layer V neurons. Neuronal density was clearly less affected by the M1 lesion in F3 layer III compared with layer V. We interpret the remote effect of M1 lesion onto the density of SMI-32-positive neurons and dendritic arborization in the SMAs bilaterally as the consequence of multiple factors, such as changes of connectivity, diaschisis and various mechanisms involved in cortical plasticity underlying the functional recovery from the M1 lesion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The motor system of macaque monkeys, in addition to be similarly organized as in humans, is a good candidate to study the impact of a focal lesion of the main contributor to voluntary movements, the primary motor cortex (M1), on non-primary motor cortical areas also involved in manual dexterity, both at behavioral and structural levels. Our results show that a unilateral permanent lesion of M1 hand area in nine monkeys affects the interhemispheric balance of the number of SMI-32-positive pyramidal neurons in the cortical layer V of the supplementary motor area, in a way strongly correlated to the lesion volume and duration of the incomplete functional recovery.
Collapse
|
20
|
Morecraft RJ, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Rotella DL, Pizzimenti MA, Darling WG. New Corticopontine Connections in the Primate Brain: Contralateral Projections From the Arm/Hand Area of the Precentral Motor Region. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:68. [PMID: 30174591 PMCID: PMC6107685 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ipsilateral corticopontine projection (iCPP) represents a massive descending axon system terminating in the pontine nuclei (PN). In the primate, this projection is well known for its dominant influence on contralateral upper limb movements through the classical cerebrocerebellar circuity system. Although a much weaker contralateral corticopontine projection (cCPP) from motor cortex to the paramedian region has been reported in the non-human primate brain, we provide the first comprehensive description of the cCPP from the lateral motor cortex using high resolution anterograde tract tracing in Macaca mulatta. We found a relatively light cCPP from the hand/arm area of the primary motor cortex (M1), comparatively moderate cCPP from ventrolateral premotor cortex (LPMCv) and a more robust and widespread cCPP from the dorsolateral premotor cortex (LPMCd) that involved all nine contralateral PN. The M1 projection primarily targeted the dorsal pontine region, the LPMCv projection targeted the medial pontine region and LPMCd targeted both regions. These results show the first stage of the primate frontomotor cerebrocerebellar projection is bilateral, and may affect both ipsilateral and contralateral limbs. Clinically, the cCPP originating in the non-injured hemisphere may influence the recovery process of the more affected upper extremity following subtotal unilateral damage to the lateral cortical region. The cCPP may also contribute to the mild impairment of the upper limb contralateral to a unilateral cerebellar injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Kimberly S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Warren G Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hand Motor Recovery Following Extensive Frontoparietal Cortical Injury Is Accompanied by Upregulated Corticoreticular Projections in Monkey. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6323-6339. [PMID: 29899028 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0403-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that arm/hand motor recovery after injury of the lateral sensorimotor cortex is associated with upregulation of the corticoreticular projection (CRP) from the supplementary motor cortex (M2) to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla (Gi). Three groups of rhesus monkeys of both genders were studied: five controls, four cases with lesions of the arm/hand area of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the lateral premotor cortex (LPMC; F2 lesion group), and five cases with lesions of the arm/hand area of M1, LPMC, S1, and anterior parietal cortex (F2P2 lesion group). CRP strength was assessed using high-resolution anterograde tracers injected into the arm/hand area of M2 and stereology to estimate of the number of synaptic boutons in the Gi. M2 projected bilaterally to the Gi, primarily targeting the medial Gi subsector and, to a lesser extent, lateral, dorsal, and ventral subsectors. Total CRP bouton numbers were similar in controls and F2 lesion cases but F2P2 lesion cases had twice as many boutons as the other two groups (p = 0.0002). Recovery of reaching and fine hand/digit function was strongly correlated with estimated numbers of CRP boutons in the F2P2 lesion cases. Because we previously showed that F2P2 lesion cases experience decreased strength of the M2 corticospinal projection (CSP), whereas F2 lesion monkeys experienced increased strength of the M2 CSP, these results suggest one mechanism underlying arm/hand motor recovery after F2P2 injury is upregulation of the M2 CRP. This M2-CRP response may influence an important reticulospinal tract contribution to upper-limb motor recovery following frontoparietal injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We previously showed that after brain injury affecting the lateral motor cortex controlling arm/hand motor function, recovery is variable and closely associated with increased strength of corticospinal projection (CSP) from an uninjured medial cortical motor area. Hand motor recovery also varies after brain injury affecting the lateral sensorimotor cortex, but medial motor cortex CSP strength decreases and cannot account for recovery. Here we observed that motor recovery following sensorimotor cortex injury is closely associated with increased strength of the descending projection from an uninjured medial cortical motor area to a brainstem reticular nucleus involved in control of arm/hand function, suggesting an enhanced corticoreticular projection may compensate for injury to the sensorimotor cortex to enable recovery of arm/hand motor function.
Collapse
|
22
|
Morecraft RJ, Binneboese A, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Ge J. Localization of orofacial representation in the corona radiata, internal capsule and cerebral peduncle in Macaca mulatta. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3429-3457. [PMID: 28675473 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical white matter injury is often accompanied by orofacial motor dysfunction, but little is known about the structural substrates accounting for these common neurological deficits. We studied the trajectory of the corticobulbar projection from the orofacial region of the primary (M1), ventrolateral (LPMCv), supplementary (M2), rostral cingulate (M3) and caudal cingulate (M4) motor regions through the corona radiata (CR), internal capsule (IC) and crus cerebri of the cerebral peduncle (ccCP). In the CR each pathway was segregated. Medial motor area fibers (M2/M3/M4) arched over the caudate and lateral motor area fibers (M1/LPMCv) curved over the putamen. At superior IC levels, the pathways were widespread, involving the anterior limb, genu and posterior limb with the M3 projection located anteriorly, followed posteriorly by projections from M2, LPMCv, M4 and M1, respectively. Inferiorly, all pathways maintained this orientation but shifted posteriorly, with adjacent fiber bundles overlapping minimally. In the ccCP, M3 fibers were located medially and M1 fibers centromedially, with M2, LPMCv, and M4 pathways overlapping in between. Finally, at inferior ccCP levels, all pathways overlapped. Following CR and superior IC lesions, the dispersed pathway distribution may correlate with acute orofacial dysfunction with spared pathways contributing to orofacial motor recovery. In contrast, the gradually commixed nature of pathway representation inferiorly may enhance fiber vulnerability and correlate with severe, prolonged deficits following lower subcortical and midbrain injury. Additionally, in humans these findings may assist in interpreting orofacial movements evoked during deep brain stimulation, and neuroimaging tractography efforts to localize descending orofacial motor pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - A Binneboese
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - K S Stilwell-Morecraft
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - J Ge
- Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Savidan J, Kaeser M, Belhaj-Saïf A, Schmidlin E, Rouiller EM. Role of primary motor cortex in the control of manual dexterity assessed via sequential bilateral lesion in the adult macaque monkey: A case study. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28629845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From a case study, we describe the impact of unilateral lesion of the hand area in the primary motor cortex (M1) on manual dexterity and the role of the intact contralesional M1 in long-term functional recovery. An adult macaque monkey performed two manual dexterity tasks: (i) "modified Brinkman board" task, assessed simple precision grip versus complex precision grip, the latter involved a hand postural adjustment; (ii) "modified Klüver board" task, assessed movements ranging from power grip to precision grip, pre-shaping and grasping. Two consecutive unilateral M1 lesions targeted the hand area of each hemisphere, the second lesion was performed after stable, though incomplete, functional recovery from the primary lesion. Following each lesion, the manual dexterity of the contralesional hand was affected in a comparable manner, effects being progressively more deleterious from power grip to simple and then complex precision grips. Both tasks yielded consistent data, namely that the secondary M1 lesion did not have a significant impact on the recovered performance from the primary M1 lesion, which took place 5months earlier. In conclusion, the intact contralesional M1 did not play a major role in the long-term functional recovery from a primary M1 lesion targeted to the hand area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Savidan
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mélanie Kaeser
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Abderraouf Belhaj-Saïf
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Schmidlin
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Department of Medicine, Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Stroke instigates a dynamic process of repair and remodelling of remaining neural circuits, and this process is shaped by behavioural experiences. The onset of motor disability simultaneously creates a powerful incentive to develop new, compensatory ways of performing daily activities. Compensatory movement strategies that are developed in response to motor impairments can be a dominant force in shaping post-stroke neural remodelling responses and can have mixed effects on functional outcome. The possibility of selectively harnessing the effects of compensatory behaviour on neural reorganization is still an insufficiently explored route for optimizing functional outcome after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Jones
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Taylor A, Brigo F, Nothdurfter W, Saltuari L, Trinka E, Nardone R. Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain's resilience to extensive unilateral lesions? Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:156-167. [PMID: 28414105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemispherectomy (HS) is an effective surgical procedure aimed at managing otherwise intractable epilepsy in cases of diffuse unihemispheric pathologies. Neurological recovery in subjects treated with HS is not limited to seizure reduction, rather, sensory-motor and behavioral improvement is often observed. This outcome highlights the considerable capability of the brain to react to such an extensive lesion, by functionally reorganizing and rewiring the cerebral cortex, especially early in life. In this narrative review, we summarize the animal studies as well as the human neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies dealing with the reorganizational processes that occur after HS. These topics are of particular interest in understanding mechanisms of functional recovery after brain injury. HS offers the chance to investigate contralesional hemisphere activity in controlling ipsilateral limb movements, and the role of transcallosal interactions, before and after the surgical procedure. These post-injury neuroplastic phenomena actually differ from those observed after less extensive brain damage. Therefore, they illustrate how different lesions could lead the contralesional hemisphere to play the "good" or "bad" role in functional recovery. These issues may have clinical implications and could inform rehabilitation strategies aiming to improve functional recovery following unilateral hemispheric lesions. Future studies, involving large cohorts of hemispherectomized patients, will be necessary in order to obtain a greater understanding of how cerebral reorganization can contribute to residual sensorimotor, visual and auditory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandra Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Nothdurfter
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moore TL, Pessina MA, Finklestein SP, Killiany RJ, Bowley B, Benowitz L, Rosene DL. Inosine enhances recovery of grasp following cortical injury to the primary motor cortex of the rhesus monkey. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:827-48. [PMID: 27497459 PMCID: PMC6503840 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside, has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture and promote corticospinal tract axons to sprout collateral branches after stroke, spinal cord injury and TBI in rodent models. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of inosine on the recovery of motor function following cortical injury in the rhesus monkey. METHODS After being trained on a test of fine motor function of the hand, monkeys received a lesion limited to the area of the hand representation in primary motor cortex. Beginning 24 hours after this injury and continuing daily thereafter, monkeys received orally administered inosine (500 mg) or placebo. Retesting of motor function began on the 14th day after injury and continued for 12 weeks. RESULTS During the first 14 days after surgery, there was evidence of significant recovery within the inosine-treated group on measures of fine motor function of the hand, measures of hand strength and digit flexion. While there was no effect of treatment on the time to retrieve a reward, the treated monkeys returned to asymptotic levels of grasp performance significantly faster than the untreated monkeys. Additionally, the treated monkeys evidenced a greater degree of recovery in terms of maturity of grasp pattern. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that inosine can enhance recovery of function following cortical injury in monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica A. Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ronald J. Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bethany Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Darling WG, Pizzimenti MA, Rotella DL, Hynes SM, Ge J, Stilwell-Morecraft K, Morecraft RJ. Sensorimotor cortex injury effects on recovery of contralesional dexterous movements in Macaca mulatta. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:37-52. [PMID: 27091225 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) injury on recovery of contralateral upper limb reaching and grasping were studied by comparing the consequences of isolated lesions to the arm/hand region of primary motor cortex (M1) and lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) to lesions of these same areas plus anterior parietal cortex (S1 and rostral area PE). We used multiple linear regression to assess the effects of gray and white matter lesion volumes on deficits in reaching and fine motor performance during the first month after the lesion, and during recovery of function over 3, 6 and 12months post-injury in 13 monkeys. Subjects with frontoparietal lesions exhibited larger deficits and poorer recovery as predicted, including one subject with extensive peri-Rolandic injury developing learned nonuse after showing signs of recovery. Regression analyses showed that total white matter lesion volume was strongly associated with initial post-lesion deficits in motor performance and with recovery of skill in reaching and manipulation. Multiple regression analyses using percent damage to caudal M1 (M1c), rostral S1 (S1r), LPMC and area PE as predictor variables showed that S1r lesion volumes were closely related to delayed post-lesion recovery of upper limb function, as well as lower skill level of recovery. In contrast, M1c lesion volume was related primarily to initial post-lesion deficits in hand motor performance. Overall, these findings demonstrate that frontoparietal injury impairs hand motor function more so than frontal motor injury alone, and results in slower and poorer recovery than lesions limited to frontal motor cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Darling
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Marc A Pizzimenti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Diane L Rotella
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stephanie M Hynes
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Motor Control Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jizhi Ge
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Kimberly Stilwell-Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carmichael ST, Kathirvelu B, Schweppe CA, Nie EH. Molecular, cellular and functional events in axonal sprouting after stroke. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:384-394. [PMID: 26874223 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Yet there is a limited degree of recovery in this disease. One of the mechanisms of recovery is the formation of new connections in the brain and spinal cord after stroke: post-stroke axonal sprouting. Studies indicate that post-stroke axonal sprouting occurs in mice, rats, primates and humans. Inducing post-stroke axonal sprouting in specific connections enhances recovery; blocking axonal sprouting impairs recovery. Behavioral activity patterns after stroke modify the axonal sprouting response. A unique regenerative molecular program mediates this aspect of tissue repair in the CNS. The types of connections that are formed after stroke indicate three patterns of axonal sprouting after stroke: reactive, reparative and unbounded axonal sprouting. These differ in mechanism, location, relationship to behavioral recovery and, importantly, in their prospect for therapeutic manipulation to enhance tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Balachandar Kathirvelu
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Catherine A Schweppe
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Esther H Nie
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morecraft RJ, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Ge J, Cipolloni PB, Pandya DN. Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the anterior insula and adjacent frontal motor fields in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res Bull 2015; 119:52-72. [PMID: 26496798 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the ventral motor region are investigated using Nissl, and NeuN staining methods and the fluorescent retrograde tract tracing technique in the rhesus monkey. On the basis of gradual laminar differentiation, it is shown that the ventral motor region stems from the ventral proisocortical area (anterior insula and dorsal Sylvian opercular region). The cytoarchitecture of the ventral motor region is shown to progress in three lines, as we have recently shown for the dorsal motor region. Namely, root (anterior insular and dorsal Sylvian opercular area ProM), belt (ventral premotor cortex) and core (precentral motor cortex) lines. This stepwise architectonic organization is supported by the overall patterns of corticocortical connections. Areas in each line are sequentially interconnected (intralineal connections) and all lines are interconnected (interlinear connections). Moreover, root areas, as well as some of the belt areas of the ventral and dorsal trend are interconnected. The ventral motor region is also connected with the ventral somatosensory areas in a topographic manner. The root and belt areas of ventral motor region are connected with paralimbic, multimodal and prefrontal (outer belt) areas. In contrast, the core area has a comparatively more restricted pattern of corticocortical connections. This architectonic and connectional organization is consistent in part, with the functional organization of the ventral motor region as reported in behavioral and neuroimaging studies which include the mediation of facial expression and emotion, communication, phonic articulation, and language in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Morecraft
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - K S Stilwell-Morecraft
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - J Ge
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - P B Cipolloni
- Research Service, Bedford VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - D N Pandya
- Research Service, Bedford VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Neurology, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Harvard Neurological Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|