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Bischoff H, Kovach C, Kumar S, Bruss J, Tranel D, Khalsa SS. Sensing, feeling and regulating: investigating the association of focal brain damage with voluntary respiratory and motor control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230251. [PMID: 39005040 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breathing is a complex, vital function that can be modulated to influence physical and mental well-being. However, the role of cortical and subcortical brain regions in voluntary control of human respiration is underexplored. Here we investigated the influence of damage to human frontal, temporal or limbic regions on the sensation and regulation of breathing patterns. Participants performed a respiratory regulation task across regular and irregular frequencies ranging from 6 to 60 breaths per minute (bpm), with a counterbalanced hand motor control task. Interoceptive and affective states induced by each condition were assessed via questionnaire, and autonomic signals were indexed via skin conductance. Participants with focal lesions to the bilateral frontal lobe, right insula/basal ganglia and left medial temporal lobe showed reduced performance relative to individually matched healthy comparisons during the breathing and motor tasks. They also reported significantly higher anxiety during the 60 bpm regular and irregular breathing trials, with anxiety correlating with difficulty in rapid breathing specifically within this group. This study demonstrates that damage to frontal, temporal or limbic regions is associated with abnormal voluntary respiratory and motor regulation and tachypnoea-related anxiety, highlighting the role of the forebrain in affective and motor responses during breathing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Bischoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kovach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sukbhinder Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Pisanski A, Prostebby M, Dickson CT, Pagliardini S. Mapping responses to focal injections of bicuculline in the lateral parafacial region identifies core regions for maximal generation of active expiration. eLife 2024; 13:RP94276. [PMID: 39017665 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The lateral parafacial area (pFL) is a crucial region involved in respiratory control, particularly in generating active expiration through an expiratory oscillatory network. Active expiration involves rhythmic abdominal (ABD) muscle contractions during late-expiration, increasing ventilation during elevated respiratory demands. The precise anatomical location of the expiratory oscillator within the ventral medulla's rostro-caudal axis is debated. While some studies point to the caudal tip of the facial nucleus (VIIc) as the oscillator's core, others suggest more rostral areas. Our study employed bicuculline (a γ-aminobutyric acid type A [GABA-A] receptor antagonist) injections at various pFL sites (-0.2 mm to +0.8 mm from VIIc) to investigate the impact of GABAergic disinhibition on respiration. These injections consistently elicited ABD recruitment, but the response strength varied along the rostro-caudal zone. Remarkably, the most robust and enduring changes in tidal volume, minute ventilation, and combined respiratory responses occurred at more rostral pFL locations (+0.6/+0.8 mm from VIIc). Multivariate analysis of the respiratory cycle further differentiated between locations, revealing the core site for active expiration generation with this experimental approach. Our study advances our understanding of neural mechanisms governing active expiration and emphasizes the significance of investigating the rostral pFL region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pisanski
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mitchell Prostebby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Clayton T Dickson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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3
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Chang Z, Skach J, Kam K. Inhibitory Subpopulations in preBötzinger Complex Play Distinct Roles in Modulating Inspiratory Rhythm and Pattern. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1928232024. [PMID: 38729762 PMCID: PMC11209648 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1928-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons embedded within mammalian neural circuits shape breathing, walking, and other rhythmic motor behaviors. At the core of the neural circuit controlling breathing is the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC), where GABAergic (GAD1/2+) and glycinergic (GlyT2+) neurons are functionally and anatomically intercalated among glutamatergic Dbx1-derived (Dbx1+) neurons that generate rhythmic inspiratory drive. The roles of these preBötC inhibitory neurons in breathing remain unclear. We first characterized the spatial distribution of molecularly defined preBötC inhibitory subpopulations in male and female neonatal double reporter mice expressing either tdTomato or EGFP in GlyT2+, GAD1+, or GAD2+ neurons. We found that the majority of preBötC inhibitory neurons expressed both GlyT2 and GAD2 while a much smaller subpopulation also expressed GAD1. To determine the functional role of these subpopulations, we used holographic photostimulation, a patterned illumination technique, in rhythmically active medullary slices from neonatal Dbx1tdTomato;GlyT2EGFP and Dbx1tdTomato;GAD1EGFP double reporter mice of either sex. Stimulation of 4 or 8 preBötC GlyT2+ neurons during endogenous rhythm prolonged the interburst interval in a phase-dependent manner and increased the latency to burst initiation when bursts were evoked by stimulation of Dbx1+ neurons. In contrast, stimulation of 4 or 8 preBötC GAD1+ neurons did not affect interburst interval or latency to burst initiation. Instead, photoactivation of GAD1+ neurons during the inspiratory burst prolonged endogenous and evoked burst duration and decreased evoked burst amplitude. We conclude that GlyT2+/GAD2+ neurons modulate breathing rhythm by delaying burst initiation while a smaller GAD1+ subpopulation shapes inspiratory patterning by altering burst duration and amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chang
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Jordan Skach
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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Ahmad M, Kim J, Dwyer B, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Coincident development and synchronization of sleep-dependent delta in the cortex and medulla. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2570-2579.e5. [PMID: 38772363 PMCID: PMC11187663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In early development, active sleep is the predominant sleep state before it is supplanted by quiet sleep. In rats, the developmental increase in quiet sleep is accompanied by the sudden emergence of the cortical delta rhythm (0.5-4 Hz) around postnatal day 12 (P12). We sought to explain the emergence of the cortical delta by assessing developmental changes in the activity of the parafacial zone (PZ), a medullary structure thought to regulate quiet sleep in adults. We recorded from the PZ in P10 and P12 rats and predicted an age-related increase in neural activity during increasing periods of delta-rich cortical activity. Instead, during quiet sleep, we discovered sleep-dependent rhythmic spiking activity-with intervening periods of total silence-phase locked to a local delta rhythm. Moreover, PZ and cortical delta were coherent at P12 but not at P10. PZ delta was also phase locked to respiration, suggesting sleep-dependent modulation of PZ activity by respiratory pacemakers in the ventral medulla. Disconnecting the main olfactory bulbs from the cortex did not diminish cortical delta, indicating that the influence of respiration on delta at this age is not mediated indirectly through nasal breathing. Finally, we observed an increase in parvalbumin-expressing terminals in the PZ across these ages, supporting a role for local GABAergic inhibition in the PZ's rhythmicity. The unexpected discovery of delta-rhythmic neural activity in the medulla-when cortical delta is also emerging-provides a new perspective on the brainstem's role in regulating sleep and promoting long-range functional connectivity in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midha Ahmad
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jangjin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Brett Dwyer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Shao L, Kong F, Tian X, Deng T, Wang Y, Ji Y, Wang X, Yu H, Yuan F, Fu C, Wang S. Whole-brain inputs and outputs of Phox2b and GABAergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1427384. [PMID: 38948926 PMCID: PMC11211284 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1427384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) plays a critical role in the homeostatic regulation of respiration, blood pressure, sodium consumption and metabolic processes. Despite their significance, the circuitry mechanisms facilitating these diverse physiological functions remain incompletely understood. In this study, we present a whole-brain mapping of both the afferent and efferent connections of Phox2b-expressing and GABAergic neurons within the NTS. Our findings reveal that these neuronal populations not only receive monosynaptic inputs primarily from the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, supra-midbrain and cortical areas, but also mutually project their axons to these same locales. Moreover, intense monosynaptic inputs are received from the central amygdala, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the parasubthalamic nucleus and the intermediate reticular nucleus, along with brainstem nuclei explicitly engaged in respiratory regulation. In contrast, both neuronal groups extensively innervate brainstem nuclei associated with respiratory functions, although their projections to regions above the midbrain are comparatively limited. These anatomical findings provide a foundational platform for delineating an anatomical framework essential for dissecting the specific functional mechanisms of these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqi Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fanrao Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaochen Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Tianjiao Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yakun Wang
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yake Ji
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Congrui Fu
- Nursing School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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6
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Chang Y, Lusk S, Chang A, Ward CS, Ray RS. Vglut2-based glutamatergic signaling in central noradrenergic neurons is dispensable for normal breathing and chemosensory reflexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.16.535729. [PMID: 37090585 PMCID: PMC10120737 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.535729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Central noradrenergic (NA) neurons are key constituents of the respiratory homeostatic network. NA dysfunction is implicated in several developmental respiratory disorders including Congenital Central Hyperventilation Syndrome (CCHS), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Rett Syndrome. The current unchallenged paradigm in the field, supported by multiple studies, is that glutamate co-transmission in subsets of central NA neurons plays a role in breathing control. If true, NA-glutamate co-transmission may also be mechanistically important in respiratory disorders. However, the requirement of NA-derived glutamate in breathing has not been directly tested and the extent of glutamate co-transmission in the central NA system remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we fully characterized the cumulative fate maps and acute adult expression patterns of all three Vesicular Glutamate Transporters ( Slc17a7 (Vglut1), Slc17a6 (Vglut2), and Slc17a8 (Vglut3)) in NA neurons, identifying a novel, dynamic expression pattern for Vglut2 and an undescribed co-expression domain for Vglut3 in the NA system. In contrast to our initial hypothesis that NA derived glutamate is required to breathing, our functional studies showed that loss of Vglut2 throughout the NA system failed to alter breathing or metabolism under room air, hypercapnia, or hypoxia in unrestrained and unanesthetized mice. These data demonstrate that Vglut2-based glutamatergic signaling within the central NA system is not required for normal baseline breathing and hypercapnic, hypoxic chemosensory reflexes. These outcomes challenge the current understanding of central NA neurons in the control of breathing and suggests that glutamate may not be a critical target to understand NA neuron dysfunction in respiratory diseases.
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7
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Ahmad M, Kim J, Dwyer B, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. DELTA-RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY IN THE MEDULLA DEVELOPS COINCIDENT WITH CORTICAL DELTA IN SLEEPING INFANT RATS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.16.572000. [PMID: 38168267 PMCID: PMC10760077 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.16.572000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In early development, active sleep is the predominant sleep state before it is supplanted by quiet sleep. In rats, the developmental increase in quiet sleep is accompanied by the sudden emergence of the cortical delta rhythm (0.5-4 Hz) around postnatal day 12 (P12). We sought to explain the emergence of cortical delta by assessing developmental changes in the activity of the parafacial zone (PZ), a medullary structure thought to regulate quiet sleep in adults. We recorded from PZ in P10 and P12 rats and predicted an age-related increase in neural activity during increasing periods of delta-rich cortical activity. Instead, during quiet sleep we discovered sleep-dependent rhythmic spiking activity-with intervening periods of total silence-phase-locked to a local delta rhythm. Moreover, PZ and cortical delta were coherent at P12, but not at P10. PZ delta was also phase-locked to respiration, suggesting sleep-dependent modulation of PZ activity by respiratory pacemakers in the ventral medulla. Disconnecting the main olfactory bulbs from the cortex did not diminish cortical delta, indicating that the influence of respiration on delta at this age is not mediated indirectly through nasal breathing. Finally, we observed an increase in parvalbumin-expressing terminals in PZ across these ages, supporting a role for GABAergic inhibition in PZ's rhythmicity. The discovery of delta-rhythmic neural activity in the medulla-when cortical delta is also emerging-opens a new path to understanding the brainstem's role in regulating sleep and synchronizing rhythmic activity throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midha Ahmad
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jangjin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Brett Dwyer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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De Falco E, Solcà M, Bernasconi F, Babo-Rebelo M, Young N, Sammartino F, Tallon-Baudry C, Navarro V, Rezai AR, Krishna V, Blanke O. Single neurons in the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus process cardiac and respiratory signals in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316365121. [PMID: 38451949 PMCID: PMC10945861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316365121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral signals are constantly processed by our central nervous system, enable homeostatic regulation, and influence perception, emotion, and cognition. While visceral processes at the cortical level have been extensively studied using non-invasive imaging techniques, very few studies have investigated how this information is processed at the single neuron level, both in humans and animals. Subcortical regions, relaying signals from peripheral interoceptors to cortical structures, are particularly understudied and how visceral information is processed in thalamic and subthalamic structures remains largely unknown. Here, we took advantage of intraoperative microelectrode recordings in patients undergoing surgery for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to investigate the activity of single neurons related to cardiac and respiratory functions in three subcortical regions: ventral intermedius nucleus (Vim) and ventral caudalis nucleus (Vc) of the thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus (STN). We report that the activity of a large portion of the recorded neurons (about 70%) was modulated by either the heartbeat, the cardiac inter-beat interval, or the respiration. These cardiac and respiratory response patterns varied largely across neurons both in terms of timing and their kind of modulation. A substantial proportion of these visceral neurons (30%) was responsive to more than one of the tested signals, underlining specialization and integration of cardiac and respiratory signals in STN and thalamic neurons. By extensively describing single unit activity related to cardiorespiratory function in thalamic and subthalamic neurons, our results highlight the major role of these subcortical regions in the processing of visceral signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela De Falco
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute–West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV26505
| | - Marco Solcà
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva1205, Switzerland
| | - Fosco Bernasconi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Babo-Rebelo
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Young
- Medical Department, SpecialtyCare, Brentwood, TN37027
| | - Francesco Sammartino
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Département d’Etudes Cognitives, École normale supérieure-Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Inserm, Paris75005, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute—Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Epilepsy Unit, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris75013, France
| | - Ali R. Rezai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute—West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV26505
| | - Vibhor Krishna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Durham, NC27516
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva1205, Switzerland
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Park J, Choi S, Takatoh J, Zhao S, Harrahill A, Han BX, Wang F. Brainstem control of vocalization and its coordination with respiration. Science 2024; 383:eadi8081. [PMID: 38452069 PMCID: PMC11223444 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Phonation critically depends on precise controls of laryngeal muscles in coordination with ongoing respiration. However, the neural mechanisms governing these processes remain unclear. We identified excitatory vocalization-specific laryngeal premotor neurons located in the retroambiguus nucleus (RAmVOC) in adult mice as being both necessary and sufficient for driving vocal cord closure and eliciting mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). The duration of RAmVOC activation can determine the lengths of both USV syllables and concurrent expiration periods, with the impact of RAmVOC activation depending on respiration phases. RAmVOC neurons receive inhibition from the preBötzinger complex, and inspiration needs override RAmVOC-mediated vocal cord closure. Ablating inhibitory synapses in RAmVOC neurons compromised this inspiration gating of laryngeal adduction, resulting in discoordination of vocalization with respiration. Our study reveals the circuits for vocal production and vocal-respiratory coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Seonmi Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Takatoh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Harrahill
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bao-Xia Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Nakamura NH, Oku Y, Fukunaga M. "Brain-breath" interactions: respiration-timing-dependent impact on functional brain networks and beyond. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:165-182. [PMID: 37651646 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a natural daily action that one cannot do without, and it sensitively and intensely changes under various situations. What if this essential act of breathing can impact our overall well-being? Recent studies have demonstrated that breathing oscillations couple with higher brain functions, i.e., perception, motor actions, and cognition. Moreover, the timing of breathing, a phase transition from exhalation to inhalation, modulates specific cortical activity and accuracy in cognitive tasks. To determine possible respiratory roles in attentional and memory processes and functional neural networks, we discussed how breathing interacts with the brain that are measured by electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging: (i) respiration-dependent modulation of mental health and cognition; (ii) respiratory rhythm generation and respiratory pontomedullary networks in the brainstem; (iii) respiration-dependent effects on specific brainstem regions and functional neural networks (e.g., glutamatergic PreBötzinger complex neurons, GABAergic parafacial neurons, adrenergic C1 neurons, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, temporoparietal junction, default-mode network, ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular salience network); and (iv) a potential application of breathing manipulation in mental health care. These outlines and considerations of "brain-breath" interactions lead to a better understanding of the interoceptive and cognitive mechanisms that underlie brain-body interactions in health conditions and in stress-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu H Nakamura
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oku
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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11
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González-García M, Carrillo-Franco L, Morales-Luque C, Dawid-Milner MS, López-González MV. Central Autonomic Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Laryngeal Activity and Vocalization. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38392336 PMCID: PMC10886357 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans. The LMC interfaces with various structures of the central autonomic network associated with cardiorespiratory regulation to allow the perfect coordination between breathing and vocalization. The main subcortical structure involved in this relationship is the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is the perfect link to the autonomic pontomedullary structures such as the parabrachial complex (PBc), the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the nucleus retroambiguus (nRA), which modulate cardiovascular autonomic function activity in the vasomotor centers and respiratory activity at the level of the generators of the laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns that are essential for vocalization. These cores of autonomic structures are not only involved in the generation and modulation of cardiorespiratory responses to various stressors but also help to shape the cardiorespiratory motor patterns that are important for vocal production. Clinical studies show increased activity in the central circuits responsible for vocalization in certain speech disorders, such as spasmodic dysphonia because of laryngeal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-García
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo-Franco
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Morales-Luque
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Víctor López-González
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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12
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Bischoff H, Kovach C, Kumar S, Bruss J, Tranel D, Khalsa SS. Sensing, Feeling, and Regulating: Investigating the Association of Focal Brain Damage with Voluntary Respiratory and Motor Control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.16.562254. [PMID: 37905134 PMCID: PMC10614780 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a complex, vital function that can be modulated to influence physical and mental well-being. However, the role of cortical and subcortical brain regions in voluntary control of human respiration is underexplored. Here we investigated the influence of damage to human frontal, temporal, or limbic regions on the sensation and regulation of breathing patterns. Participants performed a respiratory regulation task across regular and irregular frequencies ranging from 6 to 60 breaths per minute (bpm), with a counterbalanced hand motor control task. Interoceptive and affective states induced by each condition were assessed via questionnaire and autonomic signals were indexed via skin conductance. Participants with focal lesions to the bilateral frontal lobe, right insula/basal ganglia, and left medial temporal lobe showed reduced performance than individually matched healthy comparisons during the breathing and motor tasks. They also reported significantly higher anxiety during the 60-bpm regular and irregular breathing trials, with anxiety correlating with difficulty in rapid breathing specifically within this group. This study demonstrates that damage to frontal, temporal, or limbic regions is associated with abnormal voluntary respiratory and motor regulation and tachypnea-related anxiety, highlighting the role of the forebrain in affective and motor responses during breathing. Highlights Impaired human respiratory regulation is associated with cortical/subcortical brain lesionsFrontolimbic/temporal regions contribute to rhythmic breathing and hand motor controlFrontolimbic/temporal damage is associated with anxiety during tachypnea/irregular breathingThe human forebrain is vital for affective and interoceptive experiences during breathing.
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13
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Jammal Salameh L, Bitzenhofer SH, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Dutschmann M, Egger V. Blood pressure pulsations modulate central neuronal activity via mechanosensitive ion channels. Science 2024; 383:eadk8511. [PMID: 38301001 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The transmission of the heartbeat through the cerebral vascular system causes intracranial pressure pulsations. We discovered that arterial pressure pulsations can directly modulate central neuronal activity. In a semi-intact rat brain preparation, vascular pressure pulsations elicited correlated local field oscillations in the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer. These oscillations did not require synaptic transmission but reflected baroreceptive transduction in mitral cells. This transduction was mediated by a fast excitatory mechanosensitive ion channel and modulated neuronal spiking activity. In awake animals, the heartbeat entrained the activity of a subset of olfactory bulb neurons within ~20 milliseconds. Thus, we propose that this fast, intrinsic interoceptive mechanism can modulate perception-for example, during arousal-within the olfactory bulb and possibly across various other brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Jammal Salameh
- Neurophysiology Group, Zoological Institute, Regensburg University, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Veronica Egger
- Neurophysiology Group, Zoological Institute, Regensburg University, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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14
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Bush NE, Ramirez JM. Latent neural population dynamics underlying breathing, opioid-induced respiratory depression and gasping. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:259-271. [PMID: 38182835 PMCID: PMC10849970 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Breathing is vital and must be concurrently robust and flexible. This rhythmic behavior is generated and maintained within a rostrocaudally aligned set of medullary nuclei called the ventral respiratory column (VRC). The rhythmic properties of individual VRC nuclei are well known, yet technical challenges have limited the interrogation of the entire VRC population simultaneously. Here we characterize over 15,000 medullary units using high-density electrophysiology, opto-tagging and histological reconstruction. Population dynamics analysis reveals consistent rotational trajectories through a low-dimensional neural manifold. These rotations are robust and maintained even during opioid-induced respiratory depression. During severe hypoxia-induced gasping, the low-dimensional dynamics of the VRC reconfigure from rotational to all-or-none, ballistic efforts. Thus, latent dynamics provide a unifying lens onto the activities of large, heterogeneous populations of neurons involved in the simple, yet vital, behavior of breathing, and well describe how these populations respond to a variety of perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Edward Bush
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Hao X, Yang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Ou M, Ke B, Zhu T, Zhou C. The Modulation by Anesthetics and Analgesics of Respiratory Rhythm in the Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:217-240. [PMID: 37563812 PMCID: PMC10788885 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic eupneic breathing in mammals depends on the coordinated activities of the neural system that sends cranial and spinal motor outputs to respiratory muscles. These outputs modulate lung ventilation and adjust respiratory airflow, which depends on the upper airway patency and ventilatory musculature. Anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice worldwide. In addition to clinically necessary pharmacological effects, respiratory depression is a critical side effect induced by most general anesthetics. Therefore, understanding how general anesthetics modulate the respiratory system is important for the development of safer general anesthetics. Currently used volatile anesthetics and most intravenous anesthetics induce inhibitory effects on respiratory outputs. Various general anesthetics produce differential effects on respiratory characteristics, including the respiratory rate, tidal volume, airway resistance, and ventilatory response. At the cellular and molecular levels, the mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced breathing depression mainly include modulation of synaptic transmission of ligand-gated ionotropic receptors (e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) and ion channels (e.g., voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels, two-pore domain potassium channels, and sodium leak channels), which affect neuronal firing in brainstem respiratory and peripheral chemoreceptor areas. The present review comprehensively summarizes the modulation of the respiratory system by clinically used general anesthetics, including the effects at the molecular, cellular, anatomic, and behavioral levels. Specifically, analgesics, such as opioids, which cause respiratory depression and the "opioid crisis", are discussed. Finally, underlying strategies of respiratory stimulation that target general anesthetics and/or analgesics are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaoxin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengchan Ou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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16
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Angelakos CC, Girven KS, Liu Y, Gonzalez OC, Murphy KR, Jennings KJ, Giardino WJ, Zweifel LS, Suko A, Palmiter RD, Clark SD, Krasnow MA, Bruchas MR, de Lecea L. A cluster of neuropeptide S neurons regulates breathing and arousal. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5439-5455.e7. [PMID: 38056461 PMCID: PMC10842921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a highly conserved peptide found in all tetrapods that functions in the brain to promote heightened arousal; however, the subpopulations mediating these phenomena remain unknown. We generated mice expressing Cre recombinase from the Nps gene locus (NpsCre) and examined populations of NPS+ neurons in the lateral parabrachial area (LPBA), the peri-locus coeruleus (peri-LC) region of the pons, and the dorsomedial thalamus (DMT). We performed brain-wide mapping of input and output regions of NPS+ clusters and characterized expression patterns of the NPS receptor 1 (NPSR1). While the activity of all three NPS+ subpopulations tracked with vigilance state, only NPS+ neurons of the LPBA exhibited both increased activity prior to wakefulness and decreased activity during REM sleep, similar to the behavioral phenotype observed upon NPSR1 activation. Accordingly, we found that activation of the LPBA but not the peri-LC NPS+ neurons increased wake and reduced REM sleep. Furthermore, given the extended role of the LPBA in respiration and the link between behavioral arousal and breathing rate, we demonstrated that the LPBA but not the peri-LC NPS+ neuronal activation increased respiratory rate. Together, our data suggest that NPS+ neurons of the LPBA represent an unexplored subpopulation regulating breathing, and they are sufficient to recapitulate the sleep/wake phenotypes observed with broad NPS system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Caleb Angelakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kasey S Girven
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oscar C Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kim J Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Azra Suko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stewart D Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Okazaki M, Matsumoto M, Koganezawa T. Hydrogen sulfide production in the medullary respiratory center modulates the neural circuit for respiratory pattern and rhythm generations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20046. [PMID: 38049443 PMCID: PMC10696040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is synthesized in the brain, modulates the neural network. Recently, the importance of H2S in respiratory central pattern generation has been recognized, yet the function of H2S in the medullary respiratory network remains poorly understood. Here, to evaluate the functional roles of H2S in the medullary respiratory network, the Bötzinger complex (BötC), the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), and the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), we observed the effects of inhibition of H2S synthesis at each region on the respiratory pattern by using an in situ arterially perfused preparation of decerebrated male rats. After microinjection of an H2S synthase inhibitor, cystathionine β-synthase, into the BötC or preBötC, the amplitude of the inspiratory burst decreased and the respiratory frequency increased according to shorter expiration and inspiration, respectively. These alterations were abolished or attenuated in the presence of a blocker of excitatory synaptic transmission. On the other hand, after microinjection of the H2S synthase inhibitor into the rVRG, the amplitude of the inspiratory burst was attenuated, and the respiratory frequency decreased, which was the opposite effect to those obtained by blockade of inhibitory synaptic transmission at the rVRG. These results suggest that H2S synthesized in the BötC and preBötC functions to limit respiratory frequency by sustaining the respiratory phase and to maintain the power of inspiration. In contrast, H2S synthesized in the rVRG functions to promote respiratory frequency by modulating the interval of inspiration and to maintain the power of inspiration. The underlying mechanism might facilitate excitatory synaptic transmission and/or attenuate inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Okazaki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Doctoral Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Science, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tadachika Koganezawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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18
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Economo MN, Elbaz M, Golomb D, Liao SM, O'Connor DH, Wang F. Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102784. [PMID: 37757586 PMCID: PMC11034851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised of two additive components: a rhythm that can be entrained by the breathing oscillator and a broadband component that directs the actuator to the region of interest. We focus on coordinating the rhythmic component of actions into a behavior. We hypothesize that the precise timing of each constituent action is continually adjusted through the merging of low-level oscillator input with sensory-derived, high-level rhythmic feedback. Supporting evidence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2R3 Canada
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaël Elbaz
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Zynval Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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19
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Engelen T, Solcà M, Tallon-Baudry C. Interoceptive rhythms in the brain. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1670-1684. [PMID: 37697110 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensing internal bodily signals, or interoception, is fundamental to maintain life. However, interoception should not be viewed as an isolated domain, as it interacts with exteroception, cognition and action to ensure the integrity of the organism. Focusing on cardiac, respiratory and gastric rhythms, we review evidence that interoception is anatomically and functionally intertwined with the processing of signals from the external environment. Interactions arise at all stages, from the peripheral transduction of interoceptive signals to sensory processing and cortical integration, in a network that extends beyond core interoceptive regions. Interoceptive rhythms contribute to functions ranging from perceptual detection up to sense of self, or conversely compete with external inputs. Renewed interest in interoception revives long-standing issues on how the brain integrates and coordinates information in distributed regions, by means of oscillatory synchrony, predictive coding or multisensory integration. Considering interoception and exteroception in the same framework paves the way for biological modes of information processing specific to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnée Engelen
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Inserm, Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Solcà
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Inserm, Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Inserm, Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL University, Paris, France.
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20
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Melo MR, Wykes AD, Connelly AA, Bassi JK, Cheung SD, McDougall SJ, Menuet C, Bathgate RAD, Allen AM. Selective transduction and photoinhibition of pre-Bötzinger complex neurons that project to the facial nucleus in rats affects nasofacial activity. eLife 2023; 12:e85398. [PMID: 37772793 PMCID: PMC10653671 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), a key primary generator of the inspiratory breathing rhythm, contains neurons that project directly to facial nucleus (7n) motoneurons to coordinate orofacial and nasofacial activity. To further understand the identity of 7n-projecting preBötC neurons, we used a combination of optogenetic viral transgenic approaches to demonstrate that selective photoinhibition of these neurons affects mystacial pad activity, with minimal effects on breathing. These effects are altered by the type of anesthetic employed and also between anesthetized and conscious states. The population of 7n-projecting preBötC neurons we transduced consisted of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons that also send collaterals to multiple brainstem nuclei involved with the regulation of autonomic activity. We show that modulation of subgroups of preBötC neurons, based on their axonal projections, is a useful strategy to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate and integrate breathing with different motor and physiological behaviors. This is of fundamental importance, given that abnormal respiratory modulation of autonomic activity and orofacial behaviors have been associated with the development and progression of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Melo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Alexander D Wykes
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Angela A Connelly
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Jaspreet K Bassi
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Shane D Cheung
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform (BOMP) - University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Clément Menuet
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerrané, INMED UMR1249, INSERM, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Ross AD Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneAustralia
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21
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Callado Pérez A, Demers M, Fassihi A, Moore JD, Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M. A brainstem circuit for the expression of defensive facial reactions in rat. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4030-4035.e3. [PMID: 37703878 PMCID: PMC11034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The brainstem houses neuronal circuits that control homeostasis of vital functions. These include the depth and rate of breathing1,2 and, critically, apnea, a transient cessation of breathing that prevents noxious vapors from entering further into the respiratory tract. Current thinking is that this reflex is mediated by two sensory pathways. One known pathway involves vagal and glossopharyngeal afferents that project to the nucleus of the solitary tract.3,4,5 Yet, apnea induced by electrical stimulation of the nasal epithelium or delivery of ammonia vapors to the nose persists after brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction, indicating that the circuitry that mediates this reflex is intrinsic to the medulla.6 A second potential pathway, consistent with this observation, involves trigeminal afferents from the nasal cavity that project to the muralis subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal complex.7,8 Notably, the apneic reflex is not dependent on olfaction as it can be initiated even after disruption of olfactory pathways.9 We investigated how subnucleus muralis cells mediate apnea in rat. By means of electrophysiological recordings and lesions in anesthetized rats, we identified a pathway from chemosensors in the nostrils through the muralis subnucleus and onto both the preBötzinger and facial motor nuclei. We then monitored breathing and orofacial reactions upon ammonia delivery near the nostril of alert, head-restrained rats. The apneic reaction was associated with a grimace, characterized by vibrissa protraction, wrinkling of the nose, and squinting of the eyes. Our results show that a brainstem circuit can control facial expressions for nocifensive and potentially pain-inducing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Callado Pérez
- Cervo Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1J 2R3, Canada; Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maxime Demers
- Cervo Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1J 2R3, Canada
| | - Arash Fassihi
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Cervo Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1J 2R3, Canada.
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22
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Chang Z, Skach J, Kam K. Inhibitory subpopulations in preBötzinger Complex play distinct roles in modulating inspiratory rhythm and pattern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552303. [PMID: 37609332 PMCID: PMC10441369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons embedded within mammalian neural circuits shape breathing, walking, chewing, and other rhythmic motor behaviors. At the core of the neural circuit controlling breathing is the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC), a nucleus in the ventrolateral medulla necessary for generation of inspiratory rhythm. In the preBötC, a recurrently connected network of glutamatergic Dbx1-derived (Dbx1 + ) neurons generates rhythmic inspiratory drive. Functionally and anatomically intercalated among Dbx1 + preBötC neurons are GABAergic (GAD1/2 + ) and glycinergic (GlyT2 + ) neurons, whose roles in breathing remain unclear. To elucidate the inhibitory microcircuits within preBötC, we first characterized the spatial distribution of molecularly-defined inhibitory preBötC subpopulations in double reporter mice expressing either the red fluorescent protein tdTomato or EGFP in GlyT2 + , GAD1 + , or GAD2 + neurons. We found that, in postnatal mice, the majority of inhibitory preBötC neurons expressed a combination of GlyT2 and GAD2 while a much smaller subpopulation also expressed GAD1. To determine the functional role of these subpopulations, we used holographic photostimulation, a patterned illumination technique with high spatiotemporal resolution, in rhythmically active medullary slices from neonatal Dbx1 tdTomato ;GlyT2 EGFP and Dbx1 tdTomato ;GAD1 EGFP double reporter mice. Stimulation of 4 or 8 preBötC GlyT2 + neurons during endogenous rhythm prolonged the interburst interval in a phase-dependent manner and increased the latency to burst initiation when bursts were evoked by stimulation of Dbx1 + neurons. In contrast, stimulation of 4 or 8 preBötC GAD1 + neurons did not affect interburst interval or latency to burst initiation. Instead, photoactivation of GAD1 + neurons during the inspiratory burst prolonged endogenous and evoked burst duration and decreased evoked burst amplitude. We conclude that the majority of preBötC inhibitory neurons express both GlyT2 and GAD2 and modulate breathing rhythm by delaying burst initiation while a smaller GAD1 + subpopulation shapes inspiratory patterning by altering burst duration and amplitude.
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23
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Severs LJ, Bush NE, Quina LA, Hidalgo-Andrade S, Burgraff NJ, Dashevskiy T, Shih AY, Baertsch NA, Ramirez JM. Purinergic signaling mediates neuroglial interactions to modulate sighs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5300. [PMID: 37652903 PMCID: PMC10471608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sighs prevent the collapse of alveoli in the lungs, initiate arousal under hypoxic conditions, and are an expression of sadness and relief. Sighs are periodically superimposed on normal breaths, known as eupnea. Implicated in the generation of these rhythmic behaviors is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). Our experimental evidence suggests that purinergic signaling is necessary to generate spontaneous and hypoxia-induced sighs in a mouse model. Our results demonstrate that driving calcium increases in astrocytes through pharmacological methods robustly increases sigh, but not eupnea, frequency. Calcium imaging of preBötC slices corroborates this finding with an increase in astrocytic calcium upon application of sigh modulators, increasing intracellular calcium through g-protein signaling. Moreover, photo-activation of preBötC astrocytes is sufficient to elicit sigh activity, and this response is blocked with purinergic antagonists. We conclude that sighs are modulated through neuron-glia coupling in the preBötC network, where the distinct modulatory responses of neurons and glia allow for both rhythms to be independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Severs
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Bush
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Lely A Quina
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Skyler Hidalgo-Andrade
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tatiana Dashevskiy
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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24
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Talavera B, Chaitanya G, Hupp N, Pati S, Hampson JP, Luo X, Hampson J, Vakilna YS, Rani MRS, Noor R, Mosher JC, Tandon N, Lhatoo SD, Lacuey N. Stimulation-induced respiratory enhancement in corticothalamic regions. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1925-1938. [PMID: 37119434 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify corticothalamic areas and electrical stimulation paradigms that optimally enhance breathing. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with medically intractable epilepsy were prospectively recruited in an epilepsy monitoring unit while undergoing stereoelectroencephalographic evaluation. Direct electrical stimulation in cortical and thalamic regions was carried out using low (<1 Hz) and high (≥10 Hz) frequencies, and low (<5 mA) and high (≥5 mA) current intensities, with pulse width of .1 ms. Electrocardiography, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ), oronasal airflow, and abdominal and thoracic plethysmography were monitored continuously during stimulations. Airflow signal was used to estimate breathing rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation (MV) changes during stimulation, compared to baseline. RESULTS Electrical stimulation increased MV in the amygdala, anterior cingulate, anterior insula, temporal pole, and thalamus, with an average increase in MV of 20.8% ± 28.9% (range = 0.2%-165.6%) in 19 patients. MV changes were associated with SpO2 and ETCO2 changes (p < .001). Effects on respiration were parameter and site dependent. Within amygdala, low-frequency stimulation of the medial region produced 78.49% greater MV change (p < .001) compared to high-frequency stimulation. Longer stimulation produced greater MV changes (an increase of 4.47% in MV for every additional 10 s, p = .04). SIGNIFICANCE Stimulation of amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior insula, temporal pole, and thalamus, using certain stimulation paradigms, enhances respiration. Among tested paradigms, low-frequency, low-intensity, long-duration stimulation of the medial amygdala is the most effective breathing enhancement stimulation strategy. Such approaches may pave the way for the future development of neuromodulatory techniques that aid rescue from seizure-related apnea, potentially as a targeted sudden unexpected death in epilepsy prevention method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Talavera
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ganne Chaitanya
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Norma Hupp
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandipan Pati
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johnson P Hampson
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaison Hampson
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yash S Vakilna
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M R Sandhya Rani
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rabeha Noor
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Memorial Hermann Houston Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John C Mosher
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samden D Lhatoo
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nuria Lacuey
- Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Farb NAS, Zuo Z, Price CJ. Interoceptive Awareness of the Breath Preserves Attention and Language Networks amidst Widespread Cortical Deactivation: A Within-Participant Neuroimaging Study. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0088-23.2023. [PMID: 37316296 PMCID: PMC10295813 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0088-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the representation of the body's internal state, serves as a foundation for emotion, motivation, and wellbeing. Yet despite its centrality in human experience, the neural mechanisms of interoceptive attention are poorly understood. The Interoceptive/Exteroceptive Attention Task (IEAT) is a novel neuroimaging paradigm that compares behavioral tracking of the respiratory cycle (Active Interoception) to tracking of a visual stimulus (Active Exteroception). Twenty-two healthy participants completed the IEAT during two separate scanning sessions (N = 44) as part of a randomized control trial of mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT). Compared with Active Exteroception, Active Interoception deactivated somatomotor and prefrontal regions. Greater self-reported interoceptive sensibility (MAIA scale) predicted sparing from deactivation within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left-lateralized language regions. The right insula, typically described as a primary interoceptive cortex, was only specifically implicated by its deactivation during an exogenously paced respiration condition (Active Matching) relative to self-paced Active Interoception. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis characterized Active Interoception as promoting greater ACC connectivity with lateral prefrontal and parietal regions commonly referred to as the dorsal attention network (DAN). In contrast to evidence relating accurate detection of liminal interoceptive signals such as the heartbeat to anterior insula activity, interoceptive attention toward salient signals such as the respiratory cycle may involve reduced cortical activity but greater ACC-DAN connectivity, with greater sensibility linked to reduced deactivation within the ACC and language-processing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A S Farb
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Psychological Clinical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Zoey Zuo
- Department of Psychological Clinical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Price
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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26
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Vafadari B, Tacke C, Harb A, Grützner AA, Hülsmann S. Increase of breathing rate mediated by unilateral optogenetic inactivation of inhibitory neurons in the preBötzinger Complex in vivo. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 311:104032. [PMID: 36758781 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Brainstem neural circuits located in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) and Bötzinger complex (BötC) play a critical role in the control of breathing. In this study, glycinergic preBötC and BötC neurons were inactivated with optogenetics in vivo using mice with Cre inducible expression of eNpHR3.0-EYFP. Unilateral inhibition of glycinergic neurons in the preBötC, and to a lower extend also in the BötC, led to a higher respiratory rate. It can be concluded that functional inactivation of inhibitory neurons leads to a disinhibition of preBötC excitatory neurons and thus an increase in the respiratory drive of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Vafadari
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Tacke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ali Harb
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja-Annett Grützner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swen Hülsmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Bateman JT, Saunders SE, Levitt ES. Understanding and countering opioid-induced respiratory depression. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:813-828. [PMID: 34089181 PMCID: PMC8997313 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression is the proximal cause of death in opioid overdose, yet the mechanisms underlying this potentially fatal outcome are not well understood. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression, which could lead to improved therapeutic options to counter opioid overdose, as well as other detrimental effects of opioids on breathing. The development of tolerance in the respiratory system is also discussed, as are differences in the degree of respiratory depression caused by various opioid agonists. Finally, potential future therapeutic agents aimed at reversing or avoiding opioid-induced respiratory depression through non-opioid receptor targets are in development and could provide certain advantages over naloxone. By providing an overview of mechanisms and effects of opioids in the respiratory network, this review will benefit future research on countering opioid-induced respiratory depression. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Bateman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sandy E Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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28
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Rassler B, Blinowska K, Kaminski M, Pfurtscheller G. Analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Directed Information Flow between Brain and Body Indicate Different Management Strategies of fMRI-Related Anxiety. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041028. [PMID: 37189642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) denotes decrease of cardiac beat-to-beat intervals (RRI) during inspiration and RRI increase during expiration, but an inverse pattern (termed negative RSA) was also found in healthy humans with elevated anxiety. It was detected using wave-by-wave analysis of cardiorespiratory rhythms and was considered to reflect a strategy of anxiety management involving the activation of a neural pacemaker. Results were consistent with slow breathing, but contained uncertainty at normal breathing rates (0.2–0.4 Hz). Objectives and methods: We combined wave-by-wave analysis and directed information flow analysis to obtain information on anxiety management at higher breathing rates. We analyzed cardiorespiratory rhythms and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals from the brainstem and cortex in 10 healthy fMRI participants with elevated anxiety. Results: Three subjects with slow respiratory, RRI, and neural BOLD oscillations showed 57 ± 26% negative RSA and significant anxiety reduction by 54 ± 9%. Six participants with breathing rate of ~0.3 Hz showed 41 ± 16% negative RSA and weaker anxiety reduction. They presented significant information flow from RRI to respiration and from the middle frontal cortex to the brainstem, which may result from respiration-entrained brain oscillations, indicating another anxiety management strategy. Conclusion: The two analytical approaches applied here indicate at least two different anxiety management strategies in healthy subjects.
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29
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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30
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The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus is not Important for Breathing Impairments Observed in a Parkinson's Disease Model. Neuroscience 2023; 512:32-46. [PMID: 36690033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), with classical and non-classical symptoms such as respiratory instability. An important region for breathing control, the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPTg), is composed of cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons. We hypothesize that degenerated PPTg neurons in a PD model contribute to the blunted respiratory activity. Adult mice (40 males and 29 females) that express the fluorescent green protein in cholinergic, glutamatergic or GABAergic cells were used (Chat-cre Ai6, Vglut2-cre Ai6 and Vgat-cre Ai6) and received bilateral intrastriatal injections of vehicle or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Ten days later, the animals were exposed to hypercapnia or hypoxia to activate PPTg neurons. Vglut2-cre Ai6 animals also received retrograde tracer injections (cholera toxin b) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) or preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) and anterograde tracer injections (AAV-mCherry) into the SNpc. In 6-OHDA-injected mice, there is a 77% reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc without changing the number of neurons in the PPTg. Hypercapnia activated fewer Vglut2 neurons in PD, and hypoxia did not activate PPTg neurons. PPTg neurons do not input RTN or preBötC regions but receive projections from SNpc. Although our results did not show a reduction in the number of glutamatergic neurons in PPTg, we observed a reduction in the number of neurons activated by hypercapnia in the PD animal model, suggesting that PPTg may participate in the hypercapnia ventilatory response.
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31
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Yackle K. Transformation of Our Understanding of Breathing Control by Molecular Tools. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:93-113. [PMID: 36323001 PMCID: PMC9918693 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021522-094142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The rhythmicity of breath is vital for normal physiology. Even so, breathing is enriched with multifunctionality. External signals constantly change breathing, stopping it when under water or deepening it during exertion. Internal cues utilize breath to express emotions such as sighs of frustration and yawns of boredom. Breathing harmonizes with other actions that use our mouth and throat, including speech, chewing, and swallowing. In addition, our perception of breathing intensity can dictate how we feel, such as during the slow breathing of calming meditation and anxiety-inducing hyperventilation. Heartbeat originates from a peripheral pacemaker in the heart, but the automation of breathing arises from neural clusters within the brainstem, enabling interaction with other brain areas and thus multifunctionality. Here, we document how the recent transformation of cellular and molecular tools has contributed to our appreciation of the diversity of neuronal types in the breathing control circuit and how they confer the multifunctionality of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yackle
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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32
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Bauer J, Devinsky O, Rothermel M, Koch H. Autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy mouse models with implications for SUDEP research. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1040648. [PMID: 36686527 PMCID: PMC9853197 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy has a high prevalence and can severely impair quality of life and increase the risk of premature death. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in drug-resistant epilepsy and most often results from respiratory and cardiac impairments due to brainstem dysfunction. Epileptic activity can spread widely, influencing neuronal activity in regions outside the epileptic network. The brainstem controls cardiorespiratory activity and arousal and reciprocally connects to cortical, diencephalic, and spinal cord areas. Epileptic activity can propagate trans-synaptically or via spreading depression (SD) to alter brainstem functions and cause cardiorespiratory dysfunction. The mechanisms by which seizures propagate to or otherwise impair brainstem function and trigger the cascading effects that cause SUDEP are poorly understood. We review insights from mouse models combined with new techniques to understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy and SUDEP. These techniques include in vivo, ex vivo, invasive and non-invasive methods in anesthetized and awake mice. Optogenetics combined with electrophysiological and optical manipulation and recording methods offer unique opportunities to study neuronal mechanisms under normal conditions, during and after non-fatal seizures, and in SUDEP. These combined approaches can advance our understanding of brainstem pathophysiology associated with seizures and SUDEP and may suggest strategies to prevent SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bauer
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,*Correspondence: Henner Koch ✉
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33
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Zhang Q, Haselden WD, Charpak S, Drew PJ. Could respiration-driven blood oxygen changes modulate neural activity? Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:37-48. [PMID: 35761104 PMCID: PMC9794637 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is critical for neural metabolism, but under most physiological conditions, oxygen levels in the brain are far more than are required. Oxygen levels can be dynamically increased by increases in respiration rate that are tied to the arousal state of the brain and cognition, and not necessarily linked to exertion by the body. Why these changes in respiration occur when oxygen is already adequate has been a long-standing puzzle. In humans, performance on cognitive tasks can be affected by very high or very low oxygen levels, but whether the physiological changes in blood oxygenation produced by respiration have an appreciable effect is an open question. Oxygen has direct effects on potassium channels, increases the degradation rate of nitric oxide, and is rate limiting for the synthesis of some neuromodulators. We discuss whether oxygenation changes due to respiration contribute to neural dynamics associated with attention and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - William D Haselden
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Serge Charpak
- Institut de La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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34
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Schottelkotte KM, Crone SA. Forebrain control of breathing: Anatomy and potential functions. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1041887. [PMID: 36388186 PMCID: PMC9663927 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The forebrain plays important roles in many critical functions, including the control of breathing. We propose that the forebrain is important for ensuring that breathing matches current and anticipated behavioral, emotional, and physiological needs. This review will summarize anatomical and functional evidence implicating forebrain regions in the control of breathing. These regions include the cerebral cortex, extended amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus. We will also point out areas where additional research is needed to better understand the specific roles of forebrain regions in the control of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Schottelkotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steven A. Crone
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Steven A. Crone
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Parviainen T, Lyyra P, Nokia MS. Cardiorespiratory rhythms, brain oscillatory activity and cognition: review of evidence and proposal for significance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Leitner DF, Kanshin E, Askenazi M, Faustin A, Friedman D, Devore S, Ueberheide B, Wisniewski T, Devinsky O. Raphe and ventrolateral medulla proteomics in epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac186. [PMID: 35928051 PMCID: PMC9344977 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brainstem nuclei dysfunction is implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. In animal models, deficient serotonergic activity is associated with seizure-induced respiratory arrest. In humans, glia are decreased in the ventrolateral medullary pre-Botzinger complex that modulate respiratory rhythm, as well as in the medial medullary raphe that modulate respiration and arousal. Finally, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy cases have decreased midbrain volume. To understand the potential role of brainstem nuclei in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, we evaluated molecular signalling pathways using localized proteomics in microdissected midbrain dorsal raphe and medial medullary raphe serotonergic nuclei, as well as the ventrolateral medulla in brain tissue from epilepsy patients who died of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and other causes in diverse epilepsy syndromes and non-epilepsy control cases (n = 15-16 cases per group/region). Compared with the dorsal raphe of non-epilepsy controls, we identified 89 proteins in non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and 219 proteins in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy that were differentially expressed. These proteins were associated with inhibition of EIF2 signalling (P-value of overlap = 1.29 × 10-8, z = -2.00) in non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. In sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, there were 10 activated pathways (top pathway: gluconeogenesis I, P-value of overlap = 3.02 × 10-6, z = 2.24) and 1 inhibited pathway (fatty acid beta-oxidation, P-value of overlap = 2.69 × 10-4, z = -2.00). Comparing sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, 10 proteins were differentially expressed, but there were no associated signalling pathways. In both medullary regions, few proteins showed significant differences in pairwise comparisons. We identified altered proteins in the raphe and ventrolateral medulla of epilepsy patients, including some differentially expressed in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy cases. Altered signalling pathways in the dorsal raphe of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy indicate a shift in cellular energy production and activation of G-protein signalling, inflammatory response, stress response and neuronal migration/outgrowth. Future studies should assess the brain proteome in relation to additional clinical variables (e.g. recent tonic-clonic seizures) and in more of the reciprocally connected cortical and subcortical regions to better understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, Grossman
School of Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th
Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, MA
02140, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Grossman School of
Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th Street, New
York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arline Faustin
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Grossman School of
Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th Street, New
York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
| | - Sasha Devore
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, Grossman
School of Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th
Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Grossman School of
Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th Street, New
York, NY 10016, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Grossman School of
Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th Street, New
York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Grossman School of
Medicine, New York University, 223 East 34th Street, New
York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Grossman School of Medicine, New York
University, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY
10016, USA
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Abstract
Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG), that exhibits diverse operational modes to regulate gas exchange and coordinate breathing with an array of behaviors. In this review, we focus on selected advances in our understanding of the bCPG. At the core of the bCPG is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), which drives inspiratory rhythm via an unexpectedly sophisticated emergent mechanism. Synchronization dynamics underlying preBötC rhythmogenesis imbue the system with robustness and lability. These dynamics are modulated by inputs from throughout the brain and generate rhythmic, patterned activity that is widely distributed. The connectivity and an emerging literature support a link between breathing, emotion, and cognition that is becoming experimentally tractable. These advances bring great potential for elucidating function and dysfunction in breathing and other mammalian neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Ashhad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jack L Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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Burtscher J, Niedermeier M, Hüfner K, van den Burg E, Kopp M, Stoop R, Burtscher M, Gatterer H, Millet GP. The interplay of hypoxic and mental stress: Implications for anxiety and depressive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104718. [PMID: 35661753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adequate oxygen supply is essential for the human brain to meet its high energy demands. Therefore, elaborate molecular and systemic mechanism are in place to enable adaptation to low oxygen availability. Anxiety and depressive disorders are characterized by alterations in brain oxygen metabolism and of its components, such as mitochondria or hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-pathways. Conversely, sensitivity and tolerance to hypoxia may depend on parameters of mental stress and the severity of anxiety and depressive disorders. Here we discuss relevant mechanisms of adaptations to hypoxia, as well as their involvement in mental stress and the etiopathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders. We suggest that mechanisms of adaptations to hypoxia (including metabolic responses, inflammation, and the activation of chemosensitive brain regions) modulate and are modulated by stress-related pathways and associated psychiatric diseases. While severe chronic hypoxia or dysfunctional hypoxia adaptations can contribute to the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressive disorders, harnessing controlled responses to hypoxia to increase cellular and psychological resilience emerges as a novel treatment strategy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Niedermeier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Clinic for Psychiatry II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erwin van den Burg
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ron Stoop
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Roberts R, Wall MJ, Braren I, Dhillon K, Evans A, Dunne J, Nyakupinda S, Huckstepp RTR. An Improved Model of Moderate Sleep Apnoea for Investigating Its Effect as a Comorbidity on Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:861344. [PMID: 35847678 PMCID: PMC9278434 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.861344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnoea is a highly prevalent disease that often goes undetected and is associated with poor clinical prognosis, especially as it exacerbates many different disease states. However, most animal models of sleep apnoea (e.g., intermittent hypoxia) have recently been dispelled as physiologically unrealistic and are often unduly severe. Owing to a lack of appropriate models, little is known about the causative link between sleep apnoea and its comorbidities. To overcome these problems, we have created a more realistic animal model of moderate sleep apnoea by reducing the excitability of the respiratory network. This has been achieved through controlled genetically mediated lesions of the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), the inspiratory oscillator. This novel model shows increases in sleep disordered breathing with alterations in breathing during wakefulness (decreased frequency and increased tidal volume) as observed clinically. The increase in dyspnoeic episodes leads to reduction in REM sleep, with all lost active sleep being spent in the awake state. The increase in hypoxic and hypercapnic insults induces both systemic and neural inflammation. Alterations in neurophysiology, an inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), is reflected in deficits in both long- and short-term spatial memory. This improved model of moderate sleep apnoea may be the key to understanding why this disorder has such far-reaching and often fatal effects on end-organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reno Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ingke Braren
- University Medical Center Eppendorf, Vector Facility, Institute for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxikology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karendeep Dhillon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Evans
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Dunne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert T. R. Huckstepp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Robert T. R. Huckstepp
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40
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Mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2247-2260. [PMID: 35471232 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), the primary cause of opioid-induced death, is the neural depression of respiratory drive which, together with a decreased level of consciousness and obstructive sleep apnea, cause ventilatory insufficiency. Variability of responses to opioids and individual differences in physiological and neurological states (e.g., anesthesia, sleep-disordered breathing, concurrent drug administration) add to the risk. Multiple sites can independently exert a depressive effect on breathing, making it unclear which sites are necessary for the induction of OIRD. The generator of inspiratory rhythm is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in the ventrolateral medulla. Other important brainstem respiratory centres include the pontine Kölliker-Fuse and adjacent parabrachial nuclei (KF/PBN) in the dorsal lateral pons, and the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla. Deletion of μ opioid receptors from neurons showed that the preBötC and KF/PBN contribute to OIRD with the KF as a respiratory modulator and the preBötC as inspiratory rhythm generator. Glutamatergic neurons expressing NK-1R and somatostatin involved in the autonomic function of breathing, and modulatory signal pathways involving GIRK and KCNQ potassium channels, remain poorly understood. Reversal of OIRD has relied heavily on naloxone which also reverses analgesia but mismatches between the half-lives of naloxone and opioids can make it difficult to clinically safely avoid OIRD. Maternal opioid use, which is rising, increases apneas and destabilizes neonatal breathing but opioid effects on maternal and neonatal respiratory circuits in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) are not well understood. Methadone, administered to alleviate symptoms of NAS in humans, desensitizes rats to RD.
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41
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Betka S, Adler D, Similowski T, Blanke O. Breathing control, brain, and bodily self-consciousness: Toward immersive digiceuticals to alleviate respiratory suffering. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108329. [PMID: 35452780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is peculiar among autonomic functions through several characteristics. It generates a very rich afferent traffic from an array of structures belonging to the respiratory system to various areas of the brain. It is intimately associated with bodily movements. It bears particular relationships with consciousness as its efferent motor control can be automatic or voluntary. In this review within the scope of "respiratory neurophysiology" or "respiratory neuroscience", we describe the physiological organisation of breathing control. We then review findings linking breathing and bodily self-consciousness through respiratory manipulations using virtual reality (VR). After discussing the currently admitted neurophysiological model for dyspnea, as well as a new Bayesian model applied to breathing control, we propose that visuo-respiratory paradigms -as developed in cognitive neuroscience- will foster insights into some of the basic mechanisms of the human respiratory system and will also lead to the development of immersive VR-based digital health tools (i.e. digiceuticals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Betka
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland.
| | - Dan Adler
- Division of Lung Diseases, University Hospital and Geneva Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75005 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire APHP-Sorbonne Université, site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département R3S (Respiration, Réanimation, Réhabilitation respiratoire, Sommeil), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Geneva Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Breathing coordinates cortico-hippocampal dynamics in mice during offline states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:467. [PMID: 35075139 PMCID: PMC8786964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Network dynamics have been proposed as a mechanistic substrate for the information transfer across cortical and hippocampal circuits. However, little is known about the mechanisms that synchronize and coordinate these processes across widespread brain regions during offline states. Here we address the hypothesis that breathing acts as an oscillatory pacemaker, persistently coupling distributed brain circuit dynamics. Using large-scale recordings from a number of cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, we uncover the presence of an intracerebral respiratory corollary discharge, that modulates neural activity across these circuits. During offline states, the respiratory modulation underlies the coupling of hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions, which mediates systems memory consolidation. These results highlight breathing, a perennial brain rhythm, as an oscillatory scaffold for the functional coordination of the limbic circuit that supports the segregation and integration of information flow across neuronal networks during offline states. Using large-scale recordings from cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, the authors reveal the presence of a respiratory corollary discharge in mice, that modulates neural activity across these circuits and couples hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions.
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43
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Smith JC. Respiratory rhythm and pattern generation: Brainstem cellular and circuit mechanisms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:1-35. [PMID: 35965022 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breathing movements in mammals are driven by rhythmic neural activity automatically generated within spatially and functionally organized brainstem neural circuits comprising the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG). This chapter reviews up-to-date experimental information and theoretical studies of the cellular and circuit mechanisms of respiratory rhythm and pattern generation operating within critical components of this CPG in the lower brainstem. Over the past several decades, there have been substantial advances in delineating the spatial architecture of essential medullary regions and their regional cellular and circuit properties required to understand rhythm and pattern generation mechanisms. A fundamental concept is that the circuits in these regions have rhythm-generating capabilities at multiple cellular and circuit organization levels. The regional cellular properties, circuit organization, and control mechanisms allow flexible expression of neural activity patterns for a repertoire of respiratory behaviors under various physiologic conditions that are dictated by requirements for homeostatic regulation and behavioral integration. Many mechanistic insights have been provided by computational modeling studies driven by experimental results and have advanced understanding in the field. These conceptual and theoretical developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Smith
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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44
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease that results from loss of upper airway muscle tone leading to upper airway collapse during sleep in anatomically susceptible persons, leading to recurrent periods of hypoventilation, hypoxia, and arousals from sleep. Significant clinical consequences of the disorder cover a wide spectrum and include daytime hypersomnolence, neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, respiratory failure, and pulmonary hypertension. With escalating rates of obesity a major risk factor for OSA, the public health burden from OSA and its sequalae are expected to increase, as well. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms responsible for the development of OSA and associated neurocognitive and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Emphasis is placed on the neural control of the striated muscles that control the pharyngeal passages, especially regulation of hypoglossal motoneuron activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle, the neurocognitive complications of OSA, and the therapeutic options available to treat OSA including recent pharmacotherapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luu V Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Jonathan Jun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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45
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de Sousa Abreu RP, Bondarenko E, Feldman JL. Phase- and state-dependent modulation of breathing pattern by preBötzinger complex somatostatin expressing neurons. J Physiol 2022; 600:143-165. [PMID: 34783033 PMCID: PMC9261878 DOI: 10.1113/jp282002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As neuronal subtypes are increasingly categorized, delineating their functional role is paramount. The preBötzinger complex (preBötC) subpopulation expressing the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) is classified as mostly excitatory, inspiratory-modulated and not rhythmogenic. We further characterized their phenotypic identity: 87% were glutamatergic and the balance were glycinergic and/or GABAergic. We then used optogenetics to investigate their modulatory role in both anaesthetized and freely moving mice. In anaesthetized mice, short photostimulation (100 ms) of preBötC SST+ neurons modulated breathing-related variables in a combinatory phase- and state-dependent manner; changes in inspiratory duration, inspiratory peak amplitude (Amp), and phase were different at higher (≥2.5 Hz) vs. lower (<2.5 Hz) breathing frequency (f). Moreover, we observed a biphasic effect of photostimulation during expiration that is probabilistic, that is photostimulation given at the same phase in consecutive cycles can evoke opposite responses (lengthening vs. shortening of the phase). These unexpected probabilistic state- and phase-dependent responses to photostimulation exposed properties of the preBötC that were not predicted and cannot be readily accounted for in current models of preBötC pattern generation. In freely moving mice, prolonged photostimulation decreased f in normoxia, hypoxia or hypercapnia, and increased Amp and produced a phase advance, which was similar to the results in anaesthetized mice when f ≥ 2.5 Hz. We conclude that preBötC SST+ neurons are a key mediator of the extraordinary and essential lability of breathing pattern. KEY POINTS: PreBötzinger complex (preBötC) SST+ neurons, which modulate respiratory pattern but are not rhythmogenic, were transfected with channelrhodopsin to investigate phase- and state-dependent modulation of breathing pattern in anaesthetized and freely behaving mice in normoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia. In anaesthetized mice, photostimulation during inspiration increased inspiratory duration and amplitude regardless of baseline f, yet the effects were more robust at higher f. In anaesthetized mice with low f (<2.5 Hz), photostimulation during expiration evoked either phase advance or phase delay, whereas in anaesthetized mice with high f (≥2.5 Hz) and in freely behaving mice in normoxia, hypoxia or hypercapnia, photostimulation always evoked phase advance. Phase- and state-dependency is a function of overall breathing network excitability. The f-dependent probabilistic modulation of breathing pattern by preBötC SST+ neurons was unexpected, requiring reconsideration of current models of preBötC function, which neither predict nor can readily account for such responses.
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46
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Kluger DS, Balestrieri E, Busch NA, Gross J. Respiration aligns perception with neural excitability. eLife 2021; 10:e70907. [PMID: 34904567 PMCID: PMC8763394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from the field of interoception have highlighted the link between bodily and neural rhythms during action, perception, and cognition. The mechanisms underlying functional body-brain coupling, however, are poorly understood, as are the ways in which they modulate behavior. We acquired respiration and human magnetoencephalography data from a near-threshold spatial detection task to investigate the trivariate relationship between respiration, neural excitability, and performance. Respiration was found to significantly modulate perceptual sensitivity as well as posterior alpha power (8-13 Hz), a well-established proxy of cortical excitability. In turn, alpha suppression prior to detected versus undetected targets underscored the behavioral benefits of heightened excitability. Notably, respiration-locked excitability changes were maximized at a respiration phase lag of around -30° and thus temporally preceded performance changes. In line with interoceptive inference accounts, these results suggest that respiration actively aligns sampling of sensory information with transient cycles of heightened excitability to facilitate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Elio Balestrieri
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Institute of Psychology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Niko A Busch
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Institute of Psychology, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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47
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Burgraff NJ, Bush NE, Ramirez JM, Baertsch NA. Dynamic Rhythmogenic Network States Drive Differential Opioid Responses in the In Vitro Respiratory Network. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9919-9931. [PMID: 34697095 PMCID: PMC8638687 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1329-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Death from opioid overdose is typically caused by opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD). A particularly dangerous characteristic of OIRD is its apparent unpredictability. The respiratory consequences of opioids can be surprisingly inconsistent, even within the same individual. Despite significant clinical implications, most studies have focused on average dose-r esponses rather than individual variation, and there remains little insight into the etiology of this apparent unpredictability. The preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in the ventral medulla is an important site for generating the respiratory rhythm and OIRD. Here, using male and female C57-Bl6 mice in vitro, we demonstrate that the preBötC can assume different network states depending on the excitability of the preBötC and the intrinsic membrane properties of preBötC neurons. These network states predict the functional consequences of opioids in the preBötC, and depending on network state, respiratory rhythmogenesis can be either stabilized or suppressed by opioids. We hypothesize that the dynamic nature of preBötC rhythmogenic properties, required to endow breathing with remarkable flexibility, also plays a key role in the dangerous unpredictability of OIRD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioids can cause unpredictable, life-threatening suppression of breathing. This apparent unpredictability makes clinical management of opioids difficult while also making it challenging to define the underlying mechanisms of OIRD. Here, we find in brainstem slices that the preBötC, an opioid-sensitive subregion of the brainstem, has an optimal configuration of cellular and network properties that results in a maximally stable breathing rhythm. These properties are dynamic, and the state of each individual preBötC network relative to the optimal configuration of the network predicts how vulnerable rhythmogenesis is to the effects of opioids. These insights establish a framework for understanding how endogenous and exogenous modulation of the rhythmogenic state of the preBötC can increase or decrease the risk of OIRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Nicholas E Bush
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Jan M Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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48
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Kluger DS, Gross J. Respiration modulates oscillatory neural network activity at rest. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001457. [PMID: 34762645 PMCID: PMC8610250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding how respiration affects neural signalling to influence perception, cognition, and behaviour, it is yet unclear to what extent breathing modulates brain oscillations at rest. We acquired respiration and resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from human participants to investigate if, where, and how respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory amplitudes (2 to 150 Hz). Using measures of phase-amplitude coupling, we show respiration-modulated brain oscillations (RMBOs) across all major frequency bands. Sources of these modulations spanned a widespread network of cortical and subcortical brain areas with distinct spectrotemporal modulation profiles. Globally, delta and gamma band modulations varied with distance to the head centre, with stronger modulations at distal (versus central) cortical sites. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive mapping of RMBOs across the entire brain, highlighting respiration-brain coupling as a fundamental mechanism to shape neural processing within canonical resting state and respiratory control networks (RCNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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49
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周 政, 吴 牡, 李 维, 艾 金, 张 晓, 陈 玉, 宋 业, 王 芳, 沈 阳, 谭 国. [Baroreceptor failure syndrome after head and neck tumor surgery]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2021; 35:1052-1056. [PMID: 34886615 PMCID: PMC10128367 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous updating of head and neck surgery concepts and techniques, more and more head and neck surgeries are developing in the direction of refinement.however, the more complete the surgery, the greater the possibility of subsequent nerve exposure and injury. Even a slight perturbation of the nerve may cause serious complications, such as pressure receptor failure.It is necessary to review the mechanisms and the characteristics of baroreceptor failure syndrome after head and neck tumor surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- 政 周
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 牡丽 吴
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 维 李
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 金刚 艾
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 晓伟 张
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 玉 陈
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 业勋 宋
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 芳 王
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 阳 沈
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
| | - 国林 谭
- 中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410005)
- 谭国林,
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50
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Patodia S, Somani A, Thom M. Review: Neuropathology findings in autonomic brain regions in SUDEP and future research directions. Auton Neurosci 2021; 235:102862. [PMID: 34411885 PMCID: PMC8455454 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction is implicated from clinical, neuroimaging and experimental studies in sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Neuropathological analysis in SUDEP series enable exploration of acquired, seizure-related cellular adaptations in autonomic and brainstem autonomic centres of relevance to dysfunction in the peri-ictal period. Alterations in SUDEP compared to control groups have been identified in the ventrolateral medulla, amygdala, hippocampus and central autonomic regions. These involve neuropeptidergic, serotonergic and adenosine systems, as well as specific regional astroglial and microglial populations, as potential neuronal modulators, orchestrating autonomic dysfunction. Future research studies need to extend to clinically and genetically characterized epilepsies, to explore if common or distinct pathways of autonomic dysfunction mediate SUDEP. The ultimate objective of SUDEP research is the identification of disease biomarkers for at risk patients, to improve post-mortem recognition and disease categorisation, but ultimately, for exposing potential treatment targets of pharmacologically modifiable and reversible cellular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Patodia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alyma Somani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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