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Li K, Feng Z, Xiong Z, Pan J, Zhou M, Li W, Ou Y, Wu G, Che M, Gong H, Peng J, Wang X, Qi S, Peng J. Growth hormone promotes the reconstruction of injured axons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2249-2258. [PMID: 38488559 PMCID: PMC11034602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202410000-00026/figure1/v/2024-02-06T055622Z/r/image-tiff Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, we established a specific hypothalamic axon injury model by inducing hypothalamic pituitary stalk electric lesions in male mice. We then treated mice by intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone. Our results showed that growth hormone increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors, and promoted the survival of hypothalamic neurons, axonal regeneration, and vascular reconstruction from the median eminence through the posterior pituitary. Altogether, this alleviated hypothalamic injury-caused central diabetes insipidus and anxiety. These results suggest that growth hormone can promote axonal reconstruction after hypothalamic injury by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhanpeng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weizhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yichao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangsen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengjie Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haodong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junxiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Menezes F, Wasinski F, de Souza GO, Nunes AP, Bernardes ES, dos Santos SN, da Silva FFA, Peroni CN, Oliveira JE, Kopchick JJ, Brown RSE, Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Perelló M, Soares CRJ, Donato J. The Pattern of GH Action in the Mouse Brain. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae057. [PMID: 38728240 PMCID: PMC11137758 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
GH acts in numerous organs expressing the GH receptor (GHR), including the brain. However, the mechanisms behind the brain's permeability to GH and how this hormone accesses different brain regions remain unclear. It is well-known that an acute GH administration induces phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in the mouse brain. Thus, the pattern of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells was analyzed at different time points after IP or intracerebroventricular GH injections. After a systemic GH injection, the first cells expressing pSTAT5 were those near circumventricular organs, such as arcuate nucleus neurons adjacent to the median eminence. Both systemic and central GH injections induced a medial-to-lateral pattern of pSTAT5 immunoreactivity over time because GH-responsive cells were initially observed in periventricular areas and were progressively detected in lateral brain structures. Very few choroid plexus cells exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. Additionally, Ghr mRNA was poorly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus. In contrast, some tanycytes lining the floor of the third ventricle expressed Ghr mRNA and exhibited GH-induced pSTAT5. The transport of radiolabeled GH into the hypothalamus did not differ between wild-type and dwarf Ghr knockout mice, indicating that GH transport into the mouse brain is GHR independent. Also, single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed that radiolabeled GH rapidly reaches the ventral part of the tuberal hypothalamus. In conclusion, our study provides novel and valuable information about the pattern and mechanisms behind GH transport into the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Menezes
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Nunes
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Bernardes
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sofia N dos Santos
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio F A da Silva
- Radiopharmacy Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João E Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rosemary S E Brown
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA 1900, Argentina
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 75312, Sweden
| | - Carlos R J Soares
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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3
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Dos Santos WO, Juliano VAL, Chaves FM, Vieira HR, Frazao R, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Munhoz CD, Donato J. Growth Hormone Action in Somatostatin Neurons Regulates Anxiety and Fear Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6816-6829. [PMID: 37625855 PMCID: PMC10552943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0254-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in growth hormone (GH) secretion increase the prevalence of anxiety and other neuropsychiatric diseases. GH receptor (GHR) signaling in the amygdala has been associated with fear memory, a key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder. However, it is currently unknown which neuronal population is targeted by GH action to influence the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we showed that approximately 60% of somatostatin (SST)-expressing neurons in the extended amygdala are directly responsive to GH. GHR ablation in SST-expressing cells (SSTΔGHR mice) caused no alterations in energy or glucose metabolism. Notably, SSTΔGHR male mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and elevated plus maze tests, whereas SSTΔGHR females showed no changes in anxiety. Using auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning, both male and female SSTΔGHR mice exhibited a significant reduction in fear memory. Conversely, GHR ablation in SST neurons did not affect memory in the novel object recognition test. Gene expression was analyzed in a micro punch comprising the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) and basolateral (BLA) complex. GHR ablation in SST neurons caused sex-dependent changes in the expression of factors involved in synaptic plasticity and function. In conclusion, GHR expression in SST neurons is necessary to regulate anxiety in males, but not female mice. GHR ablation in SST neurons also decreases fear memory and affects gene expression in the amygdala, although marked sex differences were observed. Our findings identified for the first time a neurochemically-defined neuronal population responsible for mediating the effects of GH on behavioral aspects associated with neuropsychiatric diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hormone action in the brain regulates different neurological aspects, affecting the predisposition to neuropsychiatric disorders, like depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Growth hormone (GH) receptor is widely expressed in the brain, but the exact function of neuronal GH action is not fully understood. Here, we showed that mice lacking the GH receptor in a group of neurons that express the neuropeptide somatostatin exhibit increased anxiety. However, this effect is only observed in male mice. In contrast, the absence of the GH receptor in somatostatin-expressing neurons decreases fear memory, a key feature of posttraumatic stress disorder, in males and females. Thus, our study identified a specific group of neurons in which GH acts to affect the predisposition to neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor A L Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Chaves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique R Vieira
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens 45701, Ohio
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens 45701, Ohio
| | - Carolina D Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Gusmao DO, de Sousa ME, Tavares MR, Donato J. Increased GH Secretion and Body Growth in Mice Carrying Ablation of IGF-1 Receptor in GH-releasing Hormone Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6696879. [PMID: 36099517 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by short and long negative feedback loops. In this regard, both GH (short-loop feedback) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; long-loop feedback) can target somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons to regulate the GH/IGF-1 axis. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-expressing neurons play a fundamental role in stimulating pituitary GH secretion. However, it is currently unknown whether IGF-1 action on GHRH-expressing cells is required for the control of the GH/IGF-1/growth axis. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of male and female mice carrying ablation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) exclusively in GHRH cells. After weaning, both male and female GHRHΔIGF1R mice exhibited increases in body weight, lean body mass, linear growth, and length of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, and radius). In contrast, the percentage of body fat was similar between control and GHRHΔIGF1R mice. The higher body growth of GHRHΔIGF1R mice can be explained by increases in mean GH levels, GH pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency, calculated from 36 blood samples collected from each animal at 10-minute intervals. GHRHΔIGF1R mice also showed increased hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels, pituitary Gh mRNA expression, hepatic Igf1 expression, and serum IGF-1 levels compared with control animals. Furthermore, GHRHΔIGF1R mice displayed significant alterations in the sexually dimorphic hepatic gene expression profile, with a prevailing feminization in most genes analyzed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GHRH neurons represent a key and necessary site for the long-loop negative feedback that controls the GH/IGF-1 axis and body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria E de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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5
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Silva TM, Wasinski F, Flor KC, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Takakura AC, Donato J, Moreira TS. The effect of central growth hormone action on hypoxia ventilatory response in conscious mice. Brain Res 2022; 1791:147995. [PMID: 35779583 PMCID: PMC10938300 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH)-responsive neurons regulate several homeostatic behaviors including metabolism, energy balance, arousal, and stress response. Therefore, it is possible that GH-responsive neurons play a role in other responses such as CO2/H+-dependent breathing behaviors. Here, we investigated whether central GH receptor (GHR) modulates respiratory activity in conscious unrestrained mice. First, we detected clusters of GH-responsive neurons in the tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing cells in the rostroventrolateral medulla (C1 region) and within the locus coeruleus (LC). No significant expression was detected in phox2b-expressing cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Whole body plethysmography revealed a reduction in the tachypneic response to hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.08) without changing baseline breathing and the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Contrary to the physiological findings, we did not find significant differences in the number of fos-activated cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), C1, LC and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Our finding suggests a possible secondary role of central GH action in the tachypneic response to hypoxia in conscious mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita M Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Karine C Flor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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6
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dos Santos WO, Wasinski F, Tavares MR, Campos AMP, Elias CF, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Szawka RE, Donato J. Ablation of Growth Hormone Receptor in GABAergic Neurons Leads to Increased Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6634255. [PMID: 35803590 PMCID: PMC9302893 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) acts in several hypothalamic neuronal populations to modulate metabolism and the autoregulation of GH secretion via negative-feedback loops. However, few studies have investigated whether GH receptor (GHR) expression in specific neuronal populations is required for the homeostatic control of GH secretion and energy homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of the specific GHR ablation in GABAergic (VGAT-expressing) or glutamatergic (VGLUT2-expressing) cells. GHR ablation in GABAergic neurons led to increased GH secretion, lean mass, and body growth in male and female mice. VGAT-specific GHR knockout (KO) male mice also showed increased serum insulin-like growth factor-1, hypothalamic Ghrh, and hepatic Igf1 messenger RNA levels. In contrast, normal GH secretion, but reduced lean body mass, was observed in mice carrying GHR ablation in glutamatergic neurons. GHR ablation in GABAergic cells increased weight loss and led to decreased blood glucose levels during food restriction, whereas VGLUT2-specific GHR KO mice showed blunted feeding response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose both in males and females, and increased relative food intake, oxygen consumption, and serum leptin levels in male mice. Of note, VGLUT2-cre female mice, independently of GHR ablation, exhibited a previously unreported phenotype of mild reduction in body weight without further metabolic alterations. The autoregulation of GH secretion via negative-feedback loops requires GHR expression in GABAergic cells. Furthermore, GHR ablation in GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal populations leads to distinct metabolic alterations. These findings contribute to the understanding of the neuronal populations responsible for mediating the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M P Campos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5622, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr, PhD, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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7
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Moinho TM, Tavares MR, Campos AM, Frazão R, Metzger M, Donato J. Simple method to induce denaturation of fluorescent proteins in free-floating brain slices. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 371:109500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Wasinski F, Teixeira PDS, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth hormone receptor contributes to the activation of STAT5 in the hypothalamus of pregnant mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 770:136402. [PMID: 34929316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) signaling induces the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in the cells of several tissues including in the hypothalamus. During pregnancy, several STAT5-recruiting hormones (e.g., prolactin, GH and placental lactogens) are highly secreted. However, the precise contribution of GHR signaling to the surge of pSTAT5 immunoreactive neurons that occurs in the hypothalamus of pregnant mice is currently unknown. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine whether GHR expression in neurons is required for inducing pSTAT5 expression in several hypothalamic nuclei during pregnancy. Initially, we demonstrated that late pregnant C57BL/6 mice (gestational day 14 to 18) exhibited increased pulsatile GH secretion compared to virgin females. Next, we confirmed that neuron-specific GHR ablation robustly reduces hypothalamic Ghr mRNA levels and prevents GH-induced pSTAT5 in the arcuate, paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Subsequently, the number of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells was determined in the hypothalamus of late pregnant mice. Although neuron-specific GHR ablation did not affect the number of pSTAT5 immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, reduced pSTAT5 expression was observed in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of pregnant neuron-specific GHR knockouts, compared to control pregnant mice. In summary, a subset of hypothalamic neurons requires GHR signaling to express pSTAT5 during pregnancy. These findings contribute to the understanding of the endocrine factors that affect the activation of transcription factors in the brain during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil.
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9
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dos Santos WO, Gusmao DO, Wasinski F, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Effects of Growth Hormone Receptor Ablation in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9908. [PMID: 34576072 PMCID: PMC8465163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) cells are the dominant neuronal population responsive to the growth hormone (GH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). However, the physiological importance of GH receptor (GHR) signaling in CRH neurons is currently unknown. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the consequences of GHR ablation in CRH-expressing cells of male and female mice. GHR ablation in CRH cells did not cause significant changes in body weight, body composition, food intake, substrate oxidation, locomotor activity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, counterregulatory response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and ghrelin-induced food intake. However, reduced energy expenditure was observed in female mice carrying GHR ablation in CRH cells. The absence of GHR in CRH cells did not affect anxiety, circadian glucocorticoid levels or restraint-stress-induced corticosterone secretion and activation of PVH neurons in both male and female mice. In summary, GHR ablation, specifically in CRH-expressing neurons, does not lead to major alterations in metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, acute stress response or anxiety in mice. Considering the previous studies showing that central GHR signaling regulates homeostasis in situations of metabolic stress, future studies are still necessary to identify the potential physiological importance of GH action on CRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian O. dos Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Daniela O. Gusmao
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (E.O.L.); (J.J.K.)
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (E.O.L.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (W.O.d.S.); (D.O.G.); (F.W.)
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10
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Neuroendocrine control of appetite and metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:505-516. [PMID: 33837263 PMCID: PMC8102538 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Body homeostasis is predominantly controlled by hormones secreted by endocrine organs. The central nervous system contains several important endocrine structures, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Conventionally, neurohormones released by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis) have received much attention owing to the unique functions of the end hormones released by their target peripheral organs (e.g., glucocorticoids released by the adrenal glands). Recent advances in mouse genetics have revealed several important metabolic functions of hypothalamic neurohormone-expressing cells, many of which are not readily explained by the action of the corresponding classical downstream hormones. Notably, the newly identified functions are better explained by the action of conventional neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate and GABA) that constitute a neuronal circuit. In this review, we discuss the regulation of appetite and metabolism by hypothalamic neurohormone-expressing cells, with a focus on the distinct contributions of neurohormones and neurotransmitters released by these neurons.
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Campos AMP, Wasinski F, Klein MO, Bittencourt JC, Metzger M, Donato J. Fasting reduces the number of TRH immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of male rats, but not in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135832. [PMID: 33746008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During fasting or weight loss, the fall in leptin levels leads to suppression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and, consequently, inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. However, differently than rats, just few PVHTRH neurons express the leptin receptor in mice. In the present study, male adult rats and mice were submitted to 48 -h fasting to evaluate the consequences on proTRH peptide expression at the PVH level. Additionally, the proTRH peptide expression was also assessed in the brains of leptin-deficient (Lepob/ob) mice. We observed that approximately 50 % of PVHTRH neurons of leptin-injected rats exhibited phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin receptor activation. In contrast, very few PVHTRH neurons of leptin-injected mice exhibited pSTAT3. Rats submitted to 48 -h fasting showed a significant reduction in the number of PVHTRH immunoreactive neurons, as compared to fed rats. On the other hand, no changes in the number of PVHTRH immunoreactive neurons were observed between fasted and fed mice. Next, the number of TRH immunoreactive cells was determined in the PVH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and nucleus raphe pallidus of Lepob/ob and wild-type mice and no significant differences were observed, despite reduced plasma T4 levels in Lepob/ob mice. Taken together, these findings provide additional evidence of the important species-specific differences in the mechanisms used by fasting and/or leptin to regulate the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M P Campos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O Klein
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Wasinski F, Chaves FM, Pedroso JA, Mansano NS, Camporez JP, Gusmão DO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Frazão R, Szawka RE, Donato J. Growth hormone receptor in dopaminergic neurones regulates stress-induced prolactin release in male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12957. [PMID: 33769619 PMCID: PMC9670090 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arcuate nucleus (ARH) dopaminergic neurones regulate several biological functions, including prolactin secretion and metabolism. These cells are responsive to growth hormone (GH), although it is still unknown whether GH action on ARH dopaminergic neurones is required to regulate different physiological aspects. Mice carrying specific deletion of GH receptor (GHR) in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- or dopamine transporter (DAT)-expressing cells were produced. We investigated possible changes in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, fertility, pup survival and restraint stress-induced prolactin release. GHR deletion in DAT- or TH-expressing cells did not cause changes in food intake, energy expenditure, ambulatory activity, nutrient oxidation, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory response to hypoglycaemia in male and female mice. In addition, GHR deletion in dopaminergic cells caused no gross effects on reproduction and pup survival. However, restraint stress-induced prolactin release was significantly impaired in DAT- and TH-specific GHR knockout male mice, as well as in pegvisomant-treated wild-type males, whereas an intact response was observed in females. Patch clamp recordings were performed in ARH DAT neurones and, in contrast to prolactin, GH did not cause acute changes in the electrical activity of DAT neurones. Furthermore, TH phosphorylation at Ser40 in ARH neurones and median eminence axonal terminals was not altered in DAT-specific GHR knockout male mice during restraint stress. In conclusion, GH action in dopaminergic neurones is required for stress-induced prolactin release in male mice, suggesting the existence of sex differences in the capacity of GHR signalling to affect prolactin secretion. The mechanism behind this regulation still needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Chaves
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A.B. Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira S. Mansano
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Camporez
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Fisiologia, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela O. Gusmão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Renata Frazão
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael E. Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Donato J, Wasinski F, Furigo IC, Metzger M, Frazão R. Central Regulation of Metabolism by Growth Hormone. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010129. [PMID: 33440789 PMCID: PMC7827386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the pituitary gland, and in addition to its classical functions of regulating height, protein synthesis, tissue growth, and cell proliferation, GH exerts profound effects on metabolism. In this regard, GH stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and antagonizes insulin's effects on glycemic control. During the last decade, a wide distribution of GH-responsive neurons were identified in numerous brain areas, especially in hypothalamic nuclei, that control metabolism. The specific role of GH action in different neuronal populations is now starting to be uncovered, and so far, it indicates that the brain is an important target of GH for the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glycemia and neuroendocrine changes, particularly in response to different forms of metabolic stress such as glucoprivation, food restriction, and physical exercise. The objective of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about the potential role of GH action in the brain for the regulation of different metabolic aspects. The findings gathered here allow us to suggest that GH represents a hormonal factor that conveys homeostatic information to the brain to produce metabolic adjustments in order to promote energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1130910929
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Isadora C. Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Metzger
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
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Wasinski F, Klein MO, Bittencourt JC, Metzger M, Donato J. Distribution of growth hormone-responsive cells in the brain of rats and mice. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147189. [PMID: 33152340 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growth hormone (GH) injection is able to induce the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in a large number of cells throughout the mouse brain. The present study had the objective to map the distribution of GH-responsive cells in the brain of rats that received an intracerebroventricular injection of GH and compare it to the pattern found in mice. We observed that rats and mice exhibited a similar distribution of GH-induced pSTAT5 in the majority of areas of the telencephalon, hypothalamus and brainstem. However, rats exhibited a higher density of GH-responsive cells than mice in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB), supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, whereas mice displayed more GH-responsive cells than rats in the hippocampus, lateral hypothalamic area and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). Since both HDB and DMX contain acetylcholine-producing neurons, pSTAT5 was co-localized with choline acetyltransferase in GH-injected animals. We found that 50.0 ± 4.5% of cholinergic neurons in the rat HDB coexpressed GH-induced pSTAT5, whereas very few co-localizations were observed in the mouse HDB. In contrast, rats displayed fewer cholinergic neurons responsive to GH in the DMX at the level of the area postrema. In summary, pSTAT5 can be used as a marker of GH-responsive cells in the rat brain. Although rats and mice exhibit a relatively similar distribution of GH-responsive neurons, some species-specific differences exist, as exemplified for the responsiveness to GH in distinct populations of cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O Klein
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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