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Liu X, Pacwa A, Bresciani G, Swierczynska M, Dorecka M, Smedowski A. Retinal primary cilia and their dysfunction in retinal neurodegenerative diseases: beyond ciliopathies. Mol Med 2024; 30:109. [PMID: 39060957 PMCID: PMC11282803 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that extend from the cellular membrane and are found in a wide range of cell types. Cilia possess a plethora of vital components that enable the detection and transmission of several signaling pathways, including Wnt and Shh. In turn, the regulation of ciliogenesis and cilium length is influenced by various factors, including autophagy, organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and signaling inside the cilium. Irregularities in the development, maintenance, and function of this cellular component lead to a range of clinical manifestations known as ciliopathies. The majority of people with ciliopathies have a high prevalence of retinal degeneration. The most common theory is that retinal degeneration is primarily caused by functional and developmental problems within retinal photoreceptors. The contribution of other ciliated retinal cell types to retinal degeneration has not been explored to date. In this review, we examine the occurrence of primary cilia in various retinal cell types and their significance in pathology. Additionally, we explore potential therapeutic approaches targeting ciliopathies. By engaging in this endeavor, we present new ideas that elucidate innovative concepts for the future investigation and treatment of retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Pacwa
- GlaucoTech Co, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Marta Swierczynska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Professor K. Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariola Dorecka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Professor K. Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- GlaucoTech Co, Katowice, Poland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Professor K. Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland.
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Lukomska A, Theune WC, Frost MP, Xing J, Kearney A, Trakhtenberg EF. Upregulation of developmentally-downregulated miR-1247-5p promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2024; 823:137662. [PMID: 38286398 PMCID: PMC10923146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Numerous micro-RNAs (miRNAs) affect neurodevelopment and neuroprotection, but potential roles of many miRNAs in regulating these processes are still unknown. Here, we used the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) central nervous system (CNS) projection neuron and optic nerve crush (ONC) injury model, to optimize a mature miRNA arm-specific quantification method for characterizing the developmental regulation of miR-1247-5p in RGCs, investigated whether injury affects its expression, and tested whether upregulating miR-1247-5p-mimic in RGCs promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration. We found that, miR-1247-5p is developmentally-downregulated in RGCs, and is further downregulated after ONC. Importantly, RGC-specific upregulation of miR-1247-5p promoted neuroprotection and axon regeneration after injury in vivo. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed by bulk-mRNA-seq embryonic and adult RGCs, along with adult RGCs transduced by miR-1247-5p-expressing viral vector, and identified developmentally-regulated cilial and mitochondrial biological processes, which were reinstated to their embryonic levels in adult RGCs by upregulation of miR-1247-5p. Since axon growth is also a developmentally-regulated process, in which mitochondrial dynamics play important roles, it is possible that miR-1247-5p promoted neuroprotection and axon regeneration through regulating mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukomska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anja Kearney
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Ning K, Tran M, Kowal TJ, Mesentier-Louro LA, Sendayen BE, Wang Q, Lo CH, Li T, Majumder R, Luo J, Hu Y, Liao YJ, Sun Y. Compartmentalized ciliation changes of oligodendrocytes in aged mouse optic nerve. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25273. [PMID: 38284846 PMCID: PMC10827352 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles that project from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, including oligodendrocytes, which are myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that support critical axonal function. Dysfunction of CNS glia is associated with aging-related white matter diseases and neurodegeneration, and ciliopathies are known to affect CNS white matter. To investigate age-related changes in ciliary profile, we examined ciliary length and frequency in the retinogeniculate pathway, a white matter tract commonly affected by diseases of aging but in which expression of cilia has not been characterized. We found expression of Arl13b, a marker of primary cilia, in a small group of Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract in young and aged C57BL/6 wild-type mice. While the ciliary length and ciliated oligodendrocyte cells were constant in young mice in the retinogeniculate pathway, there was a significant increase in ciliary length in the anterior optic nerve as compared to the aged animals. Morphometric analysis confirmed a specific increase in the ciliation rate of CC1+ /Olig2+ oligodendrocytes in aged mice compared with young mice. Thus, the prevalence of primary cilia in oligodendrocytes in the visual pathway and the age-related changes in ciliation suggest that they may play important roles in white matter and age-associated optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tia J. Kowal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Brent E. Sendayen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Hui Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rishab Majumder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ning K, Bhuckory MB, Lo CH, Sendayen BE, Kowal TJ, Chen M, Bansal R, Chang KC, Vollrath D, Berbari NF, Mahajan VB, Hu Y, Sun Y. Cilia-associated wound repair mediated by IFT88 in retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8205. [PMID: 37211572 PMCID: PMC10200793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are conserved organelles that integrate extracellular cues into intracellular signals and are critical for diverse processes, including cellular development and repair responses. Deficits in ciliary function cause multisystemic human diseases known as ciliopathies. In the eye, atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a common feature of many ciliopathies. However, the roles of RPE cilia in vivo remain poorly understood. In this study, we first found that mouse RPE cells only transiently form primary cilia. We then examined the RPE in the mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 4 (BBS4), a ciliopathy associated with retinal degeneration in humans, and found that ciliation in BBS4 mutant RPE cells is disrupted early during development. Next, using a laser-induced injury model in vivo, we found that primary cilia in RPE reassemble in response to laser injury during RPE wound healing and then rapidly disassemble after the repair is completed. Finally, we demonstrated that RPE-specific depletion of primary cilia in a conditional mouse model of cilia loss promoted wound healing and enhanced cell proliferation. In summary, our data suggest that RPE cilia contribute to both retinal development and repair and provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for more common RPE degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Mohajeet B Bhuckory
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Chien-Hui Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Brent E Sendayen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tia J Kowal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Douglas Vollrath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Rm 2220, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Characterization of Primary Cilia Formation in Human ESC-Derived Retinal Organoids. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:6494486. [PMID: 36684387 PMCID: PMC9859708 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6494486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primary cilia are conserved organelles found in polarized mammalian cells that regulate neuronal growth, migration, and differentiation. Proper cilia formation is essential during eye development. Our previous reports found that both amacrine and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) contain primary cilia in primate and rodent retinas. However, whether primary cilia are present in the inner retina of human retinal organoids remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize the primary cilia distribution in human embryonic stem cell (hESC-derived retinal organoid development. Materials and Methods Retinal organoids were differentiated from a hESC line, harvested at various developmental timepoints (day 44-day 266), and immunostained with antibodies for primary cilia, including Arl13b (for the axoneme), AC3, and Centrin3 (for the basal body). AP2α, Prox1, GAD67, Calretinin, GFAP, PKCα, and Chx10 antibodies as well as Brn3b-promoted tdTomato expression were used to visualize retinal cell types. Results A group of ciliated cells were present in the inner aspects of retinal organoids from day 44 to day 266 in culture. Ciliated Chx10-positive retinal progenitor cells, GFAP-positive astrocytes, and PKCα-positive rod-bipolar cells were detected later during development (day 176 to day 266). Ciliation persisted during all stages of retinal developmental in AP2α-positive amacrine cells, but it was decreased in Brn3b-positive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at later time points. Additionally, AC3-positive astrocytes significantly decreased during the later stages of organoid formation. Conclusions Amacrine cells in retinal organoids retain cilia throughout development, whereas RGC ciliation gradually and progressively decreases with organoid maturation.
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