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Çiçek N, Demirayak B, Yigit FU. Evaluation of the macular sensitivity and retinal ganglion cell layer in unilateral amblyopia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:232-235. [PMID: 38273685 PMCID: PMC10941918 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3382_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess macular sensitivity and fixation pattern obtained by microperimetry and ganglion cell complex (GCC) obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in cases with unilateral amblyopia and to compare with control. METHODS The study was conducted with 30 patients with amblyopia, aged 5-18 years, and 30 control eyes of healthy children in the same age group. Participants underwent full ophthalmological examination. Macular sensitivity, stabilization, and location of fixation values were measured using microperimetry. The GCC values were obtained by OCT. Measurements were compared between amblyopic eyes, fellow eyes, and controls. Any correlation between GCC, macular sensitivity, and fixation was investigated. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age was 10.13 ± 3.49 years in the amblyopia group and 11.53 ± 2.7 years in the control group. Three groups were formed: amblyopic eyes (Group 1, n = 30), fellow eyes (Group 2, n = 30), and control eyes (Group 3, n = 30). The macular sensitivity values were found highest in the control group (P = 0.007). Bivariate contour ellipse area 1, which is the numerical value of fixation stabilization, was measured to be the lowest in the control group (P < 0.0001). In the analysis among the three groups, no significant difference was observed in terms of the GCC (P = 0.229). In the correlation analyses, a significant correlation was detected between macular sensitivity and GCC values in amblyopic eyes. CONCLUSION In amblyopic eyes, the macular sensitivity was significantly lower and the GCC thickness was found to be in a positive correlation with macular sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Çiçek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corlu State Hospital, Tekirdağ
| | - Bengi Demirayak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul
| | - Fadime U Yigit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haliç University, İstanbul, Turkey
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2
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Rasys AM, Wegerski A, Trainor PA, Hufnagel RB, Menke DB, Lauderdale JD. Dynamic changes in ocular shape during human development and its implications for retina fovea formation. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300054. [PMID: 38037292 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The human fovea is known for its distinctive pit-like appearance, which results from the displacement of retinal layers superficial to the photoreceptors cells. The photoreceptors are found at high density within the foveal region but not the surrounding retina. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these unique features have ruled out cell death as an explanation for pit formation and changes in cell proliferation as the cause of increased photoreceptor density. These findings have led to speculation that mechanical forces acting within and on the retina during development underly the formation of foveal architecture. Here we review eye morphogenesis and retinal remodeling in human embryonic development. Our meta-analysis of the literature suggests that fovea formation is a protracted process involving dynamic changes in ocular shape that start early and continue throughout most of human embryonic development. From these observations, we propose a new model for fovea development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Rasys
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Wegerski
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas B Menke
- Department of Genetics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James D Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Ammari W, Bayoudh K, Khairallah M, Zaghdoudi A, Hbaieb O, Mahmoud A, Mbarek S, Messaoud R. [Role of optical coherence tomography in unilateral amblyopia]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:348-355. [PMID: 36759251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the macular and papillary parameters on optical coherence tomography (OCT) between the amblyopic eye and the healthy eye in subjects with unilateral strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional and comparative study carried out over two years, from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021. We included patients aged over 5years, followed for unilateral amblyopia, free of any neurological and/or ocular pathology. The evaluation of the macular and papillary parameters in the amblyopic and healthy eyes was performed with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT-SS). The parameters were compared according to age group and type of amblyopia. RESULTS We collected 50 patients, 29 children, and 21 adults, with a mean age of 19.8years. Amblyopia was secondary to anisometropia in 40 patients and strabismus in 10 patients. Analysis of macular tomographic parameters found no significant difference between amblyopic eyes and healthy eyes for mean macular thickness (P=0.86), central macular thickness (P=0.86), or mean macular volume (P=0.54). The mean retinal peripapillary fiber thickness (RNFL) was 107.48μm in the amblyopic eye and 103.8μm in the healthy eye, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). This significant thickening of the RNFL in amblyopic eyes was present in adults (P<0.001), children (P<0.001), anisometropic (P<0.001), and strabismic amblyopia (P=0.024). Analysis of the other optic nerve head parameters revealed no significant difference between amblyopic eyes and healthy eyes in terms of optic disc surface area (P=0.89), neuro-retinal annulus surface area (P=0.47), vertical (P=0.98) or horizontal (P=0.74) cup to disc ratio. CONCLUSION Amblyopia is accompanied by thickening of the peripapillary retinal fibers without macular repercussions. However, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ammari
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - K Bayoudh
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - M Khairallah
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - A Zaghdoudi
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie
| | - O Hbaieb
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie
| | - A Mahmoud
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - S Mbarek
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - R Messaoud
- Service d'ophtalmologie CHU Taher Sfar Mahdia, 5100 Jbel Dar Waja, Tunisie; Faculté de médecine de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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4
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Luo Z, Chang KC, Wu S, Sun C, Xia X, Nahmou M, Bian M, Wen RR, Zhu Y, Shah S, Tanasa B, Wernig M, Goldberg JL. Directly induced human retinal ganglion cells mimic fetal RGCs and are neuroprotective after transplantation in vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2690-2703. [PMID: 36368332 PMCID: PMC9768574 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) replacement therapy could restore vision in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. We developed a rapid protocol for directly induced RGC (iRGC) differentiation from human stem cells, leveraging overexpression of NGN2. Neuronal morphology and neurite growth were observed within 1 week of induction; characteristic RGC-specific gene expression confirmed identity. Calcium imaging demonstrated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced excitation characteristic of immature RGCs. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed more similarities between iRGCs and early-stage fetal human RGCs than retinal organoid-derived RGCs. Intravitreally transplanted iRGCs survived and migrated into host retinas independent of prior optic nerve trauma, but iRGCs protected host RGCs from neurodegeneration. These data demonstrate rapid iRGC generation in vitro into an immature cell with high similarity to human fetal RGCs and capacity for retinal integration after transplantation and neuroprotective function after optic nerve injury. The simplicity of this system may benefit translational studies on human RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Suqian Wu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catalina Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael Nahmou
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Minjuan Bian
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Rain R. Wen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Corresponding author
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Méndez CA, Celeghin A, Diano M, Orsenigo D, Ocak B, Tamietto M. A deep neural network model of the primate superior colliculus for emotion recognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210512. [PMID: 36126660 PMCID: PMC9489290 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sensory processing is pivotal to nearly every theory of emotion, the evaluation of the visual input as 'emotional' (e.g. a smile as signalling happiness) has been traditionally assumed to take place in supramodal 'limbic' brain regions. Accordingly, subcortical structures of ancient evolutionary origin that receive direct input from the retina, such as the superior colliculus (SC), are traditionally conceptualized as passive relay centres. However, mounting evidence suggests that the SC is endowed with the necessary infrastructure and computational capabilities for the innate recognition and initial categorization of emotionally salient features from retinal information. Here, we built a neurobiologically inspired convolutional deep neural network (DNN) model that approximates physiological, anatomical and connectional properties of the retino-collicular circuit. This enabled us to characterize and isolate the initial computations and discriminations that the DNN model of the SC can perform on facial expressions, based uniquely on the information it directly receives from the virtual retina. Trained to discriminate facial expressions of basic emotions, our model matches human error patterns and above chance, yet suboptimal, classification accuracy analogous to that reported in patients with V1 damage, who rely on retino-collicular pathways for non-conscious vision of emotional attributes. When presented with gratings of different spatial frequencies and orientations never 'seen' before, the SC model exhibits spontaneous tuning to low spatial frequencies and reduced orientation discrimination, as can be expected from the prevalence of the magnocellular (M) over parvocellular (P) projections. Likewise, face manipulation that biases processing towards the M or P pathway affects expression recognition in the SC model accordingly, an effect that dovetails with variations of activity in the human SC purposely measured with ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging. Lastly, the DNN generates saliency maps and extracts visual features, demonstrating that certain face parts, like the mouth or the eyes, provide higher discriminative information than other parts as a function of emotional expressions like happiness and sadness. The present findings support the contention that the SC possesses the necessary infrastructure to analyse the visual features that define facial emotional stimuli also without additional processing stages in the visual cortex or in 'limbic' areas. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Méndez
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Davide Orsenigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Brian Ocak
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
- Section of Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Van de Sompele S, Small KW, Cicekdal MB, Soriano VL, D'haene E, Shaya FS, Agemy S, Van der Snickt T, Rey AD, Rosseel T, Van Heetvelde M, Vergult S, Balikova I, Bergen AA, Boon CJF, De Zaeytijd J, Inglehearn CF, Kousal B, Leroy BP, Rivolta C, Vaclavik V, van den Ende J, van Schooneveld MJ, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Tena JJ, Martinez-Morales JR, Liskova P, Vleminckx K, De Baere E. Multi-omics approach dissects cis-regulatory mechanisms underlying North Carolina macular dystrophy, a retinal enhanceropathy. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2029-2048. [PMID: 36243009 PMCID: PMC9674966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) is a rare autosomal-dominant disease affecting macular development. The disease is caused by non-coding single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in two hotspot regions near PRDM13 and by duplications in two distinct chromosomal loci, overlapping DNase I hypersensitive sites near either PRDM13 or IRX1. To unravel the mechanisms by which these variants cause disease, we first established a genome-wide multi-omics retinal database, RegRet. Integration of UMI-4C profiles we generated on adult human retina then allowed fine-mapping of the interactions of the PRDM13 and IRX1 promoters and the identification of eighteen candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs), the activity of which was investigated by luciferase and Xenopus enhancer assays. Next, luciferase assays showed that the non-coding SNVs located in the two hotspot regions of PRDM13 affect cCRE activity, including two NCMD-associated non-coding SNVs that we identified herein. Interestingly, the cCRE containing one of these SNVs was shown to interact with the PRDM13 promoter, demonstrated in vivo activity in Xenopus, and is active at the developmental stage when progenitor cells of the central retina exit mitosis, suggesting that this region is a PRDM13 enhancer. Finally, mining of single-cell transcriptional data of embryonic and adult retina revealed the highest expression of PRDM13 and IRX1 when amacrine cells start to synapse with retinal ganglion cells, supporting the hypothesis that altered PRDM13 or IRX1 expression impairs interactions between these cells during retinogenesis. Overall, this study provides insight into the cis-regulatory mechanisms of NCMD and supports that this condition is a retinal enhanceropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Van de Sompele
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kent W Small
- Macula and Retina Institute, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA
| | - Munevver Burcu Cicekdal
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Víctor López Soriano
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva D'haene
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fadi S Shaya
- Macula and Retina Institute, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA
| | - Steven Agemy
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Thijs Van der Snickt
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfredo Dueñas Rey
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Rosseel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Van Heetvelde
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vergult
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irina Balikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arthur A Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Queen Emma Centre of Precision Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julie De Zaeytijd
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bohdan Kousal
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Head & Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Ophthalmology & Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Veronika Vaclavik
- University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mary J van Schooneveld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bartiméus, Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan R Martinez-Morales
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Gupta SK, Chakraborty R, Verkicharla PK. Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 145:77-95. [PMID: 34787722 PMCID: PMC9470726 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The stretching of a myopic eye is associated with several structural and functional changes in the retina and posterior segment of the eye. Recent research highlights the role of retinal signaling in ocular growth. Evidence from studies conducted on animal models and humans suggests that visual mechanisms regulating refractive development are primarily localized at the retina and that the visual signals from the retinal periphery are also critical for visually guided eye growth. Therefore, it is important to study the structural and functional changes in the retina in relation to refractive errors. This review will specifically focus on electroretinogram (ERG) changes in myopia and their implications in understanding the nature of retinal functioning in myopic eyes. Based on the available literature, we will discuss the fundamentals of retinal neurophysiology in the regulation of vision-dependent ocular growth, findings from various studies that investigated global and localized retinal functions in myopia using various types of ERGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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8
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Neveu MM, Padhy SK, Ramamurthy S, Takkar B, Jalali S, Cp D, Padhi TR, Robson AG. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:1569-1587. [PMID: 35637898 PMCID: PMC9148211 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s329282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Albinism describes a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders characterized by disrupted synthesis of melanin and a range of developmental ocular abnormalities. The main ocular features common to both oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), and ocular albinism (OA) include reduced visual acuity, refractive errors, foveal hypoplasia, congenital nystagmus, iris and fundus hypopigmentation and visual pathway misrouting, but clinical signs vary and there is phenotypic overlap with other pathologies. This study reviews the prevalence, genetics and ocular manifestations of OCA and OA, including abnormal development of the optic chiasm. The role of visual electrophysiology in the detection of chiasmal dysfunction and visual pathway misrouting is emphasized, highlighting how age-associated changes in visual evoked potential (VEP) test results must be considered to enable accurate diagnosis, and illustrated further by the inclusion of novel VEP data in genetically confirmed cases. Differential diagnosis is considered in the context of suspected retinal and other disorders, including rare syndromes that may masquerade as albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magella M Neveu
- Department Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Brijesh Takkar
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhadra Jalali
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepika Cp
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tapas Ranjan Padhi
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anthony G Robson
- Department Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Yu Q, Xiao Y, Lin Q, Xiang Z, Cui L, Chen Z, Sun J, Li S, Qin X, Yang C, Zou H. Two-year longitudinal study on changes in thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus without visual impairment or diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1218-1225. [PMID: 35642554 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2079142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study changes in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without visual impairment or diabetic retinopathy (DR) after 2 years of follow-up and analyze the associated factors. METHODS Thirty-seven children with T1DM were enrolled in this study. All children underwent a complete ophthalmologic evaluation that included swept-source optical coherence tomography at baseline and follow-up. Changes in RNFL and GCL thickness were compared among the children at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS The peripapillary RNFL thickness was greater in the temporal (inner, p = 0.015; outer, p = 0.004) and inner superior (p = 0.043) sectors in the follow-up group than in the baseline group. The macular RNFL thickness in the fovea, inner nasal sector, inner inferior sector, and outer ring and the average thickness (all p < 0.05) were greater in the follow-up group than in the baseline group. The peripapillary GCL thickness decreased in the temporal sector (inner, p = 0.049; outer, p = 0.041) and increased in the inner nasal sector (p = 0.006) in the follow-up group compared with the baseline group, and the thickness of the inner temporal, inner superior, inner inferior, outer nasal, and outer inferior sectors and average thickness in the macula were lower in the follow-up group than in the baseline group (all p < 0.05). The total retinal thickness around optic disc in the follow-up group increased in the inner superior sectors (p = 0.006). The total retinal thickness of the macula decreased in inner temporal sector, inner superior sector and outer nasal sector, and increased in outer superior sector (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Retinal neurodegenerative changes preceded microvascular changes in children with T1DM in the early stage. Peripapillary RNFL thickness in the nasal sector may be lower in children with T1DM without visual impairment or other ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipu Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sicong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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10
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Hussey KA, Hadyniak SE, Johnston RJ. Patterning and Development of Photoreceptors in the Human Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878350. [PMID: 35493094 PMCID: PMC9049932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans rely on visual cues to navigate the world around them. Vision begins with the detection of light by photoreceptor cells in the retina, a light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. Photoreceptor types are defined by morphology, gene expression, light sensitivity, and function. Rod photoreceptors function in low-light vision and motion detection, and cone photoreceptors are responsible for high-acuity daytime and trichromatic color vision. In this review, we discuss the generation, development, and patterning of photoreceptors in the human retina. We describe our current understanding of how photoreceptors are patterned in concentric regions. We conclude with insights into mechanisms of photoreceptor differentiation drawn from studies of model organisms and human retinal organoids.
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11
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Lennartsson F, Öhnell H, Jacobson L, Nilsson M. Pre- and Postnatal Damage to the Retro-Geniculate Visual Pathways Cause Retinal Degeneration Predictive for Visual Function. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:734193. [PMID: 34764861 PMCID: PMC8577566 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.734193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the understanding of the relationship between structure and function in individuals with damage to the brain from different stages of maturation of the visual system, we examined 16 teenagers and young adults. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fiber tractography of the optic radiation (OR) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and the ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GC+IPL) in the macula. Visual field (VF) function was assessed with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA). Injuries to the immature OR were associated with thinning of the pRNFL and GC+IPL, and corresponding VF defects irrespectively of timing of the lesion. However, in cases with bilateral white-matter damage of immaturity (WMDI) we noticed a well preserved central VF despite a very thin GC+IPL. We speculate that this is due to plasticity in the immature visual system. Similar results were not noticed among cases with unilateral damage, acquired pre- or postnatally, in which the central VF was affected in most cases. OCT has proved to be a valuable targeted tool in children with damage to the retro-geniculate visual pathways, and that focal thinning of the GC+IPL predicts VF defects. This brief research report includes a review of four previously published papers. In addition, we present one new case and apply a recently developed classification system for CVI. The classification was applied on cases with bilateral WMDI to investigate its relation to retinal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Lennartsson
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Center for Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - HannaMaria Öhnell
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Jacobson
- Section for Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Unit of Optometry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Children with Moderate-to-High Hyperopia. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:9971564. [PMID: 34646578 PMCID: PMC8505083 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9971564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, and choroidal thickness in children with moderate-to-high hyperopia (MHH). Methods This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 53 children with MHH and 53 emmetropic children. Subjects with a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of +4.0 D or higher were included in the MHH group, and subjects with SER between −1.0 D and +1.0 D were included in the emmetropic group. Ophthalmic examinations, including uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit-lamp examination, axial length, and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; DRI OCT Triton-1, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), were performed. Results The RNFL and GCL in the temporal and inferior quadrants in 1–3 mm of the macular fovea were thinner in the MHH group than in the emmetropic group (all P < 0.05). The MHH group also had a thicker choroidal thickness in all regions (all P < 0.05). The SER was independently correlated with the average choroidal thickness in the optic disc and fovea (coefficient = 4.853, P < 0.001 for the optic disc; coefficient = 5.523, P=0.004 for the fovea), while axial length was negatively correlated with choroidal thickness (coefficient = −12.649, P < 0.001). Axial length was positively associated with RNFL and GCL thickness in the temporal quadrant in 1–3 mm of the macular fovea (coefficient = 0.966, P=0.007 for RNFL and coefficient = 1.476, P=0.011 for the macular fovea). Conclusion Compared with emmetropic children, MMH children had greater choroidal thickness. The characteristics of the RNFL and GCL thickness in MMH children were different from those in emmetropic children.
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13
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Datta P, Ruffcorn A, Seo S. Limited time window for retinal gene therapy in a preclinical model of ciliopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2337-2352. [PMID: 32568387 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a common clinical feature of ciliopathies, a group of genetic diseases linked to ciliary dysfunction, and gene therapy is an attractive treatment option to prevent vision loss. Although the efficacy of retinal gene therapy is well established by multiple proof-of-concept preclinical studies, its long-term effect, particularly when treatments are given at advanced disease stages, is controversial. Incomplete treatment and intrinsic variability of gene delivery methods may contribute to the variable outcomes. Here, we used a genetic rescue approach to 'optimally' treat retinal degeneration at various disease stages and examined the long-term efficacy of gene therapy in a mouse model of ciliopathy. We used a Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 17 (BBS17) mouse model, in which the gene-trap that suppresses Bbs17 (also known as Lztfl1) expression can be removed by tamoxifen administration, restoring normal gene expression systemically. Our data indicate that therapeutic effects of retinal gene therapy decrease gradually as treatments are given at later stages. These results suggest the presence of limited time window for successful gene therapy in certain retinal degenerations. Our study also implies that the long-term efficacy of retinal gene therapy may depend on not only the timing of treatment but also other factors such as the function of mutated genes and residual activities of mutant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Datta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Avri Ruffcorn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Seongjin Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Provis JM, Penfold PL, Cornish EE, Sandercoe TM, Madigan MC. Anatomy and development of the macula: specialisation and the vulnerability to macular degeneration. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 88:269-81. [PMID: 16255686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The central retina in primates is adapted for high acuity vision. The most significant adaptations to neural retina in this respect are: 1. The very high density of cone photoreceptors on the visual axis; 2. The dominance of Midget pathways arising from these cones and 3. The diminishment of retinal blood supply in the macula, and its absence on the visual axis. Restricted blood supply to the part of the retina that has the highest density of neural elements is paradoxical. Inhibition of vascular growth and proliferation is evident during foetal life and results in metabolic stress in ganglion cells and Muller cells, which is resolved during formation of the foveal depression. In this review we argue that at the macula stressed retinal neurons adapt during development to a limited blood supply from the choriocapillaris, which supplies little in excess of metabolic demand of the neural retina under normal conditions. We argue also that while adaptation of the choriocapillaris underlying the foveal region may initially augment the local supply of oxygen and nutrients by diffusion, in the long term these adaptations make the region more vulnerable to age-related changes, including the accumulation of insoluble material in Bruch's membrane and beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. These changes eventually impact on delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the RPE and outer neural retina because of reduced flow in the choriocapillaris and the increasing barriers to effective diffusion. Both the inflammatory response and the sequelae of oxidative stress are predictable outcomes in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Provis
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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15
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Beneish R, Dorfman AL, Khan A, Polomeno RC, Lachapelle P. Organic visual loss measured by kinetic perimetry and retinal electrophysiology in children with functional amblyopia. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 143:1-16. [PMID: 33515394 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate an organic (retinal) amblyogenic defect in functional amblyopes not responding to treatment. METHODS Twenty-four children (Mean age: 5.9 ± 1.8 years; range: 4-10 years) with functional amblyopia were recruited for this study. All these children underwent complete ophthalmic and orthoptic evaluation. In addition, Kinetic Goldman Visual Fields (KGVF), Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), full field flash electroretinograms (ffERG) and multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were also performed. Ratios were subsequently derived by comparing the amplitudes obtained from the amblyopic eye (AE) to the good eye (GE) for the a- and b-waves of the ffERG, as well as for the ring analysis of the mfERG. RESULTS KGVF showed a central scotoma of varying size (3°-7°) and density (absolute to relative), with increasing target size in 14/24 patients whose best post-treatment vision in the AE ranged from 20/100 to 20/40. The scotoma decreased in size and density with improving vision until a plateau of recovery was reached. The remaining 10/24 patients with a vision ≥ 20/30 showed no scotoma. SD-OCT showed no significant difference between the AE and GE. ffERG and mfERG were obtained in 18/24 patients. The ffERG AE/GE ratio was abnormal in 7 patients, 5 of which had large scotomas on KGVF. The mfERG ring 1 AE/GE ratio was significantly (p < .05) attenuated in 9/18 patients out of which 3 were no longer amblyopic. However, there was no significant difference (p > .05) in ring 1 AE/GE amplitude ratio between those who achieved 20/50-20/40 (.81 ± .26) and those with ≥ 20/25(.86 ± .25). CONCLUSIONS The combined findings of central scotoma on KGVF and mfERG anomalies in patients who did not achieve optimal vision with treatment suggest an underlying organic defect impairing macular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Beneish
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Allison L Dorfman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert C Polomeno
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University-Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Glen Site, Block E, Room EM03238, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Retinal structural changes in preterm children without retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:1025-1033. [PMID: 33146830 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare all retinal layers' thickness in full-term and preterm children without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Cross-sectional study including two groups of patients: group 1 children with history of preterm gestation without ROP (gestational age < 37 weeks) and group 2 healthy children with history of full-term gestation. All subjects underwent an ophthalmic examination including spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. After automatic retinal segmentation, each retinal layer thickness (eight separate layers and overall thickness) was calculated in all nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study areas. Demographic, systemic, gestational, and birth data were collected. Generalized additive regression models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Fifty-one children (51 eyes) were recruited, 19 full-term and 32 preterm children, mean age at ophthalmic examination of 10.58 (4.21) and 14.13 (3.16), respectively. In multivariable analysis, the preterm group's retinal thickness was significantly decreased in total retina nasal outer sector, ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL), specifically GCL temporal outer (p = 0.010), GCL superior outer (p = 0.009), IPL temporal outer (p = 0.022), and IPL superior outer (p = 0.004), when compared with full-term group. From the variables compared only with birth head circumference that influenced the models, a non-linear association was identified and consequently modeled with splines through a generalized additive model. CONCLUSION This study suggests that preterm children without ROP have structural retinal alterations, mostly in GCL and IPL in outer areas of the macula. Therefore, it is crucial to question gestational history since these retinal changes may be found later in life leading to useless investigation.
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17
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de Campos VS, Calaza KC, Adesse D. Implications of TORCH Diseases in Retinal Development-Special Focus on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:585727. [PMID: 33194824 PMCID: PMC7649341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are certain critical periods during pregnancy when the fetus is at high risk for exposure to teratogens. Some microorganisms, including Toxoplasma gondii, are known to exhibit teratogenic effects, interfering with fetal development and causing irreversible disturbances. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite and the etiological agent of Toxoplasmosis, a zoonosis that affects one third of the world's population. Although congenital infection can cause severe fetal damage, the injury extension depends on the gestational period of infection, among other factors, like parasite genotype and host immunity. This parasite invades the Central Nervous System (CNS), forming tissue cysts, and can interfere with neurodevelopment, leading to frequent neurological abnormalities associated with T. gondii infection. Therefore, T. gondii is included in the TORCH complex of infectious diseases that may lead to neurological malformations (Toxoplasmosis, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes). The retina is part of CNS, as it is derived from the diencephalon. Except for astrocytes and microglia, retinal cells originate from multipotent neural progenitors. After cell cycle exit, cells migrate to specific layers, undergo morphological and neurochemical differentiation, form synapses and establish their circuits. The retina is organized in nuclear layers intercalated by plexus, responsible for translating and preprocessing light stimuli and for sending this information to the brain visual nuclei for image perception. Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is a very debilitating condition and may present high severity in areas in which virulent strains are found. However, little is known about the effect of congenital infection on the biology of retinal progenitors/ immature cells and how this infection may affect the development of this tissue. In this context, this study reviews the effects that congenital infections may cause to the developing retina and the cellular and molecular aspects of these diseases, with special focus on congenital OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Souza de Campos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Circuit Reorganization Shapes the Developing Human Foveal Midget Connectome toward Single-Cone Resolution. Neuron 2020; 108:905-918.e3. [PMID: 33027639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human visual pathway is specialized for the perception of fine spatial detail. The neural circuitry that determines visual acuity begins in the retinal fovea, where the resolution afforded by a dense array of cone photoreceptors is preserved in the retinal output by a remarkable non-divergent circuit: cone → midget bipolar interneuron → midget ganglion cell (the "private line"). How the private line develops is unknown; it could involve early specification of extremely precise synaptic connections or, by contrast, emerge slowly in concordance with the gradual maturation of foveal architecture and visual sensitivity. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we reconstructed the midget circuitry in the fetal human fovea by serial electron microscopy. We discovered that the midget private line is sculpted by synaptic remodeling beginning early in fetal life, with midget bipolar cells contacting a single cone by mid-gestation and bipolar cell-ganglion cell connectivity undergoing a more protracted period of refinement.
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In vivo assessment of foveal geometry and cone photoreceptor density and spacing in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8942. [PMID: 32487997 PMCID: PMC7265395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fovea undergoes significant developmental changes from birth into adolescence. However, there is limited data examining cone photoreceptor density, foveal pit shape, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size in children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether overall foveal structure differs as a function of age and refractive status in children. Forty-eight healthy children (ages 5.8 to 15.8 years) underwent optical coherence tomography imaging to quantify foveal point thickness and foveal pit diameter, depth, and slope. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images of foveal capillaries and cone photoreceptors were acquired in a subset of children to quantify FAZ metrics and cone densities at 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 mm eccentricities. Results show that foveal pit and FAZ metrics were not related to age, axial length, or refractive status. However, linear cone density was lower in myopic versus non-myopic children at eccentricities of 0.2 mm (mean ± SD = 50,022 ± 5,878 cones/mm2 vs 58,989 ± 4,822 cones/mm2, P < 0.001) and 0.3 mm (43,944 ± 5,547 cones/mm2 vs 48,622 ± 3,538 cones/mm2, P < 0.001). These results suggest FAZ and foveal pit metrics do not systematically differ with age in children, while myopic eyes have decreased linear cone density near the foveal center. Significance Statement: The development of the fovea begins prior to birth and continues through the early teenage years until it reaches adult-like properties. Although the majority of changes during childhood are related to the maturation and migration of cone photoreceptors, in vivo data describing cone packing in children is limited. We assessed overall foveal structure in children as young as 5.8 years old by quantifying cone density and spacing, foveal avascular zone size, and foveal pit morphometry to investigate potential structural differences as a function of age and refractive status. While foveal avascular zone and foveal pit metrics did not significantly differ with age, results indicate that myopic children have lower linear cone densities close to the foveal center compared to non-myopic children.
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Postmitotic Cone Migration Mechanisms in the Mammalian Retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31884659 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
High visual acuity and the ability to identify colours is solely dependent upon healthy cone photoreceptors in the retina. Little is known about cone migration mechanisms during postmitotic retinal maturation which, if it occurs erroneously, can result in non-functional cells and altered vision. This review provides an overview of neuronal and cone somal migration mechanisms and the potential molecular partners and nuclear structures driving this process. Furthermore, it will also review foveal formation and how that differs from peripheral cone migration in the human retina.
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Islet1 and Brn3 Expression Pattern Study in Human Retina and hiPSC-Derived Retinal Organoid. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8786396. [PMID: 31885629 PMCID: PMC6925930 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8786396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the dynamic Islet1 and Brn3 (POU4F) expression pattern in the human fetal retina and human-induced pluripotent stem cell- (hiPSC-) derived retinal organoid. Human fetal eyes from 8 to 27 fetal weeks (Fwks), human adult retina, hiPSC-derived retinal organoid from 7 to 31 differentiation weeks (Dwks), and rhesus adult retina were collected for cyrosectioning. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Islet1 was expressed in retinal ganglion cells in the fetal retina, human adult retina, and retinal organoids. Unexpectedly, after Fwk 20, Brn3 expression gradually decreased in the fetal retina. In the midstage of development, Islet1 was detected in bipolar and developing horizontal cells. As the photoreceptor developed, the Islet1-positive cone precursors gradually became Islet1-negative/S-opsin-positive cones. This study highlights the distinguishing characteristics of Islet1 dynamic expression in human fetal retina development and proposes more concerns which should be taken regarding Brn3 as a cell-identifying marker in mature primate retina.
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May CA, Rutkowski P. The Horizontal Raphe of the Human Retina and its Watershed Zones. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3040060. [PMID: 31735861 PMCID: PMC6969909 DOI: 10.3390/vision3040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The horizontal raphe (HR) as a demarcation line dividing the retina and choroid into separate vascular hemispheres is well established, but its development has never been discussed in the context of new findings of the last decades. Although factors for axon guidance are established (e.g., slit-robo pathway, ephrin-protein-receptor pathway) they do not explain HR formation. Early morphological organization, too, fails to establish a HR. The development of the HR is most likely induced by the long posterior ciliary arteries which form a horizontal line prior to retinal organization. The maintenance might then be supported by several biochemical factors. The circulation separate superior and inferior vascular hemispheres communicates across the HR only through their anastomosing capillary beds resulting in watershed zones on either side of the HR. Visual field changes along the HR could clearly be demonstrated in vascular occlusive diseases affecting the optic nerve head, the retina or the choroid. The watershed zone of the HR is ideally protective for central visual acuity in vascular occlusive diseases but can lead to distinct pathological features.
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Sjöstrand J, Popović Z. Structural consequences of arrested foveal development in preterms with persisting signs of immaturity. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:1077-1085. [PMID: 31645674 PMCID: PMC7253467 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the impact of structural changes in a limited sample of adult preterms with foveal immaturity from optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scan images and to estimate layer displacement and changes in areal and volume magnification within the inner fovea. Subjects and methods Layer thickness was measured in conventional and directional OCT scans from eight preterms with different degrees of foveal immaturity (24–33 weeks of gestation, 22–33 years of age) and five controls (20–33 years of age). We obtained reflectivity profiles of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and manual segmentation data of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the combined ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) at specified eccentricities from 300 to 900 µm. Displacement of cumulative thickness curves of preterms compared with that of the controls was used to estimate retardation of layer displacement. Changes in areal magnification and layer thickness were used to construct a structural model of redistribution within the fovea of preterms. Results Retardation of centrifugal layer displacement of OPL and all inner retinal layers (IRL) was marked in both preterm groups with foveal immaturity, whereas retardation was marginal in the preterm group without clinical signs of immaturity. Retarded displacement within the IRL and OPL had a major impact on available space within the central fovea. Conclusions A marked retardation of displacement was demonstrated for all IRL within the immature fovea of preterms with decreased areal and volume magnification and reduced space available for synaptic communication coupled to the degree of immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Sjöstrand
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zoran Popović
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
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24
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Petruska JM, Remick AK, Lejeune T, Vezina M, Robinson K, Bussières M, Gilger BC, Dubielzig RR. A Transient Developmental Background Finding in the Retina Observed in Neonatal Dogs in Juvenile Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:528-541. [PMID: 31064296 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319844470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a juvenile toxicology program, an unexpected finding of vacuolation of inner nuclear, ganglion cell, and nerve fiber layers of the retina was observed microscopically in routine Davidson's fixed and hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections of eyes in beagle dogs at approximately 5 weeks of age. There was no necrosis or degeneration of the affected cells and no associated inflammation. Fluorescein angiography revealed no vascular leakage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) indicated swollen cells in the same layers of the retina as observed at light microscopic examination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the retinal vacuolation likely was consistent with intracellular swelling of amacrine, horizontal, and/or bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer as affected cells had an expanded cytoplasm but contained normal nucleus and organelles. As assessed by animal behavior and full-field electroretinography, the retinal vacuolation appeared to have no impact on visual function. Retinal vacuolation was seen in approximately 40% of dogs at 5 weeks of age using OCT and/or light microscopic examination. Because the change was transient and age related, did not result in degenerative retinal changes, and was not present in dogs older than 5 weeks of age, it was considered a background developmental observation in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amera K Remick
- 2 Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Typhaine Lejeune
- 3 Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Vezina
- 3 Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keith Robinson
- 3 Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Brian C Gilger
- 5 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- 6 Ocular Services on Demand, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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25
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Bowl W, Raoof S, Lorenz B, Holve K, Schweinfurth S, Stieger K, Andrassi-Darida M. Cone-Mediated Function Correlates to Altered Foveal Morphology in Preterm-Born Children at School Age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1614-1620. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wadim Bowl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sinan Raoof
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Holve
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Quinn PM, Buck TM, Mulder AA, Ohonin C, Alves CH, Vos RM, Bialecka M, van Herwaarden T, van Dijk EHC, Talib M, Freund C, Mikkers HMM, Hoeben RC, Goumans MJ, Boon CJF, Koster AJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Jost CR, Wijnholds J. Human iPSC-Derived Retinas Recapitulate the Fetal CRB1 CRB2 Complex Formation and Demonstrate that Photoreceptors and Müller Glia Are Targets of AAV5. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:906-919. [PMID: 30956116 PMCID: PMC6522954 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be used to confirm the localization of proteins in retinal cell types and to test transduction and expression patterns of gene therapy vectors. Here, we compared the onset of CRB protein expression in human fetal retina with human iPSC-derived retinal organoids. We show that CRB2 protein precedes the expression of CRB1 in the developing human retina. Our data suggest the presence of CRB1 and CRB2 in human photoreceptors and Müller glial cells. Thus the fetal CRB complex formation is replicated in hiPSC-derived retina. CRB1 patient iPSC retinal organoids showed disruptions at the outer limiting membrane as found in Crb1 mutant mice. Furthermore, AAV serotype 5 (AAV5) is potent in infecting human Müller glial cells and photoreceptors in hiPSC-derived retinas and retinal explants. Our data suggest that human photoreceptors can be efficiently transduced by AAVs in the presence of photoreceptor segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Quinn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo M Buck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Ohonin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier M Vos
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa van Herwaarden
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mays Talib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Freund
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harald M M Mikkers
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carolina R Jost
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Silva RS, Arno G, Cipriani V, Pontikos N, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Kalhoro A, Carss KJ, Raymond FL, Dhaenens CM, Jensen H, Rosenberg T, van Heyningen V, Moore AT, Puech B, Webster AR. Unique noncoding variants upstream of PRDM13 are associated with a spectrum of developmental retinal dystrophies including progressive bifocal chorioretinal atrophy. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:578-587. [PMID: 30710461 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The autosomal dominant progressive bifocal chorioretinal atrophy (PBCRA) disease locus has been mapped to chromosome 6q14-16.2 that overlaps the North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) locus MCDR1. NCMD is a nonprogressive developmental macular dystrophy, in which variants upstream of PRDM13 have been implicated. Whole genome sequencing was performed to interrogate structural variants (SVs) and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in eight individuals, six affected individuals from two families with PBCRA, and two individuals from an additional family with a related developmental macular dystrophy. A SNV (chr6:100,046,804T>C), located 7.8 kb upstream of the PRDM13 gene, was shared by all PBCRA-affected individuals in the disease locus. Haplotype analysis suggested that the variant arose independently in the two families. The two affected individuals from Family 3 were screened for rare variants in the PBCRA and NCMD loci. This revealed a de novo variant in the proband, 21 bp from the first SNV (chr6:100,046,783A>C). This study expands the noncoding variant spectrum upstream of PRDM13 and suggests altered spatio-temporal expression of PRDM13 as a candidate disease mechanism in the phenotypically distinct but related conditions, NCMD and PBCRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Silva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cipriani
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, UCL Genetics Institute, Evolution and Environment, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, UCL Genetics Institute, Evolution and Environment, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ambreen Kalhoro
- Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keren J Carss
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,NIHR BioResource-Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- NIHR BioResource-Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Marie Dhaenens
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department-UF Génopathies, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Inserm UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Hanne Jensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kennedy Eye Clinic, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Kennedy Eye Clinic, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bernard Puech
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Mellough CB, Bauer R, Collin J, Dorgau B, Zerti D, Dolan DWP, Jones CM, Izuogu OG, Yu M, Hallam D, Steyn JS, White K, Steel DH, Santibanez-Koref M, Elliott DJ, Jackson MS, Lindsay S, Grellscheid S, Lako M. An integrated transcriptional analysis of the developing human retina. Development 2019; 146:146/2/dev169474. [PMID: 30696714 PMCID: PMC6361134 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of embryonic/foetal material as a resource for direct study means that there is still limited understanding of human retina development. Here, we present an integrated transcriptome analysis combined with immunohistochemistry in human eye and retinal samples from 4 to 19 post-conception weeks. This analysis reveals three developmental windows with specific gene expression patterns that informed the sequential emergence of retinal cell types and enabled identification of stage-specific cellular and biological processes, and transcriptional regulators. Each stage is characterised by a specific set of alternatively spliced transcripts that code for proteins involved in the formation of the photoreceptor connecting cilium, pre-mRNA splicing and epigenetic modifiers. Importantly, our data show that the transition from foetal to adult retina is characterised by a large increase in the percentage of mutually exclusive exons that code for proteins involved in photoreceptor maintenance. The circular RNA population is also defined and shown to increase during retinal development. Collectively, these data increase our understanding of human retinal development and the pre-mRNA splicing process, and help to identify new candidate disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B. Mellough
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK,Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roman Bauer
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5TG, UK
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Birthe Dorgau
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Darin Zerti
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David W. P. Dolan
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Carl M. Jones
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Osagie G. Izuogu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK,European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Min Yu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Dean Hallam
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jannetta S. Steyn
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kathryn White
- EM Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David H. Steel
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | - David J. Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Michael S. Jackson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sushma Grellscheid
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
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29
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Balasubramanian S, Beckmann J, Mehta H, Sadda SR, Chanwimol K, Nassisi M, Tsui I, Marlow N, Jain S. Relationship between Retinal Thickness Profiles and Visual Outcomes in Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Measurements of the macula have been increasingly used to diagnose and manage patients with glaucoma. Asymmetry analysis was clinically introduced to assess damage to the macular ganglion cells in patients with glaucoma, but its effectiveness is limited by high normal between-subject variability. PURPOSE We aimed to reduce the high normal between-subject variability and improve the potential of asymmetry analysis to identify glaucomatous damage to the macula. METHODS Twenty patients with glaucoma (aged 57 to 85 years) and 30 age-similar control subjects (aged 53 to 89 years) were recruited from a longitudinal glaucoma study. Participants were imaged with the Spectralis OCT using the posterior pole protocol; measurements of the averaged retinal thickness and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness were obtained. We established three zones per hemifield within the central ±9°, based on the lowest between-subject variability that we previously found and the course of retinal nerve fiber layer projections. The criteria for flagging abnormality were at least two contiguous zones when P < 5% or one zone when P < 1% with two-tailed tests. RESULTS Between-subject variability of the asymmetry analysis for both retinal and GCL thicknesses remained lower than that of the average thickness across each zone in control subjects (F > 2.52, P < .01). Asymmetry analysis of retinal and GCL thicknesses flagged 16 and 18 of 20 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Between-subject variability was reduced in control subjects using the three zones; our criteria identified glaucomatous damage to the macula in most of the patients. We used high-density B-scans to confirm the patterns of the glaucomatous damage we found in this study.
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31
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Lekskul A, Wuthisiri W, Padungkiatsagul T. Evaluation of retinal structure in unilateral amblyopia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J AAPOS 2018; 22:386-389. [PMID: 30218712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate potential differences in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular thickness and foveal thickness between amblyopic eyes and normal fellow eyes on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS A cross-sectional study of patients ≥10 years of age with unilateral amblyopia resulting from an anisometropic, strabismic or deprivative cause. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination was completed and the retinal structures of both eyes were measured using SD-OCT. We compared the measurements obtained between the amblyopic eye and the fellow normal eye in each subject. RESULTS Twenty-six unilateral amblyopia patients with a mean age of 29.92 ± 14.19 years old participated in the study, of which 17 (65.4%) were classified as anisometropic, 7 (26.9%) as strabismic, and 2 (7.7%) as deprivative. For the amblyopic eye and fellow normal eye, respectively, the mean RNFL thickness was 95.87 ± 14.56 μm and 97.87 ± 14.56 μm (P = 0.628), the mean macular thickness was 270.87 ± 14.43 μm and 275.60 ± 14.43 μm (P = 0.251) and the mean foveal thickness was 250.59 ± 27.82 μm and 242.91 ± 27.82 μm (P = 0.332). SD-OCT assessments revealed no statistically significant differences between both eyes. CONCLUSIONS Using SD-OCT, there were no significant changes in the retinal structure of amblyopic eyes. Therefore, amblyopia does not seem to have a profound structural effect on the retinal nerve fiber layer, the macula, or the fovea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apatsa Lekskul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wadakarn Wuthisiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanyatuth Padungkiatsagul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Bringmann A, Syrbe S, Görner K, Kacza J, Francke M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A. The primate fovea: Structure, function and development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:49-84. [PMID: 29609042 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A fovea is a pitted invagination in the inner retinal tissue (fovea interna) that overlies an area of photoreceptors specialized for high acuity vision (fovea externa). Although the shape of the vertebrate fovea varies considerably among the species, there are two basic types. The retina of many predatory fish, reptilians, and birds possess one (or two) convexiclivate fovea(s), while the retina of higher primates contains a concaviclivate fovea. By refraction of the incoming light, the convexiclivate fovea may function as image enlarger, focus indicator, and movement detector. By centrifugal displacement of the inner retinal layers, which increases the transparency of the central foveal tissue (the foveola), the primate fovea interna improves the quality of the image received by the central photoreceptors. In this review, we summarize ‒ with the focus on Müller cells of the human and macaque fovea ‒ data regarding the structure of the primate fovea, discuss various aspects of the optical function of the fovea, and propose a model of foveal development. The "Müller cell cone" of the foveola comprises specialized Müller cells which do not support neuronal activity but may serve optical and structural functions. In addition to the "Müller cell cone", structural stabilization of the foveal morphology may be provided by the 'z-shaped' Müller cells of the fovea walls, via exerting tractional forces onto Henle fibers. The spatial distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein may suggest that the foveola and the Henle fiber layer are subjects to mechanical stress. During development, the foveal pit is proposed to be formed by a vertical contraction of the centralmost Müller cells. After widening of the foveal pit likely mediated by retracting astrocytes, Henle fibers are formed by horizontal contraction of Müller cell processes in the outer plexiform layer and the centripetal displacement of photoreceptors. A better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors involved in the developmental morphogenesis and the structural stabilization of the fovea may help to explain the (patho-) genesis of foveal hypoplasia and macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Görner
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Cankurtaran V, Tekin K, Şimşek M, Elgin U, Yilmazbaş P. Interocular Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Segment Findings and Laterality in Hyperopic Anisometropia. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44:29-34. [PMID: 27541970 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the laterality and the differences in anterior and posterior segment findings in hyperopic patients with anisometropia between their eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and LenStar LS-900 device. METHODS This prospective institutional study included hyperopic anisometropic patients with and without amblyopia, aged between 6 and 40 years. The refractive error and the values of keratometry, axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and central macular thickness (CMT) obtained using the RK-F1 autorefractor, LenStar LS-900, and Spectralis optical coherence tomography were compared between the higher hyperopic and fellow eyes. RESULTS Eighty of the patients had hyperopic anisometropia with amblyopia and 30 of them had hyperopic anisometropia without amblyopia. The left eyes of the patients in this series were significantly more commonly affected. Axial length and CCT were significantly different between the higher hyperopic and the fellow eyes of all patients. In addition, the mean CMT and RNFL thickness of the higher hyperopic eyes were significantly higher than that of the fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS During the process of emmetropization and development of the retina, higher hyperopic eyes in hyperopic patients with anisometropia and amblyopic eyes may have blurred and abnormal vision, leading to under-development of vision, significantly higher CCT, CMT, and RNFL thickness, more hyperopic refraction, and shorter AL in the affected eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Cankurtaran
- Ophthalmology Department, Ankara Ulucanlar Eye Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Hoshino A, Ratnapriya R, Brooks MJ, Chaitankar V, Wilken MS, Zhang C, Starostik MR, Gieser L, La Torre A, Nishio M, Bates O, Walton A, Bermingham-McDonogh O, Glass IA, Wong ROL, Swaroop A, Reh TA. Molecular Anatomy of the Developing Human Retina. Dev Cell 2017; 43:763-779.e4. [PMID: 29233477 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and genetic heterogeneity associated with retinal diseases makes stem-cell-based therapies an attractive strategy for personalized medicine. However, we have limited understanding of the timing of key events in the developing human retina, and in particular the factors critical for generating the unique architecture of the fovea and surrounding macula. Here we define three key epochs in the transcriptome dynamics of human retina from fetal day (D) 52 to 136. Coincident histological analyses confirmed the cellular basis of transcriptional changes and highlighted the dramatic acceleration of development in the fovea compared with peripheral retina. Human and mouse retinal transcriptomes show remarkable similarity in developmental stages, although morphogenesis was greatly expanded in humans. Integration of DNA accessibility data allowed us to reconstruct transcriptional networks controlling photoreceptor differentiation. Our studies provide insights into human retinal development and serve as a resource for molecular staging of human stem-cell-derived retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J Brooks
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linn Gieser
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mario Nishio
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Olivia Bates
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ashley Walton
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Chan-Ling T, Gole GA, Quinn GE, Adamson SJ, Darlow BA. Pathophysiology, screening and treatment of ROP: A multi-disciplinary perspective. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 62:77-119. [PMID: 28958885 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The population of infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) varies by world region; in countries with well developed neonatal intensive care services, the highest risk infants are those born at less than 28 weeks gestational age (GA) and less than 1 kg at birth, while, in regions where many aspects of neonatal intensive and ophthalmological care are not routinely available, more mature infants up to 2000 g at birth and 37 weeks GA are also at risk for severe ROP. Treatment options for both groups of patients include standard retinal laser photocoagulation or, more recently, intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs. In addition to detection and treatment of ROP, this review highlights new opportunities created by telemedicine, where screening and diagnosis of ROP in remote locations can be undertaken by non-ophthalmologists using digital fundus cameras. The ophthalmological care of the ROP infant is undertaken in the wider context of neonatal care and general wellbeing of the infant. Because of this context, this review takes a multi-disciplinary perspective with contributions from retinal vascular biologists, pediatric ophthalmologists, an epidemiologist and a neonatologist. This review highlights the latest insights regarding cellular and molecular mechanisms in the formation of the retinal vasculature in the human infant, pathogenesis of ROP, detection and treatment of severe ROP, the risks and benefits of anti-VEGF therapy, the identification of new therapies over the horizon, and the optimal neonatal care regimen for best ROP outcomes, and the benefits and pitfalls of telemedicine in the remote screening and diagnosis of ROP, all of which have the potential to improve ROP outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailoi Chan-Ling
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Glen A Gole
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Qld Children's Hospital, Sth Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia.
| | - Graham E Quinn
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Samuel J Adamson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian A Darlow
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Cipriani V, Silva RS, Arno G, Pontikos N, Kalhoro A, Valeina S, Inashkina I, Audere M, Rutka K, Puech B, Michaelides M, van Heyningen V, Lace B, Webster AR, Moore AT. Duplication events downstream of IRX1 cause North Carolina macular dystrophy at the MCDR3 locus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7512. [PMID: 28790370 PMCID: PMC5548758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) is believed to represent a failure of macular development. The disorder has been linked to two loci, MCDR1 (chromosome 6q16) and MCDR3 (chromosome 5p15-p13). Recently, non-coding variants upstream of PRDM13 (MCDR1) and a duplication including IRX1 (MCDR3) have been identified. However, the underlying disease-causing mechanism remains uncertain. Through a combination of sequencing studies on eighteen NCMD families, we report two novel overlapping duplications at the MCDR3 locus, in a gene desert downstream of IRX1 and upstream of ADAMTS16. One duplication of 43 kb was identified in nine families (with evidence for a shared ancestral haplotype), and another one of 45 kb was found in a single family. Three families carry the previously reported V2 variant (MCDR1), while five remain unsolved. The MCDR3 locus is thus refined to a shared region of 39 kb that contains DNAse hypersensitive sites active at a restricted time window during retinal development. Publicly available data confirmed expression of IRX1 and ADAMTS16 in human fetal retina, with IRX1 preferentially expressed in fetal macula. These findings represent a major advance in our understanding of the molecular genetics of NCMD and provide insights into the genetic pathways involved in human macular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cipriani
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. .,UCL Genetics Institute, London, UK.
| | - Raquel S Silva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,UCL Genetics Institute, London, UK
| | - Ambreen Kalhoro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mareta Audere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Katrina Rutka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bernard Puech
- Exploration de la Vision et Neuro-Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Baiba Lace
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.,Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. .,Ophthalmology Department, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Rancic A, Filipovic N, Marin Lovric J, Mardesic S, Saraga-Babic M, Vukojevic K. Neuronal differentiation in the early human retinogenesis. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:264-272. [PMID: 28216069 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our study investigates the differentiation of retinal stem cells towards different neuronal subtypes during the critical period of human eye development. METHODS Expression of the neuronal marker neurofilament 200 (NF200), tyrosine hydroxilase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was seen by immunofluorescence in the 5th-12th - week stage of development in the human eye. Data was analysed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests. RESULTS NF200, TH and ChAT cells appeared in the 5th/6th week and gradually increased during further development. The proportion of TH positive areas were distributed similarly to NF200, with a higher proportion in the outer neuroblastic layer. The proportion of a ChAT positive surface was highest in the 5th/6th - week whilst from the 7th week onwards, its proportion became higher in the optic nerve and inner neuroblastic layers than in the outer layer, where a decrease of ChAT positive areas were seen. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a high differentiation potential of early retinal cells, which decreased with the advancement of development. The observed great variety of retinal phenotypic expressions results from a large scale of influences, taking place at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rancic
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipovic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Josipa Marin Lovric
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Snjezana Mardesic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
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Rodrigues T, Krawczyk M, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Matter-Sadzinski L, Matter JM. Delayed neurogenesis with respect to eye growth shapes the pigeon retina for high visual acuity. Development 2016; 143:4701-4712. [PMID: 27836962 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The macula and fovea located at the optical centre of the retina make primate visual perception unique among mammals. Our current understanding of retina ontogenesis is primarily based on animal models having no macula and no fovea. However, the pigeon retina and the human macula share a number of structural and functional properties that justify introducing the former as a new model system for retina development. Comparative transcriptome analysis of pigeon and chicken retinas at different embryonic stages reveals that the genetic programmes underlying cell differentiation are postponed in the pigeon until the end of the period of cell proliferation. We show that the late onset of neurogenesis has a profound effect on the developmental patterning of the pigeon retina, which is at odds with the current models of retina development. The uncoupling of tissue growth and neurogenesis is shown to result from the fact that the pigeon retinal epithelium is inhibitory to cell differentiation. The sum of these developmental features allows the pigeon to build a retina that displays the structural and functional traits typical of primate macula and fovea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rodrigues
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Michal Krawczyk
- Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Lidia Matter-Sadzinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Matter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Chrenek MA, Nickerson JM, Boatright JH. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats: Challenges in Treating Retinal Disease. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:304-8. [PMID: 27488072 PMCID: PMC4975549 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic researchers and clinicians arguably have led the way for safe, effective gene therapy, most notably with adeno-associated viral gene supplementation in the treatment for patients with Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 with mutations in the RPE65 gene. These successes notwithstanding, most other genetic retinal disease will be refractory to supplementation. The ideal gene therapy approach would correct gene mutations to restore normal function in the affected cells. Gene editing in which a mutant allele is inactivated or converted to sequence that restores normal function is hypothetically one such approach. Such editing involves site-specific digestion of mutant genomic DNA followed by repair. Previous experimental approaches were hampered by inaccurate and high rates of off-site lesioning and by overall low digestion rates. A new tool, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats coupled with the nuclease Cas9, may address both shortcomings. Some of the many challenges that must be addressed in moving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats coupled with the nuclease Cas9 therapies to the ophthalmic clinic are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A. Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John M. Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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Rutkowski P, May CA. Nutrition and Vascular Supply of Retinal Ganglion Cells during Human Development. Front Neurol 2016; 7:49. [PMID: 27092102 PMCID: PMC4823307 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the roles of the different vascular beds nourishing the inner retina [retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)] during normal development of the human eye, using our own tissue specimens to support our conclusions. METHODS An extensive search of the appropriate literature included PubMed, Google scholar, and numerous available textbooks. In addition, choroidal and retinal NADPH-diaphorase stained whole mount preparations were investigated. RESULTS The first critical interaction between vascular bed and RGC formation occurs in the sixth to eighth month of gestation leading to a massive reduction of RGCs mainly in the peripheral retina. The first 3 years of age are characterized by an intense growth of the eyeball to near adult size. In the adult eye, the influence of the choroid on inner retinal nutrition was determined by examining the peripheral retinal watershed zones in more detail. CONCLUSION This delicately balanced situation of RGC nutrition is described in the different regions of the eye, and a new graphic presentation is introduced to combine morphological measurements and clinical visual field data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Albrecht May
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Hendrickson A. Development of Retinal Layers in Prenatal Human Retina. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 161:29-35.e1. [PMID: 26410132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the developmental sequence of retinal layers to provide information on where in utero pathologic events might affect retinal development. DESIGN Qualitative and quantitative descriptive research. METHODS A histology collection of human eyes from fetal week (Fwk) 8 to postnatal (P) 10 weeks was analyzed. The length of the nasal and temporal retina was measured along the horizontal meridian in 20 eyes. The location of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL) was identified at each age, and its length measured. RESULTS The human eye retinal length increased from 5.19 mm at Fwk 8 to 20.92 mm at midgestation to 32.88 mm just after birth. The IPL appeared in the presumptive fovea at Fwk 8, reached the eccentricity of the optic nerve by Fwk 12, and was present to both nasal and temporal peripheral edges by Fwk 18-21. By contrast, the OPL developed slowly. A short OPL was first present in the Fwk 11 fovea and did not reach the eccentricity of the optic nerve until midgestation. The OPL reached the retinal edges by Fwk 30. Laminar development of both IPL and OPL occurred before vascular formation. CONCLUSIONS In human fetal retina, the IPL reached the far peripheral edge of the retina by midgestation and the OPL by late gestation. Only very early in utero events could affect IPL lamination in the central retina, but events occurring after Fwk 20 in the peripheral retina would overlap OPL laminar development in outer retina.
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King BA, Parra C, Li Y, Helton KJ, Qaddoumi I, Wilson MW, Ogg RJ. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Tumor Occurrence in Children with Intraocular Retinoblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132932. [PMID: 26230335 PMCID: PMC4521796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To accurately map the retinal area covered by tumor in a prospectively enrolled cohort of children diagnosed with retinoblastoma. METHODS Orbital MRI in 106 consecutive retinoblastoma patients (44 bilateral) was analyzed. For MRI-visible tumors, the polar angle and angle of eccentricity of points defining tumor perimeter on the retina were determined by triangulation from images in three orthogonal planes. The centroid of the mapped area was calculated to approximate tumor origin, and the location and cumulative tumor burden were analyzed in relation to mutation type (germline vs. somatic), tumor area, and patient age at diagnosis. Location of small tumors undetected by MRI was approximated with fundoscopic images. RESULTS Mapping was successful for 129 tumors in 91 eyes from 67 patients (39 bilateral, 43 germline mutation). Cumulative tumor burden was highest within the macula and posterior pole and was asymmetrically higher within the inferonasal periphery. Tumor incidence was lowest in the superotemporal periphery. Tumor location varied with age at diagnosis in a complex pattern. Tumor location was concentrated in the macula and superonasal periphery in patients <5.6 months, in the inferotemporal quadrant of the posterior pole in patients 5.6-8.8 months, in the inferonasal quadrant in patients 8.8-13.2 months, and in the nasal and superotemporal periphery in patients >13.2 months. The distribution of MRI-invisible tumors was consistent with the asymmetry of mapped tumors. CONCLUSIONS MRI-based mapping revealed a previously unrecognized pattern of retinoblastoma localization that evolves with age at diagnosis. The structured spatiotemporal distribution of tumors may provide valuable clues about cellular or molecular events associated with tumorigenesis in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carlos Parra
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kathleen J. Helton
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Qaddoumi
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Ogg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Åkerblom H, Andreasson S, Larsson E, Holmström G. Photoreceptor Function in School-Aged Children is Affected by Preterm Birth. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 25674356 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prematurely born children have affected visual functions at school age. Optical coherent tomography (OCT) has shown morphological changes in the retina, suggesting a disturbance in normal retinal development in these children. The aim of this study was to examine retinal function with fullfield electroretinogram (ffERG) in school-aged children born prematurely and compare with children born at term. A second aim was to correlate retinal function with visual acuity (VA), gestational age (GA), birth weight, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS The study group consisted of 35 former preterm children born before GA of 32 weeks. A group of 42 children born at term acted as controls. All children were between 5- and 18-years old. FfERG was performed in both eyes. Best-corrected VA and refraction in cycloplegia was determined. RESULTS The a-wave of the combined rod/cone responses was significantly reduced in the prematurely-born children compared with children born at term. There was a correlation between reduced a-wave amplitude in the combined rod/cone response and ROP and GA at birth. CONCLUSION Function of photoreceptors was affected in prematurely born children, possibly also in children without previous ROP. Whether immaturity per se affects the retinal function remains to be elucidated. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The present study illustrates that electrophysiological studies of the retinal function can help us understand visual dysfunctions in prematurely born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Åkerblom
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Araki S, Miki A, Yamashita T, Goto K, Haruishi K, Ieki Y, Kiryu J. A comparison between amblyopic and fellow eyes in unilateral amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:2199-207. [PMID: 25404852 PMCID: PMC4230232 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s69501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the macular retinal thickness and characteristics of optic nerve head (ONH) parameters in amblyopic and fellow eyes in patients with unilateral amblyopia. Patients and methods A total of 21 patients with unilateral amblyopia (14 patients with anisometropic amblyopia, four patients with strabismic amblyopia, and three patients with both) were examined using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The mean age of the patients was 8.5±3.5 years. The examined parameters included the mean macular (full, inner, and outer), ganglion cell complex and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thicknesses, and ONH parameters (rim volume, nerve head volume, cup volume, rim area, optic disc area, cup area, and cup-to-disc area ratio). Results The amblyopic eyes were significantly more hyperopic than the fellow eyes (P<0.001). Among the macular retinal thickness parameters, the cpRNFL thickness (P<0.01), macular full retinal thickness (3 mm region) (P<0.01), and macular outer retinal thickness (1 and 3 mm regions) (P<0.05) were significantly thicker in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow eyes, while the ganglion cell complex thickness, macular full retinal thickness (1 mm region), and macular inner retinal thickness (1 and 3 mm regions) were not significantly different. Among the ONH parameters, the rim area was significantly larger and the cup-to-disc area ratio was smaller in the amblyopic eyes than in the fellow eyes (P<0.05). None of the other ONH parameters were significantly different between the investigated eyes. The differences in the cpRNFL thickness and macular outer retinal thickness in the 1 mm region were significantly correlated with the difference in axial length (P<0.05, r=−0.48; P<0.01, r=−0.59, respectively) and refractive error (P<0.05, r=0.50; P<0.01, r=0.60, respectively). The other parameters were not significantly related to the difference in axial length, refractive error, or best corrected visual acuity. Conclusion We found significant differences in some of the morphological measurements between amblyopic and fellow eyes that appear to be independent of abnormalities in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan ; Department of Sensory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Haruishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ieki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Junichi Kiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Pacal M, Bremner R. Induction of the ganglion cell differentiation program in human retinal progenitors before cell cycle exit. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:712-29. [PMID: 24339342 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the disease relevance, understanding of human retinal development lags behind that of other species. We compared the kinetics of gene silencing or induction during ganglion cell development in human and murine retina. RESULTS Induction of POU4F2 (BRN3B) marks ganglion cell commitment, and we detected this factor in S-phase progenitors that had already silenced Cyclin D1 and VSX2 (CHX10). This feature was conserved in human and mouse retina, and the fraction of Pou4f2+ murine progenitors labeled with a 30 min pulse of BrdU matched the fraction of ganglion cells predicted to be born in a half-hour period. Additional analysis of 18 markers revealed many with conserved kinetics, such as the POU4F2 pattern above, as well as the surprising maintenance of "cell cycle" proteins KI67, PCNA, and MCM6 well after terminal mitosis. However, four proteins (TUBB3, MTAP1B, UCHL1, and RBFOX3) showed considerably delayed induction in human relative to mouse retina, and two proteins (ISL1, CALB2) showed opposite kinetics, appearing on either side of terminal mitosis depending on the species. CONCLUSION With some notable exceptions, human and murine ganglion cell differentiation show similar kinetics, and the data add weight to prior studies supporting the existence of biased ganglion cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pacal
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gregory-Evans CY, Gregory-Evans K. Foveal hypoplasia: the case for arrested development. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Imaging of the Macula Indicates Early Completion of Structural Deficit in Autosomal-Dominant Optic Atrophy. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2672-2677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Effects of prematurity on the development of contrast sensitivity: testing the visual experience hypothesis. Vision Res 2013; 82:31-41. [PMID: 23485427 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of visual experience on early visual development, the current study compared contrast sensitivity across infants born with different degrees of moderate-to-late prematurity. Here the logic is that at any given postterm age, the most premature infants will have the oldest postnatal age. Given that postnatal age is a proxy for visual experience, the visual experience hypothesis predicts that infants who are more premature, yet healthy, should have higher sensitivity. Luminance (light/dark) and chromatic (red/green) contrast sensitivities (CS) were measured in 236 healthy infants (born -10 to +2 weeks relative to due date) between 5 and 32 weeks postterm age from due date and 8-38 weeks postnatal from birth date. For chromatic CS, we found clear evidence that infants who were most premature within our sample had the highest sensitivity. Specifically, 4-10 additional weeks of visual experience, by virtue of being born early, enhanced chromatic CS. For luminance CS, similar but weaker results were seen. Here, only infants with an additional 6-10 weeks of visual experience, and only at later age points in development, showed enhanced sensitivity. However, CS in preterm infants was still below that of fullterm infants with equivalent postnatal age. In sum, these results suggest that chromatic CS is influenced more by prematurity (and possibly visual experience) than luminance CS, which has implications for differential development of parvocellular and magnocellular pathways.
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Wu SQ, Zhu LW, Xu QB, Xu JL, Zhang Y. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:85-9. [PMID: 23550031 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.01.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness in the amblyopic eye with that in the sound eye of children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS A prospective, nonrandom, intraindividual comparative cohort study includes 72 children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia in a single center. Macular thickness, macular foveola thickness, and peripapillary RNFL thickness were compared between the amblyopia eyes and the contralateral sound eyes. RESULTS There were 38 male and 34 female patients, with a mean age as 9.7±1.9 years (range, 5-16 years). Hyperopic was +3.62±1.16D (range +2.00D to +6.50D) in the amblyopic eyes, which was significantly higher in the control eyes with +0.76±0.90D (range 0D to +2.00D) (P < 0.01). The mean peripapillary RNFL thickness was 113.9±7.2µm and 109.2±6.9µm in the amblyopic eye and the normal eye, respectively, reaching statistical significance (P = 0.02). The mean macular foveola thickness was significantly thicker in the amblyopic eyes than the contralateral sound eyes (181.4±14.2µm vs 175.2±13.3µm, P < 0.01), but the 1mm, 3mm or 6mm macular thickness central macular thickness was not significantly different. Degree of anisometropia in the contralateral eyes was not significantly correlated with differences of peripapillary RNFL, macular foveola thickness or central macular thickness. CONCLUSION Eyes with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia are found thicker macular foveola and peripapillary RNFL than the contralateral eyes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Road East, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Abramson DH, Francis JH, Dunkel IJ, Marr BP, Brodie SE, Gobin YP. Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for retinoblastoma prevents new intraocular tumors. Ophthalmology 2012. [PMID: 23177361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and timing of new intraocular tumor foci in genetic retinoblastoma cases after treatment with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC). DESIGN Single-center retrospective review of all genetic retinoblastoma cases managed at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center/Weil-Cornell Medical School since May 2006. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-one patients (80 with bilateral disease and 1 with unilateral disease with a family history) with genetic retinoblastoma, with a total of 116 eyes treated with OAC since May 2006. METHODS Retrospective, single-institution review of patients with bilateral retinoblastoma and unilateral retinoblastoma with a positive family history. New tumors were assessed by clinical notes, retinal drawings, and RetCam digital imaging (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, CA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES New intraocular retinoblastoma tumors after treatment with OAC. RESULTS Forty-one eyes were treated primarily with OAC (treatment-naïve group) and 75 eyes were treated with OAC after prior treatment with systemic chemotherapy, external beam radiation, or both and focal techniques. Of the 41 treatment-naïve eyes, a new intraocular tumor (one focus) subsequently developed in 1 eye. Of the 75 previously treated eyes, new tumors (single focus in each eye) subsequently developed in 6 eyes. CONCLUSIONS Eyes receiving OAC demonstrate fewer new intraocular retinoblastomas after radiation or systemic chemotherapy than has been reported in the literature. This suggests that ophthalmoscopically undetectable tumors are present at the initial diagnosis and effectively are eliminated as a result of OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Abramson
- Department of Ophthalmology at Weill-Cornell Medical School, New York, New York; Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Jasmine H Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Pediatrics, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian P Marr
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott E Brodie
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Y Pierre Gobin
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Radiology at Weill-Cornell Medical, New York, New York
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