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Vinicius Alves T, Peris E, Fernández I. A Deeper Insight into the Supramolecular Activation of Oxidative Addition Reactions Involving Pincer-Rhodium(I) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400022. [PMID: 38269625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The factors governing the acceleration of the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to pincer rhodium(I)-complexes induced by coronene have been computationally explored in detail using quantum chemical methods. Both the parent reaction and the coronene-mediated process proceed via a stepwise SN2-type mechanism. It is found that the acceleration of the process derives from the formation of an initial supramolecular complex, mainly stabilized by electrostatic and π-π interactions, which significantly increases the electron richness of the complex. The impact of this effect on the reaction barrier has been quantitatively analyzed by applying the activation strain model in combination with the energy decomposition analysis method. In addition, the influence of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidative reaction has been also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vinicius Alves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, 40170-115-, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071-, Castellón, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Feng H, Li R, Wu Y, Liu X. Computational Insights into S N 2 and Proton Transfer Reactions of CH 3 O - with NH 2 Y and CH 3 Y. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300525. [PMID: 37905393 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN 2) reactions have been extensively studied in both theory and experiment. While research on C-centered SN 2 reactions (SN 2@C) has been ongoing, SN 2 reactions at neutral nitrogen (SN 2@N) have received increased attention in recent years. To recommend methods for dynamics simulations, the comparison for the properties of the geometries, vibrational frequencies, and energies is done between MP2 and six DFT functional calculations and experimental data as well as the high-level CCSD(T) method for CH3 O- +NH2 Cl/CH3 Cl reactions. The relative energy diagrams at the M06 method for CH3 O- with CH3 Y/NH2 Y reactions (Y=F, Cl, Br, I) in the gas and solution phase are explored to investigate the effects of the leaving groups, different reaction centers, and solvents. We mainly focus on the computational of inv-SN 2 and proton transfer (PT) pathways. The PT channel in the gas phase is more competitive than the SN 2 channel for N-center reactions, while the opposite is observed for C-centered reactions. Solvation completely inhibits the PT channel, making SN 2 the dominant pathway. Our study provides new insight into the SN 2 reaction mechanisms and rich the novel reaction model in gas-phase organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Feng
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
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3
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Ni S, Meng TT, Huang GQ, Tang YZ, Bai FY, Zhao Z. Roles of Amides on the Formation of Atmospheric HONO and the Nucleation of Nitric Acid Hydrates. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37311006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is hazardous to the human respiratory system, and the hydrolysis of NO2 is the source of HONO. Hence, the investigation on the removal and transformation of HONO is urgently established. The effects of amide on the mechanism and kinetics of the formation of HONO with acetamide, formamide, methylformamide, urea, and its clusters of the catalyst were studied theoretically. The results show that amide and its small clusters reduce the energy barrier, the substituent improves the catalytic efficiency, and the catalytic effect order is dimer > monohydrate > monomer. Meanwhile, the clusters composed of nitric acid (HNO3), amides, and 1-6 water molecules were investigated in the amide-assisted nitrogen dioxide (NO2) hydrolysis reaction after HONO decomposes by combining the system sampling technique and density functional theory. The study on thermodynamics, intermolecular forces, optics properties of the clusters, as well as the influence of humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and altitude shows that amide molecules promote the clustering and enhance the optical properties. The substituent facilitates the clustering of amide and nitric acid hydrate and lowers the humidity sensitivity of the clusters. The findings will help to control the atmospheric aerosol particle and then reduce the harm of poisonous organic chemicals on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ni
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Guo-Qing Huang
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Tang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Feng-Yang Bai
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Chang Ping, Beijing 102249, China
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4
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Ito T, Harada S, Homma H, Okabe A, Nemoto T. Mechanistic Investigation on Dearomative Spirocyclization of Arenes with α-Diazoamide under Boron Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Haruka Homma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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5
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Hansen T, Sun X, Dalla Tiezza M, van Zeist W, van Stralen JNP, Geerke DP, Wolters LP, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. C−X Bond Activation by Palladium: Steric Shielding versus Steric Attraction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201093. [PMID: 35420229 PMCID: PMC9401605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The C−X bond activation (X = H, C) of a series of substituted C(n°)−H and C(n°)−C(m°) bonds with C(n°) and C(m°) = H3C− (methyl, 0°), CH3H2C− (primary, 1°), (CH3)2HC− (secondary, 2°), (CH3)3C− (tertiary, 3°) by palladium were investigated using relativistic dispersion‐corrected density functional theory at ZORA‐BLYP‐D3(BJ)/TZ2P. The effect of the stepwise introduction of substituents was pinpointed at the C−X bond on the bond activation process. The C(n°)−X bonds become substantially weaker going from C(0°)−X, to C(1°)−X, to C(2°)−X, to C(3°)−X because of the increasing steric repulsion between the C(n°)‐ and X‐group. Interestingly, this often does not lead to a lower barrier for the C(n°)−X bond activation. The C−H activation barrier, for example, decreases from C(0°)−X, to C(1°)−X, to C(2°)−X and then increases again for the very crowded C(3°)−X bond. For the more congested C−C bond, in contrast, the activation barrier always increases as the degree of substitution is increased. Our activation strain and matching energy decomposition analyses reveal that these differences in C−H and C−C bond activation can be traced back to the opposing interplay between steric repulsion across the C−X bond versus that between the catalyst and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Willem‐Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. P. van Stralen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daan P. Geerke
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lando P. Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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6
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Wang S, Ma P, Shaik S, Chen H. Valence-Inverted States of Nickel(II) Complexes Perform Facile C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14607-14613. [PMID: 35925767 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Valence-inverted reactivity (VIR) is discovered here through high-level computations of excited states of Ni(II) complexes that are generated by triplet energy transfer. For example, the so-generated 3[(Ar)(bpy)NiII(Br)] species possesses a valence-inverted occupancy, dxy1dxz1dx2-y22, wherein the uppermost dx2-y2 orbital is metal-ligand antibonding. This state promotes C-H bond activation of THF and its cross-coupling to the aryl ligand. Thus, due to the metal-ligand antibonding character of dx2-y2, the dxy1dx2-y22 subshell opens a Ni-coordination site by shifting the bidentate bipyridine ligand to monodentate plus a dangling pyridine. The tricoordinate Ni(II) intermediate inserts into a C-H bond of THF, transfers a proton to the dangling pyridine moiety, and eventually generates an arylated THF by reductive-coupling. The calculated high kinetic isotope effect is in accord with experiment, both revealing C-H activation. The VIR pattern is novel, its cross-coupling reaction is highly useful, and it is generally expected to occur in other d8 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190400 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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7
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Hansen T, Sun X, Dalla Tiezza M, van Zeist WJ, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. C(spn)-X (n = 1-3) Bond Activation by Palladium. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103953. [PMID: 34958486 PMCID: PMC9306469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the palladium-mediated activation of C( sp n )-X bonds (n = 1-3 and X = H, CH 3 , Cl) in archetypal model substrates H 3 C-CH 2 -X, H 2 C=CH-X and HC≡C-X by catalysts PdL n with L n = no ligand, Cl - , and (PH 3 ) 2 , using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P. The oxidative addition barrier decreases along this series, even though the strength of the bonds increases going from C( sp 3 )-X, to C( sp 2 )-X, to C( sp )-X. Activation strain and matching energy decomposition analyses reveal that the decreased oxidative addition barrier going from sp 3 to sp 2 to sp , originates from a reduction in the destabilizing steric (Pauli) repulsion between catalyst and substrate. This is the direct consequence of the decreasing coordination number of the carbon atom in C( sp n )-X, which goes from four, to three, to two along this series. The associated net stabilization of the catalyst-substrate interaction dominates the trend in strain energy which indeed becomes more destabilizing along this same series as the bond becomes stronger from C( sp 3 )-X to C( sp )-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Theoretical Chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Theoretical Chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | | | | | - Jordi Poater
- University of Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Inorganic and organic chemistry, SPAIN
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
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8
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Pablo Martínez J, Solà M, Poater A. Predictive Catalysis in Olefin Metathesis with Ru-based Catalysts with Annulated C 60 Fullerenes in the N-heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:18074-18083. [PMID: 34523164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Predictive catalysis must be the tool that does not replace experiments, but acts as a selective agent, so that synthetic strategies of maximum profitability are used in the laboratory in a surgical way. Here, nanotechnology has been used in olefin metathesis from homogeneous Ru-NHC catalysts, specifically annulating a C60 fullerene to the NHC ligand. Based on results with the C60 in the backbone, a sterile change with respect to the catalysis of the metal center, an attempt has been made to bring C60 closer to the metal, by attaching it to one of the two C-N bonds of the imidazole group of the SIMes (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) ligand (reference NHC ligand of the 2nd generation Grubbs catalysts) to increase the steric pressure of C60 in the first sphere of reactivity of the metal. The DFT calculated thermodynamics and the kinetics of SIMes-derived systems show that they are efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
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9
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Lan Z, Mallikarjun Sharada S. A framework for constructing linear free energy relationships to design molecular transition metal catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15543-15556. [PMID: 34254089 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A computational framework for ligand-driven design of transition metal complexes is presented in this work. We propose a general procedure for the construction of active site-specific linear free energy relationships (LFERs), which are inspired from Hammett and Taft correlations in organic chemistry and grounded in the activation strain model (ASM). Ligand effects are isolated and quantified in terms of their contribution to interaction and strain energy components of ASM. Scalar descriptors that are easily obtainable are then employed to construct the complete LFER. We successfully demonstrate proof-of-concept by constructing and applying an LFER to CH activation with enzyme-inspired [Cu2O2]2+ complexes. The key benefit of using ASM is a built-in compensation or error cancellation between LFER prediction of interaction and strain terms, resulting in accurate barrier predictions for 37 of the 47 catalysts examined in this study. The LFER is also transferable with respect to level of theory and flexible towards the choice of reference system. The absence of interaction-strain compensation or poor model performance for the remaining systems is a consequence of the approximate nature of the chosen interaction energy descriptor and LFER construction of the strain term, which focuses largely on trends in substrate and not catalyst strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhuo Lan
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Velasco-Juárez E, Arpa EM. A novel partitioning scheme for the application of the distortion/interaction - activation strain model to intramolecular reactions. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe distortion/interaction or activation strain model, developed by Houk and Bickelhaupt, relates chemical reactivity to the reagents deformations and reciprocal electronic influences. However, in its original formulation, it struggles to elucidate the mechanistic insights of intramolecular reactions, those unimolecular processes in which two parts of a molecule, the reaction centers, linked by a connector, are brought together to yield a different chemical species. Here we present a modification of the distortion/interaction procedure for its application on intramolecular reactions. This new procedure allows the calculation of the influence exerted by the connector over the reaction pathway in an indirect way, from the distortions of the two reaction centers and their interaction energy. This procedure does not include additional, undesired interactions and offers the possibility of calculating very large connectors in a computationally inexpensive way. We applied this methodology in the normal electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction of 1,3,8-nonatriene derivatives, with different functionalizations and connector lengths. In-depth analysis of the IRC showed that the reaction pathway can be subdivided in three main regions, what we called the oncoming, conversion and relaxation phases, each of them characterized by different evolutions of the distortion and interaction energies, and with clear geometry changes. We suggest that this new formulation can provide additional information for intramolecular reactions, especially to those processes for which the connector is said to play a crucial role in the observed reaction rates.
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11
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Raychaudhuri D, Gopakumar G, Nagarajan S, Brahmmananda Rao CVS. On the Nature of the Carbonyl versus Phosphoryl Binding in Uranyl Nitrate Complexes†. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7805-7815. [PMID: 32856911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of ligands with phosphoryl and carbonyl binding sites and their complexation behavior with uranyl nitrate were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The quantum chemical calculations indicate that the electronic charges on both phosphoryl and carbonyl groups are more polarized toward oxygen atoms in isolated ligands. This effect is predominant in the case of complexes of the former. Both P═O and C═O groups are positively charged with the exception in methylisobutylketone (MIBK), where the C=O group is virtually neutral. The fragment molecular orbital analysis suggests that during complexation, a certain amount of charge transfer occurs from the filled pπ-orbitals [πx(CO/PO) and πy(CO/PO)] of the ligand to 5f, 6d, and 7s orbitals of the uranium atom (fσ* and dsσ*). The NBO analysis reaffirms the charge transfer mechanism. The observed red shift in ν(C═O) and ν(P═O) identified in the simulated infrared spectrum of the corresponding complexes implies a moderate weakening of both carbonyl and phosphoryl bonds upon complexation. The atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis suggests a stronger phosphoryl binding compared to carbonyl interactions and an ionic U-O bond. The estimated complexation energies are considerable for phosphoryl ligands compared to those of the carbonyl analogue, with a reasonably large value derived for tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). The energy decomposition analysis marked significant stabilizing orbital interactions for phosphoryl ligands. The contributions of estimated dispersion energies are considerable in all complexes and extensively depend on the alkyl unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Raychaudhuri
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | | | - Sivaraman Nagarajan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Cherukuri Venkata Siva Brahmmananda Rao
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
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12
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Ueda J, Harada S, Kanda A, Nakayama H, Nemoto T. Silver-Catalyzed, Chemo- and Enantioselective Intramolecular Dearomatization of Indoles to Access Sterically Congested Azaspiro Frameworks. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10934-10950. [PMID: 32692554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric dearomatization of indoles bearing α-diazoacetamide functionalities was developed for synthesizing high-value spiro scaffolds. A silver phosphate chemoselectively catalyzed the sterically challenging dearomatization, whereas more typically used metal catalysts for carbene transfer reactions, such as a rhodium complex, were not effective and instead resulted in a Büchner ring expansion or cyclopropanation. Mechanistic studies indicated that the spirocyclization occurred through a silver-assisted asynchronous concerted process and not via a silver-carbene intermediate. Analyses based on natural bond orbital population and a distortion/interaction model indicated that the degree of C-Ag mutual interaction is crucial for achieving a high level of enantiocontrol. In addition, an oxidative disconnection of a C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond in the product provided unconventional access to the corresponding chiral spirooxindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kanda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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13
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Luo J, Zhang C, Su F, Zhang B, Jia F. Mechanism and Origins of Regio- and Mono/Di-Selectivity in Rh(III)-Catalyzed meta
-C-H Alkenylation with Alkynes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; North Sichuan Medical College; No. 55 Dongshun Road, Gaoping District Nanchong China
| | - Chenhua Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; North Sichuan Medical College; No. 55 Dongshun Road, Gaoping District Nanchong China
| | - Fengfa Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; North Sichuan Medical College; No. 55 Dongshun Road, Gaoping District Nanchong China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; North Sichuan Medical College; No. 55 Dongshun Road, Gaoping District Nanchong China
| | - Feiyun Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; North Sichuan Medical College; No. 55 Dongshun Road, Gaoping District Nanchong China
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14
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Fernández I. A Quantitative Approach to Understanding Reactivity in Organometallic Chemistry. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Sun X, Soini TM, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. PyFrag 2019-Automating the exploration and analysis of reaction mechanisms. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2227-2233. [PMID: 31165500 PMCID: PMC6771738 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a substantial update to the PyFrag 2008 program, which was originally designed to perform a fragment-based activation strain analysis along a provided potential energy surface. The original PyFrag 2008 workflow facilitated the characterization of reaction mechanisms in terms of the intrinsic properties, such as strain and interaction, of the reactants. The new PyFrag 2019 program has automated and reduced the time-consuming and laborious task of setting up, running, analyzing, and visualizing computational data from reaction mechanism studies to a single job. PyFrag 2019 resolves three main challenges associated with the automated computational exploration of reaction mechanisms: it (1) computes the reaction path by carrying out multiple parallel calculations using initial coordinates provided by the user; (2) monitors the entire workflow process; and (3) tabulates and visualizes the final data in a clear way. The activation strain and canonical energy decomposition results that are generated relate the characteristics of the reaction profile in terms of intrinsic properties (strain, interaction, orbital overlaps, orbital energies, populations) of the reactant species. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Thomas M. Soini
- Software for Chemistry & Materials B.V.De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegenNetherlands
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16
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Derricotte WD. Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory Decomposition of the Reaction Force: Insights into Substituent Effects Involved in Hemiacetal Formation Mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7881-7891. [PMID: 31429558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition of the reaction force based on symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) has been proposed. This approach was used to investigate the substituent effects along the reaction coordinate pathway for the hemiacetal formation mechanism between methanol and substituted aldehydes of the form CX3CHO (X = H, F, Cl, and Br), providing a quantitative evaluation of the reaction-driving and reaction-retarding force components. Our results highlight the importance of more favorable electrostatic and induction effects in the reactions involving halogenated aldehydes that leads to lower activation energy barriers. These substituent effects are further elucidated by applying the functional-group partition of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (F-SAPT). The results show that the reaction is largely driven by favorable direct noncovalent interactions between the CX3 group on the aldehyde and the OH group on methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace D Derricotte
- Department of Chemistry , Morehouse College , Atlanta , Georgia 30314 , United States
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17
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Exploring the reactivity of carbene supported diboraanthracene towards dihydrogen activation. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Zhu Z, Liu Y, Ju Z, Luo J, Sheng O, Nai J, Liu T, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Tao X. Synthesis of Diverse Green Carbon Nanomaterials through Fully Utilizing Biomass Carbon Source Assisted by KOH. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24205-24211. [PMID: 31250624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With multiple properties, green carbon nanomaterials with high specific surface area have become extensively attractive as energy storage devices with environmental-friendly features. The primary synthesis attempts were based on alkalis activation, which, however, faced the dilemma of low utilization rate of carbon sources. Herein, the green carbon with ultrahigh surface area (up to 3560 m2/g) was prepared by the KOH-assisted biomass carbonization. Moreover, the redundant K2O steam and CxHy flow were further utilized; as a result, the carbon materials with a wide range of morphological diversity were collected on the Cu foam. Accordingly, we carried out density functional theory simulations to reveal the mechanism of O-adatom-promoted CH4 dissociation over the Cu surface for carbon formation. The electrodes of electrochemical capacitor fabricated by carbon synthesis possess a 170% higher specific capacitance compared with commercial carbon electrodes. As such, this strategy might be promising in developing hierarchical carbons along with sufficient carbon sources for broadening their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Yujing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Zhijin Ju
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Ouwei Sheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Nai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Yangxin Zhou
- Zhejiang Energy Group Research Institute , Hangzhou 310007 , P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P. R. China
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19
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Sun X, J. Rocha MV, Hamlin TA, Poater J, Bickelhaupt FM. Understanding the differences between iron and palladium in cross-coupling reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9651-9664. [PMID: 30847454 PMCID: PMC8610147 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We aim at developing design principles, based on quantum chemical analyses, for a novel type of iron-based catalysts that mimic the behavior of their well-known palladium analogs in the bond activation step of cross coupling reactions. To this end, we have systematically explored C-X bond activation via oxidative addition of CH3X substrates (X = H, Cl, CH3) to model catalysts mFe(CO)4q (q = 0, -2; m = singlet, triplet) and, for comparison, Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2, using relativistic density functional theory at the ZORA-OPBE/TZ2P level. We find that the neutral singlet iron catalyst 1Fe(CO)4 activates all three C-X bonds via barriers that are lower than those for Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2. This is a direct consequence of the capability of the iron complex to engage not only in π-backdonation, but also in comparably strong σ-donation. Interestingly, whereas the palladium complexes favor C-Cl activation, 1Fe(CO)4 shows a strong preference for activating the C-H bond, with a barrier as low as 10.4 kcal mol-1. Our results suggest a high potential for iron to feature in palladium-type cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus V. J. Rocha
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry – Departament of Physical Chemistry, Fluminense Federal UniversityOuteiro De São João Baptista24020-141 NiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010 BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenThe Netherlands
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20
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Rohman SS, Kashyap C, Ullah SS, Guha AK. Designing metal-free frustrated Lewis pairs for dihydrogen activation based on a carbene–borane system. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Vogiatzis KD, Polynski MV, Kirkland JK, Townsend J, Hashemi A, Liu C, Pidko EA. Computational Approach to Molecular Catalysis by 3d Transition Metals: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2453-2523. [PMID: 30376310 PMCID: PMC6396130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry provides a versatile toolbox for studying mechanistic details of catalytic reactions and holds promise to deliver practical strategies to enable the rational in silico catalyst design. The versatile reactivity and nontrivial electronic structure effects, common for systems based on 3d transition metals, introduce additional complexity that may represent a particular challenge to the standard computational strategies. In this review, we discuss the challenges and capabilities of modern electronic structure methods for studying the reaction mechanisms promoted by 3d transition metal molecular catalysts. Particular focus will be placed on the ways of addressing the multiconfigurational problem in electronic structure calculations and the role of expert bias in the practical utilization of the available methods. The development of density functionals designed to address transition metals is also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the methods that account for solvation effects and the multicomponent nature of practical catalytic systems. This is followed by an overview of recent computational studies addressing the mechanistic complexity of catalytic processes by molecular catalysts based on 3d metals. Cases that involve noninnocent ligands, multicomponent reaction systems, metal-ligand and metal-metal cooperativity, as well as modeling complex catalytic systems such as metal-organic frameworks are presented. Conventionally, computational studies on catalytic mechanisms are heavily dependent on the chemical intuition and expert input of the researcher. Recent developments in advanced automated methods for reaction path analysis hold promise for eliminating such human-bias from computational catalysis studies. A brief overview of these approaches is presented in the final section of the review. The paper is closed with general concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin K. Kirkland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Townsend
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chong Liu
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- TheoMAT
group, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg 191002, Russia
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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22
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Kashihara M, Zhong RL, Semba K, Sakaki S, Nakao Y. Pd/NHC-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of nitroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9291-9294. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands effective for the cross-coupling of nitroarenes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myuto Kashihara
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Rong-Lin Zhong
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Semba
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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23
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Yuan H, Zhu L, Li W, Zhang J. Mechanistic insight on water and substrate catalyzed the synthesis of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)isoindolin-1-one: Driving by noncovalent interactions. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:2316-2323. [PMID: 30284296 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the synthesis of 2-substituted-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-isoindolin-1-one derivatives have been investigated theoretically under unassisted, self-assisted, and water-assisted conditions. Being different from previously proposed catalyst-free by Hu et al., our results show that the title mechanism can be altered and accelerated by solvent and substrate 2. Two types of mechanisms have been developed by DFT calculations differ in the reaction sequence of substrates 1 with 3 (M1) or 2 (M2) followed by 2 (M1) or 3 (M2), and water-assisted M1 is the most favored one. It was found that the nucleophilicity of substrate 3 is stronger than that of 2. Our calculations suggest that the water-assisted pathway in M1 is the most favorable case, which undergoes nucleophilic addition and H-shift, C-N bond formation and water elimination, and intramolecular cyclization and water elimination. The rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack process. Moreover, we also explored the effect of nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen of (4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine on hydroxyl or carbonyl group carbon of phthalaldehydic acid on the activation energy. More importantly, we found that water molecules play a critical role in the whole reaction, not only act as solvent but also as an efficient catalyst, proton shuttle, and stabilizer to stabilize the structures of transition states and intermediates via π···H-O, O···H-N, O···H-C, and O···H-O interactions. The origin of the different reactivity of M1 and M2 is ascribed to the pivotal noncovalent interactions exist between catalyst (water and substrate 2) and reactants. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yuan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Lihan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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24
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Yuan R, Xu S, Fu G. Mechanisms of CO 2 Incorporation into Propargylic Amine Catalyzed by Ag(I)/Amine Catalysts. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11896-11904. [PMID: 30189725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are carried out to explore the detail mechanisms of CO2 incorporation into propargylic amine catalyzed by Ag(I)/amine catalysts. Our calculations reveal that the whole reaction involves Lewis acid catalysis and Lewis base catalysis stages, and the outcomes of this reaction critically depend on the basicity of amine. A weaker base (i.e., DABCO) makes the Ag center more acidic, thus favoring the Lewis acid catalysis, resulting in benzoxazin-2-one. However, the following rearrangement of benzoxazin-2-one requires a stronger base (i.e., DBU) to stabilize its deprotonated form. Thus, the product selectivity could be subtly tuned by the choice of amine and the condition control, consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers, and Esters, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers, and Esters, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers, and Esters, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
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25
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Dalla Tiezza M, Bickelhaupt FM, Orian L. Group 9 Metallacyclopentadienes as Key Intermediates in [2+2+2] Alkyne Cyclotrimerizations. Insight from Activation Strain Analyses. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1766-1773. [PMID: 29635782 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular oxidative coupling converting a bis-acetylene complex of formula CpM (C2 H2 )2 (Cp=C5 H5- ; M=Co, Rh, Ir) into a 16-electron metallacycle is studied in silico. This reaction is paradigmatic in acetylene [2+2+2] cycloaddition to benzene catalyzed by CpM fragments, being the step with the highest activation energy, and thus affecting the whole catalysis. Our activation strain and quantitative molecular orbital (MO) analyses elucidate the mechanistic details and reveal why cobalt performs better than rhodium and iridium catalysts outlining general principles for rational design of catalysts to be used in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, J Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35129, Padova, Italy
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26
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Falivene L, Kozlov SM, Cavallo L. Constructing Bridges between Computational Tools in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergey M. Kozlov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Alkorta I, Thacker JCR, Popelier PLA. An interacting quantum atom study of model S N 2 reactions (X - ···CH 3 X, X = F, Cl, Br, and I). J Comput Chem 2018; 39:546-556. [PMID: 29125196 PMCID: PMC5836863 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The quantum chemical topology method has been used to analyze the energetic profiles in the X- + CH3 X → XCH3 + X- SN 2 reactions, with X = F, Cl, Br, and I. The evolution of the electron density properties at the BCPs along the reaction coordinate has been analysed. The interacting quantum atoms (IQA) method has been used to evaluate the intra-atomic and interatomic energy variations along the reaction path. The different energetic terms have been examined by the relative energy gradient method and the ANANKE program, which enables automatic and unbiased IQA analysis. Four of the six most important IQA energy contributions were needed to reproduce the reaction barrier common to all reactions. The four reactions considered share many common characteristics but when X = F a number of particularities occur. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3Madrid28006Spain
| | - Joseph C. R. Thacker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Great Britain, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLGreat Britain
| | - Paul L. A. Popelier
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Great Britain, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLGreat Britain
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28
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Laloo JZA, Rhyman L, Larrañaga O, Ramasami P, Bickelhaupt FM, de Cózar A. Ion-Pair S N 2 Reaction of OH - and CH 3 Cl: Activation Strain Analyses of Counterion and Solvent Effects. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1138-1147. [PMID: 29437289 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have theoretically studied the non-identity SN 2 reactions of Mn OH(n-1) +CH3 Cl (M+ =Li+ , Na+ , K+ , and MgCl+ ; n=0, 1) in the gas phase and in THF solution at the OLYP/6-31++G(d,p) level using polarizable continuum model (PCM) implicit solvation. We want to explore and understand the effect of the metal counterion M+ and solvation on the reaction profile and the stereoselectivity of these processes. To this end, we have explored the potential energy surfaces of the backside (SN 2-b) and frontside (SN 2-f) pathways. To explain the computed trends, we have carried out analyses with an extended activation strain model (ASM) of chemical reactivity that includes the treatment of solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Z A Laloo
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius.,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Olatz Larrañaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius.,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abel de Cózar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Hu XX, Liu JB, Wang LL, Huang F, Sun CZ, Chen DZ. The stabilizing effect of the transient imine directing group in the Pd(ii)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of free primary amines. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00094h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of the ligand ArQCHO reduces the distortion energies, and C(sp3)–H activation is conducted by an outer-sphere pivalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Hu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Jian-Biao Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Lu-Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Chuan-Zhi Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - De-Zhan Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
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30
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Talaga P, Brela MZ, Michalak A. ETS-NOCV decomposition of the reaction force for double-proton transfer in formamide-derived systems. J Mol Model 2017; 24:27. [PMID: 29273840 PMCID: PMC5741796 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the electronic-structure changes along IRC paths for double-proton-transfer reactions in the formamide dimer (R1), formamide–thioformamide system (R2), and the thioformamide dimer (R3) was performed based on the extended-transition-state natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) partitioning of the reaction force, considering the intra-fragments strain and the inter-fragments interaction terms, and further—the electrostatic, Pauli-repulsion and orbital interaction components, with the latter being decomposed into the NOCV components. Two methods of the system partitioning into the fragments were considered (‘reactant perspective’/bond-formation, ‘product perspective’ / bond-breaking). In agreement with previous studies, the results indicate that the major changes in the electronic structure occur in the transition state region; the bond-breaking processes are, however, initiated already in the reactant region, prior to entering the TS region. The electrostatic contributions were identified as the main factor responsible for the increase in the activation barrier in the order R1 < R2 < R3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Talaga
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Z Brela
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Michalak
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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31
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Skara G, De Vleeschouwer F, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Pinter B. Heterolytic Splitting of Molecular Hydrogen by Frustrated and Classical Lewis Pairs: A Unified Reactivity Concept. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16024. [PMID: 29167477 PMCID: PMC5700139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a set of state-of-the-art quantum chemical techniques we scrutinized the characteristically different reactivity of frustrated and classical Lewis pairs towards molecular hydrogen. The mechanisms and reaction profiles computed for the H2 splitting reaction of various Lewis pairs are in good agreement with the experimentally observed feasibility of H2 activation. More importantly, the analysis of activation parameters unambiguously revealed the existence of two reaction pathways through a low-energy and a high-energy transition state. An exhaustive scrutiny of these transition states, including their stability, geometry and electronic structure, reflects that the electronic rearrangement in low-energy transition states is fundamentally different from that of high-energy transition states. Our findings reveal that the widespread consensus mechanism of H2 splitting characterizes activation processes corresponding to high-energy transition states and, accordingly, is not operative for H2-activating systems. One of the criteria of H2-activation, actually, is the availability of a low-energy transition state that represents a different H2 splitting mechanism, in which the electrostatic field generated in the cavity of Lewis pair plays a critical role: to induce a strong polarization of H2 that facilities an efficient end-on acid-H2 interaction and to stabilize the charge separated "H+-H-" moiety in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Skara
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Zhao L, von Hopffgarten M, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Energy decomposition analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | | | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
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33
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Gani TZH, Kulik HJ. Unifying Exchange Sensitivity in Transition-Metal Spin-State Ordering and Catalysis through Bond Valence Metrics. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5443-5457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Z. H. Gani
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Ji CL, Hong X. Factors Controlling the Reactivity and Chemoselectivity of Resonance Destabilized Amides in Ni-Catalyzed Decarbonylative and Nondecarbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15522-15529. [PMID: 29017320 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Glutarimide amides have recently emerged as an exceptional group of compounds with unusually high reactivity in amide C-N bond activation. To understand the key factors that control the remarkable reactivity of these resonance destabilized amides, we explored the Ni-catalyzed decarbonylative and nondecarbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with N-glutarimide amides through density functional theory calculations. Two leading effects are responsible for the C-N cleavage activity of N-glutarimide amides, the coordinating N-substituents and the geometric twisting. The carbonyl substituent of the N-glutarimide amides provides crucial nickel-oxygen interaction, which essentially acts as a directing group to facilitate the formation of the reactive intermediate for the amide C-N bond cleavage. The geometric twisting weakens the resonance stability by removing the acyl-nitrogen conjugation, which lowers the energy penalty for the C-N bond stretch during oxidative addition. For the chemoselectivity of decarbonylation versus carbonyl retention, we found that the C-C reductive elimination for ketone formation is kinetically faster than that for biaryl formation, while ketone is thermodynamically less stable with respect to the decarbonylated biaryls. The computations also suggest that the nickel catalyst is able to promote the decarbonylation of biaryl ketones via an unexpected C-C bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Lei Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310027, China
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35
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Kaur N, Gupta S, Goel N. Enantioselective synthesis of sulfoxide using an SBA-15 supported vanadia catalyst: a computational elucidation using a QM/MM approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25059-25070. [PMID: 28879359 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metal catalyzed asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides is one of the prevailing strategies to produce enantiopure sulfoxides. Keeping in view the reported reactivity of peroxo vanadium complexes towards asymmetric oxidation reactions, this study explores the reactivity of vanadia represented as a VO4 cluster with CH3-S-Ph through DFT computations. The mechanism of the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with unsupported VO4 is thoroughly investigated. The chiral centre in the VO4 cluster is introduced by grafting it on an SBA-15 support and two conformers of the supported cluster are thus obtained. The study was extended to locate transition states for the reaction of each conformer with CH3-S-Ph. The large enantiomeric excess obtained from the energy difference of the transition states confirms the formation of enantiopure sulfoxide. Analysis of the computational results provides a rational explanation for the observed enantioselectivity, which is remarkable. The optical stability as well as asymmetry of chiral sulfoxides obtained by the current approach has been further confirmed by locating the planar transition state, through which conversion from one enantiomer to another takes place. The calculations suggest that transition between the two enantiomers of sulfoxide is hampered by sufficiently high inversion barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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36
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Vilhena FS, Bickelhaupt FM, Carneiro JWM. Regio- and Stereoselectivity in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: Activation Strain Analyses for Reactions of Hydrazoic Acid with Substituted Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Vilhena
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n 24020-141 Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - José W. M. Carneiro
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n 24020-141 Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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37
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Díaz S, Brela MZ, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Toro-Labbé A, Michalak A. ETS-NOCV Decomposition of the Reaction Force: The HCN/CNH Isomerization Reaction Assisted by Water. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:2076-2087. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 Krakow 30-060 Poland
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC); Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - Mateusz Z. Brela
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 Krakow 30-060 Poland
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC); Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC); Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 19 Freiburg 79104 Germany
| | - Artur Michalak
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 Krakow 30-060 Poland
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38
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Das Distortion/Interaction‐Activation‐Strain‐Modell zur Analyse von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry und Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry und Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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39
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10070-10086. [PMID: 28447369 PMCID: PMC5601271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 938] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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40
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Yu JL, Zhang SQ, Hong X. Mechanisms and Origins of Chemo- and Regioselectivities of Ru(II)-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C-H Alkenylation of Aryl Carboxylic Acids with Alkynes: A Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7224-7243. [PMID: 28498678 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and chemo- and regioselectivities of Ru(II)-catalyzed decarboxylative C-H alkenylation of aryl carboxylic acids with alkynes were investigated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The catalytic cycle involves sequential carboxylate-directed C-H activation, alkyne insertion, decarboxylation and protonation. The facile tether-assisted decarboxylation step directs the intermediate toward the desired decarboxylative alkenylation, instead of typical annulation and double alkenylation pathways. The decarboxylation barrier is very sensitive to the tether length, and only the seven-membered ring intermediate can selectively undergo the designed decarboxylation, suggesting a tether-dependent chemoselectivity. This tether-dependent chemoselectivity also applies to the alkyl tethers. In addition, the polarity of solvent is found to control the chemoselectivity between the decarboxylative alkenylation and [4 + 2] annulation. Solvent with low polarity (toluene) favors the decarboxylation pathway, leading to the decarboxylative alkenylation. Solvent with high polarity (methanol) favors the ionic stepwise C-O reductive elimination pathway, leading to the [4 + 2] annulation. To understand the origins of regioselectivity with asymmetric alkynes, the distortion/interaction analysis was applied to the alkyne insertion transition states, and led to a predictive frontier molecular orbital model. The asymmetric alkynes selectively use the terminal with the larger HOMO orbital coefficient to form the C-C bond in the insertion step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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41
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Abstract
![]()
Fundamental
principles that determine chemical reactivity and reaction
mechanisms are the very foundation of chemistry and many related fields
of science. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions (SN2)
are among the most common and therefore most important reaction types.
In this report, we examine the trends in the SN2 reactions
with respect to increasing electronegativity of the reaction center
by comparing the well-studied backside SN2 Cl– + CH3Cl with similar Cl– substitutions
on the isoelectronic series with the second period elements N, O,
and F in place of C. Relativistic (ZORA) DFT calculations are used
to construct the gas phase reaction potential energy surfaces (PES),
and activation strain analysis, which allows decomposition of the
PES into the geometrical strain and interaction energy, is employed
to analyze the observed trends. We find that SN2@N and
SN2@O have similar PES to the prototypical SN2@C, with the well-defined reaction complex (RC) local minima and
a central barrier, but all stationary points are, respectively, increasingly
stable in energy. The SN2@F, by contrast, exhibits only
a single-well PES with no barrier. Using the activation strain model,
we show that the trends are due to the interaction energy and originate
mainly from the decreasing energy of the empty acceptor orbital (σ*A–Cl) on the reaction center A in the order of C, N,
O, and F. The decreasing steric congestion around the central atom
is also a likely contributor to this trend. Additional decomposition
of the interaction energy using Kohn–Sham molecular orbital
(KS-MO) theory provides further support for this explanation, as well
as suggesting electrostatic energy as the primary reason for the distinct
single-well PES profile for the FCl reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kubelka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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de S. Vilhena F, de M. Carneiro JW. Reactivity and regioselectivity in reactions of methyl and ethyl azides with cyclooctynes: activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. J Mol Model 2016; 23:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Willcox D, Chappell BGN, Hogg KF, Calleja J, Smalley AP, Gaunt MJ. A general catalytic β-C–H carbonylation of aliphatic amines to β-lactams. Science 2016; 354:851-857. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf9621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Mondal T, De S, Maity B, Koley D. Exploring the Oxidative-Addition Pathways of Phenyl Chloride in the Presence of Pd II Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A DFT Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:15778-15790. [PMID: 27642746 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the oxidative addition mechanism of the dimeric palladium(II) abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene complex 2 in the presence of phenyl chloride and NaOMe base under the framework of a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Pre-catalyst 2 undergoes facile, NaOMe-assisted dissociation, which led to monomeric palladium(II) species 5, 6, and 7, each of them independently capable of initiating oxidative addition reactions with PhCl. Thereafter, three different mechanistic routes, path a, path b, and path c, which originate from the catalytic species 5, 7, and 6, were calculated at M06-L-D3(SMD)/LANL2TZ(f)(Pd)/6-311++G**//M06-L/LANL2DZ(Pd)/6-31+G* level of theory. All studied routes suggested the rather uncommon PdII /PdIV oxidative addition mechanism to be favourable under the ambient reaction conditions. Although the Pd0 /PdII routes are generally facile, the final reductive elimination step from the catalytic complexes were energetically formidable. The PdII /PdIV activation barriers were calculated to be 11.3, 9.0, 26.7 kcal mol-1 (ΔΔ≠ GLS-D3 ) more favourable than the PdII /Pd0 reductive elimination routes for path a, path b, and path c, respectively. Out of all the studied pathways, path a was the most feasible as it comprised of a PdII /PdIV activation barrier of 24.5 kcal mol-1 (ΔGLS-D3 ). To further elucidate the origin of transition-state barriers, EDA calculations were performed for some key saddle points populating the energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Bholanath Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India.
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45
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Quesnel JS, Moncho S, Ylijoki KEO, Torres GM, Brothers EN, Bengali AA, Arndtsen BA. Computational Study of the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Aromatic Acid Chlorides: The Synergistic Effect of Pt
Bu3
and CO on Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2016; 22:15107-15118. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Quesnel
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | | | - Kai E. O. Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry; Saint Mary's University; 923 Robie St Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | | | | | | | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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46
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García-Rodeja Y, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Understanding the Oxidative Addition of σ-Bonds to Group 13 Compounds. Chemistry 2016; 22:13669-76. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
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47
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Yuan R, Hu R, Fu G. Mechanistic Insight into the Copper-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Silacarboxylation of Allenes with CO2. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2201-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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48
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Martínez JP, Vummaleti SVC, Falivene L, Nolan SP, Cavallo L, Solà M, Poater A. In Silico Olefin Metathesis with Ru-Based Catalysts Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Bearing C60 Fullerenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:6617-23. [PMID: 27059290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been used to explore the potential of Ru-based complexes with 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene (SIMes) ligand backbone (A) being modified in silico by the insertion of a C60 molecule (B and C), as olefin metathesis catalysts. To this end, we investigated the olefin metathesis reaction catalyzed by complexes A, B, and C using ethylene as the substrate, focusing mainly on the thermodynamic stability of all possible reaction intermediates. Our results suggest that complex B bearing an electron-withdrawing N-heterocyclic carbene improves the performance of unannulated complex A. The efficiency of complex B is only surpassed by complex A when the backbone of the N-heterocyclic carbene of complex A is substituted by two amino groups. The particular performance of complexes B and C has to be attributed to electronic factors, that is, the electronic-donating capacity of modified SIMes ligand rather than steric effects, because the latter are predicted to be almost identical for complexes B and C when compared to those of A. Overall, this study indicates that such Ru-based complexes B and C might have the potential to be effective olefin metathesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sai Vikrama Chaitanya Vummaleti
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 - S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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49
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Stasyuk OA, Szatylowicz H, Krygowski TM, Fonseca Guerra C. How amino and nitro substituents direct electrophilic aromatic substitution in benzene: an explanation with Kohn–Sham molecular orbital theory and Voronoi deformation density analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11624-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07483e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular orbitals of aniline explain electrophilic substitution, whereas for nitrobenzene charge rearrangements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Stasyuk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Warsaw 00-664
- Poland
| | - H. Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Warsaw 00-664
- Poland
| | - T. M. Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - C. Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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50
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van Zeist WJ, Koers AH, Wolters LP, Bickelhaupt FM. Reaction Coordinates and the Transition-Vector Approximation to the IRC. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 4:920-8. [PMID: 26621233 DOI: 10.1021/ct700214v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of a reaction profile or potential energy surface (PES) associated with the reaction path (defined as the path of steepest descent from the saddle point) depends on the choice of reaction coordinate onto which the intrinsic reaction coordinate is projected. This provides one with the freedom, but also the problem, of choosing the optimal perspective (i.e., the optimal reaction coordinate) for revealing what is essential for understanding the reaction. Here, we address this issue by analyzing a number of different reaction coordinates for the same set of model reactions, namely, prototypical oxidative addition reactions of C-X bonds to palladium. We show how different choices affect the appearance of the PES, and we discuss which qualities make a particular reaction coordinate most suitable for comparing and analyzing the reactions. Furthermore, we show how the transition vector (i.e., the normal mode associated with a negative force constant that leads from the saddle point to the steepest descent paths) can serve as a useful and computationally much more efficient approximation (designated TV-IRC) for full IRC computations, in the decisive region around the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H Koers
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lando P Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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