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Qu HT, Partanen I, Chang KH, Lin YD, Koshevoy IO, Belyaev A, Chou PT. Insights into the photoinduced anion translocation of donor-π-acceptor + (ion) - molecules. Chem Sci 2024; 15:20045-20055. [PMID: 39568931 PMCID: PMC11575608 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
By strategic design and synthesis of a new series of phosphonium salts (compounds 1-7[OTf]), where [OTf]- stands for the trifluoromethanesulfonate anion, we performed comprehensive spectroscopic and dynamic studies on the photoinduced anion migration in toluene. Our aim is to probe if the anion migration is associated with an intrinsic barrier or is barrier-free. After the occurrence of excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ESICT) in 1-7, the charge redistribution of the cation triggers the translocation of the counter anion [OTf]-, resulting in emission spectral temporal evolution. As a result, we describe the photoinduced anion migration by introducing spectral response function C(t), a concept adopted from the solvent diffusional relaxation. The experimental results indicate that the anion migration lacks an intrinsic barrier, i.e., the relaxation dynamics can be described by a biased Brownian motion along the charge transfer direction. The experimental findings are also qualitatively supported by theoretical calculations including restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) and hole-electron distribution analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ting Qu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Iida Partanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ding Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
- Department of Chemistry/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä Survontie 9C 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Republic of China
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2
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Wickramasinghe NI, Corbin B, Kanakarathna DY, Pang Y, Abeywickrama CS, Wijesinghe KJ. Bright NIR-Emitting Styryl Pyridinium Dyes with Large Stokes' Shift for Sensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:799. [PMID: 37622885 PMCID: PMC10452306 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Two NIR-emitting donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type regioisomeric styryl pyridinium dyes (1a-1b) were synthesized and studied for their photophysical performance and environment sensitivity. The two regioisomers, 1a and 1b, exhibited interesting photophysical properties including, longer wavelength excitation (λex ≈ 530-560 nm), bright near-infrared emission (λem ≈ 690-720 nm), high-fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl ≈ 0.24-0.72) large Stokes' shift (∆λ ≈ 150-240 nm) and high-environmental sensitivity. Probe's photophysical properties were studied in different environmental conditions such as polarity, viscosity, temperature, and concentration. Probes (1a-1b) exhibited noticeable changes in absorbance, emission and Stokes' shift while responding to the changes in physical environment. Probe 1b exhibited a significant bathochromic shift in optical spectra (∆λ ≈ 20-40 nm) compared to its isomer 1a, due to the regio-effect. Probes (1a-1b) exhibited an excellent ability to visualize bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) via fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Devni Y. Kanakarathna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | | | - Kaveesha J. Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
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3
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Khaled MM, Ismail MA, Medien HAA, Abdel-Shafi AA, Abdel-Samad HS. Photophysical properties of push-pull monocationic D-π-A + thiophene based derivatives: Fluorosolvatochromism and pH studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 288:122090. [PMID: 36442344 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of two thiophene salts of the form D-π-A+ are studied in several solvents and at various pH values of the aqueous solution. The studied compounds embrace methoxy group as electron donating moiety at one end and cationic amidine group with and without fluorine atom at the ortho position of the amidine group as the electron withdrawing group at the other end of the molecules and separated by thiophene ring. The two thiophene derivatives are 4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzamidine hydrochloride salt (MOTB) and 2-fluoro-4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl) thiophen-2-yl)benzamidine hydrochloride salt (FMOTB). The observed changes in the fluorescence emission spectra with the nature of the solvent were found to be much more pronounced than the corresponding absorption spectra which signify an emission from the intramolecular charge transfer state. The higher bathochromic shift in the fluorescence emission spectra than the absorption spectra indicates that the excited state dipole moment is larger than that of the ground state. It has also been observed that the presence of the fluorine atom in the electron withdrawing part does not show any changes in the absorption spectra while a clear bathochromic shift is observed in the fluorescence emission spectra indicating an enhanced strength of the electron withdrawing ability in case of FMOTB. Effect of pH was also studied and pKa values were evaluated. The observed photophysical properties were correlated to the normalized solvent polarity parameter (ETN) when solvents are classified to protic and aprotic solvents. This designates the importance of hydrogen bonding interactions. We have also applied a couple of linear solvation energy relationships for better understanding of the exact contribution of each solvent parameter on each photophysical property. We have found that both Catalán's and Laurence's treatments show that the photophysical properties are mainly controlled by the solvent's non-specific interactions. However, these models were not sufficient to interpret the observed data without the inclusion of the participation of the specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hesham A A Medien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hesham S Abdel-Samad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Khelladi I, Springborg M, Rahmouni A, Chadli R, Sekkal-Rahal M. Theoretical Study on Non-Linear Optics Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the Effect of Their Intercalation with Carbon Nanotubes. Molecules 2022; 28:110. [PMID: 36615304 PMCID: PMC9822052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of a theoretical study devoted to comparing NLO (non-linear optics) responses of derivatives of tetracene, isochrysene, and pyrene are reported. The static hyperpolarizability β, the dipole moment μ, the HOMO and LUMO orbitals, and their energy gap were calculated using the CAM-B3LYP density functional combined with the cc-pVDZ basis set. The para-disubstituted NO2-tetracene-N(CH3)2 has the highest NLO response, which is related to a large intramolecular charge transfer. Adding vinyl groups to the para-disubstituted NO2-tetracene-N(CH3)2 results in an increase in the NLO responses. We further investigated the effect of the intercalation of various push-pull molecules inside an armchair single-walled carbon nanotube. The intercalation leads to increased NLO responses, something that depends critically on the position of the guest molecule and/or on functionalization of the nanotube by donor and attractor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Khelladi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique de Bio- et Nanosystemes, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel-Abbes, B.P. 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
- Modeling and Computational Methods Laboratory, University of Saida, B.P. 148, Cité En-Nasr, Route de Mascara, 2002, Saida 20000, Algeria
| | - Michael Springborg
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ali Rahmouni
- Modeling and Computational Methods Laboratory, University of Saida, B.P. 148, Cité En-Nasr, Route de Mascara, 2002, Saida 20000, Algeria
| | - Redouane Chadli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique de Bio- et Nanosystemes, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel-Abbes, B.P. 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Majda Sekkal-Rahal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique de Bio- et Nanosystemes, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel-Abbes, B.P. 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
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Cesaretti A, Spalletti A, Elisei F, Foggi P, Germani R, Fortuna CG, Carlotti B. The role of twisting in driving excited-state symmetry breaking and enhanced two-photon absorption in quadrupolar cationic pyridinium derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16739-16753. [PMID: 34318828 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two symmetric quadrupolar cationic push-pull compounds with a central electron-acceptor (N+-methylpyrydinium, A+) and different lateral electron-donors, (N,N-dimethylamino and N,N-diphenylamino, D) in a D-π-A+-π-D arrangement, were investigated together with their dipolar counterparts (D-π-A+) for their excited-state dynamics and NLO properties. As for the quadrupolar compounds, attention was focused on excited-state symmetry breaking (ESSB), which leads to a relaxed dipolar excited state. Both electron charge displacements and structural rearrangements were recognized in the excited-state dynamics of these molecules by resorting to femtosecond-resolved broadband fluorescence up-conversion experiments and advanced data analysis, used as a valuable alternative approach for fluorescent molecules compared to time-resolved IR spectroscopy, only suitable for compounds bearing IR markers. Specifically, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) was found to be guided by ultrafast inertial solvation, while diffusive solvation can drive the twisting of lateral groups to originate twisted-ICT (TICT) states on a picosecond time scale. Yet still, only the bis-N,N-diphenylamino-substituted compound undergoes ESSB, in both highly and sparingly polar solvents, provided that it can experience large amplitude motions to a fully symmetry-broken TICT state. Besides well-known solvation effects, this structural requirement proved to be a necessary condition for these quadrupolar cations to undergo ESSB. In fact, a more efficient uncoupling between the out-of-plane D and A+ groups in the TICT state allows a greater stabilization gained through solvation, relative to the bis-N,N-dimethylamino-substituted derivative, which instead maintains its symmetry. This different behavior parallels the two-photon absorption (TPA) ability, which is greatly enhanced in the case of the bis-N,N-diphenylamino-substituted compound, paving the way for cutting-edge bio-imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN) University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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6
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Guarin CA, Mendoza-Luna LG, Haro-Poniatowski E, Hernández-Pozos JL. Two-photon absorption spectrum and characterization of the upper electronic states of the dye IR780. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119291. [PMID: 33360055 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the full two-photon absorption (2PA) spectrum of cyanine dye IR780 in methanol was measured and some important properties of the upper excited electronic states were investigated. Specifically, two IR780 2PA bands of intensities nearing 140 and 2800 Goeppert-Mayer (GM) were found. In order to determine the optical properties of the upper electronic singlet states, a deconvolution of the absorption peaks in the UV region of the spectrum was made. Based on this, properties such as transition dipole moments, oscillator strengths, absorption maxima in the UV-vis spectra, S2-S1 vibrational couplings and predictions of the lifetime of the second excited state were calculated. Moreover, by combining experimental and computational results, the 2PA transitions were assigned to the upper excited states S2 and S4. Cross-section magnitudes, positions and shapes of the 2PA bands have been satisfactorily explained with a four-state model that comprises the singlet states S1, S2 and S4. From these results, the cyanine investigated in the present work could be used as a novel and interesting moiety for more complex systems that respond to two-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Guarin
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México; Cátedras CONACYT - Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México.
| | - Luis Guillermo Mendoza-Luna
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México; Cátedras CONACYT - Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México.
| | - Emmanuel Haro-Poniatowski
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México
| | - José Luis Hernández-Pozos
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México
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7
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Belyaev A, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. Cationic Organophosphorus Chromophores: A Diamond in the Rough among Ionic Dyes. Chemistry 2021; 27:537-552. [PMID: 32492231 PMCID: PMC7821147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tunable electron-accepting properties of the cationic phosphorus center, its geometry and unique preparative chemistry that allows combining this unit with diversity of π-conjugated motifs, define the appealing photophysical and electrochemical characteristics of organophosphorus ionic chromophores. This Minireview summarizes the achievements in the synthesis of the π-extended molecules functionalized with P-cationic fragments, modulation of their properties by means of structural modification, and emphasizes the important effect of cation-anion interactions, which can drastically change physical behavior of these two-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) UniversityTaipei106Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
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8
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Karmakar S, Ambastha A, Jha A, Dharmadhikari A, Dharmadhikari J, Venkatramani R, Dasgupta J. Transient Raman Snapshots of the Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer State in a Stilbazolium Dye. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4842-4848. [PMID: 32460494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optically triggered twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states in donor-acceptor chromophores form the molecular basis for designing bioimaging probes that sense polarity, microviscosity, and pH in vivo. However, a lack of predictive understanding of the "twist" localization precludes a rational design of TICT-based dyes. Here, using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, we reveal a distinct Raman signature of the TICT state for a stilbazolium-class mitochondrial staining dye. Resonance-selective probing of 4-N,N-diethylamino-4″-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DEST) tracks the excited-state structure of the dye as it relaxes to a TICT state on a picosecond time scale. The appearance of a remarkably blue-shifted C=C stretching mode at 1650 cm-1 in the TICT state is attributed to the "twist" of a single bond adjacent to the ethylenic π-bridge in the DEST backbone based on detailed electronic structure calculations and vibrational mode analysis. Our work demonstrates that the π-bridge, connecting the donor and acceptor moieties, influences the spatial location of the "twist" and offers a new perspective for designing organelle-specific probes through cogent tuning of backbone dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreetama Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Abhinandan Ambastha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ajay Jha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aditya Dharmadhikari
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | | | - Ravindra Venkatramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Jyotishman Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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Botti V, Urbanelli L, Sagini K, Tarpani L, Cesaretti A, Fortuna CG, Elisei F. Quaternized styryl-azinium fluorophores as cellular RNA-binders. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:362-370. [PMID: 32147676 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capability of three quaternized styryl-azinium iodides to bind cellular RNA has been tested by means of Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy imaging of stained MCF-7 cells treated with RNase. Their association constants have been estimated through spectrophotometric and fluorimetric titrations with tRNA and compared to their affinity toward DNA. Transient absorption spectroscopy with femtosecond resolution confirmed the binding of the investigated compounds with tRNA and shed new light on the excited state dynamics of their complexes, by revealing a significant lengthening of the lifetime of S1 upon complexation, which parallels the fluorescence quantum yield enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Botti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence on Innovative Nanostructured Materials (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarpani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence on Innovative Nanostructured Materials (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence on Innovative Nanostructured Materials (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cosimo G Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence on Innovative Nanostructured Materials (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Patrizi B, Cozza C, Pietropaolo A, Foggi P, Siciliani de Cumis M. Synergistic Approach of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulations in the Characterization of Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Push-Pull Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E430. [PMID: 31968694 PMCID: PMC7024558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive characterization of Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) stemming in push-pull molecules with a delocalized π-system of electrons is noteworthy for a bespoke design of organic materials, spanning widespread applications from photovoltaics to nanomedicine imaging devices. Photo-induced ICT is characterized by structural reorganizations, which allows the molecule to adapt to the new electronic density distribution. Herein, we discuss recent photophysical advances combined with recent progresses in the computational chemistry of photoactive molecular ensembles. We focus the discussion on femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) enabling us to follow the transition from a Locally Excited (LE) state to the ICT and to understand how the environment polarity influences radiative and non-radiative decay mechanisms. In many cases, the charge transfer transition is accompanied by structural rearrangements, such as the twisting or molecule planarization. The possibility of an accurate prediction of the charge-transfer occurring in complex molecules and molecular materials represents an enormous advantage in guiding new molecular and materials design. We briefly report on recent advances in ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy, in particular, Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy (2DES), in unraveling the ICT nature of push-pull molecular systems. A theoretical description at the atomistic level of photo-induced molecular transitions can predict with reasonable accuracy the properties of photoactive molecules. In this framework, the review includes a discussion on the advances from simulation and modeling, which have provided, over the years, significant information on photoexcitation, emission, charge-transport, and decay pathways. Density Functional Theory (DFT) coupled with the Time-Dependent (TD) framework can describe electronic properties and dynamics for a limited system size. More recently, Machine Learning (ML) or deep learning approaches, as well as free-energy simulations containing excited state potentials, can speed up the calculations with transferable accuracy to more complex molecules with extended system size. A perspective on combining ultrafast spectroscopy with molecular simulations is foreseen for optimizing the design of photoactive compounds with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Patrizi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (B.P.); (P.F.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS),Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Concetta Cozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Paolo Foggi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (B.P.); (P.F.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS),Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Belyaev A, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Karttunen AJ, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. A Facile Molecular Machine: Optically Triggered Counterion Migration by Charge Transfer of Linear Donor‐π‐Acceptor Phosphonium Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13456-13465. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Cheng
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto-University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
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12
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Belyaev A, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Karttunen AJ, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. A Facile Molecular Machine: Optically Triggered Counterion Migration by Charge Transfer of Linear Donor‐π‐Acceptor Phosphonium Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Cheng
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto-University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
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13
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Bourass M, El Alamy A, Bouachrine M. Structural and photophysical studies of triphenylamine-based nonlinear optical dyes: effects of π-linker moieties on the D-π-A structure. CR CHIM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Cesaretti A, Bonaccorso C, Elisei F, Fortuna CG, Mencaroni L, Spalletti A. Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Hyperpolarizability Coefficient in Push-Pull Pyridinium Salts with Increasing Strength of the Acceptor Group. Chempluschem 2018; 83:1021-1031. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology; and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Carmela Bonaccorso
- Department of Chemical Science; University of Catania; viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology; and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Cosimo G. Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Science; University of Catania; viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology; and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology; and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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15
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Bonaccorso C, Cesaretti A, Elisei F, Mencaroni L, Spalletti A, Fortuna CG. New Styryl Phenanthroline Derivatives as Model D-π-A-π-D Materials for Non-Linear Optics. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1917-1929. [PMID: 29702737 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four novel push-pull systems combining a central phenanthroline acceptor moiety and two substituted benzene rings, as a part of the conjugated π-system between the donor and the acceptor moieties, have been synthetized through a straightforward and efficient one-step procedure. The chromophores display high fluorescence and a peculiar fluorosolvatochromic behaviour. Ultrafast investigation by means of state-of-the-art femtosecond-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopies allowed the role of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states to be evidenced, also revealing the crucial role played by both, the polarity and proticity of the medium on the excited state dynamics of the chromophores. The ICT processes, responsible for the solvatochromism, also lead to interesting non-linear optical (NLO) properties: namely great two photon absorption cross-sections (hundreds of GM), investigated by the Two Photon Excited Fluorescence (TPEF) technique, and large second order hyperpolarizability coefficients, estimated through a convenient solvatochromic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Bonaccorso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cosimo G Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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16
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Czerwinska I, Kulesza A, Choi C, Chirot F, Simon AL, Far J, Kune C, de Pauw E, Dugourd P. Supramolecular influence on cis-trans isomerization probed by ion mobility spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:32331-32336. [PMID: 27853790 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We used tandem ion mobility spectrometry measurements to investigate how the photo-isomerization of a chromophore (a methylpyridinium derivative) is affected by the complexation with a crown ether. A dramatic blue-shift of the photo-isomerization spectrum was observed upon complexation, which could be well reproduced by ab initio calculations. Our results support that the observed changes in the photo-physical properties of the chromophore originate from the charge-solvation of its pyridinium moiety by the host cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Czerwinska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Changmin Choi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Edwin de Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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17
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Maschietto F, Campetella M, Frisch MJ, Scalmani G, Adamo C, Ciofini I. How are the charge transfer descriptors affected by the quality of the underpinning electronic density? J Comput Chem 2018; 39:735-742. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 rue P et M Curie; Paris F-75005 France
| | - Marco Campetella
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 rue P et M Curie; Paris F-75005 France
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian, Inc. 340 Quinnipiac St., Bldg. 40; Wallingford Connecticut 06492
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian, Inc. 340 Quinnipiac St., Bldg. 40; Wallingford Connecticut 06492
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 rue P et M Curie; Paris F-75005 France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 11 rue P et M Curie; Paris F-75005 France
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18
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Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, López-Arteaga R, Cortés-Guzmán F, Peon J. Nitrated Fluorophore Formation upon Two-Photon Excitation of an Azide with Extended Conjugation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9910-9919. [PMID: 28981286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of an aromatic azide into a highly fluorescent species through a nonlinear optical process was studied. The azide system was designed to undergo N2 release and nitrene to nitro conversion upon two-photon electronic excitation. The formation of the nitro form of the compound through reactions with O2 and its high radiative quantum yield implies that the azide can be used as a biphotonic activatable fluorogen. The electronic state in which the azide to nitrene transformation takes place can be accessed nonlinearly with near-infrared light which allows for photoactivation with commonly available lasers. Furthermore, the system was built with a sulfonate functionality which allows for the molecule to be adsorbed at surfaces like that of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals which further improves the nonlinear optical absorption properties in the composite, through an energy transfer mechanism. The yield of the process as a function of the excitation photon energy together with computational studies indicate that the N2 release in this azide is due to a reactive channel in the second singlet excited state of the molecule. This feature implies that the system is intrinsically photostable for excitation below and above a certain wavelength and that the system can be phototriggered selectively by the nonlinear optical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, México
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, México
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, México
| | - Jorge Peon
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, México
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19
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Lugovik KI, Popova AV, Eltyshev AK, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. Synthesis of Thiazoles Bearing Aryl Enamine/Aza-enamine Side Chains: Effect of the π-Conjugated Spacer Structure and Hydrogen Bonding on Photophysical Properties. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya I. Lugovik
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. 620002 Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Enrico Benassi
- Scuola Normale Superiore; Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
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20
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Rodríguez-Romero J, Guarin CA, Arroyo-Pieck A, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, López-Arteaga R, Cortés-Guzmán F, Navarro P, Peon J. Fluorophore Release from a Polymethinic Photoremovable Protecting Group Through a Nonlinear Optical Process. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez-Romero
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Cesar A. Guarin
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Andres Arroyo-Pieck
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Pedro Navarro
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Jorge Peon
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
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21
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Santos WG, Budkina DS, Deflon VM, Tarnovsky AN, Cardoso DR, Forbes MDE. Photoinduced Charge Shifts and Electron Transfer in Viologen–Tetraphenylborate Complexes: Push–Pull Character of the Exciplex. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7681-7684. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willy G. Santos
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Victor M. Deflon
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander N. Tarnovsky
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Daniel R. Cardoso
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Malcolm D. E. Forbes
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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22
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Trupthi Devaiah C, Hemavathi B, Ahipa TN. New blue emissive conjugated small molecules with low lying HOMO energy levels for optoelectronic applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 175:222-228. [PMID: 28040572 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Versatile conjugated small molecules bearing cyanopyridone core (CP1-5), composed of various donor/acceptor moieties at position -4 and -6 have been designed, developed and characterized. Their solvatochromic studies were conducted and analyzed using Lippert-Mataga, Kamlet-Taft and Catalan solvent scales and interesting results were obtained. The polarizability/dipolarity of the solvent greatly influenced the spectra. The electrochemical studies were carried out using cyclic voltammetry to calculate the HOMO-LUMO energy levels. The study revealed that the synthesized conjugated small molecules possess low lying HOMO energy levels which can be exploited for application in various fields of optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trupthi Devaiah
- Nanostructured Hybrid Functional Materials and Devices, Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562 112, India
| | - B Hemavathi
- Nanostructured Hybrid Functional Materials and Devices, Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562 112, India
| | - T N Ahipa
- Nanostructured Hybrid Functional Materials and Devices, Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562 112, India.
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23
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Cannelli O, Giovannini T, Baiardi A, Carlotti B, Elisei F, Cappelli C. Understanding the interplay between the solvent and nuclear rearrangements in the negative solvatochromism of a push–pull flexible quinolinium cation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:32544-32555. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main effects (solvation, vibronic progression) affecting the band position and shape of a push–pull flexible quinolinium cation OPA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Cannelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- Pisa
- Italy
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide
- ISIC-FSB
| | | | | | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- via Elce di Sotto 8
- 06123 Perugia
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- via Elce di Sotto 8
- 06123 Perugia
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24
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Cesaretti A, Carlotti B, Elisei F, Fortuna CG, Consiglio G, Spalletti A. A cationic naphthyl derivative defies the non-equilibrated excited rotamers principle. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5262-5272. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four quasi-isoenergetic ground state (S0) conformers undergo ultrafast rotamer interconversions in the excited state (S1) against the non-equilibrated excited rotamers principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - B. Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - F. Elisei
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - C. G. Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- I-95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - G. Consiglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- I-95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - A. Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
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25
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Santos WG, Pina J, Burrows DH, Forbes MDE, Cardoso DR. New insight into the photophysics and reactivity of trigonal and tetrahedral arylboron compounds. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1124-1137. [PMID: 27529675 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics and reactivity of two tetraphenylborate salts and triphenylborane have been studied using ultrafast transient absorption, steady-state fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance with spin trapping, and DFT calculations. The singlet excited state of tetraarylborates exhibit extended π-orbital coupling between two adjacent aryl groups. The maximum fluorescence band, as well as the transient absorption bands centered at 560 nm (τ = 1.05 ns) and 680 nm (τ = 4.35 ns) are influenced by solvent viscosity and polarity, indicative of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. Orbital contour plots of the HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the tetraarylboron compounds support the existence of electron delocalization between two aryl groups in the LUMO. This TICT-state and aryl-aryl electron extension is not observed for the trigonal arylboron compound, in which excited π-orbital coupling only occurs between the boron atom and one aryl group, which restricts the twist motion of the aryl-boron bond. The excited triplet state is deactivated primarily through aryl-boron bond cleavage, yielding aryl and diphenylboryl radicals. In the presence of oxygen, this photochemistry results in phenoxyl and diphenylboroxyl radicals, as confirmed by EPR spectroscopy of spin trapped radical adducts. The TICT transition and radical generation is not expected for BoDIPY molecules where the rotational vibration of the B-aryl bond is rigid, restricting changes in the geometric structure. In this sense, this work contributes to the development of new BoDIPY derivatives where the TICT transition may be observed for aryl ligands with free rotational vibrations in the BoDIPY structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy G Santos
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-390, Brazil.
| | - João Pina
- Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Douglas H Burrows
- Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Malcolm D E Forbes
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | - Daniel R Cardoso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-390, Brazil.
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26
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Cesaretti A, Carlotti B, Gentili PL, Germani R, Spalletti A, Elisei F. Twisting in the excited state of an N-methylpyridinium fluorescent dye modulated by nano-heterogeneous micellar systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:525-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00388a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence of an N-methylpyridinium dye was modulated by nano-heterogeneous micellar systems, where its excited state twisting is gradually impaired by the increasing viscosity of the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - B. Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - P. L. Gentili
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - R. Germani
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - A. Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - F. Elisei
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
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27
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Cacioppa G, Carlotti B, Elisei F, Gentili PL, Marrocchi A, Spalletti A. Unexpected multiple activated steps in the excited state decay of some bis(phenylethynyl)-fluorenes and -anthracenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 18:285-94. [PMID: 26607138 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The temperature effect on the photophysical parameters of four acetylene-derivatives [bis(phenylethynyl)-anthracenes and -fluorenes with substituents of different electron acceptor efficiencies] has been investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy, using stationary and pulsed (ns/fs resolution) techniques. The nature of the central nucleus (anthracene or fluorene) and the peripheral electron-withdrawing group (nitro or formyl) strongly affect the deactivation of the excited states of these push-pull molecules. In some cases the study evidenced an interesting role of two activated steps in the deactivation of the excited singlet state, namely an activated inter-system crossing to an upper triplet state of n,π* nature (previously hypothesized on the basis of TD-DFT calculations) and a sort of activated internal conversion, discussed also on the basis of maximum entropy method analysis of the fluorescence decay data. Nicely, an efficient ISC was found for the fluorene-derivatives where small energy gaps between S1 (π,π*) and Tn (n,π*) states had been calculated while no activated ISC was evidenced in the case of anthryl-derivatives where higher S1-Tn energy gaps are expected. A peculiar temperature effect for a fluorene-derivative was pointed out and also explained on the basis of quantum-mechanical calculations at the DFT level taking into account the solvation effects by means of the conductor-like polarizable continuum model CPCM. The presence of dual emission, at first evidenced by a shoulder in the emission spectrum of the fluorene-derivative featuring a peripheral formyl group in dichloromethane at low temperatures, was nicely confirmed by femtosecond up-conversion measurements at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cacioppa
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, via, Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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28
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Carlotti B, Benassi E, Fortuna CG, Barone V, Spalletti A, Elisei F. Efficient Excited-State Symmetry Breaking in a Cationic Quadrupolar System Bearing Diphenylamino Donors. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:136-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnolog and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Scuola Normale Superiore; Collegio D'Ancona; via Consoli del Mare 15 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Cosimo G. Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; viale Andrea Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore; Collegio D'Ancona; via Consoli del Mare 15 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnolog and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnolog and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN); University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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29
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Cesaretti A, Carlotti B, Consiglio G, Del Giacco T, Spalletti A, Elisei F. Inclusion of Two Push–Pull N-Methylpyridinium Salts in Anionic Surfactant Solutions: A Comprehensive Photophysical Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6658-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cesaretti
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui
Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui
Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Consiglio
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, viale Andrea
Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Del Giacco
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui
Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui
Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui
Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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30
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Agnihotri H, Vasu AK, Palakollu V, Kanvah S. Neutral and cationic pyridylbutadienes: solvatochromism and fluorescence response with sodium cholate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:2159-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic ICT emission in solvents and enhanced emission intensity in presence of sodium cholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Agnihotri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
| | - Anuji K. Vasu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
| | | | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
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31
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Carlotti B, Benassi E, Cesaretti A, Fortuna CG, Spalletti A, Barone V, Elisei F. An ultrafast spectroscopic and quantum mechanical investigation of multiple emissions in push–pull pyridinium derivatives bearing different electron donors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interconversion between rotamers in S1 was evidenced for a cationic push–pull pyrenyl derivative through a joint femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and density functional theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | | | - A. Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - C. G. Fortuna
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - A. Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - V. Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore
- 56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - F. Elisei
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology and Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN)
- University of Perugia
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
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