1
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Balasco N, Altamura D, Scognamiglio PL, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Morelli G, Vitagliano L, Accardo A, Diaferia C. Self-Assembled Materials Based on Fully Aromatic Peptides: The Impact of Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and Dopa Residues. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1470-1486. [PMID: 38174846 PMCID: PMC10795196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Peptides are able to self-organize in structural elements including cross-β structures. Taking advantage of this tendency, in the last decades, peptides have been scrutinized as molecular elements for the development of multivalent supramolecular architectures. In this context, different classes of peptides, also with completely aromatic sequences, were proposed. Our previous studies highlighted that the (FY)3 peptide, which alternates hydrophobic phenylalanine and more hydrophilic tyrosine residues, is able to self-assemble, thanks to the formation of both polar and apolar interfaces. It was observed that the replacement of Phe and Tyr residues with other noncoded aromatic amino acids like 2-naphthylalanine (Nal) and Dopa affects the interactions among peptides with consequences on the supramolecular organization. Herein, we have investigated the self-assembling behavior of two novel (FY)3 analogues with Trp and Dopa residues in place of the Phe and Tyr ones, respectively. Additionally, PEGylation of the N-terminus was analyzed too. The supramolecular organization, morphology, and capability to gel were evaluated using complementary techniques, including fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Structural periodicities along and perpendicular to the fiber axis were detected by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Finally, molecular dynamics studies provided interesting insights into the atomic structure of the cross-β that constitutes the basic motif of the assemblies formed by these novel peptide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Balasco
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Davide Altamura
- Institute
of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, Bari 70126, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute
of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute
of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department
of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides “Carlo
Pedone”, University of Naples “Federico
II”, Via Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute
of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, Via Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department
of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides “Carlo
Pedone”, University of Naples “Federico
II”, Via Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department
of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides “Carlo
Pedone”, University of Naples “Federico
II”, Via Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
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2
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Mosseri A, Sancho-Albero M, Mercurio FA, Leone M, De Cola L, Romanelli A. Tryptophan-PNA gc Conjugates Self-Assemble to Form Fibers. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1429-1438. [PMID: 37486977 PMCID: PMC10436247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids and their conjugates to peptides can self-assemble and generate complex architectures. In this work, we explored the self-assembly of PNA dimers conjugated to the dipeptide WW. Our studies suggest that the indole ring of tryptophan promotes aggregation of the conjugates. The onset of fluorescence is observed upon self-assembly. The structure of self-assembled WWgc is concentration-dependent, being spherical at low concentrations and fibrous at high concentrations. As suggested by molecular modeling studies, fibers are stabilized by stacking interactions between tryptophans and Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds between nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mosseri
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
Degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - María Sancho-Albero
- Department
of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Istituto
di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini—CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Istituto
di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini—CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
Degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romanelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
Degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Rosa E, Gallo E, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Rizzuti S, Gianolio E, Scognamiglio PL, Morelli G, Accardo A, Diaferia C. Incorporation of PEG Diacrylates (PEGDA) Generates Hybrid Fmoc-FF Hydrogel Matrices. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120831. [PMID: 36547355 PMCID: PMC9778368 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generated by a hierarchical and multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, peptide-based hydrogels (HGs) are soft materials useful for a variety of applications. Short and ultra-short peptides are intriguing building blocks for hydrogel fabrication. These matrices can also be obtained by mixing low-molecular-weight peptides with other chemical entities (e.g., polymers, other peptides). The combination of two or more constituents opens the door to the development of hybrid systems with tunable mechanical properties and unexpected biofunctionalities or morphologies. For this scope, the formulation, the multiscale analysis, and the supramolecular characterization of novel hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are herein described. The proposed matrices contain the Fmoc-FF (Nα-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl diphenylalanine) hydrogelator at a concentration of 0.5 wt% (5.0 mg/mL) and a diacrylate α-/ω-substituted polyethylene-glycol derivative (PEGDA). Two PEGDA derivatives, PEGDA 1 and PEGDA2 (mean molecular weights of 575 and 250 Da, respectively), are mixed with Fmoc-FF at different ratios (Fmoc-FF/PEGDA at 1/1, 1/2, 1/5, 1/10 mol/mol). All the multicomponent hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are scrutinized with a large panel of analytical techniques (including proton relaxometry, FTIR, WAXS, rheometry, and scanning electronic microscopy). The matrices were found to be able to generate mechanical responses in the 2-8 kPa range, producing a panel of tunable materials with the same chemical composition. The release of a model drug (Naphthol Yellow S) is reported too. The tunable features, the different topologies, and the versatility of the proposed materials open the door to the development of tools for different applicative areas, including diagnostics, liquid biopsies and responsive materials. The incorporation of a diacrylate function also suggests the possible development of interpenetrating networks upon cross-linking reactions. All the collected data allow a mutual comparison between the different matrices, thus confirming the significance of the hybrid peptide/polymer-based methodology as a strategy for the design of innovative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS Synlab SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNR, Via Amendola 122, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Rizzuti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812-534-526
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4
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Diaferia C, Rosa E, Morelli G, Accardo A. Fmoc-Diphenylalanine Hydrogels: Optimization of Preparation Methods and Structural Insights. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1048. [PMID: 36145269 PMCID: PMC9505424 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels (HGs) are tri-dimensional materials with a non-Newtonian flow behaviour formed by networks able to encapsulate high amounts of water or other biological fluids. They can be prepared using both synthetic or natural polymers and their mechanical and functional properties may change according to the preparation method, the solvent, the pH, and to others experimental parameters. Recently, many short and ultra-short peptides have been investigated as building blocks for the formulation of biocompatible hydrogels suitable for different biomedical applications. Due to its simplicity and capability to gel in physiological conditions, Fmoc-FF dipeptide is one of the most studied peptide hydrogelators. Although its identification dates to 15 ago, its behaviour is currently studied because of the observation that the final material obtained is deeply dependent on the preparation method. To collect information about their formulation, here are reported some different strategies adopted until now for the Fmoc-FF HG preparation, noting the changes in the structural arrangement and behaviour in terms of stiffness, matrix porosity, and stability induced by the different formulation strategy on the final material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Redondo-Gómez C, Padilla-Lopátegui S, Mata A, Azevedo HS. Peptide Amphiphile Hydrogels Based on Homoternary Cucurbit[8]uril Host-Guest Complexes. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:111-120. [PMID: 34914370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels based on peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are promising materials for tissue engineering and model extracellular matrixes for biological studies. While PA hydrogels are conventionally formed via electrostatic screening, new hydrogelation mechanisms might help to improve the design and functionality of these materials. Here, we present a host-guest-mediated PA hydrogelation method that relies on the formation of a host-guest homoternary complex with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and aromatic amino-acid-bearing PA nanofibers. As a result of the host-guest cross-linking between PA nanofibers, hierarchical morphologies and increased stiffness were found when host-guest-mediated PA hydrogels were compared to their ion-based equivalents. Additionally, both families of hydrogels exhibited similar biocompatibilities. These results demonstrate that CB[8]-mediated hydrogelation can be used as an alternative cross-linking method to upgrade the design of PA materials and extend their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Redondo-Gómez
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory LANOTEC, National Center for High Technology CeNAT, 1174-1200 Pavas, San José 10109, Costa Rica
| | - Soraya Padilla-Lopátegui
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Alvaro Mata
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Helena S Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
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6
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Diaferia C, Rosa E, Balasco N, Sibillano T, Morelli G, Giannini C, Vitagliano L, Accardo A. The Introduction of a Cysteine Residue Modulates The Mechanical Properties of Aromatic-Based Solid Aggregates and Self-Supporting Hydrogels. Chemistry 2021; 27:14886-14898. [PMID: 34498321 PMCID: PMC8596998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based hydrogels, originated by multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, have been proposed as multivalent tools in different technological areas. Structural studies and molecular dynamics simulations pointed out the capability of completely aromatic peptides to gelificate if hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces are opportunely balanced. Here, the effect produced by the introduction of a Cys residue in the heteroaromatic sequence of (FY)3 and in its PEGylated variant was evaluated. The physicochemical characterization indicates that both FYFCFYF and PEG8-FYFCFYF are able to self-assemble in supramolecular nanostructures whose basic cross-β motif resembles the one detected in the ancestor (FY)3 assemblies. However, gelification occurs only for FYFCFYF at a concentration of 1.5 wt%. After cross-linking of cysteine residues, the hydrogel undergoes to an improvement of the rigidity compared to the parent (FY)3 assemblies as suggested by the storage modulus (G') that increases from 970 to 3360 Pa. The mechanical properties of FYFCFYF are compatible with its potential application in bone tissue regeneration. Moreover, the avalaibility of a Cys residue in the middle of the peptide sequence could allow the hydrogel derivatization with targeting moieties or with biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNRVia Mezzocannone 1680134NaplesItaly
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNRVia Amendola 12270126BariItaly
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography (IC), CNRVia Amendola 12270126BariItaly
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNRVia Mezzocannone 1680134NaplesItaly
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB)University of Naples “Federico II”Via Mezzocannone 16Naples80134Italy
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7
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de Mello LR, Porosk L, Lourenço TC, Garcia BBM, Costa CAR, Han SW, de Souza JS, Langel Ü, da Silva ER. Amyloid-like Self-Assembly of a Hydrophobic Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Its Use as a Carrier for Nucleic Acids. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6404-6416. [PMID: 35006917 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a topical subject potentially exploitable for creating nanotherapeutics for the delivery of bioactive loads. These compounds are often classified into three major categories according to their physicochemical characteristics: cationic, amphiphilic, and hydrophobic. Among them, the group of hydrophobic CPPs has received increasing attention in recent years due to toxicity concerns posed by highly cationic CPPs. The hexapeptide PFVYLI (P, proline; F, phenylalanine; V, valine; Y, tyrosine; L, leucine; and I, isoleucine), a fragment derived from the C-terminal portion of α1-antitrypsin, is a prototypal example of hydrophobic CPP. This sequence shows reduced cytotoxicity and a capacity of nuclear localization, and its small size readily hints at its suitability as a building block to construct nanostructured materials. In this study, we examine the self-assembling properties of PFVYLI and investigate its ability to form noncovalent complexes with nucleic acids. By using a combination of biophysical tools including synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy, we discovered that this CPP self-assembles into discrete nanofibrils with remarkable amyloidogenic features. Over the course of days, these fibrils coalesce into rodlike crystals that easily reach the micrometer range. Despite lacking cationic residues in the composition, PFVYLI forms noncovalent complexes with nucleic acids that retain β-sheet pairing found in amyloid aggregates. In vitro vectorization experiments performed with double-stranded DNA fragments indicate that complexes promote the internalization of nucleic acids, revealing that tropism toward cell membranes is preserved upon complexation. On the other hand, transfection assays with splice-correction oligonucleotides (SCOs) for luciferase expression show limited bioactivity across a narrow concentration window, suggesting that the propensity to form amyloidogenic aggregates may trigger endosomal entrapment. We anticipate that the findings presented here open perspectives for using this archetypical hydrophobic CPP in the fabrication of nanostructured scaffolds, which potentially integrate properties of amyloids and translocation capabilities of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R de Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Ly Porosk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Thiago C Lourenço
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Bianca B M Garcia
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Carlos A R Costa
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Sang W Han
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Juliana S de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210580, Brazil
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Emerson R da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
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8
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Janković P, Šantek I, Pina AS, Kalafatovic D. Exploiting Peptide Self-Assembly for the Development of Minimalistic Viral Mimetics. Front Chem 2021; 9:723473. [PMID: 34395387 PMCID: PMC8355586 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.723473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are natural supramolecular nanostructures that form spontaneously by molecular self-assembly of complex biomolecules. Peptide self-assembly is a versatile tool that allows mimicking viruses by creating their simplified versions through the design of functional, supramolecular materials with modularity, tunability, and responsiveness to chemical and physical stimuli. The main challenge in the design and fabrication of peptide materials is related to the precise control between the peptide sequence and its resulting supramolecular morphology. We provide an overview of existing sequence patterns employed for the development of spherical and fibrillar peptide assemblies that can act as viral mimetics, offering the opportunity to tackle the challenges of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Šantek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Sofia Pina
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Balasco N, Diaferia C, Morelli G, Vitagliano L, Accardo A. Amyloid-Like Aggregation in Diseases and Biomaterials: Osmosis of Structural Information. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:641372. [PMID: 33748087 PMCID: PMC7966729 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.641372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that the polypeptide chain has a remarkable and intrinsic propensity to form amyloid-like aggregates endowed with an extraordinary stability is one of the most relevant breakthroughs of the last decades in both protein/peptide chemistry and structural biology. This observation has fundamental implications, as the formation of these assemblies is systematically associated with the insurgence of severe neurodegenerative diseases. Although the ability of proteins to form aggregates rich in cross-β structure has been highlighted by recent studies of structural biology, the determination of the underlying atomic models has required immense efforts and inventiveness. Interestingly, the progressive molecular and structural characterization of these assemblies has opened new perspectives in apparently unrelated fields. Indeed, the self-assembling through the cross-β structure has been exploited to generate innovative biomaterials endowed with promising mechanical and spectroscopic properties. Therefore, this structural motif has become the fil rouge connecting these diversified research areas. In the present review, we report a chronological recapitulation, also performing a survey of the structural content of the Protein Data Bank, of the milestones achieved over the years in the characterization of cross-β assemblies involved in the insurgence of neurodegenerative diseases. A particular emphasis is given to the very recent successful elucidation of amyloid-like aggregates characterized by remarkable molecular and structural complexities. We also review the state of the art of the structural characterization of cross-β based biomaterials by highlighting the benefits of the osmosis of information between these two research areas. Finally, we underline the new promising perspectives that recent successful characterizations of disease-related amyloid-like assemblies can open in the biomaterial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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10
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Fabrication of fluorescent nanospheres by heating PEGylated tetratyrosine nanofibers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2470. [PMID: 33510221 PMCID: PMC7844296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic polypeptides have recently drawn the interest of the research community for their capability to self-assemble into a variety of functional nanostructures. Due to their interesting mechanical, electrical and optical properties, these nanostructures have been proposed as innovative materials in different biomedical, biotechnological and industrial fields. Recently, several efforts have been employed in the development of these innovative materials as nanoscale fluorescence (FL) imaging probes. In this context, we describe the synthesis and the functional properties of a novel fluorescent tyrosine (Tyr, Y)-based nanospheres, obtained by heating at 200 °C a solution of the PEGylated tetra-peptide PEG6-Y4. At room temperature, this peptide self-assembles into not fluorescent low ordered water-soluble fibrillary aggregates. After heating, the aggregation of different polyphenolic species generates Y4-based nanospheres able to emit FL into blue, green and red spectral regions, both in solution and at the solid state. The aggregation features of PEG6-Y4 before and after heating were studied using a set of complementary techniques (Fluorescence, CD, FT-IR, Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering and SEM). After a deep investigation of their optoelectronic properties, these nanospheres could be exploited as promising tools for precise biomedicine in advanced nanomedical technologies (local bioimaging, light diagnostics, therapy, optogenetics and health monitoring).
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11
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Diaferia C, Rosa E, Accardo A, Morelli G. Peptide-based hydrogels as delivery systems for doxorubicin. J Pept Sci 2021; 28:e3301. [PMID: 33491262 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels (HGs) and nanogels (NGs) have been recently identified as innovative supramolecular materials for many applications in biomedical field such as in tissue engineering, optoelectronic, and local delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Due to their in vivo biocompatibility, synthetic accessibility, low cost, and tunability, peptides have been used as suitable building blocks for preparation of HGs and NGs formulations. Peptide HGs have shown an outstanding potential to deliver small drugs, protein therapeutics, or diagnostic probes, maintaining the efficacy of their loaded molecules, preventing degradation phenomena, and responding to external physicochemical stimuli. In this review, we discuss the possible use of peptide-based HGs and NGs as vehicles for the delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox). This anthracycline is clinically used for leukemia, stomach, lung, ovarian, breast, and bladder cancer therapy. The loading of Dox into supramolecular systems (liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, and nanogels) allows reducing its cardiotoxicity. According to a primary sequence classification of the constituent peptide, doxorubicin-loaded systems are here classified in short and ultra-short peptide-based HGs, RGD, or RADA-peptide-based HGs and peptide-based NGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80134, Italy
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12
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Romero-Montero A, Aguirre-Díaz IS, Puiggalí J, del Valle LJ, Gimeno M. Self-assembly of supramolecular chemoenzymatic poly- l-phenylalanine. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01659d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly behavior of chemoenzymatic high molecular weight (ca. 30 000 Da) poly-l-phenylalanine (ePLP) and the nano-morphologies thereof are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Romero-Montero
- Depto. de Alimentos y Biotecnología
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- 04510 CDMX
- Mexico
| | - Isabel S. Aguirre-Díaz
- Depto. de Alimentos y Biotecnología
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- 04510 CDMX
- Mexico
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE
- 08019 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE
- 08019 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Miquel Gimeno
- Depto. de Alimentos y Biotecnología
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- 04510 CDMX
- Mexico
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13
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Abstract
Nanoscale optical labeling is an advanced bioimaging tool. It is mostly based on fluorescence (FL) phenomena and enables the visualization of single biocells, bacteria, viruses, and biological tissues, providing monitoring of functional biosystems in vitro and in vivo, and the imaging-guided transportation of drug molecules. There is a variety of FL biolabels such as organic molecular dyes, genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (green fluorescent protein and homologs), semiconductor quantum dots, carbon dots, plasmonic metal gold-based nanostructures and more. In this review, a new generation of FL biolabels based on the recently found biophotonic effects of visible FL are described. This intrinsic FL phenomenon is observed in any peptide/protein materials folded into β-sheet secondary structures, irrespective of their composition, complexity, and origin. The FL effect has been observed both in natural amyloid fibrils, associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and more), and diverse synthetic peptide/protein structures subjected to thermally induced biological refolding helix-like→β-sheet. This approach allowed us to develop a new generation of FL peptide/protein bionanodots radiating multicolor, tunable, visible FL, covering the entire visible spectrum in the range of 400–700 nm. Newly developed biocompatible nanoscale biomarkers are considered as a promising tool for emerging precise biomedicine and advanced medical nanotechnologies (high-resolution bioimaging, light diagnostics, therapy, optogenetics, and health monitoring).
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14
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Rosa E, Diaferia C, Gallo E, Morelli G, Accardo A. Stable Formulations of Peptide-Based Nanogels. Molecules 2020; 25:E3455. [PMID: 32751321 PMCID: PMC7435922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanogels have been identified as innovative formulations for enlarging the application of hydrogels (HGs) in the area of drug delivery or in diagnostic imaging. Nanogels are HGs-based aggregates with sizes in the range of nanometers and formulated in order to obtain injectable preparations. Regardless of the advantages offered by peptides in a hydrogel preparation, until now, only a few examples of peptide-based nanogels (PBNs) have been developed. Here, we describe the preparation of stable PBNs based on Fmoc-Phe-Phe-OH using three different methods, namely water/oil emulsion (W/O), top-down, and nanogelling in water. The effect of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in the formulation was also evaluated in terms of size and stability. The resulting nanogels were found to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin, chosen as the model drug, with a drug loading comparable with those of the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (C.D.); (G.M.)
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15
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Lee H. Molecular Simulations of PEGylated Biomolecules, Liposomes, and Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E533. [PMID: 32531886 PMCID: PMC7355693 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated protein was approved by the FDA in 1990, PEGylation has been successfully applied to develop drug delivery systems through experiments, but these experimental results are not always easy to interpret at the atomic level because of the limited resolution of experimental techniques. To determine the optimal size, structure, and density of PEG for drug delivery, the structure and dynamics of PEGylated drug carriers need to be understood close to the atomic scale, as can be done using molecular dynamics simulations, assuming that these simulations can be validated by successful comparisons to experiments. Starting with the development of all-atom and coarse-grained PEG models in 1990s, PEGylated drug carriers have been widely simulated. In particular, recent advances in computer performance and simulation methodologies have allowed for molecular simulations of large complexes of PEGylated drug carriers interacting with other molecules such as anticancer drugs, plasma proteins, membranes, and receptors, which makes it possible to interpret experimental observations at a nearly atomistic resolution, as well as help in the rational design of drug delivery systems for applications in nanomedicine. Here, simulation studies on the following PEGylated drug topics will be reviewed: proteins and peptides, liposomes, and nanoparticles such as dendrimers and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Korea
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16
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Lee HS, Lim YB. Slow-Motion Self-Assembly: Access to Intermediates with Heterochiral Peptides to Gain Control over Alignment Media Development. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3344-3352. [PMID: 32058708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intermediates or transition states in organic reactions has made it possible to develop theories and to synthesize important compounds. In contrast to organic reaction intermediates and even protein folding intermediates, the intermediates of peptide/protein self-assembly are not very well understood. Here we report that the self-assembly kinetics of linear heterochiral peptides are significantly slower than those of the corresponding homochiral peptides, which enables direct microscopic observation of assembly intermediates. By designing racemic or asymmetric heterochiral peptides, we were able to discover unusual mixed helical (MP-helix) and overtwisted intermediates. The convergence of equilibrium morphology between the homochiral and heterochiral peptides enables us to reasonably deduce the unobservable intermediates of rapidly assembling homochiral peptides. By utilizing the discovered information about the assembly intermediates, we were able to develop a functional NMR alignment medium that enables the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in a time-dependent manner. Although much less studied than their cyclic counterparts, the linear form of heterochiral peptides provides a means of obtaining a more in-depth understanding of the self-assembly pathway and of developing sophisticated bottom-up materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Soo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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17
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Centore R, Totsingan F, Amason AC, Lyons S, Zha RH, Gross RA. Self-Assembly-Assisted Kinetically Controlled Papain-Catalyzed Formation of mPEG- b-Phe(Leu) x. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:493-507. [PMID: 31820938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptide materials are promising next-generation materials with applications that include tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery, bionanomedicine, and enviro-responsive materials. Despite these advances, synthetic methods to form peptides and peptide-polymer conjugates still largely rely on solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and N-carboxyanhydride ring-opening polymerization (NCA-ROP), while green methods remain largely undeveloped. This work demonstrates a protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis (PCPS) capable of directly grafting leucine ethyl ester (Leu-OEt) from the C-terminus of a methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-phenylalanine ethyl ester macroinitiator in a one-pot, aqueous reaction. By using the natural tendency of the growing hydrophobic peptide segment to self-assemble, a large narrowing of the (Leu)x distributions for both mPEG45-b-Phe(Leu)x and oligo(Leu)x coproducts, relative to oligo(Leu)x synthesized in the absence of a macroinitiator (mPEG45-Phe-OEt), was achieved. A mechanism is described where in situ β-sheet coassembly of mPEG45-b-Phe(Leu)x and oligo(Leu)x coproducts during polymerization prevents peptide hydrolysis, providing a means to control the degree of polymerization (DP) and dispersity of diblock (Leu)x segments (matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) x = 5.1, dispersity ≤ 1.02). The use of self-assembly to control the uniformity of peptides synthesized by PCPS paves the way for precise peptide block copolymer architectures with various polymer backbones and amino acid compositions synthesized by a green process.
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18
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Ziganshin MA, Larionov RA, Gerasimov AV, Ziganshina SA, Klimovitskii AE, Khayarov KR, Mukhametzyanov TA, Gorbatchuk VV. Thermally induced cyclization of L -isoleucyl- L -alanine in solid state: Effect of dipeptide structure on reaction temperature and self-assembly. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3177. [PMID: 31317614 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal treatment of short-chain oligopeptides is able to initiate the process of their self-assembly with the formation of organic nanostructures with unique properties. On the other hand, heating can lead to a chemical reaction with the formation of new substances with specific properties and ability to form structures with different morphology. Therefore, in order to have a desired process, researcher needs to find its temperature range. In the present work, cyclization of L -isoleucyl-L -alanine dipeptide in the solid state upon heating was studied. Kinetic parameters of this reaction were estimated within the approaches of the nonisothermal kinetics. The correlation between side chain structure of dipeptides and temperature of their cyclization in the solid state was found for the first time. This correlation may be used to predict the temperature, at which dipeptide self-assembly changes to chemical reaction. The differences in self-assembly of linear and cyclic dipeptides were demonstrated using atomic force microscopy. The effect of dipeptide concentration in a source solution and an organic solvent used on self-assembly of dipeptides was shown. The new information obtained on the thermal properties and self-assembly of linear and cyclic forms of L -isoleucyl-L -alanine may be useful for the design of new nanomaterials based on oligopeptides, as well as for the synthesis of cyclic oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat A Ziganshin
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Radik A Larionov
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Sufia A Ziganshina
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Khasan R Khayarov
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Valery V Gorbatchuk
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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19
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Ghosh M, Halperin-Sternfeld M, Grinberg I, Adler-Abramovich L. Injectable Alginate-Peptide Composite Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E497. [PMID: 30939729 PMCID: PMC6523611 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high demand for tissue engineering scaffolds capable of inducing bone regeneration using minimally invasive techniques prompts the need for the development of new biomaterials. Herein, we investigate the ability of Alginate incorporated with the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (FmocFF) peptide composite hydrogel to serve as a potential biomaterial for bone regeneration. We demonstrate that the incorporation of the self-assembling peptide, FmocFF, in sodium alginate leads to the production of a rigid, yet injectable, hydrogel without the addition of cross-linking agents. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a nanofibrous structure which mimics the natural bone extracellular matrix. The formed composite hydrogel exhibits thixotropic behavior and a high storage modulus of approximately 10 kPA, as observed in rheological measurements. The in vitro biocompatibility tests carried out with MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells demonstrate good cell viability and adhesion to the hydrogel fibers. This composite scaffold can induce osteogenic differentiation and facilitate calcium mineralization, as shown by Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity and RT-PCR analysis. The high biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties and similarity to the native extracellular matrix suggest the utilization of this hydrogel as a temporary three-dimensional cellular microenvironment promoting bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Michal Halperin-Sternfeld
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Itzhak Grinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Lihi Adler-Abramovich
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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20
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Tesauro D, Accardo A, Diaferia C, Milano V, Guillon J, Ronga L, Rossi F. Peptide-Based Drug-Delivery Systems in Biotechnological Applications: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E351. [PMID: 30669445 PMCID: PMC6359574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides of natural and synthetic sources are compounds operating in a wide range of biological interactions. They play a key role in biotechnological applications as both therapeutic and diagnostic tools. They are easily synthesized thanks to solid-phase peptide devices where the amino acid sequence can be exactly selected at molecular levels, by tuning the basic units. Recently, peptides achieved resounding success in drug delivery and in nanomedicine smart applications. These applications are the most significant challenge of recent decades: they can selectively deliver drugs to only pathological tissues whilst saving the other districts of the body. This specific feature allows a reduction in the drug side effects and increases the drug efficacy. In this context, peptide-based aggregates present many advantages, including biocompatibility, high drug loading capacities, chemical diversity, specific targeting, and stimuli responsive drug delivery. A dual behavior is observed: on the one hand they can fulfill a structural and bioactive role. In this review, we focus on the design and the characterization of drug delivery systems using peptide-based carriers; moreover, we will also highlight the peptide ability to self-assemble and to actively address nanosystems toward specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Milano
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
- ARNA, INSERM U1212/UMR CNRS 5320, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jean Guillon
- ARNA, INSERM U1212/UMR CNRS 5320, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, IPREM, UMR 5254, CNRS-University of Pau, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and CIRPeB, Università Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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