1
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Mena-Hernando S, Eaton M, Fernández-Blázquez JP, López-Moreno A, Pedersen H, Pérez EM. Mechanical Interlocking to Unlock the Reinforcing Potential of Carbon Nanotubes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301490. [PMID: 37452643 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) present extraordinary mechanical properties, with Youngs' modulus>1 TPa and tensile strength>50 GPa; this makes them ideal candidates as fillers for the reinforcement of polymers. However, the performance of SWNTs in this field has fallen behind expectations. This is due to a combination of imperfect individualization of the SWNTs and poor load transfer from the polymer to the SWNTs. Here, we study the reinforcement of polymers of different chemical nature using mechanically interlocked derivatives of single-walled carbon nanotubes (MINTs). We compare the mechanical properties of fibers made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polysulfone (PSU) and their composites made with pristine SWNTs, MINTs, and the corresponding supramolecular models. With very low loading of MINTs (0.01 % w/w), improvements of more than 100 % on Youngs Modulus and the tensile strength are observed for both the nonpolar aliphatic PMMA and the very polar aromatic PSU polymers, while pristine carbon nanotubes and the supramolecular nanofillers showed smaller reinforcement. These data, together with our previous report on the reinforcement of polystyrene (nonpolar and aromatic), indicate that derivatization of SWNTs as MINTs is a valid general strategy to optimize the interaction between SWNT fillers and the polymer matrix.
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2
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Villalva J, Rapakousiou A, Monclús MA, Fernández Blázquez JP, de la Vega J, Naranjo A, Vera-Hidalgo M, Ruiz-González ML, Pedersen H, Pérez EM. Interlocking Matrix and Filler for Enhanced Individualization and Reinforcement in Polymer-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16565-16572. [PMID: 37602897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Poor individualization and interfacial adhesion prevent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer composites from reaching outstanding mechanical properties. With much larger diameters, but common structural features (high aspect ratio and absence of functional groups for covalent or supramolecular attachment with the polymer), carbon fibers face similar problems, which are addressed by covering the fibers with a thin layer of polymer. This sizing strategy has allowed carbon fibers to become the filler of choice for the highest performing materials. Inspired by this, here we investigate the use of the mechanical bond to wrap SWNTs with a layer of polymeric material to produce SWNTs mechanically interlocked with a layer of polymer. We first validate the formation of mechanically interlocked nanotubes (MINTs) using mixtures of SWNTs of relatively large average diameter (1.6 ± 0.4 nm), which are commercially available at reasonable prices and therefore could be technologically relevant as polymer fillers. We then design and synthesize by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) a polymer decorated with multiple U-shaped molecules, which are later ring-closed around the SWNTs using metathesis. The obtained hybrids contain a high degree of individualized SWNTs and exhibit significantly increased mechanical properties when compared to the matrix polymer. We envision that this strategy could be employed to produce SWNTs interlocked with polymer layers with various designs for polymer reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Rapakousiou
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Monclús
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jimena de la Vega
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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López‐Moreno A, Ibáñez S, Moreno‐Da Silva S, Ruiz‐González L, Sabanés NM, Peris E, Pérez EM. Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Encapsulated within Metallacycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208189. [PMID: 35789180 PMCID: PMC9544689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes (MINTs) are interesting nanotube products since they show high stability without altering the carbon nanotube structure. So far, MINTs have been synthesized using ring‐closing metathesis, disulfide exchange reaction, H‐bonding or direct threading with macrocycles. Here, we describe the encapsulation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes within a palladium‐based metallosquare. The formation of MINTs was confirmed by a variety of techniques, including high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. We find the making of these MINTs is remarkably sensitive to structural variations of the metallo‐assemblies. When a metallosquare with a cavity of appropriate shape and size is used, the formation of the MINT proceeds successfully by both templated clipping and direct threading. Our studies also show indications on how supramolecular coordination complexes can help expand the potential applications of MINTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Ibáñez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universitat Jaume I Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n. 12071 Castellón Spain
| | | | - Luisa Ruiz‐González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro Nacional de Microscopía Electrónica Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universitat Jaume I Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n. 12071 Castellón Spain
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4
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Zhang W, Guillén-Soler M, Moreno-Da Silva S, López-Moreno A, González LR, Giménez-López MDC, Pérez EM. Mechanical interlocking of SWNTs with N-rich macrocycles for efficient ORR electrocatalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9706-9712. [PMID: 36091908 PMCID: PMC9400660 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Substitutional N-doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes is a common strategy to enhance their electrocatalytic properties in the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). Here, we explore the encapsulation of SWNTs within N-rich macrocycles as an alternative strategy to display electroactive sites on the surface of SWNTs. We design and synthesize four types of mechanically interlocked derivatives of SWNTs (MINTs) by combining two types of macrocycles and two types of SWNT samples. Comprehensive electrochemical characterization of these MINTs and their reference SWNTs allows us to establish structure-activity relationships. First, we show that all MINT samples are superior electrocatalysts compared to pristine SWNTs, which serves as general validation of our strategy. Secondly, we show that macrocycles displaying both N atoms and carbonyl groups perform better than those with N atoms only. Finally, we demonstrate that a tighter fit between macrocycles and SWNTs results in enhanced catalytic activity and stability, most likely due to a more effective charge-transfer between the SWNTs and the macrocycles. These results, focusing on the ORR as a testbed, show the possibility of understanding electrocatalytic performance of SWNTs at the molecular level and thus enable the design of more active and more stable catalysts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Guillén-Soler
- CIQUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Rua Jenaro de la Fuente Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain
| | | | | | - Luisa R González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid 28040 Spain
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5
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López-Moreno A, Ibáñez S, Moreno-Da Silva S, Ruiz-González L, Martín Sabanés N, Peris E, Pérez EM. Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Encapsulated within Metallacycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Ibáñez
- Universitat Jaume I: Universitat Jaume I Instituto de Materiales Avanzados, INAM SPAIN
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Peris
- Universitat Jaume I: Universitat Jaume I Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) SPAIN
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience - Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid SPAIN
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6
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López-Moreno A, Villalva J, Pérez EM. Mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes: synthesis and potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9433-9444. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An introduction to mechanically interlocked derivatives of single-walled carbon nanotubes: their main structural features, their potential advantages compared to covalent and supramolecular derivatives, how to synthesize them, and their most promising fields for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Moreno
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Moreno-Da Silva S, Martínez JI, Develioglu A, Nieto-Ortega B, de Juan-Fernández L, Ruiz-Gonzalez L, Picón A, Oberli S, Alonso PJ, Moonshiram D, Pérez EM, Burzurí E. Magnetic, Mechanically Interlocked Porphyrin-Carbon Nanotubes for Quantum Computation and Spintronics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21286-21293. [PMID: 34825564 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale reproducibility and tunability endorse magnetic molecules as candidates for spin qubits and spintronics. A major challenge is to implant those molecular spins into circuit geometries that may allow one, two, or a few spins to be addressed in a controlled way. Here, the formation of mechanically bonded, magnetic porphyrin dimeric rings around carbon nanotubes (mMINTs) is presented. The mechanical bond places the porphyrin magnetic cores in close contact with the carbon nanotube without disturbing their structures. A combination of spectroscopic techniques shows that the magnetic geometry of the dimers is preserved upon formation of the macrocycle and the mMINT. Moreover, the metallic core selection determines the spin location in the mMINT. The suitability of mMINTs as qubits is explored by measuring their quantum coherence times (Tm). Formation of the dimeric ring preserves the Tm found in the monomer, which remains in the μs scale for mMINTs. The carbon nanotube is used as vessel to place the molecules in complex circuits. This strategy can be extended to other families of magnetic molecules. The size and composition of the macrocycle can be tailored to modulate magnetic interactions between the cores and to introduce magnetic asymmetries (heterometallic dimers) for more complex molecule-based qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús I Martínez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza and CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aysegul Develioglu
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luisa Ruiz-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Soléne Oberli
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo J Alonso
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza and CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Burzurí
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Eisermann J, Kerth A, Hinderberger D. Dynamic self-assembly of ions with variable size and charge in solution. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18627-18640. [PMID: 35515209 PMCID: PMC9064732 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it was found that at ambient temperatures and in specific ternary solvents a cationic macrocyclic tetraimidazolium molecular box and small dianionic salts can self-assemble into highly defined, colloid-like ionic clusters, called ionoids. Here, we present evidence that the solution-based ionic self-assembly process leading to ionoids is a general phenomenon by characterizing new ionic building blocks which are capable of generating loosely bound globular and anisotropic structures similar to those in the established system. Using new cationic and anionic molecules, we show that variations in the size ratio between cationic and anionic component mainly affect size, shape and durability of the ionic clusters. Utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS), continuously monitored phase-analysis light scattering (cmPALS) and continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy, we can thus define generalized ionic ratios, in which specific combinations of ionic compounds with certain size and charge densities are able to form these soft yet durable and long-lived ionic clusters. Furthermore, we characterize the temporal development of our dynamically self-assembled structures in solution from the level of the individual ionic building blocks to stable clusters with minimum lifetimes of months through previously established ionoid evolution diagrams (IEDs). The direct comparison of various cluster systems with respect to their shape, size and charges allows correlations of structural changes of the individual building blocks with the fate of self-assembled entities inside the crafted IEDs. This work generalizes the concept of ionoid formation to ions of specific sizes and charge densities, which may broaden the scope of this new type of highly dynamic and soft yet remarkably durable structures in the field of supramolecular chemistry. Recently it was found that at ambient temperatures and in specific ternary solvents a cationic macrocyclic tetraimidazolium molecular box and small dianionic salts can self-assemble into highly defined, colloid-like ionic clusters, called ionoids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Eisermann
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Andreas Kerth
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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9
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Mena-Hernando S, Pérez EM. Mechanically interlocked materials. Rotaxanes and catenanes beyond the small molecule. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5016-5032. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the progress in mechanically interlocked materials is presented. In particular, we focus on polycatenanes, polyrotaxanes, metal–organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs), and mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes (MINTs).
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10
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de Juan-Fernández L, Münich PW, Puthiyedath A, Nieto-Ortega B, Casado S, Ruiz-González L, Pérez EM, Guldi DM. Interfacing porphyrins and carbon nanotubes through mechanical links. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6779-6784. [PMID: 30310610 PMCID: PMC6115000 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of rotaxane-type species composed of macrocyclic porphyrin rings mechanically interlocked with SWCNT threads. The formation of mechanically interlocked SWCNTs (MINTs) proceeds with chiral selectivity, and was confirmed by spectroscopic and analytical techniques and adequate control experiments, and corroborated by high-resolution electron microscopy. From a thorough characterization of the MINTs through UV-vis-NIR absorption, fluorescence, Raman, and transient absorption spectroscopy we analyse in detail the electronic interactions of the porphyrins and the SWCNTs in the ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire de Juan-Fernández
- IMDEA Nanoscience , C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Peter W Münich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Arjun Puthiyedath
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- IMDEA Nanoscience , C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Santiago Casado
- IMDEA Nanoscience , C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Luisa Ruiz-González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Fac. C. C. Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Avenida Complutense s/n , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience , C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
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11
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Miki K, Saiki K, Umeyama T, Baek J, Noda T, Imahori H, Sato Y, Suenaga K, Ohe K. Unique Tube-Ring Interactions: Complexation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800720. [PMID: 29782702 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) interlocked by cyclic compounds through supramolecular interaction are promising rotaxane-like materials applicable as 2D and 3D networks of nanowires and disease-specific theranostic agents having multifunctionalities. Supramolecular complexation of CNTs with cyclic compounds in a "ring toss'' manner is a straightforward method to prepare interlocked CNTs; however, to date, this has not been reported on. Here, the "ring toss" method to prepare interlocked CNTs by using π-conjugated carbon nanorings: [8]-, [9]-, and [10]cycloparaphenyleneacetylene (CPPA) is reported. CPPAs efficiently interact with CNTs to form CNT@CPPA complexes, while uncomplexed CPPAs can be recovered without decomposition. CNTs, which tightly fit in the cavities of CPPAs through convex-concave interaction, efficiently afford "tube-in-ring"-type CNT@CPPA complexes. "Tube-in-ring"-type and "ring-on-tube"-type complexation modes are successfully distinguished by spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and microscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Saiki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jinseok Baek
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeru Noda
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshidaushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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12
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Chamorro R, de Juan-Fernández L, Nieto-Ortega B, Mayoral MJ, Casado S, Ruiz-González L, Pérez EM, González-Rodríguez D. Reversible dispersion and release of carbon nanotubes via cooperative clamping interactions with hydrogen-bonded nanorings. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4176-4184. [PMID: 29780548 PMCID: PMC5941269 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00843d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding electronic and mechanical properties, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising nanomaterials for the future generation of optoelectronic devices and composites. However, their scarce solubility limits their application in many technologies that demand solution-processing of high-purity SWCNT samples. Although some non-covalent functionalization approaches have demonstrated their utility in extracting SWCNTs into different media, many of them produce short-lived dispersions or ultimately suffer from contamination by the dispersing agent. Here, we introduce an unprecedented strategy that relies on a cooperative clamping process. When mixing (6,5)SWCNTs with a dinucleoside monomer that is able to self-assemble in nanorings via Watson-Crick base-pairing, a synergistic relationship is established. On one hand, the H-bonded rings are able to associate intimately with SWCNTs by embracing the tube sidewalls, which allows for an efficient SWCNT debundling and for the production of long-lasting SWCNT dispersions of high optical quality along a broad concentration range. On the other, nanoring stability is enhanced in the presence of SWCNTs, which are suitable guests for the ring cavity and contribute to the establishment of multiple cooperative noncovalent interactions. The inhibition of these reversible interactions, by just adding, for instance, a competing solvent for hydrogen-bonding, proved to be a simple and effective method to recover the pristine nanomaterial with no trace of the dispersing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Chamorro
- Organic Chemistry Department , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | | | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- IMDEA Nanociencia , c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Maria J Mayoral
- Organic Chemistry Department , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Santiago Casado
- IMDEA Nanociencia , c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Luisa Ruiz-González
- Inorganic Chemistry Department , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia , c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Organic Chemistry Department , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain .
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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13
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Jana A, Bähring S, Ishida M, Goeb S, Canevet D, Sallé M, Jeppesen JO, Sessler JL. Functionalised tetrathiafulvalene- (TTF-) macrocycles: recent trends in applied supramolecular chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5614-5645. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene- (TTF-) based macrocyclic systems, cages and supramolecularly self-assembled 3D constructs have been extensively explored as functional materials for sensing and switching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Jana
- Institute for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Steffen Bähring
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- Odense M
- Denmark
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Université d’Angers
- CNRS UMR 6200
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- 49045 Angers Cedex
- France
| | - David Canevet
- Université d’Angers
- CNRS UMR 6200
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- 49045 Angers Cedex
- France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Université d’Angers
- CNRS UMR 6200
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- 49045 Angers Cedex
- France
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- Odense M
- Denmark
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Institute for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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14
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Nieto-Ortega B, Villalva J, Vera-Hidalgo M, Ruiz-González L, Burzurí E, Pérez EM. Band-Gap Opening in Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Encapsulation of an Organic Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Nieto-Ortega
- IMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; c/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; c/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Mariano Vera-Hidalgo
- IMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; c/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Luisa Ruiz-González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Burzurí
- IMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; c/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; c/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
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Band-Gap Opening in Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Encapsulation of an Organic Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12240-12244. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Leret S, Pouillon Y, Casado S, Navío C, Rubio Á, Pérez EM. Bimodal supramolecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes triggered by covalent bond formation. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1927-1935. [PMID: 28451307 PMCID: PMC5364655 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03894h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many applications of carbon nanotubes require their chemical functionalization. Both covalent and supramolecular approaches have been extensively investigated. A less trodden path is the combination of both covalent and noncovalent chemistries, where the formation of covalent bonds triggers a particularly stable noncovalent interaction with the nanotubes. We describe a series of naphthalene diimide (NDI) bisalkene molecules that, upon mixing with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and Grubbs' catalyst, undergo two different reaction pathways. On one hand, they ring-close around the SWNTs to form rotaxane-like mechanically interlocked derivatives of SWNTs (MINTs). Alternatively, they oligomerize and then wrap around the SWNTs. The balance of MINTs to oligomer-wrapped SWNTs depends on the affinity of the NDI molecules for the SWNTs and the kinetics of the metathesis reactions, which can be controlled by varying the solvent. Thorough characterization of the products (TGA, TEM, AFM, Raman, UV-vis-NIR, PLE, XPS and UPS) confirms their structure and shows that each type of functionalization affects the electronic properties of the SWNTs differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Leret
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , C/Faraday 9 , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Yann Pouillon
- Departamento de Física de Materiales , Facultad de Químicas , UPV/EHU , San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Santiago Casado
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , C/Faraday 9 , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Cristina Navío
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , C/Faraday 9 , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Ángel Rubio
- Departamento de Física de Materiales , Facultad de Químicas , UPV/EHU , San Sebastián , Spain.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) , Luruper Chaussee 149 , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , C/Faraday 9 , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
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19
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López-Moreno A, Nieto-Ortega B, Moffa M, de Juan A, Bernal MM, Fernández-Blázquez JP, Vilatela JJ, Pisignano D, Pérez EM. Threading through Macrocycles Enhances the Performance of Carbon Nanotubes as Polymer Fillers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8012-8. [PMID: 27454946 PMCID: PMC4997533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the reinforcement of polymers by mechanically interlocked derivatives of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We compare the mechanical properties of fibers made of polymers and of composites with pristine SWNTs, mechanically interlocked derivatives of SWNTs (MINTs), and the corresponding supramolecular models. Improvements of both Young's modulus and tensile strength of up to 200% were observed for the polystyrene-MINT samples with an optimized loading of just 0.01 wt %, while the supramolecular models with identical chemical composition and loading showed negligible or even detrimental influence. This behavior is found for three different types of SWNTs and two types of macrocycles. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the polymer adopts an elongated conformation parallel to the SWNT when interacting with MINT fillers, irrespective of the macrocycle chemical nature, whereas a more globular structure is taken upon facing with either pristine SWNTs or supramolecular models. The MINT composite architecture thus leads to a more efficient exploitation of the axial properties of the SWNTs and of the polymer chain at the interface, in agreement with experimental results. Our findings demonstrate that the mechanical bond imparts distinctive advantageous properties to SWNT derivatives as polymer fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Moreno
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Moffa
- Istituto
Nanoscienze-CNR, Euromediterranean Center of Nanomaterial Modelling
and Technology (ECMT), via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mar Bernal
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Dario Pisignano
- Istituto
Nanoscienze-CNR, Euromediterranean Center of Nanomaterial Modelling
and Technology (ECMT), via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Martínez-Periñán E, de Juan A, Pouillon Y, Schierl C, Strauss V, Martín N, Rubio Á, Guldi DM, Lorenzo E, Pérez EM. The mechanical bond on carbon nanotubes: diameter-selective functionalization and effects on physical properties. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9254-64. [PMID: 27089449 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe the functionalization of SWNTs enriched in (6,5) chirality with electron donating macrocycles to yield rotaxane-type mechanically interlocked carbon nanotubes (MINTs). Investigations by means of electron microscopy and control experiments corroborated the interlocked nature of the MINTs. A comprehensive characterization of the MINTs through UV-vis-NIR, Raman, fluorescence, transient absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry was carried out. Analyses of the spectroscopic data reveal that the MINT-forming reaction proceeds with diameter selectivity, favoring functionalization of (6,5) SWNTs rather than larger (7,6) SWNTs. In the ground state, we found a lack of significant charge-transfer interactions between the electron donor exTTF and the SWNTs. Upon photoexcitation, efficient charge-transfer between the electron donating exTTF macrocycles and SWNTs was demonstrated. As a complement, we established significantly different charge-transfer rate constants and diffusion coefficients for MINTs and the supramolecular models, which confirms the fundamentally different type of interactions between exTTF and SWNTs in the presence or absence of the mechanical bond. Molecular mechanics and DFT calculations support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Martínez-Periñán
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yann Pouillon
- Centro Joxe Mari Korta, Avenida de Tolosa, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Christoph Schierl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Rubio
- Centro Joxe Mari Korta, Avenida de Tolosa, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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de Juan A, López-Moreno A, Calbo J, Ortí E, Pérez EM. Determination of association constants towards carbon nanotubes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7008-7014. [PMID: 29861939 PMCID: PMC5947526 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a simple procedure for the determination of association constants between soluble molecules and insoluble and heterogeneous carbon nanotube samples.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are one of the most promising nanomaterials and their supramolecular chemistry has attracted a lot of attention. However, despite well over a decade of research, there is no standard method for the quantification of their noncovalent chemistry in solution/suspension. Here, we describe a simple procedure for the determination of association constants (Ka) between soluble molecules and insoluble and heterogeneous carbon nanotube samples. To test the scope of the method, we report binding constants between five different hosts and two types of SWNTs in four solvents. We have determined numeric values of Ka in the range of 1–104 M–1. Solvent effects as well as structural changes in both the host and guest result in noticeable changes of Ka. The results obtained experimentally were validated through state-of-the-art DFT calculations. The generalization of quantitative and comparable association constants data should significantly help advance the supramolecular chemistry of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA Nanociencia , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Alejandro López-Moreno
- IMDEA Nanociencia , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , 46980 Paterna , Spain .
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular , Universidad de Valencia , 46980 Paterna , Spain .
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 , Madrid , Spain .
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Abstract
A concise tutorial review on the basic concepts of π–π interactions involving fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
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