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Kulinich AV, Ishchenko AA. Merocyanines: Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy in Solutions, Solid State, and Gas Phase. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39423353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Merocyanines, owing to their readily tunable electronic structure, are arguably the most versatile functional dyes, with ample opportunities for tailored design via variations of both the donor/acceptor (D/A) end groups and π-conjugated polymethine chain. A plethora of spectral properties, such as strong solvatochromism, high polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities, and sensitizing capacity, motivates extensive studies for their applications in light-converting materials for optoelectronics, nonlinear optics, optical storage, fluorescent probes, etc. Evidently, an understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relationships is a prerequisite for the successful design of functional dyes. For merocyanines, these regularities have been explored for over 70 years, but only in the past three decades have these studies expanded beyond the theory of their color and solvatochromism toward their electronic structure in the ground and excited states. This Review outlines the fundamental principles, essential for comprehension of the variable nature of merocyanines, with the main emphasis on understanding the impact of internal (chemical structure) and external (intermolecular interactions) factors on the electronic symmetry of the D-π-A chromophore. The research on the structure and properties of merocyanines in different media is reviewed in the context of interplay of the three virtual states: nonpolar polyene, ideal polymethine, and zwitterionic polyene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii V Kulinich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
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Tan W, Yu Y, Shi T, Zhang L, Gan H, Wang B, Liu G, Li M, Ying L, Ma Y. Achieving Ultra-Narrow-Band Deep-Red Electroluminescence By a Soliton-type Dye Squaraine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2410418. [PMID: 39313994 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202410418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the soliton-like electronic structural characteristics, cyanine dyes typically exhibit spectral behaviors such as large molar extinction coefficients, narrow spectra, and high fluorescence efficiency. However, their extensive applications as emitters in electroluminescence are largely ignored due to their serious emission quenching in the aggregation state. Herein, it is reported a squaraine dye (a type of cyanine) SQPhEt. At different solution concentrations, the unusual decrease in full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) with increasing Stokes shift indicates the fluorescence quenching of SQPhEt in the aggregated state is because of the strong self-absorption effect. A sensitized device structure can help to reduce the doping concentration of dye, which can effectively suppress self-absorption. Benefitting from the large molar extinction coefficient of SQPhEt, even at low doping concentrations of 0.1 wt%, efficient Förster energy transfer can be achieved. The corresponding spin-coating sensitized device based on SQPhEt as the dopant exhibits favorable deep-red emission at 668 nm with a small FWHM of 0.10 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Tan
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tianyuan Shi
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lveting Zhang
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Gan
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ganlin Liu
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Mingke Li
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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Kulinich AV, Ishchenko AA. Design and Photonics of Merocyanine Dyes. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300262. [PMID: 37850545 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Merocyanines, thanks to their easily adjustable electronic structure, appear to be the most versatile and promising functional dyes. Their D-π-A framework offers ample opportunities for custom design through variations in both donor/acceptor end-groups and the π-conjugated polymethine chain, and leads to a broad range of practical properties, including noticeable solvatochromism, high polarizability/hyperpolarizabilities, and the ability to sensitize various physicochemical processes. Accordingly, merocyanines are applied and extensively studied in various fields, such as light-converting materials for optoelectronics, nonlinear optics, optical storage, solar cells, fluorescent probes, and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy. This review encompasses both classical and novel more important publications on the structure-property relationships in merocyanines, with particular emphasis on the results by A. I. Kiprianov and his followers in Institute of Organic Chemistry in Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii V Kulinich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Bui TT, Péralta S, Dumur F. Synthesis and Optical Properties of a Series of Push-Pull Dyes Based on Pyrene as the Electron Donor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031489. [PMID: 36771166 PMCID: PMC9920555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen push-pull dyes comprising the tetracyclic polyaromatic pyrene have been designed and synthesized. The optical properties of the fifteen dyes have been examined in twenty-two solvents of different polarities. Surprisingly, contrarily to what is classically observed for push-pull dyes of D-π-A structures, a negative solvatochromism could be found for numerous dyes. The photoluminescence and thermal properties of the dyes were also examined. Theoretical calculations were carried out to support the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Dumur
- CY Cergy Paris Université, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS, ICR UMR7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies (CY AS), F-95000 Cergy, France
- Correspondence:
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Ehni P, Bauch SM, Becker PM, Frey W, Zens A, Kästner J, Molard Y, Laschat S. Merging liquid crystalline self-assembly and linear optical properties of merocyanines via tailored donor units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21617-21630. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at merocyanine dyes with good linear optical and self-assembly properties, a series of rigid mono-, bi- and tricyclic merocyanines with O- and N-donor units as well as keto or...
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Desvals A, Fortino M, Lefebvre C, Rogier J, Michelin C, Alioui S, Rousset E, Pedone A, Lemercier G, Hoffmann N. Synthesis and characterization of polymethine dyes carrying thiobarbituric and carboxylic acid moieties. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymethine dyes are prepared using a convenient synthesis and characterized by physicochemical and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Desvals
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | | | - Corentin Lefebvre
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Johann Rogier
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Clément Michelin
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samy Alioui
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Alfonso Pedone
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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Shishkina SV, Dyakonenko VV, Ishchenko AA, Kulinich AV. Ideal polymethine state of merocyanines in the crystal. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bhalekar S, Bhagwat A, Sekar N. Fluorescent styryl chromophores with rigid (pyrazole) donor and rigid (benzothiophenedioxide) acceptor – complete density functional theory (DFT), TDDFT and nonlinear optical study. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations were employed to examine linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of (E)-4-((1,1-dioxido-3-oxobenzo[b]thiophen-2(3H)-ylidene) ethyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one derived styryl dyes. NLO properties were computed using the two different global hybrid functionals B3LYP, BHandHLYP and three range separated hybrid functionals CAM B3LYP, wB97, wB97X and wB97XD with the basis sets 6–311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ. The compounds shows higher values of dipole moment around 8–9 Debye than the other compounds. They show higher values of α
0, ß
0 and γ
0 values. The values of γ
0 are around 204–544 × 10−36 e.s.u. with the method, B3LYP/6–311++G(d, p). We have calculated the mean absolute error (MAE) for dipole moment, α
0, ß
0 and γ
0 values. It is observed that MAE is less (0.89) for wB97/6–311++G(d,p) which indicates that wB97 is the most suited functional for all three compounds. Chemical stability and reactivity of these dyes were studied using electrophilicity index and chemical hardness and hyperhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulochana Bhalekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Matunga , Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Archana Bhagwat
- Department of Dyestuff Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Matunga , Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology , Matunga , Mumbai 400 019, India
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Rémond M, Zheng Z, Jeanneau E, Andraud C, Bretonnière Y, Redon S. 4,5,5-Trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-Based Electron-Withdrawing Groups for NIR-Emitting Push–Pull Dipolar Fluorophores. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9965-9974. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rémond
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon I, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon I, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon, Université Lyon I, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon I, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Yann Bretonnière
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon I, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon I, Laboratoire de Chimie, F-69342 Lyon, France
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Haenle JC, Stöckl Y, Forschner R, Haenle E, Laschat S. Fluorophobic Effect Promoting Lamellar Self-Assembly of Donor Acceptor Dyes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2758-2767. [PMID: 29999251 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To combine liquid crystalline and linear optical properties in the same molecule, the fluorophobic effect was probed for the first time in donor acceptor dyes. Thus, a series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic donor acceptor dyes with 1H,1H-perfluorinated alkyl chains of different lengths as donor units and nitrile, malononitrile or barbiturate as acceptor units was synthesized in 5 steps and 1.4-6.6 % overall yield. UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations revealed that absorption and emission maxima, Stokes shifts and LUMO energies were mainly governed by the chromophore size and acceptor strengths. The perfluorinated chain was electronically almost decoupled from the remaining chromophore and induced only slight changes of the absorption maxima as compared to the alkyl substituted counterparts. However, in contrast to the non-mesomorphic alkyl donor-substituted derivatives, the perfluorinated donors resulted in self-assembly into partially interdigitated SmA bilayers according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) studies and electron density profile calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick Stöckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Forschner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elena Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalding 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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