1
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Kim JH, Halaksa R, Jo IY, Ahn H, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Lee I, Park S, Nielsen CB, Yoon MH. Peculiar transient behaviors of organic electrochemical transistors governed by ion injection directionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7577. [PMID: 38016963 PMCID: PMC10684893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in dynamic behaviors at the frequency domain, there exist very few studies on molecular orientation-dependent transient responses of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. In this research, we investigated the effect of ion injection directionality on transient electrochemical transistor behaviors by developing a model mixed conductor system. Two polymers with similar electrical, ionic, and electrochemical characteristics but distinct backbone planarities and molecular orientations were successfully synthesized by varying the co-monomer unit (2,2'-bithiophene or phenylene) in conjunction with a novel 1,4-dithienylphenylene-based monomer. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis suggests that the molecular orientation affects the length of the ion-drift pathway, which is directly correlated with ion mobility, resulting in peculiar OECT transient responses. These results provide the general insight into molecular orientation-dependent ion movement characteristics as well as high-performance device design principles with fine-tuned transient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202304390. [PMID: 38528843 PMCID: PMC10962556 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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3
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304390. [PMID: 37204070 PMCID: PMC10962546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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4
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Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Parr ZS, Borges-González J, Rashid RB, Thorley KJ, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Rivnay J, Nielsen CB. From p- to n-Type Mixed Conduction in Isoindigo-Based Polymers through Molecular Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107829. [PMID: 35075720 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic and electronic conductors are of significant interest for bioelectronic applications. Here, three different isoindigoid building blocks are used to obtain polymeric mixed conductors with vastly different structural and electronic properties which can be further fine-tuned through the choice of comonomer unit. This work shows how careful design of the isoindigoid scaffold can afford highly planar polymer structures with high degrees of electronic delocalization, while subtle structural modifications can control the dominant charge carrier (hole or electron) when probed in organic electrochemical transistors. A combination of experimental and computational techniques is employed to probe electrochemical, structural, and mixed ionic and electronic properties of the polymer series which in turn allows the derivation of important structure-property relations for this promising class of materials in the context of organic bioelectronics. Ultimately, these findings are used to outline robust molecular-design strategies for isoindigo-based mixed conductors that can support efficient p-type, n-type, and ambipolar transistor operation in an aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jorge Borges-González
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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6
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Kukhta N, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the toolbox of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure-property investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed. This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even further for future OMIEC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya
A. Kukhta
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular
Engineering & Sciences Institute, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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9
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Kousseff CJ, Halaksa R, Parr ZS, Nielsen CB. Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction in Small-Molecule Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4397-4419. [PMID: 34491034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule organic semiconductors have displayed remarkable electronic properties with a multitude of π-conjugated structures developed and fine-tuned over recent years to afford highly efficient hole- and electron-transporting materials. Already making a significant impact on organic electronic applications including organic field-effect transistors and solar cells, this class of materials is also now naturally being considered for the emerging field of organic bioelectronics. In efforts aimed at identifying and developing (semi)conducting materials for bioelectronic applications, particular attention has been placed on materials displaying mixed ionic and electronic conduction to interface efficiently with the inherently ionic biological world. Such mixed conductors are conveniently evaluated using an organic electrochemical transistor, which further presents itself as an ideal bioelectronic device for transducing biological signals into electrical signals. Here, we review recent literature relevant for the design of small-molecule mixed ionic and electronic conductors. We assess important classes of p- and n-type small-molecule semiconductors, consider structural modifications relevant for mixed conduction and for specific interactions with ionic species, and discuss the outlook of small-molecule semiconductors in the context of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Kousseff
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary S Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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10
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19679-19684. [PMID: 34228896 PMCID: PMC8457089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new glycolated semiconducting polymers PgBT(F)2gT and PgBT(F)2gTT of differing backbone curvatures were designed and synthesised for application as p-type accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) materials. Both polymers demonstrated stable and reversible oxidation, accessible within the aqueous electrochemical window, to generate polaronic charge carriers. OECTs fabricated from PgBT(F)2gT featuring a curved backbone geometry attained a higher volumetric capacitance of 170 F cm-3 . However, PgBT(F)2gTT with a linear backbone displayed overall superior OECT performance with a normalised peak transconductance of 3.00×104 mS cm-1 , owing to its enhanced order, expediting the charge mobility to 0.931 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
- Grupo de PolímerosDepartamento de Física e Ciencias da TerraUniversidade da CoruñaCentro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT)Esteiro15471FerrolSpain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
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11
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
- Grupo de Polímeros Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra Universidade da Coruña Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT) Esteiro 15471 Ferrol Spain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
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12
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Kulhánek J, Klikar M, Pytela O, Almonasy N, Tydlitát J, Bureš F. Quadrupolar fluorophores with tetrafluorobenzene central electron acceptor. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Moser M, Savva A, Thorley K, Paulsen BD, Hidalgo TC, Ohayon D, Chen H, Giovannitti A, Marks A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Rivnay J, Inal S, McCulloch I. Polaron Delocalization in Donor–Acceptor Polymers and its Impact on Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Achilleas Savva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- University of Kentucky Department of Chemistry Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Northwestern University Department of Biomedical Engineering Chicago IL 60208 USA
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adam Marks
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Northwestern University Department of Biomedical Engineering Chicago IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University Simpson Querrey Institute Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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14
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Moser M, Savva A, Thorley K, Paulsen BD, Hidalgo TC, Ohayon D, Chen H, Giovannitti A, Marks A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Rivnay J, Inal S, McCulloch I. Polaron Delocalization in Donor-Acceptor Polymers and its Impact on Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7777-7785. [PMID: 33259685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers are promising materials for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as they minimize detrimental faradaic side-reactions during OECT operation, yet their steady-state OECT performance still lags far behind their all-donor counterparts. We report three D-A polymers based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole unit that afford OECT performances similar to those of all-donor polymers, hence representing a significant improvement to the previously developed D-A copolymers. In addition to improved OECT performance, DFT simulations of the polymers and their respective hole polarons also reveal a positive correlation between hole polaron delocalization and steady-state OECT performance, providing new insights into the design of OECT materials. Importantly, we demonstrate how polaron delocalization can be tuned directly at the molecular level by selection of the building blocks comprising the polymers' conjugated backbone, thus paving the way for the development of even higher performing OECT polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Achilleas Savva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Stanford University, TomKatCenter for Sustainable Energy, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, 60208, USA.,Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) Toward Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225288. [PMID: 33202778 PMCID: PMC7698176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a fascinating area of research and technology in the past two decades and are anticipated to replace classic inorganic semiconductors in many applications. Research on organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and organic thin-film transistors is already in an advanced stage, and the derived devices are commercially available. A more recent case is the organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), whose core component is a conductive polymer in contact with ions and solvent molecules of an electrolyte, thus allowing it to simultaneously regulate electron and ion transport. OECTs are very effective in ion-to-electron transduction and sensor signal amplification. The use of synthetically tunable, biocompatible, and depositable organic materials in OECTs makes them specially interesting for biological applications and printable devices. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of OECTs, their physical characterization, and their operation mechanism. We analyze OECT performance improvements obtained by geometry design and active material selection (i.e., conductive polymers and small molecules) and conclude with their broad range of applications from biological sensors to wearable devices.
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16
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Bischak CG, Flagg LQ, Ginger DS. Ion Exchange Gels Allow Organic Electrochemical Transistor Operation with Hydrophobic Polymers in Aqueous Solution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002610. [PMID: 32596942 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated-polymer-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are being studied for applications ranging from biochemical sensing to neural interfaces. While new polymers that interface digital electronics with the aqueous chemistry of life are being developed, the majority of high-performance organic transistor materials are poor at transporting biologically relevant ions. Here, the operating mode of an organic transistor is changed from that of an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor (EGOFET) to that of an OECT by incorporating an ion exchange gel between the active layer and the aqueous electrolyte. This device works by taking up biologically relevant ions from solution and injecting more hydrophobic ions into the active layer. Using poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl) thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] as the active layer and a blend of an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) as the ion exchange gel, four orders of magnitude improvement in device transconductance and a 100-fold increase in kinetics are demonstrated. The ability of the ion-exchange-gel OECT to record biological signals by measuring the action potentials of a Venus flytrap is demonstrated. These results show the possibility of using interface engineering to open up a wider palette of organic semiconductors as OECTs that can be gated by aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor G Bischak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
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17
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Bischak CG, Flagg LQ, Yan K, Rehman T, Davies DW, Quezada RJ, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Diao Y, Li CZ, Ginger DS. A Reversible Structural Phase Transition by Electrochemically-Driven Ion Injection into a Conjugated Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7434-7442. [PMID: 32227841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor G. Bischak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lucas Q. Flagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Kangrong Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Tahir Rehman
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Daniel W. Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ramsess J. Quezada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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