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Hou X, Coker JF, Yan J, Shi X, Azzouzi M, Eisner FD, McGettrick JD, Tuladhar SM, Abrahams I, Frost JM, Li Z, Dennis TJS, Nelson J. Structure-Property Relationships for the Electronic Applications of Bis-Adduct Isomers of Phenyl-C 61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester. Chem Mater 2024; 36:425-438. [PMID: 38222935 PMCID: PMC10782444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Higher adducts of a fullerene, such as the bis-adduct of PCBM (bis-PCBM), can be used to achieve shallower molecular orbital energy levels than, for example, PCBM or C60. Substituting the bis-adduct for the parent fullerene is useful to increase the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells or achieve better energy alignment as electron transport layers in, for example, perovskite solar cells. However, bis-PCBM is usually synthesized as a mixture of structural isomers, which can lead to both energetic and morphological disorder, negatively affecting device performance. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the molecular properties of 19 pure bis-isomers of PCBM using a variety of characterization methods, including ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal structure, and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculation. We find that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of such bis-isomers can be tuned to be up to 170 meV shallower than PCBM and up to 100 meV shallower than the mixture of unseparated isomers. The isolated bis-isomers also show an electron mobility in organic field-effect transistors of up to 4.5 × 10-2 cm2/(V s), which is an order of magnitude higher than that of the mixture of bis-isomers. These properties enable the fabrication of the highest performing bis-PCBM organic solar cell to date, with the best device showing a power conversion efficiency of 7.2%. Interestingly, we find that the crystallinity of bis-isomers correlates negatively with electron mobility and organic solar cell device performance, which we relate to their molecular symmetry, with a lower symmetry leading to more amorphous bis-isomers, less energetic disorder, and higher dimensional electron transport. This work demonstrates the potential of side chain engineering for optimizing the performance of fullerene-based organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hou
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jack F. Coker
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Science and Engineering, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, P. R. China
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Isaac Abrahams
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Zhe Li
- School
of Engineering and Materials Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- Department
of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool
University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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2
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19679-19684. [PMID: 34228896 PMCID: PMC8457089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new glycolated semiconducting polymers PgBT(F)2gT and PgBT(F)2gTT of differing backbone curvatures were designed and synthesised for application as p-type accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) materials. Both polymers demonstrated stable and reversible oxidation, accessible within the aqueous electrochemical window, to generate polaronic charge carriers. OECTs fabricated from PgBT(F)2gT featuring a curved backbone geometry attained a higher volumetric capacitance of 170 F cm-3 . However, PgBT(F)2gTT with a linear backbone displayed overall superior OECT performance with a normalised peak transconductance of 3.00×104 mS cm-1 , owing to its enhanced order, expediting the charge mobility to 0.931 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
- Grupo de PolímerosDepartamento de Física e Ciencias da TerraUniversidade da CoruñaCentro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT)Esteiro15471FerrolSpain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
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3
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
- Grupo de Polímeros Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra Universidade da Coruña Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT) Esteiro 15471 Ferrol Spain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
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He Q, Shahid M, Jiao X, Gann E, Eisner FD, Wu T, Fei Z, Anthopoulos TD, McNeill CR, Heeney M. Crucial Role of Fluorine in Fully Alkylated Ladder-Type Carbazole-Based Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:9555-9562. [PMID: 31999092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Two fused ladder-type nonfullerene acceptors, DTCCIC and DTCCIC-4F, based on an electron-donating alkylated dithienocyclopentacarbazole core flanked by electron-withdrawing nonfluorinated or fluorinated 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC or IC-4F), are prepared and utilized in organic solar cells (OSCs). The two new molecules reveal planar structures and strong aggregation behavior, and fluorination is shown to red-shift the optical band gap and downshift energy levels. OSCs based on DTCCIC-4F exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 12.6%, much higher than that of DTCCIC-based devices (6.2%). Microstructural studies reveal that while both acceptors are highly crystalline, bulk heterojunction blends based on the nonfluorinated DTCCIC result in overly coarse domains, while blends based on the fluorinated DTCCIC-4F exhibit a more optimal nanoscale morphology. These results highlight the importance of end group fluorination in controlling molecular aggregation and miscibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus , Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Munazza Shahid
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus , Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ , U.K
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , University of Management and Technology , Lahore 54770 , Pakistan
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Measurement Science Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Flurin D Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, South Kensington Campus , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Tingmang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus , Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Centre , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus , Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ , U.K
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5
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Eisner FD, Azzouzi M, Fei Z, Hou X, Anthopoulos TD, Dennis TJS, Heeney M, Nelson J. Hybridization of Local Exciton and Charge-Transfer States Reduces Nonradiative Voltage Losses in Organic Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6362-6374. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Hou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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6
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Sit W, Eisner FD, Lin Y, Firdaus Y, Seitkhan A, Balawi AH, Laquai F, Burgess CH, McLachlan MA, Volonakis G, Giustino F, Anthopoulos TD. High-Efficiency Fullerene Solar Cells Enabled by a Spontaneously Formed Mesostructured CuSCN-Nanowire Heterointerface. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1700980. [PMID: 29721432 PMCID: PMC5908360 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes and their derivatives are widely used as electron acceptors in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells as they combine high electron mobility with good solubility and miscibility with relevant semiconducting polymers. However, studies on the use of fullerenes as the sole photogeneration and charge-carrier material are scarce. Here, a new type of solution-processed small-molecule solar cell based on the two most commonly used methanofullerenes, namely [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM), as the light absorbing materials, is reported. First, it is shown that both fullerene derivatives exhibit excellent ambipolar charge transport with balanced hole and electron mobilities. When the two derivatives are spin-coated over the wide bandgap p-type semiconductor copper (I) thiocyanate (CuSCN), cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ≈1%, are obtained. Blending the CuSCN with PC70BM is shown to increase the performance further yielding cells with an open-circuit voltage of ≈0.93 V and a PCE of 5.4%. Microstructural analysis reveals that the key to this success is the spontaneous formation of a unique mesostructured p-n-like heterointerface between CuSCN and PC70BM. The findings pave the way to an exciting new class of single photoactive material based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai‐Yu Sit
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Yen‐Hung Lin
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Akmaral Seitkhan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Balawi
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Claire H. Burgess
- Department of MaterialsFaculty of EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Martyn A. McLachlan
- Department of MaterialsFaculty of EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - George Volonakis
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PHUK
| | - Feliciano Giustino
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PHUK
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Solar CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
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7
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Fei Z, Eisner FD, Jiao X, Azzouzi M, Röhr JA, Han Y, Shahid M, Chesman ASR, Easton CD, McNeill CR, Anthopoulos TD, Nelson J, Heeney M. An Alkylated Indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-Based Nonfullerene Acceptor with High Crystallinity Exhibiting Single Junction Solar Cell Efficiencies Greater than 13% with Low Voltage Losses. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1800728. [PMID: 29600581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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8
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Fei Z, Eisner FD, Jiao X, Azzouzi M, Röhr JA, Han Y, Shahid M, Chesman ASR, Easton CD, McNeill CR, Anthopoulos TD, Nelson J, Heeney M. An Alkylated Indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-Based Nonfullerene Acceptor with High Crystallinity Exhibiting Single Junction Solar Cell Efficiencies Greater than 13% with Low Voltage Losses. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1705209. [PMID: 29315933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic route, to prepare an alkylated indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-based nonfullerene acceptor (C8-ITIC), is reported. Compared to the reported ITIC with phenylalkyl side chains, the new acceptor C8-ITIC exhibits a reduction in the optical band gap, higher absorptivity, and an increased propensity to crystallize. Accordingly, blends with the donor polymer PBDB-T exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 12.4%. Further improvements in efficiency are found upon backbone fluorination of the donor polymer to afford the novel material PFBDB-T. The resulting blend with C8-ITIC shows an impressive PCE up to 13.2% as a result of the higher open-circuit voltage. Electroluminescence studies demonstrate that backbone fluorination reduces the energy loss of the blends, with PFBDB-T/C8-ITIC-based cells exhibiting a small energy loss of 0.6 eV combined with a high JSC of 19.6 mA cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Flurin D Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jason A Röhr
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Munazza Shahid
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony S R Chesman
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratories, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | | | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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