1
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Hou X, Coker JF, Yan J, Shi X, Azzouzi M, Eisner FD, McGettrick JD, Tuladhar SM, Abrahams I, Frost JM, Li Z, Dennis TJS, Nelson J. Structure-Property Relationships for the Electronic Applications of Bis-Adduct Isomers of Phenyl-C 61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester. Chem Mater 2024; 36:425-438. [PMID: 38222935 PMCID: PMC10782444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Higher adducts of a fullerene, such as the bis-adduct of PCBM (bis-PCBM), can be used to achieve shallower molecular orbital energy levels than, for example, PCBM or C60. Substituting the bis-adduct for the parent fullerene is useful to increase the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells or achieve better energy alignment as electron transport layers in, for example, perovskite solar cells. However, bis-PCBM is usually synthesized as a mixture of structural isomers, which can lead to both energetic and morphological disorder, negatively affecting device performance. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the molecular properties of 19 pure bis-isomers of PCBM using a variety of characterization methods, including ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal structure, and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculation. We find that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of such bis-isomers can be tuned to be up to 170 meV shallower than PCBM and up to 100 meV shallower than the mixture of unseparated isomers. The isolated bis-isomers also show an electron mobility in organic field-effect transistors of up to 4.5 × 10-2 cm2/(V s), which is an order of magnitude higher than that of the mixture of bis-isomers. These properties enable the fabrication of the highest performing bis-PCBM organic solar cell to date, with the best device showing a power conversion efficiency of 7.2%. Interestingly, we find that the crystallinity of bis-isomers correlates negatively with electron mobility and organic solar cell device performance, which we relate to their molecular symmetry, with a lower symmetry leading to more amorphous bis-isomers, less energetic disorder, and higher dimensional electron transport. This work demonstrates the potential of side chain engineering for optimizing the performance of fullerene-based organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hou
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jack F. Coker
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Science and Engineering, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518172, P. R. China
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Isaac Abrahams
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Zhe Li
- School
of Engineering and Materials Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- Department
of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool
University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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2
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Hou X, Clarke AJ, Azzouzi M, Yan J, Eisner F, Shi X, Wyatt MF, Dennis TJS, Li Z, Nelson J. Relationship between molecular properties and degradation mechanisms of organic solar cells based on bis-adducts of phenyl-C 61 butyric acid methyl ester. J Mater Chem C Mater 2022; 10:7875-7885. [PMID: 35746953 PMCID: PMC9134990 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stability remains a major challenge for the commercialisation of organic solar cells and degradation pathways remain poorly understood. Designing materials for improved device stability requires an understanding of the relationship between the properties of the donor or acceptor molecule and different degradation mechanisms. Here we study the correlations between various molecular parameters of the fullerene derivative bis-PCBM and the degradation rate of polymer:bis-PCBM organic solar cells, based on the same carbazole-alt-benzothiadiazole polymer, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We compare eight high purity bis-PCBM isomers with different electronic, chemical and packing properties along with PCBM and the mixture of bis isomers. In the case of aerobic photodegradation, we find that device degradation rate is positively correlated to the LUMO energy of the bis-PCBM isomer and to the degree of crystallinity of the isomer, while the correlation of degradation with driving force for epoxide formation is unclear. These results support the idea that in these samples, aerobic photodegradation proceeds via superoxide formation by the photogenerated polaron on the fullerene, followed by further chemical reaction. In the absence of air, photodegradation rate is correlated with molecular structure, supporting the mechanism of microstructural degradation via fullerene dimerization. The approach and findings presented here show how control of specific molecular parameters through chemical design can serve as a strategy to enhance stability of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew J Clarke
- SPECIFIC, Swansea University Bay Campus Swansea Wales SA1 8EN UK
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Flurin Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Mark F Wyatt
- National Mass Spectrometry Facility, Swansea University Medical School Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - T John S Dennis
- State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Haina-Carbon Nanostructure Research Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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3
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Shi W, Salerno F, Ward MD, Santana-Bonilla A, Wade J, Hou X, Liu T, Dennis TJS, Campbell AJ, Jelfs KE, Fuchter MJ. Fullerene Desymmetrization as a Means to Achieve Single-Enantiomer Electron Acceptors with Maximized Chiroptical Responsiveness. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004115. [PMID: 33225503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solubilized fullerene derivatives have revolutionized the development of organic photovoltaic devices, acting as excellent electron acceptors. The addition of solubilizing addends to the fullerene cage results in a large number of isomers, which are generally employed as isomeric mixtures. Moreover, a significant number of these isomers are chiral, which further adds to the isomeric complexity. The opportunities presented by single-isomer, and particularly single-enantiomer, fullerenes in organic electronic materials and devices are poorly understood however. Here, ten pairs of enantiomers are separated from the 19 structural isomers of bis[60]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, using them to elucidate important chiroptical relationships and demonstrating their application to a circularly polarized light (CPL)-detecting device. Larger chiroptical responses are found, occurring through the inherent chirality of the fullerene. When used in a single-enantiomer organic field-effect transistor, the potential to discriminate CPL with a fast light response time and with a very high photocurrent dissymmetry factor (gph = 1.27 ± 0.06) is demonstrated. This study thus provides key strategies to design fullerenes with large chiroptical responses for use as chiral components of organic electronic devices. It is anticipated that this data will position chiral fullerenes as an exciting material class for the growing field of chiral electronic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Francesco Salerno
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Center for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew D Ward
- Center for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Santana-Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jessica Wade
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Center for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xueyan Hou
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - T John S Dennis
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alasdair J Campbell
- Center for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Center for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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4
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Liu T, Abrahams I, Dennis TJS. Conformational Analysis of [60]PCBM via Second-Order Proton NMR Spin-Spin Coupling Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5397-5401. [PMID: 32551707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 1H NMR spectrum of phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) was recorded at high resolution (600 MHz). All of the 1H resonances expected of the Cs-symmetric molecule were observed. The spin-spin couplings in the 1H NMR spectrum were not as expected at first order. Instead, the effects of AA'BB'-type second-order couplings were clearly observed for the protons attached to both ester carbons C3 and C4, which were analyzed in terms of seven coupling constants. This indicates that there is no free rotation of the σ bonds of the alkyl chain in the ester group, although rotation becomes free at a larger distance from the fullerene bridge carbon (C61). The 1H NMR results further indicated that there is a 1:6:1 population ratio of the three staggered conformers (gauche:anti:gauche') about the ester group C3-C4 bond. These results may aid in the understanding of the morphological interactions between [60]PCBM and its surroundings in condensed-phase organic electronic devices such as organic and perovskite photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Isaac Abrahams
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - T John S Dennis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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5
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Eisner FD, Azzouzi M, Fei Z, Hou X, Anthopoulos TD, Dennis TJS, Heeney M, Nelson J. Hybridization of Local Exciton and Charge-Transfer States Reduces Nonradiative Voltage Losses in Organic Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6362-6374. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Hou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and The Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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6
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Zhao X, Liu T, Shi W, Hou X, Dennis TJS. Capillary-written single-crystalline all-inorganic perovskite microribbon arrays for highly-sensitive and thermal-stable photodetectors. Nanoscale 2019; 11:2453-2459. [PMID: 30667445 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, as a result of its exceptional resistance to moisture and heat, cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) has been established as a potential high-performance perovskite material for optoelectronics, which is inclusive of photodetectors and photovoltaics. It has been demonstrated that a perovskite single crystal has major benefits over its thin-film equivalents; nevertheless, the preparation of perovskite crystal arrays for the utilisation of extensive integration is a challenging task. In this paper, we consider a simple crystallisation system, being a capillary-written system to enable the growth of single crystal microribbon arrays (MRAs) directly from a precursor solution. It is demonstrated by microstructure characterisation that CsPbBr3 MRAs are good-quality single crystals with highly-aligned crystal packing and smooth surfaces. The band-edge photoluminescence (PL) is exceptionally resilient and has a lengthy PL life of ∼62 ns. An exceptional photo-response having a particularly quick 99 μs response time and a 2496 A W-1 ultra-high responsivity is exhibited by photodetectors which are built upon these MRAs. The fact that the as-fabricated photodetectors maintain 90% of their commencing performance following 100 days of constant stress testing under ambient conditions under an illumination of 450 nm, showing exceptional operational stability, is noteworthy. A significant step towards the large-area growth of high-quality perovskite MRAs is presented by this work. This supplies favourable opportunities to build high-performance optoelectronic and nanophotonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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7
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Zhao X, Liu T, Liu H, Wang S, Li X, Zhang Y, Hou X, Liu Z, Shi W, Dennis TJS. Organic Single-Crystalline p-n Heterojunctions for High-Performance Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors and Broadband Photodetectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:42715-42722. [PMID: 30398337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting single crystals are ideal building blocks for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photodetectors (OPDs) because they can potentially exhibit the best charge transport and photoelectric properties in organic materials. Nevertheless, it is usual for single-crystal OFETs to be built from one kind of organic material in which the dominant transport is either electron or hole; such OFETs show unipolar charge transport. Furthermore, single-crystal OPDs present high performance only in restricted regions because of the limited absorption of one-component single crystals. In an ideal situation, devices which comprise both electron- and hole-transporting single crystals with complementary absorptions, such as single-crystalline p-n heterojunctions (SCHJs), can permit broadband photoresponse and ambipolar charge transport. In this paper, a solution-processing crystallization strategy to prepare an SCHJ composed of C60 and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-PEN) was shown. These SCHJs demonstrated ambipolar charge-transport characteristics in OFETs with a balanced performance of 2.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electron mobility and 2.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 for hole mobility. This demonstration is the first of single-crystal OFETs in which both electron and hole mobilities were over 2.5 cm2 V-1 s-1. OPDs fabricated upon as-prepared SCHJs exhibited highly sensitive photoconductive properties ranging from ultraviolet to visible and further to near-infrared regions as a result of complementary absorption between C60 and TIPS-PEN, thereby attaining photoresponsivities that are among the highest reported values within the OPDs. This work would provide valuable references for developing novel SCHJ systems to achieve significant progress in high-performance ambipolar OFETs and broadband OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
| | - Hongli Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , 300072 Tianjin , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , 300072 Tianjin , China
| | - Shirong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , 300072 Tianjin , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , 300072 Tianjin , China
| | - Xianggao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , 300072 Tianjin , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , 300072 Tianjin , China
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , 300072 Tianjin , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , 300072 Tianjin , China
| | - Xueyan Hou
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
| | - Zilu Liu
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
| | - Wenda Shi
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
| | - T John S Dennis
- Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS London , U.K
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8
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Zhao X, Liu T, Cui Y, Hou X, Liu Z, Dai X, Kong J, Shi W, Dennis TJS. Antisolvent-assisted controllable growth of fullerene single crystal microwires for organic field effect transistors and photodetectors. Nanoscale 2018; 10:8170-8179. [PMID: 29676419 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There are only a few reported methods by which the size and morphology of organic single crystals for high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or other devices can be controlled. Here, a facile solution-processed antisolvent vapor diffusion method was employed to grow millimeter-length C60 single crystal microwires directly in solution. The size of the microwires can be controllably varied via the C60 concentration and/or the choice of antisolvent. OFETs fabricated from the as-produced microwires exhibit mobilities as high as 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1. A clear relationship between the crystal preparation conditions and device performance is revealed whereby it is observed that the lower the evaporation rate of antisolvent and/or the higher the C60 concentration, the higher the device performance. Photodetectors based on our microwires give a responsivity that is an order of magnitude higher than those grown by drop-casting methods. This study provides a facile method for the crystal engineering of size-tunable millimeter-length C60 single crystals, and revealed the important influences of the antisolvent on the C60 crystal size and the performance of devices based on them. We believe that our processing approach can be further exploited for a broad range of other organic semiconductors to achieve desirable single crystal size and morphology and thus obtain desirable OFETs and photodetector performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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9
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Liu T, Abrahams I, Dennis TJS. Structural Identification of 19 Purified Isomers of the OPV Acceptor Material bisPCBM by 13C NMR and UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4138-4152. [PMID: 29498855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of 19 purified isomers of bis-phenyl-C62-butyric acid methyl ester were identified by a combination of 13C NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopies and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention time analysis. All 19 isomers are dicyclopropafullerenes (none are homofullerenes). There were seven isomers with C1 molecular point-group symmetry, four with C s, six with C2, one with C2 v, and one with C2 h symmetry. The C2 h, C2 v, and all five nonequatorial C1 isomers were unambiguously assigned to their respective HPLC fractions. For the other 12 isomers, the 13C NMR and UV-vis spectra placed them in six groups of two same-symmetry isomers. On the basis of the widely spaced HPLC retention times of the two isomers within each of these six groups, and the empirical inverse correlation between retention time and addend spacing, each isomer was assigned to its corresponding HPLC fraction. In addition, the missing trans-1 isomer was found, purified, and characterized.
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10
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Zhang F, Shi W, Luo J, Pellet N, Yi C, Li X, Zhao X, Dennis TJS, Li X, Wang S, Xiao Y, Zakeeruddin SM, Bi D, Grätzel M. Isomer-Pure Bis-PCBM-Assisted Crystal Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells Showing Excellent Efficiency and Stability. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1606806. [PMID: 28240401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A fullerene derivative (α-bis-PCBM) is purified from an as-produced bis-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (bis-[60]PCBM) isomer mixture by preparative peak-recycling, high-performance liquid chromatography, and is employed as a templating agent for solution processing of metal halide perovskite films via an antisolvent method. The resulting α-bis-PCBM-containing perovskite solar cells achieve better stability, efficiency, and reproducibility when compared with analogous cells containing PCBM. α-bis-PCBM fills the vacancies and grain boundaries of the perovskite film, enhancing the crystallization of perovskites and addressing the issue of slow electron extraction. In addition, α-bis-PCBM resists the ingression of moisture and passivates voids or pinholes generated in the hole-transporting layer. As a result, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.8% is obtained, compared with 19.9% by PCBM, and is accompanied by excellent stability under heat and simulated sunlight. The PCE of unsealed devices dropped by less than 10% in ambient air (40% RH) after 44 d at 65 °C, and by 4% after 600 h under continuous full-sun illumination and maximum power point tracking, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenda Shi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jingshan Luo
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norman Pellet
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Chenyi Yi
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiong Li
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, Tianjin, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - T John S Dennis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Xianggao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dongqin Bi
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Johansson JO, Bohl E, Henderson GG, Mignolet B, Dennis TJS, Remacle F, Campbell EEB. Hot electron production and diffuse excited states in C70, C82, and Sc3N@C80 characterized by angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:084309. [PMID: 24006999 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using wavelength-tuneable femtosecond laser pulses is presented for a series of fullerenes, namely, C70, C82, and Sc3N@C80. The photoelectron kinetic energy distributions for the three molecules show typical thermal electron spectra with a superimposed peak structure that is the result of one-photon ionization of diffuse low-angular momenta states with electron density close to the carbon cage and that are related to so-called super atom molecular orbitals. Photoelectron angular distributions confirm this assignment. The observed structure is less prominent compared to the thermal electron background than what was observed in C60. It can be concluded that hot electron emission is the main ionization channel for the larger and more complex molecules for these excitation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olof Johansson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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Li B, Shu C, Lu X, Dunsch L, Chen Z, Dennis TJS, Shi Z, Jiang L, Wang T, Xu W, Wang C. Addition of carbene to the equator of C(70) to produce the most stable C(71)H(2) isomer: 2 aH-2(12)a-homo(C(70)-D(5h(6)))[5,6]fullerene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:962-6. [PMID: 20033972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Theobald JA, Oxtoby NS, Champness NR, Beton PH, Dennis TJS. Growth induced reordering of fullerene clusters trapped in a two-dimensional supramolecular network. Langmuir 2005; 21:2038-2041. [PMID: 15723508 DOI: 10.1021/la047533w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the growth of molecular clusters in confined geometries defined by a bimolecular supramolecular network. This framework provides a regular array of identical nanoscale traps in which further deposited molecules nucleate cluster growth. For the higher fullerene, C84, molecules aggregate into close packed assemblies with an orientation which switches when the cluster size increases by one molecule. This change is controlled by the interactions between the molecules and the confining boundaries of the network pore. We show that, following nucleation of small clusters, further growth requires a reconfiguration of previously captured molecules resulting in a transition between nanoscale phases with different ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Theobald
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Khlobystov AN, Porfyrakis K, Kanai M, Britz DA, Ardavan A, Shinohara H, Dennis TJS, Briggs GAD. Molecular motion of endohedral fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:1386-9. [PMID: 15368413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200352389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Khlobystov AN, Porfyrakis K, Kanai M, Britz DA, Ardavan A, Shinohara H, Dennis TJS, Briggs GAD. Molecular Motion of Endohedral Fullerenes in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200352389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kanai M, Porfyrakis K, Briggs GAD, Dennis TJS. Purification by HPLC and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of the nitrogen-containing incar-fullerenes iNC60, and iNC70. Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:210-1. [PMID: 14737553 DOI: 10.1039/b310979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the purification of the nitrogen-containing incar-fullerenes iNC(60) and iNC(70), and their characterisation by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, UK
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O’Shea JN, Phillips MA, Taylor MDR, Beton PH, Moriarty P, Kanai M, Dennis TJS, Dhanak VR, Patel S, Poolton N. Competing interactions of noble metals and fullerenes with the Si(111)7×7 surface. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1628225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ardavan A, Austwick M, Benjamin SC, Briggs GAD, Dennis TJS, Ferguson A, Hasko DG, Kanai M, Khlobystov AN, Lovett BW, Morley GW, Oliver RA, Pettifor DG, Porfyrakis K, Reina JH, Rice JH, Smith JD, Taylor RA, Williams DA, Adelmann C, Mariette H, Hamers RJ. Nanoscale solid-state quantum computing. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2003; 361:1473-1485. [PMID: 12869322 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most experts agree that it is too early to say how quantum computers will eventually be built, and several nanoscale solid-state schemes are being implemented in a range of materials. Nanofabricated quantum dots can be made in designer configurations, with established technology for controlling interactions and for reading out results. Epitaxial quantum dots can be grown in vertical arrays in semiconductors, and ultrafast optical techniques are available for controlling and measuring their excitations. Single-walled carbon nanotubes can be used for molecular self-assembly of endohedral fullerenes, which can embody quantum information in the electron spin. The challenges of individual addressing in such tiny structures could rapidly become intractable with increasing numbers of qubits, but these schemes are amenable to global addressing methods for computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ardavan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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Dennis TJS, Prassides K, Roduner E, Cristofolini L, DeRenzi R. Rotational dynamics of solid fullerene C70 monitored by positive muon spin labels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100135a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Azamar-Barrios JA, Dennis TJS, Sadhukan S, Shinohara H, Scuseria GE, Pénicaud A. Characterization of Six Isomers of [84]Fullerene C84 by Electrochemistry, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, and Molecular Energy Levels Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003649z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Azamar-Barrios
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - T. John S. Dennis
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Shaumo Sadhukan
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Gustavo E. Scuseria
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Departamento de Física aplicada, CINVESTAV-IPN-Mérida, apdo postal 73 Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México, Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, Department of Chemistry and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS (UPR8641), Université de Bordeaux-I, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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Inakuma M, Yamamoto E, Kai T, Wang CR, Tomiyama T, Shinohara H, Dennis TJS, Hulman M, Krause M, Kuzmany H. Structural and Electronic Properties of Isomers of Sc2@C84(I, II, III): 13C NMR and IR/Raman Spectroscopic Studies. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000438l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - T. John S. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Dennis TJS, Kai T, Asato K, Tomiyama T, Shinohara H, Yoshida T, Kobayashi Y, Ishiwatari H, Miyake Y, Kikuchi K, Achiba Y. Isolation and Characterization by 13C NMR Spectroscopy of [84]Fullerene Minor Isomers. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9925132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - T. John S. Dennis
- Hahn-Meitner Institute, 100 Glienicker Strasse, Berlin D-14109, Germany
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Kalina OG, Tumanskii BL, Bashilov VV, Chistyakov AL, Stankevich IV, Sokolov VI, Dennis TJS, Taylor R. Addition of phosphoryl radicals to [76]fullerene gives six stable regioisomeric spin-adducts: MNDO/PM3 calculations of spin densities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a908038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tagmatarchis N, Avent AG, Prassides K, Dennis TJS, Shinohara H. Separation, isolation and characterisation of two minor isomers of the [84]fullerene C84. Chem Commun (Camb) 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a901709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dennis TJS, Shinohara H. Production and isolation of the C80-based group 2 incar-fullerenes: iCaC80, iSrC80 and iBaC80. Chem Commun (Camb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a800218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Diogo HP, da Piedade MEM, Dennis TJS, Hare JP, Kroto HW, Taylor R, Walton DRM. Enthalpies of formation of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and of the parent ions C60 +, C60 2+, C60 3+ and C60 ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9938903541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Taylor R, Langley GJ, Avent AG, Dennis TJS, Kroto HW, Walton DRM. 13C NMR spectroscopy of C76, C78, C84and mixtures of C86–C102; anomalous chromatographic behaviour of C82, and evidence for C70H12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p29930001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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