1
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Li JY, Feng TS, Gao J, Yang XX, Li XC, Deng ZH, Xia YX, Wu ZS. Differentiation and immunosuppressive function of CD19 +CD24 hiCD27 + regulatory B cells are regulated through the miR-29a-3p/NFAT5 pathway. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:472-480. [PMID: 38724321 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is an indispensable element in inducing immune tolerance after liver transplantation. As one of the microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-29a-3p also inhibits translation by degrading the target mRNA, and yet the relationship between Bregs and miR-29a-3p has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of miR-29a-3p on the regulation of differentiation and immunosuppressive functions of memory Bregs (mBregs) and ultimately provide potentially effective therapies in inducing immune tolerance after liver transplantation. METHODS Flow cytometry was employed to determine the levels of Bregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TaqMan low-density array miRNA assays were used to identify the expression of different miRNAs, electroporation transfection was used to induce miR-29a-3p overexpression and knockdown, and dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the target gene of miR-29a-3p. RESULTS In patients experiencing acute rejection after liver transplantation, the proportions and immunosuppressive function of mBregs in the circulating blood were significantly impaired. miR-29a-3p was found to be a regulator of mBregs differentiation. Inhibition of miR-29a-3p, which targeted nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), resulted in a conspicuous boost in the differentiation and immunosuppressive function of mBregs. The inhibition of miR-29a-3p in CD19+ B cells was capable of raising the expression levels of NFAT5, thereby promoting B cells to differentiate into mBregs. In addition, the observed enhancement of differentiation and immunosuppressive function of mBregs upon miR-29a-3p inhibition was abolished by the knockdown of NFAT5 in B cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-29a-3p was found to be a crucial regulator for mBregs differentiation and immunosuppressive function. Silencing miR-29a-3p could be a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for inducing immune tolerance after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tian-Shuo Feng
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ji Gao
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Deng
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zheng-Shan Wu
- Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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2
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Jeon YR, Kim MS, Park MH, Lee ST. Enhancement of the transfection efficiency of porcine spermatogonial stem cells by far-infrared radiation-based electroporation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00967-3. [PMID: 39145874 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Rin Jeon
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Graduate Studies, Louisiana State University Health, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Min Hee Park
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Division of Intractable Diseases Research, Department of Chronic Diseases Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
- Korea National Stem Cell Bank, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Yang J, Dong Y, Hu L, Wang W, Li Y, Wang S, Wang C. Immortalization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lines from Sheep Umbilical Cord Tissue. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:551. [PMID: 39056743 PMCID: PMC11274198 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess significant differentiation potential, making them highly promising in medicine and immunotherapy due to their regenerative capabilities and exosome secretion. However, challenges such as limited cell divisions and complex testing hinder large-scale MSC production. In this study, we successfully established an immortalized MSC line by transfecting the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene into MSCs isolated from pregnant sheep umbilical cords. This approach effectively inhibits cell senescence and promotes cell proliferation, enabling the generation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) on a larger scale. Our findings demonstrate that these transfected TERT-UCMSCs exhibit enhanced proliferative capacity and a reduced aging rate compared to regular UCMSCs while maintaining their stemness without tumorigenicity concerns. Consequently, they hold great potential for medical applications requiring large quantities of functional MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yitong Dong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lixinyi Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Weihai Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yajun Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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4
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Pordanjani PM, Bolhassani A, Pouriayevali MH, Milani A, Rezaei F. Engineered dendritic cells-derived exosomes harboring HIV-1 Nef mut-Tat fusion protein and heat shock protein 70: A promising HIV-1 safe vaccine candidate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132236. [PMID: 38768924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)-derived exosomes are nano-vesicles that can induce antigen-specific T cell responses, and possess therapeutic effects in clinical settings. Moreover, dendritic cells (DCs)-based vaccines have been developed to combat human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in preclinical and clinical trials. We investigated the immunostimulatory effects (B- and T-cells activities) of DCs- and exosomes-based vaccine constructs harboring HIV-1 Nefmut-Tat fusion protein as an antigen candidate and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as an adjuvant in mice. The modified DCs and engineered exosomes harboring Nefmut-Tat protein or Hsp70 were prepared using lentiviral vectors compared to electroporation, characterized and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo immunological tests. Our data indicated that the engineered exosomes induced high levels of total IgG, IgG2a, IFN-γ, TNF-α and Granzyme B. Moreover, co-injection of exosomes harboring Hsp70 could significantly increase the secretion of antibodies, cytokines and Granzyme B. The highest levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were observed in exosomes harboring Nefmut-Tat combined with exosomes harboring Hsp70 (Exo-Nefmut-Tat + Exo-Hsp70) regimen after single-cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 exposure. Generally, Exo-Nefmut-Tat + Exo-Hsp70 regimen can be considered as a promising safe vaccine candidate due to high T-cells (Th1 and CTL) activity and its maintenance against SCR HIV-1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Stricker PEF, de Oliveira NB, Mogharbel BF, Lührs L, Irioda AC, Abdelwahid E, Regina Cavalli L, Zotarelli-Filho IJ, de Carvalho KAT. Meta-analysis of the Mesenchymal Stem Cells Immortalization Protocols: A Guideline for Regenerative Medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:1009-1020. [PMID: 38221663 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x268464231016070900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review describes the most common methodologies for immortalizing human and animal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This study follows the rules of PRISMA and is registered in the Institutional Review Board of PROSPERO International of systematic reviews, numbered protocol code: CRD42020202465. METHOD The data search systematization was based on the words "mesenchymal stem cell" AND "immortalization." The search period for publications was between 2000 and 2022, and the databases used were SCOPUS, PUBMED, and SCIENCE DIRECT. The search strategies identified 384 articles: 229 in the SCOPUS database, 84 in PUBMED, and 71 in SCIENCE DIRECT. After screening by titles and abstracts, 285 articles remained. This review included thirty-nine articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULT In 28 articles, MSCs were immortalized from humans and 11 animals. The most used immortalization methodology was viral transfection. The most common immortalized cell type was the MSC from bone marrow, and the most used gene for immortalizing human and animal MSCs was hTERT (39.3%) and SV40T (54.5%), respectively. CONCLUSION Also, it was observed that although less than half of the studies performed tumorigenicity assays to validate the immortalized MSCs, other assays, such as qRT-PCR, colony formation in soft agar, karyotype, FISH, and cell proliferation, were performed in most studies on distinct MSC cell passages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassam Felipe Mogharbel
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lührs
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Irioda
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eltyeb Abdelwahid
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luciane Regina Cavalli
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Idiberto José Zotarelli-Filho
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties, Curitiba, Brazil
- ABRAN - Associação Brasileira de Nutrologia/Brazilian Association of Nutrology, Catanduva, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- College of Palliative Medicine of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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6
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Bheri S, Brown ME, Park HJ, Brazhkina O, Takaesu F, Davis ME. Customized Loading of microRNA-126 to Small Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Vehicles Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19613-19624. [PMID: 37715735 PMCID: PMC10604069 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are promising for cell-based cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. These sEVs encapsulate potent cargo, including microRNAs (miRs), within a bilayer membrane that aids sEV uptake when administered to cells. However, despite their efficacy, sEV therapies are limited by inconsistencies in the sEV release from parent cells and variability in cargo encapsulation. Synthetic sEV mimics with artificial bilayer membranes allow for cargo control but suffer poor stability and rapid clearance when administered in vivo. Here, we developed an sEV-like vehicle (ELV) using an electroporation technique, building upon our previously published work, and investigated the potency of delivering electroporated ELVs with pro-angiogenic miR-126 both in vitro and in vivo to a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. We show that electroporated miR-126+ ELVs improve tube formation parameters when administered to 2D cultures of cardiac endothelial cells and improve both echocardiographic and histological parameters when delivered to a rat left ventricle after ischemia reperfusion injury. This work emphasizes the value of using electroporated ELVs as vehicles for delivery of select miR cargo for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Bheri
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Milton E. Brown
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyun-Ji Park
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Olga Brazhkina
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Felipe Takaesu
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Biochemistry,
Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Training Program, Graduate
Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Children’s
Heart Research and Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Zhao D, Qin J, An J, Zhang H, Li J, Wang H, Du R, He Y. Optimization of piggyBac Transposon System Electrotransfection in Sheep Fibroblasts. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1585-1597. [PMID: 36705779 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a non-viral mediated transfection technique, which has the advantages of being harmless, easy to operate, and less expensive. This transfection method can be used for almost all cell types and has gradually become the preferred transfection method for mammalian gene editing. However, further improvements are needed in electroporation efficiency. There is no universal standard electrotransfection step for different types of cells, and the inappropriate electroporation parameters will result in a low transfection efficiency and high cell mortality. Here, we systematically optimized the electrotransfection parameters of piggyBac transposon system into sheep fetal fibroblasts for the first time. We found that the cell transfection efficiency and cell viability could be improved by using traditional cell culture medium DMEM/F12 as an electroporation buffer, and simultaneously using the square-wave pulsing program of 200 V, 2 pulses, 20 ms length, and 20 μg DNA (3 μg/μL) in 4 mm cuvette, and the transfection efficiency and cell viability could eventually reach 78.0% and 40.9%, respectively. The purpose of this study is to provide a method reference and theoretical basis for the plasmid electrotransfection in mammal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Center of Experiment Teaching, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie An
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Junling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yongming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Jacobs IV EJ, Graybill PM, Jana A, Agashe A, Nain AS, Davalos RV. Engineering high post-electroporation viabilities and transfection efficiencies for elongated cells on suspended nanofiber networks. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108415. [PMID: 37011476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cell shape on cell membrane permeabilization by pulsed electric fields is not fully understood. For certain applications, cell survival and recovery post-treatment is either desirable, as in gene transfection, electrofusion, and electrochemotherapy, or is undesirable, as in tumor and cardiac ablations. Understanding of how morphology affects cell viability post-electroporation may lead to improved electroporation methods. In this study, we use precisely aligned nanofiber networks within a microfluidic device to reproducibly generate elongated cells with controlled orientations to an applied electric field. We show that cell viability is significantly dependent on cell orientation, elongation, and spread. Further, these trends are dependent on the external buffer conductivity. Additionally, we see that cell survival for elongated cells is still supported by the standard pore model of electroporation. Lastly, we see that manipulating the cell orientation and shape can be leveraged for increased transfection efficiencies when compared to spherical cells. An improved understanding of cell shape and pulsation buffer conductivity may lead to improved methods for enhancing cell viability post-electroporation by engineering the cell morphology, cytoskeleton, and electroporation buffer conditions.
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9
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Hussen BM, Rasul MF, Abdullah SR, Hidayat HJ, Faraj GSH, Ali FA, Salihi A, Baniahmad A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Rahman M, Glassy MC, Branicki W, Taheri M. Targeting miRNA by CRISPR/Cas in cancer: advantages and challenges. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:32. [PMID: 37460924 PMCID: PMC10351202 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has changed biomedical research and provided entirely new models to analyze every aspect of biomedical sciences during the last decade. In the study of cancer, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system opens new avenues into issues that were once unknown in our knowledge of the noncoding genome, tumor heterogeneity, and precision medicines. CRISPR/Cas-based gene-editing technology now allows for the precise and permanent targeting of mutations and provides an opportunity to target small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the development of effective and safe cancer gene editing therapy is highly dependent on proper design to be innocuous to normal cells and prevent introducing other abnormalities. This study aims to highlight the cutting-edge approaches in cancer-gene editing therapy based on the CRISPR/Cas technology to target miRNAs in cancer therapy. Furthermore, we highlight the potential challenges in CRISPR/Cas-mediated miRNA gene editing and offer advanced strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
| | - Goran Sedeeq Hama Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, 46001 Iraq
| | - Fattma Abodi Ali
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001 Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, 44001 Iraq
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 374-37515 Iran
| | - Milladur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Section for Surgery, Lund University, 22100 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark C. Glassy
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, San Diego (UCSD) Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 94720 USA
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 374-37515 Iran
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10
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Rodgers TM, Muzzio N, Valero A, Ahmad I, Lüdtke TU, Moya SE, Romero G. Poly (β-amino Ester) Nanoparticles Modified with a Rabies Virus-derived peptide for the Delivery of ASCL1 Across a 3D In Vitro Model of the Blood Brain Barrier. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:6299-6311. [PMID: 37274933 PMCID: PMC10234607 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing has emerged as a therapeutic approach to manipulate the genome for killing cancer cells, protecting healthy tissues, and improving immune response to a tumor. The gene editing tool achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 CRISPR guide RNA (ASCL1-gRNA) is known to restore neuronal lineage potential, promote terminal differentiation, and attenuate tumorigenicity in glioblastoma tumors. Here, we fabricated a polymeric nonviral carrier to encapsulate ASCL1-gRNA by electrostatic interactions and deliver it into glioblastoma cells across a 3D in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To mimic rabies virus (RV) neurotropism, gene-loaded poly (β-amino ester) nanoparticles are surface functionalized with a peptide derivative of rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29). The capability of the obtained NPs, hereinafter referred to as RV-like NPs, to travel across the BBB, internalize into glioblastoma cells and deliver ASCL1-gRNA are investigated in a 3D BBB in vitro model through flow cytometry and CLSM microscopy. The formation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the 3D BBB in vitro model is confirmed by immunochemistry. These receptors are known to bind to RVG29. Unlike Lipofectamine that primarily internalizes and transfects endothelial cells, RV-like NPs are capable to travel across the BBB, preferentially internalize glioblastoma cells and deliver ASCL1-gRNA at an efficiency of 10 % causing non-cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Rodgers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Andrea Valero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Ikram Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
| | - Tanja Ursula Lüdtke
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 182, Donostia/San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, 20014 Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 182, Donostia/San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, 20014 Spain
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, USA
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11
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Liu F, Yang Z, Yao R, Li H, Cheng J, Guo M. Bulk Electroporation for Intracellular Delivery Directly Driven by Mechanical Stimulus. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19363-19372. [PMID: 36350673 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is an effective and widely accepted intracellular delivery method for fundamental research and medical applications. Existing electroporation methods usually require a commercially available EP system or tailor-made high-voltage (HV, up to kV) power source and are complicated, expensive, harmful to the cells, and even dangerous to the operators. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a highly studied device that can generate HV output with limited charges and ultrahigh internal impedance. Here, we developed a Bulk Electroporation System based on TENG (BEST). To maximize the load voltage of the TENG, a flowing EP unit with a capillary was designed as a resistive load to realize impedance matching. A low conductivity buffer was used to further match and assist cell electroporation. Besides, the electrical model and experiments on cells transfected with the BEST showed that the bulk electric field of the cell medium could reach up to 1 kV/cm, therefore resulting in a nearly 30 times increase of trans-membrane potential, thus largely improving transfection efficiency. Finally, using 40 kDa FITC-dextran, we showed that a delivery efficiency above 50% with a cell viability maintained over 90% can be achieved in HeLa cells. This work demonstrated the potential of TENG in the biomedical field as a naturally safe HV power source. It also provided a simple, alternative, and low-cost solution for EP research and related biomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Ze Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing100083, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yao
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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12
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Martin R, Liu F, Staskawicz B. Isolation of Protein Complexes from Tobacco Leaves by a Two-Step Tandem Affinity Purification. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e572. [PMID: 36205456 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein purification is an essential method for understanding protein function, as many biochemical and structural techniques require a high concentration of isolated protein for analysis. Yet, many studies of protein complexes are hampered by our inability to express them recombinantly in model systems, generally due to poor expression or aggregation. When studying a protein complex that requires its host cellular environment for proper expression and folding, endogenous purification is typically required. Depending on the protein of interest, however, endogenous purification can be challenging because of low expression levels in the host and lack of knowledge working with a non-model expression system, resulting in yields that are too low for subsequent analysis. Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of protein complexes endogenous to Nicotiana benthamiana directly from leaf tissue, with yields that enable structural and biochemical characterization. The protein complex is overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves via agroinfiltration, and the protein-packed leaves are then mechanically ground to release the complex from the cells. The protein complex is finally purified by a simple two-step tandem affinity purification using distinct affinity tags for each complex member, to ensure purification of the assembled complex. Our method yields enough protein for various biochemical or structural studies. We have previously used this protocol to purify the complex formed by an innate immune receptor native to tobacco, ROQ1, and the Xanthomonas effector XopQ, and to solve its structure by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy-we use this example to illustrate the approach. This protocol may serve as a template for the purification of proteins from N. benthamiana that require the plant's cellular environment and are expressed at low levels. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Expression of the protein complex in leaf tissue Basic Protocol 2: Tandem affinity purification of the ROQ1-XopQ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Martin
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Furong Liu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brian Staskawicz
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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13
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Ulgekar G, Kaur D, Ganesan V, Sen Sharma S, Ganguli N, Majumdar SS. Anhydride chemistry based Hexanoylation of polyethylenimine increases transfection efficiency and expression of tagged DNA for therapeutic proteins in cultured cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3275-3283. [PMID: 35896515 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transfection of nucleic acid molecules into mammalian cells can be facilitated using viral vectors, electroporation, or biocompatible cationic materials. However, safety issues and the requirement of specialized equipment limits the use of viral vectors and physical methods of transfection like electroporation and microinjection, respectively. Biocompatible cationic lipids and polymers like branched-polyethyleneimine (bPEI) have a wide transfection range and are user friendly in most applications. However, bPEI exhibits low transfection efficiency in most cell types. In the present work, we have crosslinked the hexanoyl group to bPEI using anhydride chemistry to enhance its efficiency as a transfection reagent. The efficient association of hexanoyl group to bPEI was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other Physico-chemical methods. Hexanoyl modified bPEI (FA6-bPEI) was found to exhibit significantly enhanced transfection efficiency in both cell lines and cultured primary cells, as compared to native bPEI and the commercially available transfection reagent lipofactamine 3000. Furthermore, our in-vitro studies indicated that FA6-bPEI can be used for robust transfection for increased production of therapeutic proteins in a cell culture based system. These results suggested that hexanoyl modified bPEI can serve as an efficient transfection reagent for studies on hard-to-transfect cells and enhanced production of therapeutic proteins in-vitro. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ulgekar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Dilpreet Kaur
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Venkateswaran Ganesan
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Souvik Sen Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India
| | - Nirmalya Ganguli
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Subeer S Majumdar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.,Adjunct Faculty, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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14
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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15
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Zhu X, Meng C, Sun F, Wei Z, Chen L, Chen W, Tong S, Du H, Gao J, Ren J, Li D, Gao Z. Sustainable production of astaxanthin in microorganisms: the past, present, and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10239-10255. [PMID: 35694786 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) is a type of C40 carotenoid with remarkable antioxidant characteristics, showing significant application prospects in many fields. Traditionally, the astaxanthin is mainly obtained from chemical synthesis and natural acquisition, with both approaches having many limitations and not capable of meeting the growing market demand. In order to cope with these challenges, novel techniques, e.g., the innovative cell engineering strategies, have been developed to increase the astaxanthin production. In this review, we first elaborated the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin, with the key enzymes and their functions discussed in the metabolic process. Then, we summarized the conventional, non-genetic strategies to promote the production of astaxanthin, including the methods of exogenous additives, mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution. Lastly, we reviewed comprehensively the latest studies on the synthesis of astaxanthin in various recombinant microorganisms based on the concept of microbial cell factory. Furthermore, we have proposed several novel technologies for improving the astaxanthin accumulation in several model species of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, USA
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wuxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanmin Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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16
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Radzevičiūtė E, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Novickij J, Novickij V, Girkontaitė I. Transfection by Electroporation of Cancer and Primary Cells Using Nanosecond and Microsecond Electric Fields. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1239. [PMID: 35745814 PMCID: PMC9230780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into primary immune cells as well as into cell lines is essential for scientific and therapeutical applications. One of the methods used for gene transfer is electroporation (EP). EP is a method where a pulsed electric field (PEF) causes a highly transient permeability of the targeted cell membrane. In this work, we present the electrotransfection of CHO-K1, 4T1 cell lines, and primary murine DCs with detectable protein-encoding plasmids in the sub-microsecond range. Microsecond (µs)- and nanosecond (ns)-range pulsed electric field transfection protocols were used. The efficiency of electrotransfection was evaluated using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding plasmids (4.7 kbp; p-EGFP-N1) and plasmids expressing a firefly luciferase and red fluorescent protein (tdTomato) (8.5 kbp; pcDNA3.1(+)/Luc2 = tdT)). It was shown that the used nsPEFs protocol (7 kV/cm × 300 ns × 100, 1 MHz) ensured a better transfection efficiency than µsPEFs (1.2 kV/cm × 100 µs × 8, 1 Hz). Plasmid size and concentration had a strong impact on the cell transfection efficiency too. We also showed that there were no significant differences in transfection efficiency between immature and mature DCs. Finally, the nsPEF protocols were successfully applied for the stable transfection of the CHO-K1 cell line with the linearized pcDNA3.1(+)/Luc2 = tdT plasmid. The results of the study are applicable in gene therapy and DNA vaccination studies for the derivation of optimal electrotransfection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivina Radzevičiūtė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Veronika Malyško-Ptašinskė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03227 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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17
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Dastjerd NT, Valibeik A, Rahimi Monfared S, Goodarzi G, Moradi Sarabi M, Hajabdollahi F, Maniati M, Amri J, Samavarchi Tehrani S. Gene therapy: A promising approach for breast cancer treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 40:28-48. [PMID: 34904722 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy and the second leading cause of death among women worldwide that is caused by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Hence, effective treatment for this type of cancer requires new therapeutic approaches. The traditional methods for treating this cancer have side effects, therefore so much research have been performed in last decade to find new methods to alleviate these problems. The study of the molecular basis of breast cancer has led to the introduction of gene therapy as an effective therapeutic approach for this cancer. Gene therapy involves sending genetic material through a vector into target cells, which is followed by a correction, addition, or suppression of the gene. In this technique, it is necessary to target tumour cells without affecting normal cells. In addition, clinical trial studies have shown that this approach is less toxic than traditional therapies. This study will review various aspects of breast cancer, gene therapy strategies, limitations, challenges and recent studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Tavakoli Dastjerd
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Valibeik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sobhan Rahimi Monfared
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Hajabdollahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jamal Amri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Liu W, Li L, Jiang J, Wu M, Lin P. Applications and challenges of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing to disease treatment in clinics. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:179-191. [PMID: 34541453 PMCID: PMC8444435 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems (Cas) are efficient tools for targeting specific genes for laboratory research, agricultural engineering, biotechnology, and human disease treatment. Cas9, by far the most extensively used gene-editing nuclease, has shown great promise for the treatment of hereditary diseases, viral infection, cancers, and so on. Recent reports have revealed that some other types of CRISPR-Cas systems may also have surprising potential to join the fray as gene-editing tools for various applications. Despite the rapid progress in basic research and clinical tests, some underlying problems present continuous, significant challenges, such as editing efficiency, relative difficulty in delivery, off-target effects, immunogenicity, etc. This article summarizes the applications of CRISPR-Cas from bench to bedside and highlights the current obstacles that may limit the usage of CRISPR-Cas systems as gene-editing toolkits in precision medicine and offer some viewpoints that may help to tackle these challenges and facilitate technical development. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a powerful gene-editing approach, will offer great hopes in clinical treatments for many individuals with currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Liu
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Luoxi Li
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202–9037, USA
| | - Ping Lin
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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19
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Gradient-based impedance synthesis for breast and lung cancer cell screening deploying planar and nano-structured electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1709-1721. [PMID: 34235607 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization articulated 9.8 million casualties globally in 2018 due to cancer. Cancer, as the world's second most fatal disease, can be recuperated well if diagnosed at an early stage. In this work, a gradient-based impedance synthesis of normal and cancerous cells of breast and lungs, is demonstrated numerically for early-stage cancer detection. Low-voltage single-cell level examination is employed for indomitable diagnosis. MCF-7 and MCF-10A are utilized as breast cancer and breast normal cells, respectively; likewise, SK-MES and NL-20 are utilized as lung cancer and lung normal cell. Pre-examination numerical setup validity ensured with multiple test regimes. Micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes are employed individually to witness the effect of the electrode's structure during electrical impedance examination of cancer and non-cancer cell. Frequency range, at which differential impedance effect is found detectable, for breast and lung cancer cell pairs is determined to be 107 Hz and 108 Hz, respectively. By surpassing the conventional impedance spectroscopy with tedious data fitting formalities, the gradient synthesis technique for cancer detection is introduced. The gradient synthesis for cancer detection is found independent of electrode shape effect. Gradient for breast cancer cell is found to be 2 times greater than the normal breast cell while for lung cancer cell it is found to be 1.5 times greater than the normal lung cell. Our results suggest that as the frequency of applied electrical stimulus increases, impedance of cancerous cell falls at the rate almost double than its counterpart normal cell. This work provides a theoretical basis for further experimental exploration of gradient-based impedance synthesis in cancer therapy and serves as a design tool for performance optimization. Figure 1 (a) Represents electrical Impedance analysis of breast normal cell MCF-10A and breast cancer cell MCF-7 using micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes. (b) Gradient impedance synthesis performed, for breast normal cell (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) likewise for lungs normal cell (NL-20) and lungs cancer cell (SK-MES), which assures clear differential effect for cancer screening. Surpassing the conventional and tedious data fitting impedance spectroscopies, a novel gradient-based impedance spectroscopy for early cancer detection is introduced. It clearly detects cancer without any data fitting formalities to find parameter of identification. Planar and nano structure electrodes are used to witness the impact of electrode shape on cell impedance. Breast normal MCF-10A and cancer cell MCF-7 as well as lungs normal NL-20 and cancer cell SK-MES are examined to reflect the efficacy of our work. Single cell level examination is performed for authenticated results.
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20
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Bascuas T, Zedira H, Kropp M, Harmening N, Asrih M, Prat-Souteyrand C, Tian S, Thumann G. Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Overexpressing the Neuroprotective Proteins PEDF and GM-CSF to Treat Degeneration of the Neural Retina. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:168-183. [PMID: 34238157 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210707123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-viral transposon-mediated gene delivery can overcome viral vectors' limitations. Transposon gene delivery offers the safe and life-long expression of genes such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to counteract retinal degeneration by reducing oxidative stress damage. OBJECTIVE Use Sleeping Beauty transposon to transfect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the neuroprotective factors PEDF and GM-CSF to investigate the effect of these factors on oxidative stress damage. METHODS Human RPE cells were transfected with PEDF and GM-CSF by electroporation, using the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon gene delivery system (SB100X). Gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR and protein level by Western Blot as well as ELISA. The cellular stress level and the neuroprotective effect of the proteins were determined by measuring the concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione in human RPE cells and immunohistochemical examination of retinal integrity, inflammation, and apoptosis of rat retina-organotypic cultures (ROC) exposed to H2O2. RESULTS Human RPE cells were efficiently transfected, showing a significantly augmented gene expression and protein secretion. Human RPE cells overexpressing PEDF and/or GM-CSF or pre-treated with recombinant proteins presented significantly increased glutathione levels post-H2O2 incubation than non-transfected/untreated controls. rPEDF and/or rGM-CSF-treated ROC exhibited decreased inflammatory reactions and cell degeneration. CONCLUSION GM-CSF and/or PEDF could be delivered successfully to RPE cells by combining the use of SB100X and electroporation. PEDF and/or GM-CSF reduced H2O2-mediated oxidative stress damage in RPE cells and ROC offering an encouraging technique to re-establish a cell-protective environment to halt age-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Bascuas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hajer Zedira
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kropp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nina Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Shuwei Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Paul R, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Numerical simulation of intracellular drug delivery via rapid squeezing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044102. [PMID: 34367404 PMCID: PMC8331209 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular drug delivery by rapid squeezing is one of the most recent and simple cell membrane disruption-mediated drug encapsulation approaches. In this method, cell membranes are perforated in a microfluidic setup due to rapid cell deformation during squeezing through constricted channels. While squeezing-based drug loading has been successful in loading drug molecules into various cell types, such as immune cells, cancer cells, and other primary cells, there is so far no comprehensive understanding of the pore opening mechanism on the cell membrane and the systematic analysis on how different channel geometries and squeezing speed influence drug loading. This article aims to develop a three-dimensional computational model to study the intracellular delivery for compound cells squeezing through microfluidic channels. The Lattice Boltzmann method, as the flow solver, integrated with a spring-connected network via frictional coupling, is employed to capture compound capsule dynamics over fast squeezing. The pore size is proportional to the local areal strain of triangular patches on the compound cell through mathematical correlations derived from molecular dynamics and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We quantify the drug concentration inside the cell cytoplasm by introducing a new mathematical model for passive diffusion after squeezing. Compared to the existing models, the proposed model does not have any empirical parameters that depend on operating conditions and device geometry. Since the compound cell model is new, it is validated by simulating a nucleated cell under a simple shear flow at different capillary numbers and comparing the results with other numerical models reported in literature. The cell deformation during squeezing is also compared with the pattern found from our compound cell squeezing experiment. Afterward, compound cell squeezing is modeled for different cell squeezing velocities, constriction lengths, and constriction widths. We reported the instantaneous cell center velocity, variations of axial and vertical cell dimensions, cell porosity, and normalized drug concentration to shed light on the underlying physics in fast squeezing-based drug delivery. Consistent with experimental findings in the literature, the numerical results confirm that constriction width reduction, constriction length enlargement, and average cell velocity promote intracellular drug delivery. The results show that the existence of the nucleus increases cell porosity and loaded drug concentration after squeezing. Given geometrical parameters and cell average velocity, the maximum porosity is achieved at three different locations: constriction entrance, constriction middle part, and outside the constriction. Our numerical results provide reasonable justifications for experimental findings on the influences of constriction geometry and cell velocity on the performance of cell-squeezing delivery. We expect this model can help design and optimize squeezing-based cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yuyuan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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22
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Zimmermann A, Jaber QZ, Koch J, Riebe S, Vallet C, Loza K, Hayduk M, Steinbuch KB, Knauer SK, Fridman M, Voskuhl J. Luminescent Amphiphilic Aminoglycoside Probes to Study Transfection. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1563-1567. [PMID: 33410196 PMCID: PMC8248372 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of amphiphilic aminoglycoside conjugates containing luminophores with aggregation-induced emission properties as transfection reagents. These inherently luminescent transfection vectors are capable of binding plasmid DNA through electrostatic interactions; this binding results in an emission "on" signal due to restriction of intramolecular motion of the luminophore core. The luminescent cationic amphiphiles effectively transferred plasmid DNA into mammalian cells (HeLa, HEK 293T), as proven by expression of a red fluorescent protein marker. The morphologies of the aggregates were investigated by microscopy as well as ζ-potential and dynamic light-scattering measurements. The transfection efficiencies using luminescent cationic amphiphiles were similar to that of the gold-standard transfection reagent Lipofectamine® 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zimmermann
- Faculty of chemistry (Organic Chemistry) andCentre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Qais Z. Jaber
- School of ChemistryRaymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Johannes Koch
- Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg EssenUniversitätsstrasse 245141EssenGermany
| | - Steffen Riebe
- Faculty of chemistry (Organic Chemistry) andCentre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Cecilia Vallet
- Institute for Molecular BiologyCentre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 245117EssenGermany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Matthias Hayduk
- Faculty of chemistry (Organic Chemistry) andCentre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Kfir B. Steinbuch
- School of ChemistryRaymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Institute for Molecular BiologyCentre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 245117EssenGermany
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of ChemistryRaymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Faculty of chemistry (Organic Chemistry) andCentre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
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23
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de Souza V, Vitale P, Florenzano F, Salinas R, Cuccovia I. A novel method for DNA delivery into bacteria using cationic copolymers. Braz J Med Biol Res 2021; 54:e10743. [PMID: 33825778 PMCID: PMC8021229 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers have a wide variety of medical and biotechnological applications, including DNA transfection in eukaryotic cells. Still, no polymer-primed transfection of prokaryotic cells has been described. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymer synthesis technique and the reversible deactivation radical polymerization variants allow the design of polymers with well-controlled molar mass, morphology, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratios. RAFT was used to synthesize two amphiphilic copolymers containing different ratios of the amphiphilic poly[2-(dimethyl-amino) ethyl methacrylate] and the hydrophobic poly [methyl methacrylate]. These copolymers bound to pUC-19 DNA and successfully transfected non-competent Escherichia coli DH5α, with transformation efficiency in the range of 103 colony-forming units per µg of plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate prokaryote transformation using polymers with controlled amphiphilic/hydrophobic ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.V. de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P.A.M. Vitale
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F.H. Florenzano
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brasil
| | - R.K. Salinas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I.M. Cuccovia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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24
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Zhang M, Yang C, Tasan I, Zhao H. Expanding the Potential of Mammalian Genome Engineering via Targeted DNA Integration. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:429-446. [PMID: 33596056 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inserting custom designed DNA sequences into the mammalian genome plays an essential role in synthetic biology. In particular, the ability to introduce foreign DNA in a site-specific manner offers numerous advantages over random DNA integration. In this review, we focus on two mechanistically distinct systems that have been widely adopted for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells, the CRISPR/Cas9 system and site-specific recombinases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized the genome engineering field thanks to its high programmability and ease of use. However, due to its dependence on linearized DNA donor and endogenous cellular pathways to repair the induced double-strand break, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DNA insertion still faces limitations such as small insert size, and undesired editing outcomes via error-prone repair pathways. In contrast, site-specific recombinases, in particular the Serine integrases, demonstrate large-cargo capability and no dependence on cellular repair pathways for DNA integration. Here we first describe recent advances in improving the overall efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-based methods for DNA insertion. Moreover, we highlight the advantages of site-specific recombinases over CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of targeted DNA integration, with a special focus on the recent development of programmable recombinases. We conclude by discussing the importance of protein engineering to further expand the current toolkit for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Che Yang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ipek Tasan
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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Graybill PM, Jana A, Kapania RK, Nain AS, Davalos RV. Single Cell Forces after Electroporation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2554-2568. [PMID: 33236888 PMCID: PMC10949415 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous high-voltage pulses increase cell membrane permeability through a phenomenon known as electroporation. This process may also disrupt the cell cytoskeleton causing changes in cell contractility; however, the contractile signature of cell force after electroporation remains unknown. Here, single-cell forces post-electroporation are measured using suspended extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibers that act as force sensors. Ten, 100 μs pulses are delivered at three voltage magnitudes (500, 1000, and 1500 V) and two directions (parallel and perpendicular to cell orientation), exposing glioblastoma cells to electric fields between 441 V cm-1 and 1366 V cm-1. Cytoskeletal-driven force loss and recovery post-electroporation involves three distinct stages. Low electric field magnitudes do not cause disruption, but higher fields nearly eliminate contractility 2-10 min post-electroporation as cells round following calcium-mediated retraction (stage 1). Following rounding, a majority of analyzed cells enter an unusual and unexpected biphasic stage (stage 2) characterized by increased contractility tens of minutes post-electroporation, followed by force relaxation. The biphasic stage is concurrent with actin disruption-driven blebbing. Finally, cells elongate and regain their pre-electroporation morphology and contractility in 1-3 h (stage 3). With increasing voltages applied perpendicular to cell orientation, we observe a significant drop in cell viability. Experiments with multiple healthy and cancerous cell lines demonstrate that contractile force is a more dynamic and sensitive metric than cell shape to electroporation. A mechanobiological understanding of cell contractility post-electroporation will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that drive recovery and may have implications for molecular medicine, genetic engineering, and cellular biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Graybill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rakesh K Kapania
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Luo L, He Y, Li J, Yu H. Immunopurification of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e34. [PMID: 33555656 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of mitochondria from plant tissues, especially green leaves, is particularly difficult because of chloroplast contamination. Compared to other techniques for purifying plant mitochondria, the immunopurification method has a number of advantages: it rapidly purifies the mitochondria within several minutes, avoids loss of mitochondrial metabolites, eliminates most other organelles (especially the chloroplasts), keeps the isolated mitochondria intact, requires little starting material, and has the potential to purify tissue-specific mitochondria. Here, we describe a rapid immunopurification protocol for mitochondrial isolation that employs a protein specifically targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane that acts as an immunopurification handle. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Li J, Røise JJ, He M, Das R, Murthy N. Non-viral strategies for delivering genome editing enzymes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:99-117. [PMID: 32931860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-editing tools such as Cre recombinase (Cre), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and most recently the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein system have revolutionized biomedical research, agriculture, microbial engineering, and therapeutic development. Direct delivery of genome editing enzymes, as opposed to their corresponding DNA and mRNA precursors, is advantageous since they do not require transcription and/or translation. In addition, prolonged overexpression is a problem when delivering viral vector or plasmid DNA which is bypassed when delivering whole proteins. This lowers the risk of insertional mutagenesis and makes for relatively easier manufacturing. However, a major limitation of utilizing genome editing proteins in vivo is their low delivery efficiency, and currently the most successful strategy involves using potentially immunogenic viral vectors. This lack of safe and effective non-viral delivery systems is still a big hurdle for the clinical translation of such enzymes. This review discusses the challenges of non-viral delivery strategies of widely used genome editing enzymes, including Cre recombinase, ZFNs and TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, and Cas12a (Cpf1) in their protein format and highlights recent innovations of non-viral delivery strategies which have the potential to overcome current delivery limitations and advance the clinical translation of genome editing.
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28
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Qu Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Chen H. Surface-Mediated Intracellular Delivery by Physical Membrane Disruption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31054-31078. [PMID: 32559060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective and nondestructive intracellular delivery of exogenous molecules and other functional materials into living cells is of importance for diverse biological fundamental research and therapeutic applications, such as gene editing and cell-based therapies. However, for most exogenous molecules, the cell plasma membrane is effectively impermeable and thus remains the greatest barrier to intracellular delivery. In recent years, methods based on surface-mediated physical membrane disruption have attracted considerable attention. These methods exploit the physical properties of the surface to transiently increase the membrane permeability of cells come in contact thereto, thereby facilitating the efficient intracellular delivery of molecules regardless of molecule or target cell type. In this Review, we focus on recent progress, particularly over the past decade, on these surface-mediated membrane disruption-based delivery systems. According to the membrane disruption mechanism, three categories can be recognized: (i) mechanical penetration, (ii) electroporation, and (iii) photothermal poration. Each of these is discussed in turn and a brief perspective on future developments in this promising area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangcui Qu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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29
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van Haasteren J, Li J, Scheideler OJ, Murthy N, Schaffer DV. The delivery challenge: fulfilling the promise of therapeutic genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:845-855. [PMID: 32601435 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing has the potential to treat an extensive range of incurable monogenic and complex diseases. In particular, advances in sequence-specific nuclease technologies have dramatically accelerated the development of therapeutic genome editing strategies that are based on either the knockout of disease-causing genes or the repair of endogenous mutated genes. These technologies are progressing into human clinical trials. However, challenges remain before the therapeutic potential of genome editing can be fully realized. Delivery technologies that have serendipitously been developed over the past couple decades in the protein and nucleic acid delivery fields have been crucial to genome editing success to date, including adeno-associated viral and lentiviral vectors for gene therapy and lipid nanoparticle and other non-viral vectors for nucleic acid and protein delivery. However, the efficiency and tissue targeting capabilities of these vehicles must be further improved. In addition, the genome editing enzymes themselves need to be optimized, and challenges regarding their editing efficiency, specificity and immunogenicity must be addressed. Emerging protein engineering and synthetic chemistry approaches can offer solutions and enable the development of safe and efficacious clinical genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost van Haasteren
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Niren Murthy
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - David V Schaffer
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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30
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Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in Guangdong small-ear spotted pig cells using an optimized electrotransfection method. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2091-2109. [PMID: 32494996 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guangdong Small-ear Spotted (GDSS) pigs are a pig breed native to China that possesses unfortunate disadvantages, such as slow growth rate, low lean-meat percentage, and reduced feed utilization. In contrast to traditional genetic breeding methods with long cycle time and high cost, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing for the modification of the pig genome can quickly improve production traits, and therefore this technique exhibits important potential in the genetic improvement and resource development of GDSS pigs. In the present study, we aimed to establish an efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing system for GDSS pig cells by optimizing the electrotransfection parameters, and to realize efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of GDSS pig cells. RESULTS After optimization of electrotransfection parameters for the transfection of GDSS pig cells, we demonstrated that a voltage of 150 V and a single pulse with a pulse duration of 20 ms were the optimal electrotransfection parameters for gene editing in these cells. In addition, our study generated GDSS pig single-cell colonies with biallelic mutations in the myostatin (MSTN) gene and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) intron-3 locus, which play an important role in pig muscle growth and muscle development. The single-cell colonies showed no foreign gene integration or off-target effects, and maintained normal cell morphology and viability. These gene-edited, single-cell colonies can in the future be used as donor cells to generate MSTN- and IGF2-edited GDSS pigs using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). CONCLUSIONS This study establishes the foundation for genetic improvement and resource development of GDSS pigs using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing combined with SCNT.
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31
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Graybill PM, Davalos RV. Cytoskeletal Disruption after Electroporation and Its Significance to Pulsed Electric Field Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1132. [PMID: 32366043 PMCID: PMC7281591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have become clinically important through the success of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), Electrochemotherapy (ECT), and nanosecond PEFs (nsPEFs) for the treatment of tumors. PEFs increase the permeability of cell membranes, a phenomenon known as electroporation. In addition to well-known membrane effects, PEFs can cause profound cytoskeletal disruption. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs. Compiling available studies, we describe PEF-induced cytoskeletal disruption and possible mechanisms of disruption. Additionally, we consider how cytoskeletal alterations contribute to cell-cell and cell-substrate disruption. We conclude with a discussion of cytoskeletal disruption-induced anti-vascular effects of PEFs and consider how a better understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs may lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Graybill
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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32
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Chen C, Richter F, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Traeger A, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Cell-Penetrating, Peptide-Based RAFT Agent for Constructing Penetration Enhancers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:260-265. [PMID: 35638688 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-polymer conjugates represent a promising class of compounds that can be used to overcome some of the limitations associated with peptides intended for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The efficient generation of well-defined peptide/protein-polymer conjugates can promote the development of the design and synthesis of functional drugs and gene delivery platforms. In this research, a sequence defined cell penetrating peptide (i.e., Transportan 10 (TP 10))-based chain transfer agent (TP-CTA) was designed and synthesized in an automated peptide synthesizer. Thereafter, amphiphilic block copolymers poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (TP-POEGA-b-PBA) were synthesized using the TP-CTA via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirmed the preservation of α-helix structure of TP 10, which is crucial for its bioactivity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of self-assembled rod-like and vesicle nanostructures in an aqueous environment. Finally, the obtained peptide-conjugated block copolymers were demonstrated to be effective compounds for cell penetration. This method opens up a way for accessing peptide-polymer conjugates with cell-penetrating abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - San H. Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Zhu L, Xu N, Zhang ZL, Zhang TC. Cell derived extracellular vesicles: from isolation to functionalization and biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:3552-3565. [PMID: 31313767 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from most mammalian cells by different processes. EVs possess several distinct advantages, including excellent biocompatibility, good bio-stability and low immunogenicity. Moreover, they play significant roles in physiological and pathological processes. Challenges in EV research mainly concern highly efficient isolation, specific membrane surface engineering and further development of EV applications in biomedical fields. In this review, we summarize the recent and representative research regarding isolation, engineering and biomedical applications of EVs, which represent important research focus areas. These three aspects have not ever been systematically classified and summarized in previous reviews. Finally, we give our insights into the key issues concerning EVs and their future development for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Sprecher BN, Zhang H, Lin S. Nuclear Gene Transformation in the Dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E126. [PMID: 31963386 PMCID: PMC7022241 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of a robust gene transformation tool that allows proper expression of foreign genes and functional testing for the vast number of nuclear genes in dinoflagellates has greatly hampered our understanding of the fundamental biology in this ecologically important and evolutionarily unique lineage of microeukaryotes. Here, we report the development of a dinoflagellate expression vector containing various DNA elements from phylogenetically separate dinoflagellate lineages, an electroporation protocol, and successful expression of introduced genes in an early branching dinoflagellate, Oxyrrhis marina. This protocol, involving the use of Lonza's Nucleofector and a codon-optimized antibiotic resistance gene, has been successfully used to produce consistent results in several independent experiments for O. marina. It is anticipated that this protocol will be adaptable for other dinoflagellates and will allow characterization of many novel dinoflagellate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA;
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA;
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Gam R, Sung M, Prasad Pandurangan A. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Direct Cell Reprogramming: Recent Advancement and Future Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E1189. [PMID: 31581647 PMCID: PMC6829265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of direct cell reprogramming, also named transdifferentiation, permits for the conversion of one mature cell type directly into another, without returning to a dedifferentiated state. This makes direct reprogramming a promising approach for the development of several cellular and tissue engineering therapies. To achieve the change in the cell identity, direct reprogramming requires an arsenal of tools that combine experimental and computational techniques. In the recent years, several methods of transdifferentiation have been developed. In this review, we will introduce the concept of direct cell reprogramming and its background, and cover the recent developments in the experimental and computational prediction techniques with their applications. We also discuss the challenges of translating this technology to clinical setting, accompanied with potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Gam
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Minkyung Sung
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Effect of monophasic pulsed stimulation on live single cell de-adhesion on conducting polymers with adsorbed fibronectin as revealed by single cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2019; 14:021003. [PMID: 30925841 DOI: 10.1116/1.5082204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The force required to detach a single fibroblast cell in contact with the conducting polymer, polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene, was quantified using the Atomic Force Microscope-based technique, Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. The de-adhesion force for a single cell was 0.64 ± 0.03 nN and predominately due to unbinding of α5β1 integrin complexes with surface adsorbed fibronectin, as confirmed by blocking experiments using antibodies. Monophasic pulsed stimulation (50 μs pulse duration) superimposed on either an applied oxidation (+500) or reduction (-500 mV) constant voltage caused a significant decrease in the de-adhesion force by 30%-45% to values ranging from 0.34 to 0.43 nN (±0.02 nN). The electrical stimulation caused a reduction in the molecular-level jump and plateau interactions, while an opposing increase in nonspecific interactions was observed during the cell de-adhesion process. Due to the monophasic pulsed stimulation, there is an apparent change or weakening of the cell membrane properties, which is suggested to play a role in reducing the cell de-adhesion. Based on this study, pulsed stimulation with optimized threshold parameters represents a possible approach to tune cell interactions and adhesion on conducting polymers.
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Shinde P, Mohan L, Kumar A, Dey K, Maddi A, Patananan AN, Tseng FG, Chang HY, Nagai M, Santra TS. Current Trends of Microfluidic Single-Cell Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3143. [PMID: 30322072 PMCID: PMC6213733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of human disease mechanisms is difficult due to the heterogeneity in gene expression and the physiological state of cells in a given population. In comparison to bulk cell measurements, single-cell measurement technologies can provide a better understanding of the interactions among molecules, organelles, cells, and the microenvironment, which can aid in the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. In recent years, single-cell technologies have become increasingly robust and accessible, although limitations exist. In this review, we describe the recent advances in single-cell technologies and their applications in single-cell manipulation, diagnosis, and therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Loganathan Mohan
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Amogh Kumar
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Koyel Dey
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Anjali Maddi
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan.
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan.
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
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