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Yu Y, Hu Y, Ning C, Shi W, Yang A, Zhao Y, Cao ZY, Xu Y, Du P. BINOL-Based Chiral Macrocycles and Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407034. [PMID: 38708741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chirality, a fundamental principle in chemistry, biology, and medicine, is prevalent in nature and in organisms. Chiral molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, are crucial in biomolecular synthesis, as well as in the development of functional materials. Among these, 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (BINOL) stands out for its stable chiral configuration, versatile functionality, and commercial availability. BINOL is widely employed in asymmetric catalysis and chiral materials. This review mainly focuses on recent research over the past five years concerning the use of BINOL derivatives for constructing chiral macrocycles and cages. Their contributions to chiral luminescence, enantiomeric separation, transmembrane transport, and asymmetric catalysis were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Yaning Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Chengbing Ning
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Wudi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Ao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
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2
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Shi Y, Li C, Di J, Xue Y, Jia Y, Duan J, Hu X, Tian Y, Li Y, Sun C, Zhang N, Xiong Y, Jin T, Chen P. Polycationic Open-Shell Cyclophanes: Synthesis of Electron-Rich Chiral Macrocycles, and Redox-Dependent Electronic States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402800. [PMID: 38411404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated chiral nanorings with intriguing electronic structures and chiroptical properties have attracted considerable interests in synthetic chemistry and materials science. We present the design principles to access new chiral macrocycles (1 and 2) that are essentially built on the key components of main-group electron-donating carbazolyl moieties or the π-expanded aza[7]helicenes. Both macrocycles show the unique molecular conformations with a (quasi) figure-of-eight topology as a result of the conjugation patterns of 2,2',7,7'-spirobifluorenyl in 1 and triarylamine-coupled aza[7]helicene-based building blocks in 2. This electronic nature of redox-active, carbazole-rich backbones enabled these macrocycles to be readily oxidized chemically and electrochemically, leading to the sequential production of a series of positively charged polycationic open-shell cyclophanes. Their redox-dependent electronic states of the resulting multispin polyradicals have been characterized by VT-ESR, UV/Vis-NIR absorption and spectroelectrochemical measurements. The singlet (ΔES-T=-1.29 kcal mol-1) and a nearly degenerate singlet-triplet ground state (ΔES-T(calcd)=-0.15 kcal mol-1 and ΔES-T(exp)=0.01 kcal mol-1) were proved for diradical dications 12+2⋅ and 22+2⋅, respectively. Our work provides an experimental proof for the construction of electron-donating new chiral nanorings, and more importantly for highly charged polyradicals with potential applications in chirospintronics and organic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaqi Di
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuting Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yawei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaxian Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cuiping Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Niu Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyun Jin
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
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3
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Chen JF, Gao QX, Yao H, Shi B, Zhang YM, Wei TB, Lin Q. Recent advances in circularly polarized luminescence of planar chiral organic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6728-6740. [PMID: 38884278 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), as an important chiroptical phenomenon, can not only directly characterize excited-state structural information about chiroptical materials but also has great application prospects in 3D optical displays, information storage, biological probes, CPL lasers and so forth. Recently, chiral organic small molecules with CPL have attracted a lot of research interest because of their excellent luminescence efficiency, clear molecular structures, unique flexibility and easy functionalization. Planar chiral organic compounds make up an important class of chiral organic small molecular materials and often have rigid macrocyclic skeletons, which have important research value in the field of chiral supramolecular chemistry (e.g., chiral self-assembly and chiral host-guest chemistry). Therefore, research into planar chiral organic compounds has become a hotspot for CPL. It is time to summarize the recent developments in CPL-active compounds based on planar chirality. In this feature article, we summarize various types of CPL-active compounds based on planar chirality. Meanwhile, we overview recent research in the field of planar chiral CPL-active compounds in terms of optoelectronic devices, asymmetric catalysis, and chiroptical sensing. Finally, we discuss their future research prospects in the field of CPL-active materials. We hope that this review will be helpful to research work related to planar chiral luminescent materials and promote the development of chiral macrocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fa Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Qing-Xiu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Bingbing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - You-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Bao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
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4
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Mazzeo G, Fusè M, Bloino J, Evidente A, Abbate S, Longhi G. CPL of Mellein and Related Natural Compounds: Analysis of the ESIPT Phenomenon. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400543. [PMID: 38881499 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
(R)-(-)-Mellein, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein obtained from fungi, i. e. from Diplodia globulosa, were investigated as a class of natural products presenting ESIPT (excited state intramolecular proton transfer) phenomenon, through fluorescence and CPL (circularly polarized luminescence). The study was preceded by the assessment of the absolute configuration through ECD and VCD (electronic and vibrational circular dichroism) spectroscopies in addition to NMR spectra. It is found that ESIPT takes place in these systems very rapidly, and no dual fluorescence has been observed. The experimental study is backed up by TD-DFT calculations of ECD and CPL spectra, plus MD calculations to follow proton transfer in the excited state and careful analysis of the puckering dynamics of the lactone ring. Deprotonated forms of the three compounds were also investigated by the same chiroptical experimental and theoretical methods, showing how one can find in natural compounds not only biological activity but also biologically compatible sensing probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Fusè
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Julien Bloino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 56125, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- National Institute of Optics - CNR, Brescia Research Unit, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa,11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- National Institute of Optics - CNR, Brescia Research Unit, via Branze 45, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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5
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Xu F, Su H, van der Tol JJB, Jansen SAH, Fu Y, Lavarda G, Vantomme G, Meskers S, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Polymerization as a Tool to Reveal the Magnetic Transition Dipole Moment of Heptazines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15843-15849. [PMID: 38815616 PMCID: PMC11177250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Heptazine derivatives have attracted significant interest due to their small S1-T1 gap, which contributes to their unique electronic and optical properties. However, the nature of the lowest excited state remains ambiguous. In the present study, we characterize the lowest optical transition of heptazine by its magnetic transition dipole moment. To measure the magnetic transition dipole moment, the flat heptazine must be chiroptically active, which is difficult to achieve for single heptazine molecules. Therefore, we used supramolecular polymerization as an approach to make homochiral stacks of heptazine derivatives. Upon formation of the supramolecular polymers, the preferred helical stacking of heptazine introduces circular polarization of absorption and fluorescence. The magnetic transition dipole moments for the S1 ← S0 and S1 → S0 are determined to be 0.35 and 0.36 Bohr magneton, respectively. These high values of magnetic transition dipole moments support the intramolecular charge transfer nature of the lowest excited state from nitrogen to carbon in heptazine and further confirm the degeneracy of S1 and T1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Hao Su
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Joost J. B. van der Tol
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Stef A. H. Jansen
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Youxin Fu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh4, Groningen 9747AG, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Meskers
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry and RNA Institute, UNSW, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Watanabe K, Tsurumaki E, Hasegawa M, Toyota S. Structure and Chiroptical Properties of Anthra[1,2-a]anthracene-1-yl Dimers as New Biaryls. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400929. [PMID: 38554080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Dimers of anthra[1,2-a]anthracene-1-yl units and its mesityl derivative were synthesized by Ni(0)-mediated coupling of the corresponding chloro derivatives as new biaryls. The X-ray analysis and DFT calculations revealed that two polycyclic aromatic units with nonplanar deformations took a twisted conformation about the single bond as a chiral axis. Enantiomers of the nonsubstituted compound were resolved by chiral HPLC, and the enantiopure samples showed intense Cotton effects at 321 nm in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and emission bands at 449 nm in the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra with dissymmetry factor of |glum| 3.6×10-3. The absolute stereochemistry of this biaryl was determined by the theoretical calculation of CD spectrum by the time-dependent DFT method. The barrier to enantiomerization was determined to be 108 kJ mol-1 at 298 K. The dynamic process proceeded via a stepwise mechanism involving the helical inversion of each aromatic unit and the rotation about the biaryl axis as analyzed by the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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7
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Tsurui M, Takizawa R, Kitagawa Y, Wang M, Kobayashi M, Taketsugu T, Hasegawa Y. Chiral Tetrakis Eu(III) Complexes with Ammonium Cations for Improved Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405584. [PMID: 38797714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Large dissymmetry factor of the circularly polarized luminescence (gCPL) was observed in ligand and coordination tuned chiral tetrakis europium (Eu(III)) complexes with ammonium cations. The gCPL value was estimated to be -1.54, which is the largest among chiral luminescent molecules. Through photophysical measurements, single crystal X-ray structural analyses and quantum chemical calculations, changes in the geometric and electronic structures were observed for a series of chiral tetrakis Eu(III) complexes which enhanced the gCPL value. The emission quantum yield and photosensitized energy transfer efficiencies of chiral Eu(III) complexes with ammonium cations were also larger than those of chiral Eu(III) complex with Cs+. Based on the systematic modifications and analyses for chiral tetrakis Eu(III) complex, effect of the ammonium cation on enhanced CPL brightness is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsurui
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan)
| | - Ryohei Takizawa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan)
| | - Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan)
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan)
| | - Mengfei Wang
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan)
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan)
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan)
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan)
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan)
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan)
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan)
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan)
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8
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Sakai M, Fujio S, Imayoshi A, Sasamori T, Okada K, Imai Y, Hasegawa M, Tsubaki K. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Binaphthyl Derivatives with Comprehensive Introduction of Phenylethynyl Groups. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400159. [PMID: 38794837 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, compounds with phenylethynyl (PE) groups introduced at all of the possible positions of the methylene-bridged structure of the 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol backbone (3-PE to 8-PE) were synthesized. Compounds with four or six phenylethynyl groups (3,6-PE, 4,6-PE, 5,6-PE, 6,7-PE, and 3,4,6-PE) were also synthesized. The key reaction for the synthesis of these compounds was the Sonogashira reaction using halogen scaffolds. The new transformation methods include (1) selective bromination of the 5-position of the binaphthyl skeleton and (2) bromination of the 6-position and then iodination of the 4-position, followed by the Sonogashira reaction of iodine at the 4-position and lithiation and protonation of bromine at the 6-position. The optical properties of the compounds were evaluated. The extension of the π system greatly differed depending on the position of the phenylethynyl group. 4-PE, 4,6-PE, and 3,4,6-PE, in which the phenylethynyl groups were introduced in the extended direction of the naphthalene linkage axis, showed longer absorption and emission wavelengths and higher fluorescence quantum yields than the other compounds. In circularly polarized luminescence measurements, 7-PE showed a relatively large glum value, an interesting finding that reverses the sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Sakai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujio
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Ayumi Imayoshi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, and, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Sciences (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Keita Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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9
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, He Z, Yang T, Hu X, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Jiao J. Recent Advances of Chiral Isolated and Small Organic Molecules: Structure and Properties for Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400049. [PMID: 38450996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores recent advancements in the field of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) exhibited by small and isolated organic molecules. The development and application of small CPL molecule are systematically reviewed through eight different chiral skeleton sections. Investigating the intricate interplay between molecular structure and CPL properties, the paper aims at providing and enlighting novel strategies for CPL-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Tingjun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
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10
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Nakazono R, Hu W, Hirose T, Amaya T. Synthesis and Characterization of a Cyclic Trimer of a Chiral Spirosilabifluorene. Chemistry 2024:e202401343. [PMID: 38676431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A chiral shape-persistent macrocyclic compound (Si-[3]), designed by the C/Si substitution in the spiro-atom of spirobifluorene in the cyclic trimer (C-[3]), has been successfully synthesized in this study. The C/Si substitution made the spiro-conjugation and energy levels of HOMO and LUMO decrease. Due to the silicon substitution, the macrocyclic compound Si-[3] was able to be degraded by fluoride ions, but its reaction rate was slower than that of the unsubstituted spirosilabifluorene, showing the chemical stability of Si-[3]. Furthermore, the chiroptical properties of Si-[3] with D3-symmetric macrocyclic structure were investigated, and (P,P,P)-Si-[3] showed a high emission quantum yield (Φf=80 %) and moderate dissymmetry factor of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) (glum,exp=-1.2×10-3). According to the time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations using polarizable continuum model (PCM), the bright CPL from Si-[3] was explained by a planarization of one bisilafluorenyl moiety at the excited state, which is responsible for the almost fully-allowed radiative transition with a short emission lifetime of τf=1.89 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nakazono
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Weizhe Hu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
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11
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Huo GF, Xu WT, Han Y, Zhu J, Hou X, Fan W, Ni Y, Wu S, Yang HB, Wu J. Expanded Azahelicenes with Large Dissymmetry Factors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403149. [PMID: 38421194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Expanded azahelicenes, as heteroanalogues of helically chiral helicenes, hold significant potential for chiroptical materials. Nevertheless, their investigation and research have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we present the facile synthesis of a series of expanded azahelicenes NHn (n=1-5) consisting of 11, 19, 27, 35, and 43 fused rings, mainly by Suzuki coupling followed by Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structures of NH2, NH3 and NH4 were confirmed through X-ray crystallography analysis, and their (P)- and (M)- enantiomers were also isolated with chiral high performance liquid chromatography. The enantiomers exhibit large absorption (abs) and luminescence (lum) dissymmetry factors, with |gabs|max=0.044; |glum|max=0.003 for NH2, |gabs|max=0.048; |glum|=0.014 for NH3, and |gabs|max=0.043; |glum|max=0.021 for NH4, which are superior to their respective all-carbon analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Kato K, Uchida Y, Kaneda T, Tachibana T, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Alkoxylated Fluoranthene-Fused [3.3.3]Propellanes: Facile Film Formation against High π-Core Content. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400080. [PMID: 38380847 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state assembling modes are as crucial as the chemical structures of single molecules for real applications. In this work, solid-state structures and phase-transition temperatures are investigated for a series of fluoranthene-fused [3.3.3]propellanes consisting of a rigid three-dimensional (3D) π-core and varying lengths of alkoxy groups. Compounds in this series with n-butoxy or longer alkoxy groups take an amorphous state at room temperature. In these molecules, rotatable biaryl-type bonds are not incorporated and high D3h molecular symmetry is retained. Therefore, π-fused [3.3.3]propellanes present a unique platform for amorphous molecular materials with low ratios of flexible alkoxy atoms to rigid π-core ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Uchida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kaneda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tachibana
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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13
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Ueno K, Konishi Y, Cui L, Harada T, Ishibashi K, Konta T, Muranaka A, Hisaeda Y, Hoshino Y, Ono T. Unraveling the Remarkable Influence of Substituents on the Emission Variation and Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Dinuclear Aluminum Triple-Stranded Helicates. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6296-6304. [PMID: 38526299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the development of functional dyes using aluminum, focusing on aluminum-based dinuclear triple-stranded helicates, and examined the effects of substituent variations on their structural and optical properties. Key findings revealed that the modification of methyl groups to the pyrrole positions significantly extended the conjugation system, resulting in a red shift in the absorption and emission spectra. Conversely, the modification of methyl groups at the methine positions due to steric hindrances increased the torsion angle of the ligands, leading to a blue shift in the absorption and emission spectra. A common feature across all complexes was that in the excited state, one of the three ligands underwent significant structural relaxation. This led to a pronounced Stokes shift and minimal spectra overlap with high photoluminescence behaviors. Moreover, our research extended to the optical resolution of the newly synthesized complexes by analyzing the chiroptical properties of the resulting enantiomers, including their circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence. These insights offer valuable contributions to the design and application of novel aluminum-based functional dyes, potentially influencing a range of fields, from materials science to optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuto Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Luxia Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takunori Harada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishibashi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Takeru Konta
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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14
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Takaishi K, Yoshinami F, Sato Y, Ema T. Temperature-Induced Sign Inversion of Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Binaphthyl-Bridged Tetrathiapyrenophanes. Chemistry 2024:e202400866. [PMID: 38567834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
D2-symmetric (R)-binaphthyl-bridged pyrenophanes containing thioether bonds were synthesized. The pyrenophanes exhibited the temperature-induced sign inversion of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) while maintaining the emission wavelength and reversibility. The Δglum value reached 0.02, and the FL quenching by heat was negligible. The sign inversion of CPL originates from the inversion of intramolecular excimer chirality associated with excitation dynamics. The two pyrenes form a kinetically trapped left-handed twist excimer at low temperatures, while they form a thermodynamically favored right-handed twist excimer at high temperatures. The thioether linkers can impart flexibility suitable for the inversion of chirality of the excimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yoshinami
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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15
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Yoshigoe Y, Shimada H, Takaki T, Imai Y, Saito S. Synthesis and Isolation of a Homochiral Nanohoop Composed of a Tröger's Base and Hexaparaphenylene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304059. [PMID: 38230745 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new nanohoop containing a stereogenic Tröger's base skeleton tethered to a curved hexaparaphenylene ([6]CPP) is reported. The TB[6]CPP nanohoop possesses a stable C2 symmetrical structure, which promotes the allowed transition that gives rise to pale blue emission with a quantum yield of ~0.69, surpassing the value of the more symmetrical [8]CPP. Moreover, TB[6]CPP shows chiroptical properties including circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence with a moderate dissymmetry factor (|glum|) of ~2.1×10-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshigoe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shimada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Takaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Imai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shinich Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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16
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Ikai T, Mishima N, Matsumoto T, Miyoshi S, Oki K, Yashima E. 2,2'-Tethered Binaphthyl-Embedded One-Handed Helical Ladder Polymers: Impact of the Tether Length on Helical Geometry and Chiroptical Property. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318712. [PMID: 38253965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic breakthroughs diversify the molecules and polymers available to chemists. We now report the first successful synthesis of a series of optically-pure 2,2'-tethered binaphthyl-embedded helical ladder polymers based on quantitative and chemoselective ladderization by the modified alkyne benzannulations using the 4-alkoxy-2,6-dimethylphenylethynyl group as the alkyne source, inaccessible by the conventional approach lacking the 2,6-dimethyl substituents. Due to the defect-free helix formation, the circular dichroism signal increased by more than 6 times the previously reported value. The resulting helical secondary structure can be fine-tuned by controlling the binaphthyl dihedral angle in the repeating unit with variations in the 2,2'-alkylenedioxy tethering groups by one carbon atom at a time. The optimization of the helical ladder structures led to a strong circularly polarized luminescence with a high fluorescence quantum yield (28 %) and luminescence dissymmetry factor (2.6×10-3 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Namiki Mishima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sayaka Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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17
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Penty S, Orton GRF, Black DJ, Pal R, Zwijnenburg MA, Barendt TA. A Chirally Locked Bis-perylene Diimide Macrocycle: Consequences for Chiral Self-Assembly and Circularly Polarized Luminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5470-5479. [PMID: 38355475 PMCID: PMC10910538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles containing chiral organic dyes are highly valuable for the development of supramolecular circularly polarized luminescent (CPL) materials, where a preorganized chiral framework is conducive to directing π-π self-assembly and delivering a strong and persistent CPL signal. Here, perylene diimides (PDIs) are an excellent choice for the organic dye component because, alongside their tunable photophysical and self-assembly properties, functionalization of the PDI's core yields a twisted, chiral π-system, capable of CPL. However, configurationally stable PDI-based macrocycles are rare, and those that are also capable of π-π self-assembly beyond dimers are unprecedented, both of which are advantageous for robust self-assembled chiroptical materials. In this work, we report the first bay-connected bis-PDI macrocycle that is configurationally stable (ΔG⧧ > 155 kJ mol-1). We use this chirally locked macrocycle to uncover new knowledge of chiral PDI self-assembly and to perform new quantitative CPL imaging of the resulting single-crystal materials. As such, we discover that the chirality of a 1,7-disubstituted PDI provides a rational route to designing H-, J- and concomitant H- and J-type self-assembled materials, important arrangements for optimizing (chir)optical and charge/energy transport properties. Indeed, we reveal that CPL is amplified in the single crystals of our chiral macrocycle by quantifying the degree of emitted light circular polarization from such materials for the first time using CPL-Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
E. Penty
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Georgia R. F. Orton
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Dominic J. Black
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Robert Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Martijn A. Zwijnenburg
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Timothy A. Barendt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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18
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Liu Y, Li Z, Wang MW, Chan J, Liu G, Wang Z, Jiang W. Highly Luminescent Chiral Double π-Helical Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5295-5304. [PMID: 38363710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Unveiling the mechanism behind chirality propagation and dissymmetry amplification at the molecular level is of significance for the development of chiral systems with comprehensively outstanding chiroptical performances. Herein, we have presented a straightforward Cu-mediated Ullmann homocoupling approach to synthesize perylene diimide-entwined double π-helical nanoribbons encompassing dimer, trimer, and tetramer while producing homochiral or heterochiral linking of chiral centers. A significant dissymmetry amplification was achieved, with absorption dissymmetry factors (|gabs|) increasing from 0.009 to 0.017 and further to 0.019, and luminescence dissymmetry factors (|glum|) rising from 0.007 to 0.013 and eventually to 0.015 for homochiral double π-helical oligomers. The disparity of magnetic transition dipole moment (m) densities in homochiral and heterochiral tetramers by time-dependent density functional theory calculations confirmed that homochiral oligomerization can maximize the total m, which is favorable for achieving ever-increasing g factors. Notably, these double π-helices exhibited exceptional photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL) ranging from 83 to 95%. The circularly polarized luminescence brightness (BCPL) eventually reached a remarkable 575 M-1 cm-1 for the homochiral tetramer, which is among the highest values reported for chiral small molecules. This kind of linearly extended double π-helices offers a platform for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism behind chirality propagation and dissymmetry amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zuoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangtao Chan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guogang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Honda T, Ogata D, Tsurui M, Yoshida S, Sato S, Muraoka T, Kitagawa Y, Hasegawa Y, Yuasa J, Oguri H. Rapid Synthesis of Chiral Figure-Eight Macrocycles Using a Preorganized Natural Product-Based Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318548. [PMID: 38169344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chiral D2 -symmetric figure-eight shaped macrocycles are promising scaffolds for amplifying the chiroptical properties of π-conjugated systems. By harnessing the inherent and adaptable conformational dynamics of a chiral C2 -symmetric bispyrrolidinoindoline (BPI) manifold, we developed an enantio-divergent modular synthetic platform to rapidly generate a diverse range of chiral macrocycles, spanning from 14- to 66-membered rings, eliminating the need for optical resolution. Notably, a 32-membered figure-eight macrocycle showed excellent circularly polarized luminescence (CPL: |glum |=1.1×10-2 ) complemented by a robust emission quantum yield (Φfl =0.74), to achieve outstanding CPL brightness (BCPL : ϵ×Φfl ×|glum |/2=480). Using quadruple Sonogashira couplings, this versatile synthetic platform enables precise adjustments of the angle, distance, and length among intersecting π-conjugated chromophores. Our synthetic strategy offers a streamlined and systematic approach to significantly enhance BCPL values for a variety of chiral D2 -symmetric figure-eight macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiji Ogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsurui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, FS CREATION, Mitsui LINK Lab Kashiwanoha 1, 6-6-2, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-0882, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, FS CREATION, Mitsui LINK Lab Kashiwanoha 1, 6-6-2, Kashiwa, Chiba 227-0882, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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20
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Zhang K, Hao M, Jin T, Shi Y, Tian G, Li C, Ma H, Zhang N, Li Q, Chen P. Synthesis of π-Conjugated Chiral Aza/Boracyclophanes with a meta and para Substitution. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302950. [PMID: 37950682 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the synthesis of a new class of axially chiral aza/boracyclophanes (BDN1, BXN1, BDB1 and BXB1) using binaphthyls as chiral building blocks and the main-group (B/N) chemistry with tunable electronic effects. All macrocycles substituted with triarylamine donors or triarylborane acceptors are strongly luminescent. These macrocycles showed two distinct meta and para π-conjugation pathways, leading to the formation of quasi figure-of-eight and square-shaped conformations. Interestingly, comparison of such structural models revealed that the former type of macrocycles BXN1 and BXB1 gave higher racemization barriers relative to the other ones. The results reported here may provide a new approach to engineer the optical stability of π-conjugated chiral macrocycles by controlling π-substitution patterns. The ring constraints induced by macrocyclization were also demonstrated to contribute to the configurational persistence as compared with the open-chain analogues p-BTT and m-BTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Mengyao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
- Program in General Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Tianyun Jin
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Yafei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Guoqing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Analysis & Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Niu Zhang
- Analysis & Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Quansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Beijing, 102488, China
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21
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Wang Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Li F, Li Y, Meng Q. Chiral TPE Foldamers in Macrocycles: Aggregation Enhanced Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302373. [PMID: 37648675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chiral macrocycles with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have attracted increasing attention due to the rigid structure, symmetrical chiral geometry and large luminescence dissymmetry factors (glum ). However, most chiral macrocycles are more emissive in solutions but have weakened fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF ) in aggregates, limiting their further application. In this paper, chiral macrocycle R/S-PhTPE was synthesized by combining chiral macrocycle architectonics with Z-o-phenyltetraphenylethylene (PhTPE) foldamer. Enhanced solution state emission and characteristic aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) effect can be observed for R/S-PhTPE due to the folded PhTPE conformation. Macrocycle immobilization and folded conformation endow PhTPE moiety with stable helical conformation. Most importantly, R/S-PhTPE exhibits opposite CPL signals compared with common chiral TPEs, demonstrating the evident impact of folded conformation. This work reports the first and deep insights into the chiroptical properties of chiral PhTPE foldamers, and will provide a new strategy to tune ΦF and CPL signals of AIE active chiral macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Rd., Wujin Dist., Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Liwen Cui
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Rd., Wujin Dist., Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, North Industrial Ave., Lanshan Dist., Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639, Longmian Ave., Jiangning Dist., Nanjing, 211109, China
| | - Yunzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, North Industrial Ave., Lanshan Dist., Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Rd., Wujin Dist., Changzhou, 213164, China
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22
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Li S, Pei H, He S, Liang H, Guo R, Liu N, Mo Z. Chiral Carbon Dots and Chiral Carbon Dots with Circularly Polarized Luminescence: Synthesis, Mechanistic Investigation and Applications. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300770. [PMID: 37819766 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chiral carbon dots (CCDs) can be widely used in various fields such as chiral recognition, chiral catalysis and biomedicine because of their unique optical properties, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. In addition, CCDs with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) can be synthesized, thus broadening the prospects of CCDs applications. Since the research on CCDs is still in its infancy, this paper reviews the chiral origin, formation mechanism, chiral evolution, synthesis and emerging applications of CCDs, with a special focus on CCDs with CPL activity. It is hoped that it will provide some reference to solve the current problems faced by CCDs. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of the current research on CCDs are described, and their future development trends have also been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Li
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hebing Pei
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Simin He
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruibin Guo
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Nijuan Liu
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zunli Mo
- Research Center of Gansu Military and Civilian Integration Advanced Structural Materials, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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23
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Kato K, Fa S, Ogoshi T. Alignment and Dynamic Inversion of Planar Chirality in Pillar[n]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308316. [PMID: 37518814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Pillar[n]arenes are symmetrical macrocyclic compounds composed of benzene panels with para-methylene linkages. Each panel usually exhibits planar chirality and prefers chirality-aligned states. Because of this feature, pillar[n]arenes are attractive scaffolds for chiroptical materials that are easy to prepare and optically resolve and show intense circular dichroism (CD) signals. In addition, rotation of the panels endows the chirality of pillar[n]arenes with a dynamic nature. The chirality in tubular oligomers and supramolecular assemblies sometimes show time- and procedure-dependent alignment phenomena. Furthermore, the CD signals of some pillar[n]arenes respond to the addition of chiral guests when their dynamic chirality is coupled with host-guest properties. By using diastereomeric pillar[n]arenes with additional chiral structures, the response can also be caused by achiral guests and changes of the environment, providing molecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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24
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Fu R, Zhao QY, Han H, Li WL, Chen FY, Tang C, Zhang W, Guo SD, Li DY, Geng WC, Guo DS, Cai K. A Chiral Emissive Conjugated Macrocycle for High-Affinity and Highly Enantioselective Recognition in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315990. [PMID: 37917047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurately distinguishing between enantiomeric molecules is a fundamental challenge in the field of chemistry. However, there is still significant room for improvement in both the enantiomeric selectivity (KR(S) /KS(R) ) and binding strength of most reported macrocyclic chiral receptors to meet the demands of practical application scenarios. Herein, we synthesized a water-soluble conjugated tubular host-namely, corral[4]BINOL-using a chiral 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) derivative as the repeating unit. The conjugated chiral backbone endows corral[4]BINOL with good fluorescent emission (QY=34 % ) and circularly polarized luminescence (|glum | up to 1.4×10-3 ) in water. Notably, corral[4]BINOL exhibits high recognition affinity up to 8.6×1010 M-1 towards achiral guests in water, and manifested excellent enantioselectivity up to 18.7 towards chiral substrates, both of which represent the highest values observed among chiral macrocycles in aqueous solution. The ultrastrong binding strength, outstanding enantioselectivity, and facile accessibility, together with the superior fluorescent and chiroptical properties, endow corral[4]BINOL with great potential for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wen-Li Li
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Si-Dan Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dai-Yuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wen-Chao Geng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kang Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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25
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Wang JQ, Han XN, Han Y, Chen CF. Advances in circularly polarized luminescence materials based on chiral macrocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13089-13106. [PMID: 37830234 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials utilizing supramolecular strategies has recently attracted increasing interest in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Chiral macrocycles, especially chiral macrocyclic hosts, have stable structures, adjustable internal cavities to encapsulate different guests, and host-guest complexation to induce special photophysical properties. Consequently, various CPL materials based on chiral macrocycles have been developed during the last decade. To gain a better understanding of this rapidly developing research area, it is necessary and also important to summarize the advances in CPL materials based on chiral macrocycles. In this review, CPL materials from different chiral macrocycles, especially classical and newly reported chiral macrocyclic hosts and their derivatives, will be comprehensively summarized. It is believed that this review will be of guiding significance and also very helpful for the development of macrocyclic chemistry and CPL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Nowak K, Morawski O, Zinna F, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L, Górecki M, Grzybowski M. Strong Chiroptical Effects in the Absorption and Emission of Macrocycles Based on the 2,5-Diaminoterephthalate Minimal Fluorophore. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300932. [PMID: 37194186 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiral fluorescent macrocycles consisting of two to four units of dimethyl 2,5-diaminoterephthalate can be readily synthesized in a one-pot manner from inexpensive building blocks. Depending on the concentration, either a paracyclophane-like dimer with closely stacked benzene rings or a triangular trimer is the main product of the reaction. The macrocycles exhibit fluorescence in solution as well as in the solid state with maxima that are red-shifted with decreasing size of the macrocyclic ring and are observed at wavelengths from 590 (tetramer in solution) to 700 nm (dimer in the solid state). Chirality dictates the differential absorption and emission of circularly polarized light by these molecules. The ECD and CPL effects are particularly strong for the trimer, which is characterized by relatively large dissymmetry factors gabs =±2.8×10-3 at 531 nm and glum =±2.3×10-3 at 580 nm in n-hexane, being at the same time highly luminescent (Φfl =13.7 %). Despite the small chromophore, the circularly polarized brightness BCPL of 2.3 dm3 mol-1 cm-1 is comparable to values reported for other classes of established CPL emitters in the visible region, such as expanded helicenes or larger π-conjugated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nowak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Anjalikrishna PK, Gadre SR, Suresh CH. Electrostatic Potential for Exploring Electron Delocalization in Infinitenes, Circulenes, and Nanobelts. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4123-4133. [PMID: 36952587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The π-conjugation, aromaticity, and stability of the newly synthesized 12-infinitene and of other infinitenes comprising 8-, 10-, 14-, and 16-arene rings are investigated using density functional theory. The π-electron delocalization and aromatic character rooted in infinitenes are quantified in terms of molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) topology. Structurally, the infinitene bears a close resemblance of its helically twisted structure to the infinity symbol. The MESP topology shows that infinitene possesses an infinity-shaped delocalization of the electron density that streams over the fused benzenoid rings. The parameter ∑i=13Δλi, derived from the eigenvalues (λi) corresponding to the MESP minima, is used for quantifying the aromatic character of arene rings of infinitene. The structure, stability, and MESP topology features of 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-infinitenes are also compared with the corresponding isomeric circulenes and carbon nanobelts. Further, the strain in all such systems is evaluated by considering the respective isomeric planar benzenoid hydrocarbons as reference systems. The 12-infinitene turns out to be the most aromatic and the least strained among all the systems examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthannur K Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shridhar R Gadre
- Department of Scientific Computing, Modelling and Simulation, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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28
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Xie J, Xi Z, Yang Z, Zhang X, Yuan H, Yang Y, Ni L, He M. Computational Approach to Understanding the Structures, Properties, and Supramolecular Chemistry of Pagoda[n]arenes. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Takaishi K, Maeda C, Ema T. Circularly polarized luminescence in molecular recognition systems: Recent achievements. Chirality 2023; 35:92-103. [PMID: 36477924 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) dyes are recognized to be new generation materials and have been actively developed. Molecular recognition systems provide nice approaches to novel CPL materials, such as stimuli-responsive switches and chemical sensing materials. CPL may be induced simply by mixing chiral or achiral, luminescent or nonluminescent host and guest; there are several combinations. Molecular recognition can potentially save time and effort to construct well-ordered chiral structures with noncovalent attractive interactions as compared with the multi-step synthesis of covalently bonded dyes. It is a challenging subject to engage molecular recognition events with CPL, and it is important and interesting to see how it is achieved. In fact, simple molecular recognition systems can even enable the fine adjustment of CPL performance and detailed conformational/configurational analysis of the excited state. Here we overview the recent achievements of simple host-guest complexes capable of exhibiting CPL, summarizing concisely the host/guest structures, CPL intensities, and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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30
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Suzuki K, Fukuda H, Toda H, Imai Y, Nojima Y, Hasegawa M, Tsurumaki E, Toyota S. Substituent effects on helical structures and chiroptical properties of fused anthracenes with bulky phenyl groups. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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31
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Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Codesal MD, Đorđević L, Young RM, Sai H, Le Bras L, Perrier A, Ovalle M, Brown PJ, Stern CL, Campaña AG, Stupp SI, Wasielewski MR, Blanco V, Stoddart JF. Aggregation-Induced Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Duality in Tetracationic Binaphthyl-Based Cyclophanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208679. [PMID: 35904930 PMCID: PMC9804443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an approach to the synthesis of highly charged enantiopure cyclophanes by the insertion of axially chiral enantiomeric binaphthyl fluorophores into the constitutions of pyridinium-based macrocycles. Remarkably, these fluorescent tetracationic cyclophanes exhibit a significant AIE compared to their neutral optically active binaphthyl precursors. A combination of theoretical calculations and time-resolved spectroscopy reveal that the AIE originates from limited torsional vibrations associated with the axes of chirality present in the chiral enantiomeric binaphthyl units and the fine-tuning of their electronic landscape when incorporated within the cyclophane structure. Furthermore, these highly charged enantiopure cyclophanes display CPL responses both in solution and in the aggregated state. This unique duality of AIE and CPL in these tetracationic cyclophanes is destined to be of major importance in future development of photonic devices and bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Arthur H. G. David
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Marcos D. Codesal
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Center for Bio-inspired Energy ScienceNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern University303 E. Superior StreetChicagoIL 60611USA,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Laura Le Bras
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249)Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté16 route de Gray25030BesançonFrance
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie Paris TechPSL Research UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS)UMR 806075005ParisFrance,Université Paris Cité75006ParisFrance
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Paige J. Brown
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Center for Bio-inspired Energy ScienceNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern University303 E. Superior StreetChicagoIL 60611USA,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL 60208USA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Department of MedicineNorthwestern University676N St. Clair StreetChicagoIL 60611USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia,Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
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32
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Hasegawa M, Hasegawa C, Nagaya Y, Tsubaki K, Mazaki Y. Multiply Twisted Chiral Macrocycles Clamped by Tethered Binaphthyls Exhibiting High Circularly Polarized Luminescence Brightness. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202218. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science Kitasato University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Chika Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science Kitasato University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagaya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University 1-5 Shimogamo Hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Kazunori Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University 1-5 Shimogamo Hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Graduate School of Science Kitasato University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
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33
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Sidler E, Zwick P, Kress C, Reznikova K, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Mayor M. Intense Molar Circular Dichroism in Fully Conjugated All-Carbon Macrocyclic 1,3-Butadiyne Linked pseudo-meta [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201764. [PMID: 35781897 PMCID: PMC9805063 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic access to macrocyclic molecular topologies with interesting photophysical properties has greatly improved thanks to the successful implementation of organic and inorganic corner units. Based on recent reports, we realized that pseudo-meta [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) might serve as optimal corner units for constructing 3D functional materials, owing to their efficient electronic communication, angled substituents and planar chirality. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and optical properties of four novel all-carbon enantiopure macrocycles bearing three to six pseudo-meta PCPs linked by 1,3-butadiyne units. The macrocycles were obtained by a single step from enantiopure, literature-known dialkyne pseudo-meta PCP and were unambiguously identified and characterized by state of the art spectroscopic methods and in part even by x-ray crystallography. By comparing the optical properties to relevant reference compounds, it is shown that the pseudo-meta PCP subunit effectively elongates the conjugated system throughout the macrocyclic backbone, such that already the smallest macrocycle consisting of only three subunits reaches a polymer-like conjugation length. Additionally, it is shown that the chiral pseudo-meta PCPs induce a remarkable chiroptical response in the respective macrocycles, reaching unprecedented high molar circular dichroism values for all-carbon macrocycles of up to 1307 L mol-1 cm-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sidler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Kress
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Ksenia Reznikova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)510275GuangzhouP. R. China
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34
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Kato K, Kurakake Y, Ohtani S, Fa S, Gon M, Tanaka K, Ogoshi T. Discrete Macrocycles with Fixed Chirality and Two Distinct Sides: Dipole‐Dependent Chiroptical Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209222. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuta Kurakake
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510 Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
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35
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Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Codesal MD, Đorđević L, Young RM, sai H, le_bras L, pineau AP, ovalle M, brown P, Stern CL, Campaña AG, Stupp SI, Wasielewski MR, blancos V, Stoddart F. Aggregation Induced Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Duality in Tetracationic Binaphthyl‐Based Cyclophanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Arthur H. G. David
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Marcos D Codesal
- Universidad de Granada Departamento de Química Orgánica Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N 18071 Granada SPAIN
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan M Young
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - hiroaki sai
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - laura le_bras
- Université de Franche-Comté: Universite de Franche-Comte Department of Chemistry 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon FRANCE
| | - aurelie perrier pineau
- Chimie ParisTech - PSL: Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris Department of Chemistry FRANCE
| | - marco ovalle
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - paige brown
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Samuel I Stupp
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - victor blancos
- Universidad de Granada Departamento de Química Orgánica SPAIN
| | - Fraser Stoddart
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Road 60208-3113 EVANSTON UNITED STATES
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36
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Kato K, Kurakake Y, Ohtani S, Fa S, Gon M, Tanaka K, Ogoshi T. Discrete Macrocycles with Fixed Chirality and Two Distinct Sides: Dipole‐Dependent Chiroptical Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Kyoto University Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering KatsuraNishikyo-ku 615-8510 Kyoto JAPAN
| | - Yuta Kurakake
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Shixin Fa
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
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37
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Takaishi K, Murakami S, Yoshinami F, Ema T. Binaphthyl‐Bridged Pyrenophanes: Intense Circularly Polarized Luminescence Based on a
D
2
Symmetry Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204609. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Sho Murakami
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Fumiya Yoshinami
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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38
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Chen C, Du C, Wang X. The Rise of 1,4-BN-Heteroarenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200707. [PMID: 35419988 PMCID: PMC9259729 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BN-heteroarenes, which employ both boron and nitrogen in aromatic hydrocarbons, have gained great attention in the fields of organic chemistry and materials science. Nevertheless, the extensive studies on BN-heteroarenes are largely limited to 1,2-azaborine-based compounds with B-N covalent bonds, whereas 1,3- and 1,4-BN-heteroarenes are relatively rare due to their greater challenge in the synthesis. Recently, significant progresses have been achieved in the synthesis and applications of BN-heteroarenes featuring 1,4-azaborines, especially driven by their significant potential as multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials. Therefore, it is timely to review these advances from the chemistry perspective. This review summarizes the synthetic methods and recent achievements of 1,4-azaborine-based BN-heteroarenes and discusses their unique properties and potential applications of this emerging class of materials, highlighting the value of 1,4-BN-heteroarenes beyond MR-TADF materials. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the conversation and cooperation between chemists who are interested in azaborine chemistry and materials scientists working in the fields of organic optoelectronics, metal catalysis, and carbon-based nanoscience etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Cheng‐Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
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39
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Penty SE, Zwijnenburg MA, Orton GRF, Stachelek P, Pal R, Xie Y, Griffin SL, Barendt TA. The Pink Box: Exclusive Homochiral Aromatic Stacking in a Bis-perylene Diimide Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12290-12298. [PMID: 35763425 PMCID: PMC9348826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work showcases chiral complementarity in aromatic stacking interactions as an effective tool to optimize the chiroptical and electrochemical properties of perylene diimides (PDIs). PDIs are a notable class of robust dye molecules and their rich photo- and electrochemistry and potential chirality make them ideal organic building blocks for chiral optoelectronic materials. By exploiting the new bay connectivity of twisted PDIs, a dynamic bis-PDI macrocycle (the "Pink Box") is realized in which homochiral PDI-PDI π-π stacking interactions are switched on exclusively. Using a range of experimental and computational techniques, we uncover three important implications of the macrocycle's chiral complementarity for PDI optoelectronics. First, the homochiral intramolecular π-π interactions anchor the twisted PDI units, yielding enantiomers with half-lives extended over 400-fold, from minutes to days (in solution) or years (in the solid state). Second, homochiral H-type aggregation affords the macrocycle red-shifted circularly polarized luminescence and one of the highest dissymmetry factors of any small organic molecule in solution (glum = 10-2 at 675 nm). Finally, excellent through-space PDI-PDI π-orbital overlap stabilizes PDI reduced states, akin to covalent functionalization with electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Penty
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R F Orton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Yujie Xie
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Griffin
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Barendt
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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40
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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41
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Algoazy N, Clarke RG, Penfold TJ, Waddell PG, Probert MR, Aerts R, Herrebout W, Stachelek P, Pal R, Hall MJ, Knight J. NIR Circularly Polarised Luminescence from Helically‐Extended Chiral N,N,O,O‐Boron Chelated Dipyrromethenes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Algoazy
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry)Newcastle University NE17RU Newcastle upon Tyne UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rebecca G. Clarke
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry)Newcastle University NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Roy Aerts
- University of Antwerp: Universiteit Antwerpen department of chemistry Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp BELGIUM
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Universiteit Antwerpen Department of chemistry Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp BELGIUM
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Durham University Department of chemistry South Road DH1 3LE Durham UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Robert Pal
- Durham University Department of chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Michael J. Hall
- Newcastle University School of natural and environmental sciences (Chemistry) School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry)Newcastle University NE17RU Newcastle upon Tyne UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Julian Knight
- Newcastle University School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry) School of Natural and Environmental Sciences (Chemistry)Newcastle University NE17RU Newcastle upon Tyne UNITED KINGDOM
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42
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Binaphthyl‐Bridged Pyrenophanes: Intense Circularly Polarized Luminescence Based on a D2 Symmetry Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Nogami J, Nagashima Y, Sugiyama H, Miyamoto K, Tanaka Y, Uekusa H, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Cyclophenacene‐ and Chiral‐Type Cyclophenylene‐Naphthylene Belts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200800. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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44
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Wang J, Shi H, Wang S, Zhang X, Fang P, Zhou Y, Zhuang G, Shao X, Du P. Tuning the (Chir)Optical Properties and Squeezing out the Inherent Chirality in Polyphenylene‐Locked Helical Carbon Nanorings. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103828. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Gui‐Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui Province 230026 P.R. China
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45
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Nogami J, Nagashima Y, Sugiyama H, Miyamoto K, Tanaka Y, Uekusa H, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Cyclophenacene‐ and Chiral‐Type Cyclophenylene‐Naphthylene Belts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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46
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Krzeszewski M, Ito H, Itami K. Infinitene: A Helically Twisted Figure-Eight [12]Circulene Topoisomer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:862-871. [PMID: 34910487 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New forms of molecular nanocarbon particularly looped polyarenes adopting various topologies contribute to the fundamental science and practical applications. Here we report the synthesis of an infinity-shaped polyarene, infinitene (1) (cyclo[c.c.c.c.c.c.e.e.e.e.e.e]dodecakisbenzene), comprising consecutively fused 12-benzene rings forming an enclosed loop with a strain energy of 60.2 kcal·mol-1. Infinitene (1) represents a topoisomer of still-hypothetical [12]circulene, and its scaffold can be formally visualized as the outcome of the "stitching" of two homochiral [6]helicene subunits by both their ends. The synthetic strategy encompasses transformation of a rationally designed dithiacyclophane to cyclophadiene through the Stevens rearrangement and pyrolysis of the corresponding S,S'-bis(oxide) followed by the photocyclization. The structure of 1 is a unique hybrid of helicene and circulene with a molecular formula of C48H24, which can be regarded as an isomer for kekulene, [6,6]carbon nanobelt ([6,6]CNB), and [12]cyclacene. Infinitene (1) is a bench-stable yellow solid with green fluorescence and soluble to common organic solvents. Its figure-eight molecular structure was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The scaffold of 1 is significantly compressed as manifested by a remarkably shortened distance (3.152-3.192 Å) between the centroids of two π-π stacked central benzene rings and the closest C···C distance of 2.920 Å. Fundamental photophysical properties of 1 were thoroughly elucidated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies and density functional theory calculations. Its configurational stability enabled separation of the corresponding enantiomers (P,P) and (M,M) by a chiral HPLC. Circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) measurements revealed that 1 has moderate |gCD| and |gCPL| values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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