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Jordà-Reolid M, Moreno V, Martínez-Garcia A, Covas JA, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Quiles-Carrillo L. Incorporation of Argan Shell Flour in a Biobased Polypropylene Matrix for the Development of High Environmentally Friendly Composites by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 37376389 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new composite material is developed using a semi bio-based polypropylene (bioPP) and micronized argan shell (MAS) byproducts. To improve the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix, a compatibilizer, PP-g-MA, is used. The samples are prepared using a co-rotating twin extruder followed by an injection molding process. The addition of the MAS filler improves the mechanical properties of the bioPP, as evidenced by an increase in tensile strength from 18.2 MPa to 20.8 MPa. The reinforcement is also observed in the thermomechanical properties, with an increased storage modulus. The thermal characterization and X-ray diffraction indicate that the addition of the filler leads to the formation of α structure crystals in the polymer matrix. However, the addition of a lignocellulosic filler also leads to an increased affinity for water. As a result, the water uptake of the composites increases, although it remains relatively low even after 14 weeks. The water contact angle is also reduced. The color of the composites changes to a color similar to wood. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using MAS byproducts to improve their mechanical properties. However, the increased affinity with water should be taken into account in potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jordà-Reolid
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - Virginia Moreno
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Asunción Martínez-Garcia
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - José A Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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2
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Peponi L, Barrera-Rivera KA, Kenny JM, Marcos-Fernandez Á, Martinez-Richa A, López D. Bio-Catalysis for the Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4064. [PMID: 36432349 PMCID: PMC9693080 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals (NCs) using an enzyme as a catalyst has been performed by a “grafting from” reaction, in order to covalently functionalize the external surface of NCs with both poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) by ring-opening polymerization. Firstly, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared from commercial cellulose microcrystals by acid hydrolysis and then functionalized by using Yarrowia lipolytica lipase immobilized on Lewatit resin as a catalyst. To confirm the success of the grafting reactions, 1H-NMR has been performed as well as FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis has been used to determine the amount of polymeric chains grafted onto the surface of cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, the crystalline nature of the polymeric chains grafted onto the cellulose surface has been studied by DSC, X-ray scattering, as well as SAXS analysis. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a biocatalyst approach has been used to obtain biopolymeric functionalized cellulose nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla A. Barrera-Rivera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José M. Kenny
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos-Fernandez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Richa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Daniel López
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Heise K, Koso T, King AWT, Nypelö T, Penttilä P, Tardy BL, Beaumont M. Spatioselective surface chemistry for the production of functional and chemically anisotropic nanocellulose colloids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:23413-23432. [PMID: 36438677 PMCID: PMC9664451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the benefits of nanomaterials from biomass requires unique considerations associated with their native chemical and physical structure. Both cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals are extracted from cellulose fibers via a top-down approach and have significantly advanced materials chemistry and set new benchmarks in the last decade. One major challenge has been to prepare defined and selectively modified nanocelluloses, which would, e.g., allow optimal particle interactions and thereby further improve the properties of processed materials. At the molecular and crystallite level, the surface of nanocelluloses offers an alternating chemical structure and functional groups of different reactivity, enabling straightforward avenues towards chemically anisotropic and molecularly patterned nanoparticles via spatioselective chemical modification. In this review, we will explain the influence and role of the multiscale hierarchy of cellulose fibers in chemical modifications, and critically discuss recent advances in selective surface chemistry of nanocelluloses. Finally, we will demonstrate the potential of those chemically anisotropic nanocelluloses in materials science and discuss challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Biomaterial Processing and Products 02044 Espoo Finland
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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4
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Oliaei E, Olsén P, Lindström T, Berglund LA. Highly reinforced and degradable lignocellulose biocomposites by polymerization of new polyester oligomers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5666. [PMID: 36167843 PMCID: PMC9515094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbleached wood fibers and nanofibers are environmentally friendly bio-based candidates for material production, in particular, as reinforcements in polymer matrix biocomposites due to their low density and potential as carbon sink during the materials production phase. However, producing high reinforcement content biocomposites with degradable or chemically recyclable matrices is troublesome. Here, we address this issue with a new concept for facile and scalable in-situ polymerization of polyester matrices based on functionally balanced oligomers in pre-formed lignocellulosic networks. The idea enabled us to create high reinforcement biocomposites with well-dispersed mechanically undamaged fibers or nanocellulose. These degradable biocomposites have much higher mechanical properties than analogs in the literature. Reinforcement geometry (fibers at 30 µm or fibrils at 10–1000 nm diameter) influenced the polymerization and degradation of the polyester matrix. Overall, this work opens up new pathways toward environmentally benign materials in the context of a circular bioeconomy. Cellulose biocomposites from nanocellulose or plant fibers with polymer matrix are often not degradable and suffer from insufficient mechanical properties to replace established materials. Here, the authors demonstrate the fabrication of hydrolytically degradable polymers through in-situ polymerization of new functionally balanced oligomers within high-content lignocellulose reinforcement networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Oliaei
- RISE Bioeconomy and health, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Lars A Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Yang X, Biswas SK, Han J, Tanpichai S, Li M, Chen C, Zhu S, Das AK, Yano H. Surface and Interface Engineering for Nanocellulosic Advanced Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002264. [PMID: 32902018 PMCID: PMC11468146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How do trees support their upright massive bodies? The support comes from the incredibly strong and stiff, and highly crystalline nanoscale fibrils of extended cellulose chains, called cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers and their crystalline parts-cellulose nanocrystals, collectively nanocelluloses, are therefore the recent hot materials to incorporate in man-made sustainable, environmentally sound, and mechanically strong materials. Nanocelluloses are generally obtained through a top-down process, during or after which the original surface chemistry and interface interactions can be dramatically changed. Therefore, surface and interface engineering are extremely important when nanocellulosic materials with a bottom-up process are fabricated. Herein, the main focus is on promising chemical modification and nonmodification approaches, aiming to prospect this hot topic from novel aspects, including nanocellulose-, chemistry-, and process-oriented surface and interface engineering for advanced nanocellulosic materials. The reinforcement of nanocelluloses in some functional materials, such as structural materials, films, filaments, aerogels, and foams, is discussed, relating to tailored surface and/or interface engineering. Although some of the nanocellulosic products have already reached the industrial arena, it is hoped that more and more nanocellulose-based products will become available in everyday life in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- Laboratory of Active Bio‐Based MaterialsResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH)Kyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Subir Kumar Biswas
- Laboratory of Active Bio‐Based MaterialsResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH)Kyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Jingquan Han
- College of Materials science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Supachok Tanpichai
- Learning InstituteKing Mongkut's University of Technology ThonburiBangkok10140Thailand
| | - Mei‐Chun Li
- College of Materials science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Sailing Zhu
- College of Materials science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Atanu Kumar Das
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and TechnologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSE‐90183Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Laboratory of Active Bio‐Based MaterialsResearch Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH)Kyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
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6
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Trovagunta R, Zou T, Österberg M, Kelley SS, Lavoine N. Design strategies, properties and applications of cellulose nanomaterials-enhanced products with residual, technical or nanoscale lignin-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117480. [PMID: 33357931 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for greener alternatives to fossil-derived products, research on cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) has rapidly expanded. The combination of nanoscale properties and sustainable attributes makes CNMs an asset in the quest for a sustainable society. However, challenges such as the hydrophilic nature of CNMs, their low compatibility with non-polar matrices and modest thermal stability, slow the development of end-uses. Combination of CNMs with amphiphilic lignin can improve the thermal stability, enhance the compatibility with non-polar matrices and, additionally, endow CNMs with new functionalities e.g., UV shielding or antioxidative properties. This article comprehensively reviews the different design strategies and their influence on properties and applications of CNMs containing lignin in various forms; either as residual lignin, added technical lignin, or nanoscale particles. The review focuses especially on the synergy created between CNMs and lignin, paving the way for new production routes and use of CNM/lignin materials in high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Trovagunta
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Tao Zou
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Monica Österberg
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Stephen S Kelley
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Nathalie Lavoine
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA.
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7
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Lignin containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs): Lignin content-morphology-rheology relationships. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117441. [PMID: 33357912 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between lignin content, morphology, and rheology of lignin containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs). The morphology and rheology of LCNFs were dominated by lignin content. Lignin content had two-sides on mechanical fibrillation. At high lignin content (23.79 %), reduced efficiency of defibrillation resulted in large LCNFs connecting with lignin patches. LCNF suspensions exhibited low viscosity, weak gel behavior due to infirm fibril network. Small yield stress of 1.14 Pa suggested that fibril network was easily disrupted. At residual lignin of 6.52 %, fibril bundles were sensitive to defibrillation, producing long and flexible LCNFs with high capacity of entanglement. The entangled fibril network had high viscosity and strong gel like behavior. Creep compliance of 0.09 Pa-1 and large yield stress of 4.25 Pa indicated excellent resistance to deformation. The desired rheology can be tailored by lignin content, providing practical guidance on novel rheology-dependent LCNF based materials.
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8
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Espinosa E, Bascón-Villegas I, Rosal A, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Chinga-Carrasco G, Rodríguez A. PVA/(ligno)nanocellulose biocomposite films. Effect of residual lignin content on structural, mechanical, barrier and antioxidant properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:197-206. [PMID: 31479671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses with and without residual lignin were isolated from wheat straw. In addition, the effect of TEMPO-mediated oxidation on the production of lignin-containing nanocellulose was studied. The different nanocelluloses were used as reinforcing agent in Poly(vinyl alcohol) films. The morphology, crystallinity, surface microstructure, barrier properties, light transmittance, mechanical and antioxidant properties were evaluated. The translucency of films was reduced by the addition of nanocellulose, however, the ability to block UV-light increased from 10% for PVA to >50% using lignin-containing nanocellulose, and 30% for lignin-free samples. The mechanical properties increased considerably, however, for loads higher than 5% a negative trend was observed presumptively due to a clustering of nanocellulose components in PVA matrix. The barrier properties of the films were improved with the use of nanocellulose, especially at small amounts (1-3%). The antioxidant capacity of films was increased up to 10% using lignin-containing nanocellulose compared to 4.7% using PVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Espinosa
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bascón-Villegas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosal
- Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Department, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
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9
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Nypelö T, Asaadi S, Kneidinger G, Sixta H, Konnerth J. Conversion of wood-biopolymers into macrofibers with tunable surface energy via dry-jet wet-spinning. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 25:5297-5307. [PMID: 30174375 PMCID: PMC6105199 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Surface chemistry of regenerated all-wood-biopolymer fibers that are fine-tuned by composition of cellulose, lignin and xylan is elucidated via revealing their surface energy and adhesion. Xylan additive resulted in thin fibers and decreased surface energy of the fiber outer surfaces compared to the cellulose fibers, or when lignin was used as an additive. Lignin increased the water contact angle on the fiber surface and decreased adhesion force between the fiber cross section and a hydrophilic probe, confirming that lignin reduced fiber surface affinity to water. Lignin and xylan enabled fiber decoration with charged groups that could tune the adhesion force between the fiber and an AFM probe. The fibers swelled in water: the neat cellulose fiber cross section area increased 9.2%, the fibers with lignin as the main additive 9.1%, with xylan 6.8%, and the 3-component fibers 5.5%. This indicates that dimensional stability in elevated humidity is improved in the case of 3-component fiber compared to 2-component fibers. Xylan or lignin as an additive neither improved strength nor elongation at break. However, improved deformability was achieved when all the three components were incorporated into the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Nypelö
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shirin Asaadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Günther Kneidinger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Winter A, Mundigler N, Holzweber J, Veigel S, Müller U, Kovalcik A, Gindl-Altmutter W. Residual wood polymers facilitate compounding of microfibrillated cellulose with poly(lactic acid) for 3D printer filaments. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170046. [PMID: 29277743 PMCID: PMC5746559 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a fascinating material with an obvious potential for composite reinforcement due to its excellent mechanics together with high specific surface area. However, in order to use this potential, commercially viable solutions to important technological challenges have to be found. Notably, the distinct hydrophilicity of MFC prevents efficient drying without loss in specific surface area, necessitating storage and processing in wet condition. This greatly hinders compounding with important technical polymers immiscible with water. Differently from cellulose, the chemistry of the major wood polymers lignin and hemicellulose is much more diverse in terms of functional groups. Specifically, the aromatic moieties present in lignin and acetyl groups in hemicellulose provide distinctly less polar surface-chemical functionality compared to hydroxyl groups which dominate the surface-chemical character of cellulose. It is shown that considerable advantages in the production of MFC-filled poly(lactic acid) filaments for three-dimensional printing can be obtained through the use of MFC containing residual lignin and hemicellulose due to their advantageous surface-chemical characteristics. Specifically, considerably reduced agglomerations of MFC in the filaments in combination with improved printability and improved toughness of printed objects are achieved.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Winter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Norbert Mundigler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Julian Holzweber
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Veigel
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Adriana Kovalcik
- Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry (Wood K Plus), Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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11
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Zhou L, Santomauro F, Fan J, Macquarrie D, Clark J, Chuck CJ, Budarin V. Fast microwave-assisted acidolysis: a new biorefinery approach for the zero-waste utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce high quality lignin and fermentable saccharides. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:351-370. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Generally, biorefineries convert lignocellulosic biomass into a range of biofuels and further value added chemicals. However, conventional biorefinery processes focus mainly on the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions and therefore produce only low quality lignin, which is commonly burnt to provide process heat. To make full use of the biomass, more attention needs to be focused on novel separation techniques, where high quality lignin can be isolated that is suitable for further valorisation into aromatic chemicals and fuel components. In this paper, three types of lignocellulosic biomass (softwood, hardwood and herbaceous biomass) were processed by microwave-assisted acidolysis to produce high quality lignin. The lignin from the softwood was isolated largely intact in the solid residue after acidolysis. For example, a 10 min microwave-assisted acidolysis treatment produced lignin with a purity of 93% and in a yield of 82%, which is superior to other conventional separation methods reported. Furthermore, py-GC/MS analysis proved that the isolated lignin retained the original structure of native lignin in the feedstock without severe chemical modification. This is a large advantage, and the purified lignin is suitable for further chemical processing. To assess the suitability of this methodology as part of a biorefinery system, the aqueous phase, produced after acidolysis of the softwood, was characterised and assessed for its suitability for fermentation. The broth contained some mono- and di-saccharides but mainly contained organic acids, oligosaccharides and furans. While this is unsuitable for S. cerevisiae and other common ethanol producing yeasts, two oleaginous yeasts with known inhibitor tolerances were selected: Cryptococcus curvatus and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. Both yeasts could grow on the broth, and demonstrated suitable catabolism of the oligosaccharides and inhibitors over 7 days. In addition, both yeasts were shown to be able to produce an oil with a similar composition to that of palm oil. This preliminary work demonstrates new protocols of microwave-assisted acidolysis and therefore offers an effective approach to produce high purity lignin and fermentable chemicals, which is a key step towards developing a zero-waste lignocellulosic biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | | | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - Duncan Macquarrie
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - James Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | | | - Vitaliy Budarin
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
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12
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Yan Y, Herzele S, Mahendran AR, Edler M, Griesser T, Saake B, Li J, Gindl-Altmutter W. Microfibrillated Lignocellulose Enables the Suspension-Polymerisation of Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Novel Composite Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070255. [PMID: 30974531 PMCID: PMC6431846 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new route towards embedding fibrillated cellulose in a non-polar thermoset matrix without any use of organic solvent or chemical surface modification is presented. It is shown that microfibrillated lignocellulose made from cellulose with high residual lignin content is capable of stabilising an emulsion of unsaturated polyester resin in water due to its amphiphilic surface-chemical character. Upon polymerisation of the resin, thermoset microspheres embedded in a microfibrillated cellulose network are formed. The porous network structure persists after conventional drying in an oven, yielding a mechanically stable porous material. In an application experiment, the porous material was milled into a fine powder and added to the polyester matrix of a glass fibre-reinforced composite. This resulted in a significant improvement in fracture toughness of the composite, whereas a reduction of bending strength and stiffness was observed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sabine Herzele
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | | | - Matthias Edler
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Bodo Saake
- Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU⁻University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Ballner D, Herzele S, Keckes J, Edler M, Griesser T, Saake B, Liebner F, Potthast A, Paulik C, Gindl-Altmutter W. Lignocellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Polystyrene Produced from Composite Microspheres Obtained in Suspension Polymerization Shows Superior Mechanical Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13520-5. [PMID: 27163488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach to obtaining cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polystyrene with greatly improved mechanical performance compared to unreinforced polystyrene is presented. Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by mechanical fibrillation of partially delignified wood (MFLC) and compared to nanofibers obtained from bleached pulp. Residual hemicellulose and lignin imparted amphiphilic surface chemical character to MFLC, which enabled the stabilization of emulsions of styrene in water. Upon suspension polymerization of styrene from the emulsion, polystyrene microspheres coated in MFLC were obtained. When processed into polymer sheets by hot-pressing, improved bending strength and superior impact toughness was observed for the polystyrene-MFLC composite compared to the un-reinforced polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Herzele
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, University of Leoben , Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Matthias Edler
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben , Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben , Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bodo Saake
- Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, University of Hamburg , Leuschnerstrasse 91, 21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Rastogi VK, Stanssens D, Samyn P. Reaction efficiency and retention of poly(styrene- co -maleimide) nanoparticles deposited on fibrillated cellulose surfaces. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 141:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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