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Lemma HB, Freund C, Yimam A, Steffen F, Saake B. Prehydrolysis soda pulping of Enset fiber for production of dissolving grade pulp and biogas. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4314-4323. [PMID: 36744281 PMCID: PMC9890577 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive tonnes of fibrous residues are produced during the harvesting of the Enset plant for food preparation. The fibers are characterized by high cellulose and hemicellulose content and low lignin and extractive content. These make the fiber a good candidate for its concurrent valorization aimed at dissolving grade pulp and biogas. Prehydrolysis soda pulping was performed using steam pretreatment as a prehydrolysis step at a severity ranging from 2.95 to 4.13. The steamed fiber (PH fiber) was subjected to subsequent soda pulping under mild (160 °C and 16% alkali concentration) and severe (180 °C and 24% alkali concentration) pulping conditions. At higher steaming severity, a pulp with a xylose content of <4% and glucose content of 96% was obtained. A simple bleaching stage was envisaged to develop oxygen-peroxide (OQP1), oxygen-double peroxide (OQP2P2, and OQP2P3) and oxygen-peroxide-chlorine dioxide (OQP2D) sequences. Brightnesses up to ∼85% ISO could be reached for all sequences with CUEN viscosities of ∼350-500 ml g-1. Higher viscosities with higher brightness were achieved mainly by OQP2D sequence. However, even with OQP1 and OQP2P3 sequences the pulps met the requirements for lyocell production. An intense steam treatment reduces the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of prehydrolysis liquid (PHL) from 462 ml g-1 vs to 315 ml g-1 vs. The reduction might be due to the inhibition effect of furan concentration increase in the corresponding PHL from 2 ppm to 24 ppm. However, due to the higher yield and carbohydrate concentration of the prehydrolysis liquid, the biogas production volumes per initial raw material were still higher at higher steaming severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abubeker Yimam
- Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Chemical, and Bio EngineeringAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | | | - Bodo Saake
- University of HamburgChemial Wood TechnologyHamburgGermany
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2
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Hagel S, Lüssenhop P, Walk S, Kirjoranta S, Ritter A, Bastidas Jurado CG, Mikkonen KS, Tenkanen M, Körner I, Saake B. Valorization of Urban Street Tree Pruning Residues in Biorefineries by Steam Refining: Conversion Into Fibers, Emulsifiers, and Biogas. Front Chem 2021; 9:779609. [PMID: 34869228 PMCID: PMC8634610 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.779609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Street tree pruning residues are a widely available and currently undervalorized bioresource. Their utilization could help alleviate an increasing biomass shortage and offset costs of the pruning process for the municipalities. In this work, a holistic valorization pathway of pruning residues leading to fibers, oligosaccharides, biogas, and compost is presented. For this, representative mixtures of tree pruning materials from the most prevalent street tree genera (oak, linden, maple) found in Hamburg (Germany) were prepared by shredding and cleaning procedures. Collection of sample material was performed in summer and winter to account for seasonality. A steam-based fractionation was conducted using treatment severities ranging from log R0 = 2.5 to 4.0. At the highest severity, a fiber yield of around 66%, and liquor yield of 26-30% was determined. The fibers were evaluated with respect to their properties for paper product applications, with higher treatment severities leading to higher paper strengths. From the oligosaccharide-rich liquor, emulsions were created, which showed promising stability properties over 8 weeks of storage. The liquors and the rejects from the material preparation also displayed good potential for biomethane production. Overall, the differences between material collected in summer and winter were found to be small, indicating the possibility for a year-round utilization of pruning residues. For the presented utilization pathway, high severity treatments were the most promising, featuring a high liquor yield, good biomethane potential, and the highest paper strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hagel
- Institute of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Phillipp Lüssenhop
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Bioresource Management Group, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Walk
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Bioresource Management Group, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Satu Kirjoranta
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annalena Ritter
- Institute of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carla Gabriela Bastidas Jurado
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Bioresource Management Group, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ina Körner
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Bioresource Management Group, Technische Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Institute of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Krafft MJ, Berger J, Saake B. Analytical Characterization and Inhibitor Detection in Liquid Phases Obtained After Steam Refining of Corn Stover and Maize Silage. Front Chem 2021; 9:760657. [PMID: 34722463 PMCID: PMC8551624 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.760657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of agricultural products and residues for the production of value-added and biobased products is a highly relevant topic in present research. Due to the natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass against enzymatic degradation, pretreatments are important requirement for further processes. For the raw material in this study, corn stover (CS) as highly available agricultural residue and maize silage (MS) as model substrate for an ensiled agricultural product were pretreated by steam refining. However, after processing a liquid fraction and fibers are present. Subsequent to steaming the fiber fraction is well characterized. Nonetheless, in depth characterizations of the filtrates are also important for their subsequent utilization. Decreasing molar masses from 7,900 g/mol to 1,100 g/mol for CS filtrates and 100.000–12.900 g/mol for MS filtrates were determined with increasing severity. Due to their proven inhibitory effect on microorganisms weak acids, furans and phenolic compounds within the liquid phased were analyzed. Especially formic acid increases with increasing severity from 0.27 to 1.20% based on raw material for CS and from 0.07 to 0.23% based on raw material for MS. Further GC/MS measurements indicate, that up to 8.25% (CS filtrate) and 5.23% (MS filtrates) of the total peak area is related to inhibitory phenols. Considering the data, detoxification strategies are of non-negligible importance for filtrates after steam refining and should be considered for further research and process or parameter optimizations. An alternative may be the application of milder process conditions in order to prevent the formation of inhibitory degradation products or the dilution of the gained filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Jörn Krafft
- Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Barsbüttel, Germany
| | - Jens Berger
- Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Barsbüttel, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Barsbüttel, Germany
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Mietner JB, Jiang X, Edlund U, Saake B, Navarro JRG. 3D printing of a bio-based ink made of cross-linked cellulose nanofibrils with various metal cations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6461. [PMID: 33742068 PMCID: PMC7979872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present an approach to cross-link cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with various metallic cations (Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) to produce inks suitable for three-dimensional (3D) printing application. The printability of each hydrogel ink was evaluated, and several parameters such as the optimal ratio of Mn+:TOCNF:H2O were discussed. CNF suspensions were produced by mechanical disintegration of cellulose pulp with a microfluidizer and then oxidized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). Finally, metal cations were introduced to the deprotonated TEMPO-oxidized CNF (TOCNF) suspension to cross-link the nanofibrils and form the corresponding hydrogels. The performances of each gel-ink were evaluated by rheological measurements and 3D printing. Only the gels incorporated with divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ were suitable for 3D printing. The 3D printed structures were freeze-dried and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The better interaction of the TOCNFs with the divalent metallic cations in terms of printability, the viscoelastic properties of the inks, and the variation trends owing to various metal cations and ratios are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuehe Jiang
- Institute of Wood Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bodo Saake
- Institute of Wood Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
In view of the expected increase in available waste medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and the current insufficient and unsatisfactory disposal capacities, efficient ways of recycling the waste material need to be developed. In this study, the potential of steam refining as a method to hydrolyze the resins, isolate fibers, and obtain a hemicellulose-rich extract available for further utilization in the context of a biorefinery was assessed. Two different MDF waste samples, as well as poplar (Populus spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) wood chips for benchmarking, were treated over a severity range from 2.47 to 3.95. The separated fiber and extract fractions were analyzed with regard to yield, content of carbohydrates, acids, degradation products, and nitrogen. A fiber fraction of more than 70% yield and an extract containing up to 30% of carbohydrates for further processing can be gained by steam-refining waste MDF. At low severities, most of the nitrogen-based compounds are solubilized. Increasing the severity leads to a decrease in nitrogen in the extract as the nitrogen compounds are converted into volatiles. A non-hydrolysable resin residue remains on the fibers, independent of the treatment severity. In comparison to the benchmark samples, the extract fraction of waste MDF shows a high pH of 8 and high amounts of acetic and formic acid. The generation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) on the other hand is suppressed. Distinct differences in carbohydrate hydrolysis behavior between waste MDF and conventional wood can be observed. Especially, the mannose-containing constituents seem to be resistant to hydrolysis reactions in the milieu created in MDF fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bodo Saake
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-822-459-206
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Navarro JRG, Rostami J, Ahlinder A, Mietner JB, Bernin D, Saake B, Edlund U. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization Approach to In Situ Cross-Link Cellulose Nanofibrils with Inorganic Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1952-1961. [PMID: 32223221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates a strategy to convert hydrophilic cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) into a hydrophobic highly cross-linked network made of cellulose nanofibrils and inorganic nanoparticles. First, the cellulose nanofibrils were chemically modified through an esterification reaction to produce a nanocellulose-based macroinitiator. Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) nanoparticles were surface-modified by introducing a specific monomer on their outer-shell surface. Finally, we studied the ability of the nanocellulose-based macroinitiator to initiate a single electron transfer living radical polymerization of stearyl acrylate (SA) in the presence of the surface-modified nanoparticles. The BTO nanoparticles will transfer new properties to the nanocellulose network and act as a cross-linking agent between the nanocellulose fibrils, while the monomer (SA) directly influences the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. The pristine CNF and the nanoparticle cross-linked CNF are characterized by FTIR, SEM, and solid-state 13C NMR. Rheological and dynamic mechanical analyses revealed a high dregee of cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jowan Rostami
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Ahlinder
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Diana Bernin
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bodo Saake
- Institute of Wood Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrica Edlund
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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Steffen F, Janzon R, Saake B. Enzymatic treatment of deinking sludge - effect on fibre and drainage properties. Environ Technol 2018; 39:2810-2821. [PMID: 28791917 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1365948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work focused on the enzymatic treatment of deinking sludge (DS), a waste stream arising from German deinked pulp mills. Three industrial DS samples were characterised with respect to chemical composition and fibre morphology. In this study, four cellulase enzyme preparations were tested under neutral pH conditions and one cellulase was identified as suitable for DS conditioning with no need of pH adjustment. Additionally, our approach shows that inorganic particles contained in the DS samples do not negatively affect cellulase activity, as illustrated by respectable hydrolysis yields of up to 61%. Enzymatic treatment of DS led to fibre shortening and fibre fines generation with increasing enzyme dose and incubation time. The dewaterability of enzyme-treated DS samples was tested and the results showed that high amounts of fibre fines enhanced filter cake consolidation during dewatering, resulting in higher cake solids. A 10-14 percentage point increase in cake solids was obtained depending upon the enzyme dose applied, the origin of the DS sample, and the exposure period. Through the enzymatic treatment the annually generated amount of DS in Germany could be reduced by up to 20%, which would mean considerable disposal cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Steffen
- a Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Ron Janzon
- a Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- a Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kühnel
- Department of Wood Science; Chemical Wood Technology; University of Hamburg; Leuschnerstraße 91b 21031 Hamburg Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department of Wood Science; Chemical Wood Technology; University of Hamburg; Leuschnerstraße 91b 21031 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralph Lehnen
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research; Leuschnerstraße 91b 21031 Hamburg Germany
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10
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Lorenz D, Knöpfle A, Akil Y, Saake B. Quantitative investigations of xylose and arabinose substituents in hydroxypropylated and hydroxyvinylethylated arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:671-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Podschun J, Saake B, Lehnen R. Catalytic demethylation of organosolv lignin in aqueous medium using indium triflate under microwave irradiation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carrier M, Windt M, Ziegler B, Appelt J, Saake B, Meier D, Bridgwater A. Quantitative Insights into the Fast Pyrolysis of Extracted Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin. ChemSusChem 2017; 10. [PMID: 28644517 PMCID: PMC5582602 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-based commodity chemicals is technically possible. Among thermochemical processes, fast pyrolysis, a relatively mature technology that has now reached a commercial level, produces a high yield of an organic-rich liquid stream. Despite recent efforts to elucidate the degradation paths of biomass during pyrolysis, the selectivity and recovery rates of bio-compounds remain low. In an attempt to clarify the general degradation scheme of biomass fast pyrolysis and provide a quantitative insight, the use of fast pyrolysis microreactors is combined with spectroscopic techniques (i.e., mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and mixtures of unlabeled and 13 C-enriched materials. The first stage of the work aimed to select the type of reactor to use to ensure control of the pyrolysis regime. A comparison of the chemical fragmentation patterns of "primary" fast pyrolysis volatiles detected by using GC-MS between two small-scale microreactors showed the inevitable occurrence of secondary reactions. In the second stage, liquid fractions that are also made of primary fast pyrolysis condensates were analyzed by using quantitative liquid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy to provide a quantitative distribution of functional groups. The compilation of these results into a map that displays the distribution of functional groups according to the individual and main constituents of biomass (i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin) confirmed the origin of individual chemicals within the fast pyrolysis liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Carrier
- European Bioenergy Research InstituteAston UniversityBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Michael Windt
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Bernhard Ziegler
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Jörn Appelt
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Bodo Saake
- University of HamburgChemical Wood TechnologyLeuschnerstr 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Dietrich Meier
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
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Bruhn A, Janicek T, Manns D, Nielsen MM, Balsby TJS, Meyer AS, Rasmussen MB, Hou X, Saake B, Göke C, Bjerre AB. Crude fucoidan content in two North Atlantic kelp species, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata-seasonal variation and impact of environmental factors. J Appl Phycol 2017; 29:3121-3137. [PMID: 29213185 PMCID: PMC5705760 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulphated fucose-rich polysaccharides predominantly found in the cell walls of brown algae. The bioactive properties of fucoidans attract increasing interest from the medico-pharmaceutical industries and may drive an increase in demand of brown algae biomass. In nature, the biochemical composition of brown algae displays a seasonal fluctuation driven by environmental factors and endogenous rhythms. To cultivate and harvest kelps with high yields of fucoidans, knowledge is needed on seasonal variation and impact of environmental conditions on the fucoidan content of brown algae. The relations between the fucoidan content and key environmental factors (irradiance, nutrient availability, salinity and exposure) were examined by sampling natural populations of the common North Atlantic kelps, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata, over a full year at Hanstholm in the North Sea and Aarhus in the Kattegat. In addition, laboratory experiments were carried out isolating the effects of the single factors. The results demonstrated that (1) seasonal variation alters the fucoidan content by a factor of 2-2.6; (2) interspecific differences exist in the concentrations of crude fucoidan (% of dry matter): L. digitata (11%) > S. latissima (6%); and (3) the effects of single environmental factors were not consistent between species or between different conspecific populations. The ambiguous response to single environmental factors complicates prospective directions for manipulating an increased content of fucoidan in a cultivation scenario and emphasizes the need for knowledge on performance of local kelp ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bruhn
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Tina Janicek
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Dirk Manns
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Møller Nielsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Dansk Skaldyrcenter, Øroddevej 80, 7900 Nykøbing Mors, Denmark
| | | | - Anne S. Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Bo Rasmussen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Xiaoru Hou
- Section for Biomass and Biorefinery, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 1, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department of Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Göke
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anne Belinda Bjerre
- Section for Biomass and Biorefinery, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 1, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Villares A, Moreau C, Bennati-Granier C, Garajova S, Foucat L, Falourd X, Saake B, Berrin JG, Cathala B. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases disrupt the cellulose fibers structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40262. [PMID: 28071716 PMCID: PMC5223172 DOI: 10.1038/srep40262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are a class of powerful oxidative enzymes that breakdown recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose. Here we investigate the action of LPMOs on cellulose fibers. After enzymatic treatment and dispersion, LPMO-treated fibers show intense fibrillation. Cellulose structure modifications visualized at different scales indicate that LPMO creates nicking points that trigger the disintegration of the cellulose fibrillar structure with rupture of chains and release of elementary nanofibrils. Investigation of LPMO action using solid-state NMR provides direct evidence of modification of accessible and inaccessible surfaces surrounding the crystalline core of the fibrils. The chains breakage likely induces modifications of the cellulose network and weakens fibers cohesion promoting their disruption. Besides the formation of new initiation sites for conventional cellulases, this work provides the first evidence of the direct oxidative action of LPMOs with the mechanical weakening of the cellulose ultrastructure. LPMOs can be viewed as promising biocatalysts for enzymatic modification or degradation of cellulose fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloé Bennati-Granier
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Sona Garajova
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, 13009, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Bodo Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163, 13009, Marseille, France
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Dehne L, Vila C, Saake B, Schwarz KU. Esterification of Kraft lignin as a method to improve structural and mechanical properties of lignin-polyethylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dehne
- Department of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology; University of Hamburg; Leuschnerstraße 91b Hamburg 21031 Germany
| | - Carlos Vila
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research; Leuschnerstraße 91b Hamburg 21031 Germany
- Chemical Engineering Department; University of Vigo, Faculty of Sciences; Ourense 32004 Spain
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology; University of Hamburg; Leuschnerstraße 91b Hamburg 21031 Germany
| | - Katrin U. Schwarz
- Department of Wood Science, Chemical Wood Technology; University of Hamburg; Leuschnerstraße 91b Hamburg 21031 Germany
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16
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17
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Yan Y, Herzele S, Mahendran AR, Edler M, Griesser T, Saake B, Li J, Gindl-Altmutter W. Microfibrillated Lignocellulose Enables the Suspension-Polymerisation of Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Novel Composite Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070255. [PMID: 30974531 PMCID: PMC6431846 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new route towards embedding fibrillated cellulose in a non-polar thermoset matrix without any use of organic solvent or chemical surface modification is presented. It is shown that microfibrillated lignocellulose made from cellulose with high residual lignin content is capable of stabilising an emulsion of unsaturated polyester resin in water due to its amphiphilic surface-chemical character. Upon polymerisation of the resin, thermoset microspheres embedded in a microfibrillated cellulose network are formed. The porous network structure persists after conventional drying in an oven, yielding a mechanically stable porous material. In an application experiment, the porous material was milled into a fine powder and added to the polyester matrix of a glass fibre-reinforced composite. This resulted in a significant improvement in fracture toughness of the composite, whereas a reduction of bending strength and stiffness was observed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Sabine Herzele
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
| | | | - Matthias Edler
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben, Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Bodo Saake
- Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Department of Materials Science and Process Engineering, BOKU⁻University of Natural Resources and Life Science Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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18
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Ballner D, Herzele S, Keckes J, Edler M, Griesser T, Saake B, Liebner F, Potthast A, Paulik C, Gindl-Altmutter W. Lignocellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Polystyrene Produced from Composite Microspheres Obtained in Suspension Polymerization Shows Superior Mechanical Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:13520-5. [PMID: 27163488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach to obtaining cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polystyrene with greatly improved mechanical performance compared to unreinforced polystyrene is presented. Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by mechanical fibrillation of partially delignified wood (MFLC) and compared to nanofibers obtained from bleached pulp. Residual hemicellulose and lignin imparted amphiphilic surface chemical character to MFLC, which enabled the stabilization of emulsions of styrene in water. Upon suspension polymerization of styrene from the emulsion, polystyrene microspheres coated in MFLC were obtained. When processed into polymer sheets by hot-pressing, improved bending strength and superior impact toughness was observed for the polystyrene-MFLC composite compared to the un-reinforced polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Herzele
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Department of Materials Physics, University of Leoben , Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Matthias Edler
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben , Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department of Polymer Technology, University of Leoben , Otto Glöckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bodo Saake
- Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, University of Hamburg , Leuschnerstrasse 91, 21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Paulik
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University , Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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19
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Podschun J, Stücker A, Buchholz RI, Heitmann M, Schreiber A, Saake B, Lehnen R. Phenolated Lignins as Reactive Precursors in Wood Veneer and Particleboard Adhesion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Podschun
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Stücker
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rosanna I. Buchholz
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Heitmann
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schreiber
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Lehnen
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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21
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Manns D, Nyffenegger C, Saake B, Meyer AS. Impact of different alginate lyases on combined cellulase–lyase saccharification of brown seaweed. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate attack characteristics and impact on cellulase–lyase catalyzed saccharification of brown seaweed were compared for three microbial PL7 alginate lyases (EC 4.2.2.-) two of them heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as part of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Manns
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - C. Nyffenegger
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - B. Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology
- Department of Wood Science
- University of Hamburg
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | - A. S. Meyer
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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22
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Steffen F, Requejo A, Ewald C, Janzon R, Saake B. Anaerobic digestion of fines from recovered paper processing - Influence of fiber source, lignin and ash content on biogas potential. Bioresour Technol 2016; 200:506-513. [PMID: 26520490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fines concentration harms paper machine runability and output quality in recovered paper processing, hence, their extraction would be fundamentally beneficial. In this study, separated fines from an industrial recycled fiber pulp (RFP) were characterized and evaluated for their potential biogas yields with a focus on understanding the role of varying lignin and ash contents. Further, these results were compared with biogas yields from conventional chemical and mechanical pulps. Overall, methane yields of fines from mechanical pulps (21-28mL/gVS) and RFP (127mL/gVS) are relatively low compared to the high methane yields of 375mL/gVS from the chemical pulp fines. However, it was shown that the high ash content in RFP fines (up to 50%) did not negatively influence overall yield, rather, it was the presence of slowly biodegrading lignin-rich fiber fines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Steffen
- Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91B, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Requejo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Córdoba, Building Marie-Curie, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Christian Ewald
- Department of Paper Technology and Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Darmstadt, Alexanderstr. 8, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ron Janzon
- Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91B, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91B, 21031 Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Abarro GJ, Podschun J, Diaz LJ, Ohashi S, Saake B, Lehnen R, Ishida H. Benzoxazines with enhanced thermal stability from phenolated organosolv lignin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolated lignin was modified with propargyl amine and aniline to benzoxazines, which exhibit high thermal stability and were classified as self-extinguishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizelle Jane Abarro
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
- Department of Mining
| | - Jacob Podschun
- Department of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology
- University of Hamburg
- 21031 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Leslie Joy Diaz
- Department of Mining
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
- University of the Philippines
- Quezon City
- Philippines
| | - Seishi Ohashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology
- University of Hamburg
- 21031 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Ralph Lehnen
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research
- 21031 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
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24
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Lorenz D, Erasmy N, Akil Y, Saake B. A new method for the quantification of monosaccharides, uronic acids and oligosaccharides in partially hydrolyzed xylans by HPAEC-UV/VIS. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 140:181-7. [PMID: 26876842 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the chemical characterization of xylans is presented, to overcome the difficulties in quantification of 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronic acid (meGlcA). In this regard, the hydrolysis behavior of xylans from beech and birch wood was investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for hydrolysis, using sulfuric acid. Due to varying linkage strengths and degradation, no general method for complete hydrolysis can be designed. Therefore, partial hydrolysis was applied, yielding monosaccharides and small meGlcA containing oligosaccharides. For a new method by HPAEC-UV/VIS, these samples were reductively aminated by 2-aminobenzoic acid. By quantification of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, as well as comparison with borate-HPAEC and (13)C NMR-spectroscopy, we revealed that the concentrations meGlcA are significantly underestimated compared to conventional methods. The detected concentrations are 85.4% (beech) and 76.3% (birch) higher with the new procedure. Furthermore, the quantified concentrations of xylose were 9.3% (beech) and 6.5% (birch) higher by considering the unhydrolyzed oligosaccharides as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Lorenz
- Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Erasmy
- Thünen-Insitute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Youssef Akil
- Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031, Hamburg, Germany.
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25
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Bianchi S, Kroslakova I, Janzon R, Mayer I, Saake B, Pichelin F. Characterization of condensed tannins and carbohydrates in hot water bark extracts of European softwood species. Phytochemistry 2015; 120:53-61. [PMID: 26547588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins extracted from European softwood bark are recognized as alternatives to synthetic phenolics. The extraction is generally performed in hot water, leading to simultaneous extraction of other bark constituents such as carbohydrates, phenolic monomers and salts. Characterization of the extract's composition and identification of the extracted tannins' molecular structure are needed to better identify potential applications. Bark from Silver fir (Abies alba [Mill.]), European larch (Larix decidua [Mill.]), Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris [L.]) were extracted in water at 60°C. The amounts of phenolic monomers, condensed tannins, carbohydrates, and inorganic compounds in the extract were determined. The molecular structures of condensed tannins and carbohydrates were also investigated (HPLC-UV combined with thiolysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, anion exchange chromatography). Distinct extract compositions and tannin structures were found in each of the analysed species. Procyanidins were the most ubiquitous tannins. The presence of phenolic glucosides in the tannin oligomers was suggested. Polysaccharides such as arabinans, arabinogalactans and glucans represented an important fraction of all extracts. Compared to traditionally used species (Mimosa and Quebracho) higher viscosities as well as faster chemical reactivities are expected in the analysed species. The most promising species for a bark tannin extraction was found to be larch, while the least encouraging results were detected in pine. A better knowledge of the interaction between the various extracted compounds is deemed an important matter for investigation in the context of industrial applications of such extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauro Bianchi
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Architecture Wood and Civil Engineering, Solothurnstrasse 102, 2502 Biel, Switzerland.
| | - Ivana Kroslakova
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Ron Janzon
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemical Wood Technology, Leuschnerstraβe 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Mayer
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Architecture Wood and Civil Engineering, Solothurnstrasse 102, 2502 Biel, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Saake
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemical Wood Technology, Leuschnerstraβe 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frédéric Pichelin
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Architecture Wood and Civil Engineering, Solothurnstrasse 102, 2502 Biel, Switzerland
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26
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Velkova N, Doliška A, Fras Zemljič L, Vesel A, Saake B, Strnad S. Influence of carboxymethylation on the surface physical-chemical properties of glucuronoxylan and arabinoxylan films. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleš Doliška
- Frutarom Etol d.o.o.; Škofja vas 39 SI-3211 Škofja vas Slovenia
| | - Lidija Fras Zemljič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor; 2000 Maribor Slovenia
| | - Alenka Vesel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana; SI-1001 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Bodo Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology; Department of Wood Science; University of Hamburg; 21031 Hamburg Germany
| | - Simona Strnad
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor; 2000 Maribor Slovenia
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27
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Riehle P, Rusche N, Saake B, Rohn S. Influence of the leaf content and herbal particle size on the presence and extractability of quantitated phenolic compounds in Cistus incanus herbal teas. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10978-10988. [PMID: 25345843 DOI: 10.1021/jf504119s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A variety of Cistus incanus products and thereof a majority of herbal teas are offered by manufacturers despite a classification as Novel Food. For a re-evaluation of this legal status, a characterization of bioactive ingredients will provide data. These teas consist of various compositions of plant parts and particle sizes. Whereas some include high leaf contents with a small particle size, others mainly consist of woody stem parts. For the consumer it is of interest which product yields the highest concentrations of bioactive phenolic compounds in the final infusions. In this study, four commercially available samples were divided into leaves and stems. Additionally, one sample was reconstituted in three mixtures of these plant parts. The amount of wood was determined by cellulose concentration. The aim was to estimate the influence of the plant parts on the concentration of phenolic compounds, which were identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and quantitated by LC-DAD. Furthermore, one herbal tea was separated into six fractions with different particle sizes to investigate the influence of particle size on the extractability of phenolic compounds. On basis of the results, the highest concentrations of bioactive compounds in the infusions were yielded when leafy parts with a small particle size were used for brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Riehle
- Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Lehnen R, Kühnel I, Podschun J, Stücker A, Saake B. Organosolv-Lignin als reaktive Komponente in Phenolharzen und Polyurethanen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201450224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Saake B, Schreiber A, Janzon R. Einfluss der Rohstoffqualität auf den Organosolv-Prozess. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201450168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Deutschle AL, Römhild K, Meister F, Janzon R, Riegert C, Saake B. Effects of cationic xylan from annual plants on the mechanical properties of paper. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:627-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Manns D, Deutschle AL, Saake B, Meyer AS. Methodology for quantitative determination of the carbohydrate composition of brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosaccharide composition of four different samples of brown seaweeds Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima were compared by different high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) methods after different acid hydrolysis treatments or a cellulase treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Manns
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A. L. Deutschle
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Intitute
- Institute of Wood Research
- 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. Saake
- Chemical Wood Technology
- Dept. of Wood Science
- University of Hamburg
- 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. S. Meyer
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Strnad S, Velkova N, Saake B, Doliška A, Bračič M, Zemljič LF. Influence of sulfated arabino- and glucuronoxylans charging-behavior regarding antithrombotic properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Perez-Cantu L, Schreiber A, Schütt F, Saake B, Kirsch C, Smirnova I. Comparison of pretreatment methods for rye straw in the second generation biorefinery: effect on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin recovery. Bioresour Technol 2013; 142:428-435. [PMID: 23748091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in lignocellulose-based biorefineries boosts the further development of the needed pretreatment methods for preprocessing biomass. There are a large number of different processes that are being investigated; however research is made mostly based on different types of biomass with the same pretreatment or several modifications of the same process for a given type of biomass. In this work a comparison of promising chemical pretreatments using the same biomass was performed. Organosolv (OS), Steam (SE) and Liquid-Hot-Water (LHW) processes were used for the pretreatment of rye straw and the treated solids further enzymatically hydrolyzed. Best results for carbohydrate and lignin yield were found for the OS pretreatment followed close by the LHW and SE with similar results. All of the processes showed satisfactory performance for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for application in the second generation biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Perez-Cantu
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Strasse 38, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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34
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Janzon R, Schütt F, Oldenburg S, Fischer E, Körner I, Saake B. Steam pretreatment of spruce forest residues: optimal conditions for biogas production and enzymatic hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 100:202-10. [PMID: 24188855 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steam refining of non-debarked spruce forest residues was investigated as pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis as well as for biogas production. Pretreatment conditions were varied in the range of 190-220 °C, 5-10 min and 0-3.7% SO₂ according to a statistical design. For both applications highest product yields were predicted at 220 °C and 2.4% SO₂, whereas the reaction time had only a minor influence. The conformity of the model results allows the conclusion that enzymatic hydrolysis is a suitable test method to evaluate the degradability of lignocellulosic biomass in the biogas process. In control experiments under optimal conditions the results of the model were verified. The yield of total monomeric carbohydrates after enzymatic hydrolysis was equivalent to 55% of all theoretically available polysaccharides. The corresponding biogas yield from the pretreated wood amounted to 304 mL/gODM. Furthermore, furans produced under optimal process conditions showed no inhibitory effect on biogas production. It can be concluded that steam refining opens the structure of wood, thus improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides to fermentable monomeric sugars and subsequently enabling a higher and faster production of biogas. Anaerobic fermentation of pretreated wood is a serious alternative to alcoholic fermentation especially when low quality wood grades and residues are used. Anaerobic digestion should be further investigated in order to diversify the biorefinery options for lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Janzon
- Chemical Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91B, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Schütt F, Westereng B, Horn SJ, Puls J, Saake B. Steam refining as an alternative to steam explosion. Bioresour Technol 2012; 111:476-481. [PMID: 22377475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In steam pretreatment the defibration is usually achieved by an explosion at the end of the treatment, but can also be carried out in a subsequent refiner step. A steam explosion and a steam refining unit were compared by using the same raw material and pretreatment conditions, i.e. temperature and time. Smaller particle size was needed for the steam explosion unit to obtain homogenous slurries without considerable amounts of solid chips. A higher amount of volatiles could be condensed from the vapour phase after steam refining. The results from enzymatic hydrolysis showed no significant differences. It could be shown that, beside the chemical changes in the cell wall, the decrease of the particle size is the decisive factor to enhance the enzymatic accessibility while the explosion effect is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokko Schütt
- Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI), Leuschner Str. 91B, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
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36
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37
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Wörmeyer K, Ingram T, Saake B, Brunner G, Smirnova I. Comparison of different pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic materials. Part II: Influence of pretreatment on the properties of rye straw lignin. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:4157-4164. [PMID: 21208799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several processes have been suggested to convert various types of lignocellulosic biomass into lignin products and saccharides. This paper evaluates the suitability of an organosolv process, a process using soda, a hydrothermal process and a process developed in this work, called the "Aquasolve process" for inclusion into a lignocellulosic biorefinery concept. Part II of this paper investigates the influence of the different pretreatment processes on the properties of rye straw lignin and evaluates their ability to produce high recoveries of high quality lignin. Specifications for high quality lignin products are defined and the isolated lignin fractions are analysed by Klason lignin, carbohydrate and ash content, elemental analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, (31)P NMR, and size exclusion chromatography. The organosolv process shows the largest lignin recovery, followed by the soda and Aquasolve processes. Lignin products from the soda process, the Aquasolve process and with reservation the organosolv process show interesting properties for polymer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wörmeyer
- Hamburg University of Technology, Thermal Separation Processes, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Viota J, Lopez-Viota M, Saake B, Stana-Kleinschek K, Delgado A. Organoclay particles as reinforcing agents in polysaccharide films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 347:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gregorova A, Hrabalova M, Wimmer R, Saake B, Altaner C. Poly(lactide acid) composites reinforced with fibers obtained from different tissue types ofPicea sitchensis. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Boukari I, Putaux JL, Cathala B, Barakat A, Saake B, Rémond C, O’Donohue M, Chabbert B. In Vitro Model Assemblies To Study the Impact of Lignin−Carbohydrate Interactions on the Enzymatic Conversion of Xylan. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2489-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bm9004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Boukari
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Bernard Cathala
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Abdellatif Barakat
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Bodo Saake
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Caroline Rémond
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Michael O’Donohue
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UMR 614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F-51686 Reims, France, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France, INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, F-44300, Nantes, France,
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Barakat A, Winter H, Rondeau-Mouro C, Saake B, Chabbert B, Cathala B. Studies of xylan interactions and cross-linking to synthetic lignins formed by bulk and end-wise polymerization: a model study of lignin carbohydrate complex formation. Planta 2007; 226:267-81. [PMID: 17333255 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of lignin carbohydrate complex formation by addition of polysaccharides on quinone methide (QM) generated during lignin polymerisation was investigated using a model approach. Dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs, lignin model compounds) were synthesized from coniferyl alcohol in the presence of a glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) extracted from oat spelts, by Zutropfverfahren (ZT) and Zulaufverfahren (ZL) methods. The methods ZT and ZL differed in their distribution of QM over the reaction period but generated roughly the same QM amount. Steric exclusion chromatography of the ZT and ZL reaction products showed that only the ZT reaction produced high molar mass compounds. Covalent linkages in the ZT reaction involving ether bonds between GAX moiety and alpha carbon of the lignin monomer were confirmed by (13)C NMR and xylanase-based fractionation. The underlying phenomena were further investigated by examining the interactions between GAX and DHP in sorption experiments. GAX and DHPs were shown to interact to form hydrophobic aggregates. In the ZT process, slow addition permitted polymer reorganisation which led to dehydration around the lignin-like growing chains thereby limiting the addition of water on the quinone methide formed during polymerisation and thus favoured lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Barakat
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Emballages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Equipe Parois et Matériaux Fibreux, 51686, Reims Cedex 2, France
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Thiemann V, Saake B, Vollstedt A, Schäfer T, Puls J, Bertoldo C, Freudl R, Antranikian G. Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel branching enzyme from the thermoalkaliphilic anaerobic bacterium Anaerobranca gottschalkii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:60-71. [PMID: 16408175 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the branching enzyme (BE) from the thermoalkaliphilic, anaerobic bacterium Anaerobranca gottschalkii was fused with a twin arginine translocation protein secretory-pathway-dependent signal sequence from Escherichia coli and expressed in Staphylococcus carnosus. The secreted BE was purified using hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography. The monomeric enzyme (72 kDa) shows maximal activity at 50 degrees C and pH 7.0. With amylose the BE displays high transglycosylation and extremely low hydrolytic activity. The conversion of amylose and linear dextrins was analysed by applying high-performance anion exchange chromatography and quantitative size-exclusion chromatography. Amylose (10(4)-4 x 10(7) g/mol) was converted to a major extent to products displaying molecular masses of 10(4)-4 x 10(5) g/mol, indicating that the enzyme could be applicable for the production of starch or dextrins with narrow molecular mass distributions. The majority of the transferred oligosaccharides, determined after enzymatic hydrolysis of the newly synthesized alpha-1,6 linkages, ranged between 10(3) and 10(4) g/mol, which corresponds to a degree of polymerisation (DP) of 6-60. The minimal donor chain length is DP 16. Furthermore, the obtained results support the hypotheses of a random endocleavage mechanism of BE and the occurrence of interchain branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Thiemann
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Institute for Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, 21002, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angela Vollstedt
- Biotechnology I, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schäfer
- Microbial Discovery and Molecular Biotechnology, Novozymes, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Puls
- Institute for Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, 21002, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Costanzo Bertoldo
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Freudl
- Biotechnology I, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
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Winter H, Barakat A, Cathala B, Saake B. Preparation of Arabinoxylan and its Sorption on Bacterial Cellulose During Cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200551409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ringena O, Lebioda S, Lehnen R, Saake B. Size-exclusion chromatography of technical lignins in dimethyl sulfoxide/water and dimethylacetamide. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1102:154-63. [PMID: 16288767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Well defined spent sulfite liquor samples and lignosulfonate fractions obtained by ultrafiltration were analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography. Two different eluent systems (dimethyl sulfoxide/water/lithium bromide; dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride) were compared regarding their suitability for lignin analysis. The differences of the elution profiles and calculated molar masses were discussed using conventional and universal calibration. For further validation four technical lignins from a Round Robin test were included into the study. The results indicated that both analytical systems under investigation were well suited for the analysis of technical lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okko Ringena
- Department of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Cathala B, Saake B, Faix O, Monties B. Association behaviour of lignins and lignin model compounds studied by multidetector size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:229-39. [PMID: 14661746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SEC elution curves of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) and guaiacyl lignin polymer models (G-DHPs) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibited a bimodal elution profile. Light scattering measurements indicated that these elution profiles were due to association effects between the molecules. This became apparent from the determination of high molar masses in the range 10(5)-10(8) g/mol. To study this effect, MWL and DHP were fractionated by precipitation in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The THF-insoluble fractions were found to be the fractions corresponding to the apparent high molar mass part of the DMF elution profiles. The THF-soluble fractions proved to be the less-associated fractions, with lower apparent molecular mass. The individual fractions proved to be rather stable in DMF. Accordingly, the bimodal elution profiles of the starting materials were not the result of an equilibrium between associated and molecular dispersed molecules but of different structures exhibiting a specific and stable association pattern. The different fractions were further characterised by SEC in THF after acetylation to determine molar masses in molecular disperse solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cathala
- INRA/URCA, Equipe Parois et Matériaux Fibreux, CRA, 2 Esp R. Garros, BP 224, 51686 Reims Cedex, France.
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Altaner C, Saake B, Tenkanen M, Eyzaguirre J, Faulds CB, Biely P, Viikari L, Siika-aho M, Puls J. Regioselective deacetylation of cellulose acetates by acetyl xylan esterases of different CE-families. J Biotechnol 2003; 105:95-104. [PMID: 14511913 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(03)00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) was found to be a substrate of several acetyl xylan esterases (AXE). Eight AXE from different carbohydrate esterase (CE) families were tested on their activity against CA with a degree of substitution of 0.7 and 1.4. The classification of the AXEs into CE families according to their structure by hydrophobic cluster analysis followed clearly their activity against CA. Within the same CE family similar, and between the CE families different deacetylation behaviours could be observed. Furthermore, each esterase family showed a distinct regioselective mode of action. The CE 1 family enzymes regioselectively cleaved the substituents in C2- and C3-position, while CE 5 family enzymes only cleaved the acetyl groups in C2-position. CE 4 family enzymes seemed to interact only with the substituents in C3-position. Evidence was found that the deacetylation reaction of the CE 1 family enzymes proceeded faster in C2- than in C3-position of CA. The enzymes were able to cleave acetyl groups from fully substituted anhydroglucose units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Altaner
- Institute of Wood Chemistry, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, Leuschnerstr 91, D-21002 Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Saake
- Institute of Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Erasmy
- Institute of Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Th. Kruse
- Institute of Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E. Schmekal
- Institute of Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Puls
- Institute of Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood, Federal Research Centre of Forestry and Forest Products, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
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