1
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Knapkiewicz M, Jankowska I, Swiergiel J, Tritt-Goc J. Evidence for NMR Relaxation Enhancement in a Protic Ionic Liquid by the Movement of Protons Independent of the Translational Diffusion of Cations. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38968545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity were studied in the protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MIm][TFSI]). The relaxation of the 1H spin-lattice of cations in the measured frequency range (10 kHz to 20 MHz) and temperature (298 to 343 K) is sensitive mainly to slow processes occurring in the molecular dynamics of protic ionic liquid and dominated by the contribution of intermolecular translational diffusion. Molecular rotations give only a constant contribution and become significant in the higher frequency range. An interesting feature is the observed enhancement of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation below 0.03 MHz attributed to the exchange of protons (order of 10-5 s) between imidazolium cations. The measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient of hydrogen atoms of cation from 298 to 343 K additionally confirm the observed phenomenon. The coefficient for exchangeable protons -NH is higher than for the cation. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments provide unambiguous evidence for proton transport decoupled from molecular diffusion of ions and support the conclusion that the charge transport mechanism in the studied PIL includes contributions from both the vehicular and Grotthus mechanisms. The protic ionic liquid is thermally stable to about 573 K as shown by thermogravimetric analysis and its electrical conductivity is 5 × 10-2 S/cm at 423 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Knapkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland
| | - Iga Jankowska
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland
| | - Jolanta Swiergiel
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Tritt-Goc
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland
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2
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Wang Y, Ou T, Dong Y, Chen L, Huang Y, Sun D, Qiang W, Pei X, Li Y, Tan Y. A Green Asymmetric Bicyclic Co-Solvent Molecule for High-Voltage Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311009. [PMID: 38211955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Hybridizing aqueous electrolytes with organic co-solvents can effectively expand the voltage window of aqueous electrolytes while reducing salt usage, but most reported co-solvents are usually flammable and toxic, hardly achieving compatibility between safety and electrochemical performance. Here, a new non-flammable and non-toxic low-salt-concentration (1.85 m) aqueous electrolyte is reported using the green co-solvent isosorbide dimethyl ether (IDE). Owing to its unique 3D molecular structure, IDE can form a five-membered ring structure by binding the Li ion. The steric hindrance effect from IDE weakens its solvation ability, generating anion-participated solvation structures that produce a robust and uniform LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase layer while containing elastic IDE-derived organics. Moreover, the multiple O atoms in IDE can effectively regulate the intermolecular hydrogen bonding networks, reducing H2O molecule activity and expanding the electrochemical window. Such unique solvation structures and optimized hydrogen bonding networks enabled by IDE effectively suppress electrode/electrolyte interfacial side reactions, achieving a 4.3 V voltage window. The as-developed Li4Ti5O12(LTO)||LiMn2O4(LMO) full cell delivers outstanding cycling performance over 450 cycles at 2 C. The proposed green hybrid aqueous electrolyte provides a new pathway for developing high-voltage aqueous lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ting Ou
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Yue Dong
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering-Jiahua Chemicals. Inc. Joint Lab, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yunjie Huang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Delong Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering-Jiahua Chemicals. Inc. Joint Lab, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Jiahua Chemicals (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering-Jiahua Chemicals. Inc. Joint Lab, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Jiahua Chemicals (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaopeng Pei
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yiju Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering-Jiahua Chemicals. Inc. Joint Lab, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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3
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Firth AJ, Nakasu PYS, Hallett JP, Matthews RP. Exploiting Cation Structure and Water Content in Modulating the Acidity of Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate Protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2311-2318. [PMID: 38386631 PMCID: PMC10926163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the effect of cation structure and water content on proton dissociation in alkylammonium [HSO4]- protic ionic liquids (ILs) doped with 20 wt % water and correlated this with experimental Hammett acidities. For pure systems, increased cation substitution resulted in a reduction in the number of direct anion-anion neighbors leading to larger numbers of small aggregates, which is further enhanced with addition of water. We also observed spontaneous proton dissociation from [HSO4]- to water only for primary amine-based protic ILs, preceded by the formation of an anion trimer motif. Investigation using DFT calculations revealed spontaneous proton dissociation from [HSO4]- to water can occur for each of the protic ILs investigated; however, this is dependent on the size of the anion aggregates. These findings are important in the fields of catalysis and lignocellulosic biomass, where solvent acidity is a crucial parameter in biomass fractionation and lignin chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton
E. J. Firth
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Pedro Y. S. Nakasu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Richard P. Matthews
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Bioscience, School of Health, Sports and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, U.K.
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4
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Wylie L, Kéri M, Udvardy A, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B. On the Rich Chemistry of Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300535. [PMID: 37364035 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixing weak acids and bases can produce highly complicated binary mixtures, called pseudo-protic ionic liquids, in which a complex network of effects determines the physicochemical properties that are currently impossible to predict. In this joint computational-experimental study, we investigated 1-methylimidazole-acetic acid mixtures through the whole concentration range. Effects of the varying ionization and excess of either components on the properties, such as density, diffusion coefficients, and overall hydrogen bonding structure were uncovered. A special emphasis was put on understanding the multiple factors that govern the conductivity of the system. In the presence of an excess of acetic acid, the 1-methylimidazolium acetate ion pairs dissociate more efficiently, resulting in a higher concentration of independently moving, conducting ions. However, the conductivity measurements showed that higher concentrations of acetic acid improve the conductivity beyond this effect, suggesting in addition to standard dilution effects the occurrence of Grotthuss diffusion in high acid-to-base ratios. The results here will potentially help designing novel electrolytes and proton conducting systems, which can be exploited in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wylie
- University of Bonn, Clausius Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mónika Kéri
- University of Debrecen, Department of Physical Chemistry, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antal Udvardy
- University of Debrecen, Department of Physical Chemistry, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- University of Debrecen, Department of Physical Chemistry, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- University of Bonn, Clausius Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Fedorova IV, Safonova LP. Proton transfer between sulfonic acids and various propylamines by density functional theory calculations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:230. [PMID: 37407869 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Proton transfer in acid-base systems is not well understood. Some acid-base reactions do not proceed to the extent that is expected from the difference in the pKa values between the base and acid in aqueous solutions, yet some do. In that regard, we have computationally studied the process of proton transfer from the acids of varying strength (benzenesulfonic acid (BSu), methansulfonic acid (MsO), and sulfuric acid (SA)) to the amines with different numbers of propyl substituents on the nitrogen atom (propylamine (PrA), dipropylamine (DPrA), and tripropylamine (TPrA)) upon complexation. Density functional theory calculations were used to thoroughly examine the energetic and structural aspects of the molecular complexes and/or ionic pairs resulting from the acid-base interaction. The potential energy curves along the proton transfer coordinate in these acid-amine systems were analyzed. The change in free energies accompanying the molecular complexes and ionic pair formations was calculated, and the relationship between the energy values and the ΔРА parameter (difference in proton affinity of the acid anion and amine) was established. The larger ΔРА values were found to be unfavorable for the formation of ionic pairs. Using structural, energy, QTAIM, and NBO analyses, we determined that the hydrogen bonds in the molecular complexes PrA-MsO and PrA-BSu are stronger than those in their corresponding ionic pairs. The ionic pairs with the TPrA cation possess the strongest hydrogen bonds of all the ionic pairs being studied, regardless of the anion. The results showed that hydrogen bonding interactions in the molecular complexes contribute significantly to the energies of the acid-base interaction, while in the ionic pairs, the most important energy contribution comes from Coulomb interactions, followed by hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. The ionic pairs with propylammonium, dipropylammonium, and tripropylammonium cations have stronger ion-ion interactions than tetrapropylammonium (TetPrA)-containing ionic pairs with the same anions. This effect rises with the order of the cation: TetPrA → TPrA → DPrA → PrA, and the sequence of anions is SA → BSu → MsO. The results obtained here expand the concept of acid-base interaction and provide an alternative to experimental searches for suitable acids and bases to obtain new types of protic ionic liquids. METHODS All quantum-chemical calculations were carried out by using the DFT/B3LYP-GD3/6-31++G(d,p) level as implemented in the Gaussian 09 software package. For the resulting structures, the electron density distribution was analyzed by the "atoms in molecules" (QTAIM) and the natural bond orbital (NBO) methods on the wave functions obtained at the same level of theory by AIMAll Version 10.05.04 and Gaussian NBO Version 3.1 programs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Fedorova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Street, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Lyubov P Safonova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Street, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
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6
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Morais EM, Idström A, Evenäs L, Martinelli A. Transport Properties of Protic Ionic Liquids Based on Triazolium and Imidazolium: Development of an Air-Free Conductivity Setup. Molecules 2023; 28:5147. [PMID: 37446808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamical properties of four protic ionic liquids, based on the ethyltriazolium ([C2HTr124]) and the ethylimidazolium ([C2HIm]) cation, were investigated. The associated anions were the triflate ([TfO]) and the bistriflimide ([TFSI]). Ionic conductivity values and self-diffusion coefficients were measured and discussed, extending the discussion to the concept of fragility. Furthermore, in order to allow the measurement of the ionic conductivity of very small volumes (<0.5 mL) of ionic liquid under an inert and dry atmosphere, a new setup was developed. It was found that the cation nature strongly affected the transport properties, the [C2HTr124] cation resulting in slower dynamics than the [C2HIm] one. This was concluded from both conductivity and diffusivity measurements while for both properties, the anion had a lesser effect. By fitting the conductivity data with the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, we could also estimate the fragility of these ionic liquids, which all fell in the range of very fragile glass-forming materials. Finally, the slower dynamics observed in the triazolium-based ionic liquids can be rationalized by the stronger interactions that this cation establishes with both anions, as deduced from the frequency analysis of relevant Raman signatures and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Maurina Morais
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Idström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Becker J, Zapp J, Morgenstern B, Kuttich B, Kraus T, Hempelmann R, Hunt P, Welton T, Kay CWM. Anion and ether group influence in protic guanidinium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6436-6453. [PMID: 36779955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05724g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are attractive liquid materials for many advanced applications. For targeted design, in-depth knowledge about their structure-property-relations is urgently needed. We prepared a set of novel protic ionic liquids (PILs) with a guanidinium cation with either an ether or alkyl side chain and different anions. While being a promising cation class, the available data is insufficient to guide design. We measured thermal and transport properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra as well as liquid and crystalline structures supported by ab initio computations and were able to obtain a detailed insight into the influence of the anion and the ether substitution on the physical and spectroscopic properties. For the PILs, hydrogen bonding is the main interaction between cation and anion and the H-bond strength is inversely related to the proton affinity of the constituting acid and correlated to the increase of 1H and 15N chemical shifts. Using anions from acids with lower proton affinity leads to proton localization on the cation as evident from NMR spectra and self-diffusion coefficients. In contrast, proton exchange was evident in ionic liquids with triflate and trifluoroacetate anions. Using imide-type anions and ether side groups decreases glass transitions as well as fragility, and accelerated dynamics significantly. In case of the ether guanidinium ionic liquids, the conformation of the side chain adopts a curled structure as the result of dispersion interactions, while the alkyl chains prefer a linear arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Julian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus B 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Björn Kuttich
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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8
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Hei B, Pemberton JE, Schwartz SD. Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Glyonic Liquids: Structural Insights and Relation to Conductive Properties. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:921-931. [PMID: 36652632 PMCID: PMC9898233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are biosurfactants that have obtained wide industrial and environmental interests with their biodegradability and great surface activity. Besides their important roles as surfactants, they are found to function as a new type of glycolipid-based protic ionic liquids (ILs)─glyonic liquids (GLs). GLs are reported to have impressive physicochemical properties, especially superionic conductivity, and it was reported in experiments that specific ion selections and the fraction of water content have a strong effect on the conductivity. Also, the shape of the conductivity curve as a function of water fraction in GLs is interesting with a sharp increase first and a long plateau. We related the conductivities to the three-dimensional (3D) networks composed of -OH inside the GLs utilizing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The amount and size of these networks vary with both ion species and water fractions. Before reaching the first hydration layer, the -OH networks with higher projection/box length ratios indicate better conductivity; after reaching the first hydration layer and forming continuous structures, the conductivity retains with more water molecules participating in the continuous networks. Therefore, networks are found to be a qualitative predictor of actual conductivity. This is explained by the analysis of the atomic structures, including radial distribution function, fraction free volume, anion conformations, and hydrogen bond occupancies, of GLs and their water mixtures under different chemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Hei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Moses AA, Arntsen C. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of proton transport in imidazolium-based ionic liquids with added imidazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2142-2152. [PMID: 36562495 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03262g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient anhydrous proton-conducting materials would expand the operational temperature ranges of hydrogen fuels cells (HFCs) and eliminate their dependence on maintaining sufficient hydration levels to function efficiently. Protic ionic liquids (PILs), which have high ionic densities and low vapor pressures, have emerged as a potential material for proton conducting layers in HFCs. In this work, we investigate proton transport via the Grotthuss mechanism in 1-ethylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C2HIm][TFSI]) protic ionic liquids with added imidazole (Im0) using ab initio molecular dynamics. In particular, we vary the composition of the systems studied from pure [C2HIm][TFSI] to those where the mole fraction of Im0 is 0.67. Given the large difference in pKa between C2HIm+ and HTFSI, TFSI- does not accept acidic protons from C2HIm+; conversely, imidazolium (HIm+) and C2HIm+ have very similar pKa values, and thus Im0 can readily accept protons. We find that the unprotonated nitrogen on Im0 dominates solvation of the labile protons on C2HIm+ and other Im0 species, resulting in formation of robust imidazole wires. Given the amphoteric nature of Im0, i.e. its ability to accept and donate protons, these wires provide conduits along which protons can rapidly traverse via the Grotthuss mechanism, thereby greatly increasing the proton coefficient of self-diffusion. We find that the average length of the wires increases with added Im0, and thus as the mole fraction of Im0 increases so too does the proton diffusion constant. Lastly, we analyze our trajectories to determine the energy and time scales associated with proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Moses
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, 44555, USA.
| | - Christopher Arntsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, 44555, USA.
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10
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Joerg F, Wieder M, Schröder C. Protex-A Python utility for proton exchange in molecular dynamics simulations. Front Chem 2023; 11:1140896. [PMID: 36874061 PMCID: PMC9981665 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1140896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protex is an open-source program that enables proton exchanges of solvent molecules during molecular dynamics simulations. While conventional molecular dynamics simulations do not allow for bond breaking or formation, protex offers an easy-to-use interface to augment these simulations and define multiple proton sites for (de-)protonation using a single topology approach with two different λ-states. Protex was successfully applied to a protic ionic liquid system, where each molecule is prone to (de-)protonation. Transport properties were calculated and compared to experimental values and simulations without proton exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Joerg
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Niemöller H, Blasius J, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B. How do alternative amino acids behave in water? A comparative ab initio molecular dynamics study of solvated α-amino acids and α-amino amidines. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Tang S, Wang Y, Li H, Mochizuki K, Yao J. Relationship between Structure and Properties of Nonstoichiometric Protic Ionic Liquids: n-Butylammonium Butyrate System. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10107-10113. [PMID: 36269300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonstoichiometric protic ionic liquids have drawn much attention in applications, including fuel cells, batteries, and reaction media. An understanding of the relationship between their structure and properties is instructive for further applications. However, there are only a few studies on nonstoichiometric protic ionic liquids. Herein, the density, viscosity, and conductivity of nonstoichiometric n-butylammonium butyrate protic ionic liquids were measured, and we used small/wide-angle scattering (S/WAXS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explore the effect of mesostructure on their properties. It is found that the hydrogen bonds drive excess N-butyric acid (PrCOOH) molecules to wrap around ion clusters, resulting in the higher density and viscosity of PrCOOH-rich PILs. The microenvironments around various radicals differ significantly in BuNH2-rich and PrCOOH-rich PILs because of the distinct molecular arrangements. This research provided a link between the physicochemical properties and structures of nonstoichiometric PILs, which is essential for their applications in electrolytes and organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Shiyi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Kenji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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13
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Maiti S, Mitra S, Johnson CA, Gronborg KC, Garrett-Roe S, Donaldson PM. pH Jumps in a Protic Ionic Liquid Proceed by Vehicular Proton Transport. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8104-8110. [PMID: 35997534 PMCID: PMC9442784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of excess protons in the protic ionic liquid (PIL) ethylammonium formate (EAF) have been investigated from femtoseconds to microseconds using visible pump mid-infrared probe spectroscopy. The pH jump following the visible photoexcitation of a photoacid (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt, HPTS) results in proton transfer to the formate of the EAF. The proton transfer predominantly (∼70%) occurs over picoseconds through a preformed hydrogen-bonded tight complex between HPTS and EAF. We investigate the longer-range and longer-time-scale proton-transport processes in the PIL by obtaining the ground-state conjugate base (RO-) dynamics from the congested transient-infrared spectra. The spectral kinetics indicate that the protons diffuse only a few solvent shells from the parent photoacid before recombining with RO-. A kinetic isotope effect of nearly unity (kH/kD ≈ 1) suggests vehicular transfer and the transport of excess protons in this PIL. Our findings provide comprehensive insight into the complete photoprotolytic cycle of excess protons in a PIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Central
Laser Facility, RCaH, STFC-Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Sunayana Mitra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Clinton A. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kai C. Gronborg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sean Garrett-Roe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Paul M. Donaldson
- Central
Laser Facility, RCaH, STFC-Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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14
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Joerg F, Schröder C. Polarizable molecular dynamics simulations on the conductivity of pure 1-methylimidazolium acetate systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15245-15254. [PMID: 35703101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium acetate is in equilibrium with its neutral species 1-methylimidazole and acetic acid. Although several experimental data indicate that the equilibrium favors the neutral species, the system exhibits a significant conductivity. We developed a polarizable force field to describe the ionic liquid accurately and applied it to several mixtures of the neutral and charged species. In addition to comparing single values, such as density, diffusion coefficients, and conductivity, with experimental data, the complete frequency-dependent dielectric spectrum ranging from several MHz to THz can be used to determine the equilibrium composition of the reaction mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Joerg
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. .,University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währingerstr. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Vavra S, Martinelli A. Surface active alkyl-imidazolium ionic liquids studied as templates to form vertically oriented pores in silica thin films. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Jacobi R, Joerg F, Steinhauser O, Schröder C. Emulating proton transfer reactions in the pseudo-protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium acetate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9277-9285. [PMID: 35403653 PMCID: PMC9020328 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00643j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proton transfer reactions can enhance conductivity in protic ionic liquids. However, several proton reactions are possible in a multicomponent system of charged and neutral species, resulting in a complex reaction network. Probabilities and equilibrium concentrations of the involved species are modeled by the combination of reducible Markov chains and quantum-mechanical calculations. Proton transfer reactions can enhance conductivity in protic ionic liquids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jacobi
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Joerg
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Othmar Steinhauser
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Schröder
- Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Kirchner B, Blasius J, Alizadeh V, Gansäuer A, Hollóczki O. Chemistry Dissolved in Ionic Liquids. A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:766-777. [PMID: 35034453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical treatment of ionic liquids must focus now on more realistic models while at the same time keeping an accurate methodology when following recent ionic liquids research trends or allowing predictability to come to the foreground. In this Perspective, we summarize in three cases of advanced ionic liquid research what methodological progress has been made and point out difficulties that need to be overcome. As particular examples to discuss we choose reactions, chirality, and radicals in ionic liquids. All these topics have in common that an explicit or accurate treatment of the electronic structure and/or intermolecular interactions is required (accurate methodology), while at the same time system size and complexity as well as simulation time (realistic model) play an important role and must be covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Blasius
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vahideh Alizadeh
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Velez C, Acevedo O. Simulation of deep eutectic solvents: Progress to promises. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Velez
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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19
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Zhang X, Zhou S, Leonik FM, Wang L, Kuroda DG. Quantum mechanical effects in acid–base chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6998-7006. [PMID: 35774178 PMCID: PMC9200130 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid–base chemistry has immense importance for explaining and predicting the chemical products formed by an acid and a base when mixed together. However, the traditional chemistry theories used to describe acid–base reactions do not take into account the effect arising from the quantum mechanical nature of the acidic hydrogen shuttling potential and its dependence on the acid base distance. Here, infrared and NMR spectroscopies, in combination with first principles simulations, are performed to demonstrate that quantum mechanical effects, including electronic and nuclear quantum effects, play an essential role in defining the acid–base chemistry when 1-methylimidazole and acetic acid are mixed together. In particular, it is observed that the acid and the base interact to form a complex containing a strong hydrogen bond, in which the acidic hydrogen atom is neither close to the acid nor to the base, but delocalized between them. In addition, the delocalization of the acidic hydrogen atom in the complex leads to characteristic IR and NMR signatures. The presence of a hydrogen delocalized state in this simple system challenges the conventional knowledge of acid–base chemistry and opens up new avenues for designing materials in which specific properties produced by the hydrogen delocalized state can be harvested. Acid-based theories do not consider the quantum mechanical nature of the acidic hydrogen shuttling potential. Here, it is demonstrated that this particularity is needed to explain the formation acid-base complex with a delocalized acidic hydrogen.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Fedra M. Leonik
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Daniel G. Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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20
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Le Donne A, Russo S, Bodo E. Assessing the propensity toward ionization in nanosized clusters of protic ionic liquids by Ab-initio methods. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Shmukler LE, Fedorova IV, Fadeeva Y, Gruzdev MS, Safonova LP. Alkylimidazolium Protic Ionic Liquids: Structural Features and Physicochemical Properties. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100772. [PMID: 34904777 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We focus on a series of protic ionic liquids (PILs) with imidazolium and alkylimidazolium (1R3HIm, R = methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) cations. Using the literature data and our experimental results on the thermal and transport properties, we analyze the effects of the anion nature and the alkyl radical length in the cation structure on the above properties. DFT calculations in gas and solvent phase have resulted in microscopic insights into the structure and cation-anion binding in these PILs. We show that the higher thermodynamic stability of an ion pair raises the PIL decomposition temperature. The melting points of the salts with the same cation decrease as the hydrocarbon radical in the cation becomes longer, which correlates with the weaker ion-ion interaction in the ion pairs. A comparative analysis of the protic ILs and corresponding ILs (1R3MeIm) with the same radical (R) in the cation structure and the same anion has been performed. The lower melting points of the ILs with 1R3MeIm cations are assumed to result from the weakening both of the ion-ion interaction and hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila E Shmukler
- G A Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences: Institut himii rastvorov imeni G A Krestova Rossijskoj akademii nauk, laboratory 1-8, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Irina V Fedorova
- G A Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences: Institut himii rastvorov imeni G A Krestova Rossijskoj akademii nauk, laboratory 1-8, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Yuliya Fadeeva
- G A Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences: Institut himii rastvorov imeni G A Krestova Rossijskoj akademii nauk, laboratory 1-8, Akademicheskaya, 1, 153045, Ivanovo, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Matvey S Gruzdev
- G A Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences: Institut himii rastvorov imeni G A Krestova Rossijskoj akademii nauk, laboratory 1-8, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Liubov P Safonova
- G A Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences: Institut himii rastvorov imeni G A Krestova Rossijskoj akademii nauk, laboratory 1-8, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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22
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Śmiechowski M. Molecular level interpretation of excess infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Mariani A, Bonomo M, Gao X, Centrella B, Nucara A, Buscaino R, Barge A, Barbero N, Gontrani L, Passerini S. The unseen evidence of Reduced Ionicity: The elephant in (the) room temperature ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Arlt S, Bläsing K, Harloff J, Laatz KC, Michalik D, Nier S, Schulz A, Stoer P, Stoffers A, Villinger A. Pseudohalogen Chemistry in Ionic Liquids with Non-innocent Cations and Anions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:62-71. [PMID: 33565728 PMCID: PMC7874254 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the second funding period of the SPP 1708 "Material Synthesis near Room Temperature",which started in 2017, we were able to synthesize novel anionic species utilizing Ionic Liquids (ILs) both, as reaction media and reactant. ILs, bearing the decomposable and non-innocent methyl carbonate anion [CO3 Me]- , served as starting material and enabled facile access to pseudohalide salts by reaction with Me3 Si-X (X=CN, N3 , OCN, SCN). Starting with the synthesized Room temperature Ionic Liquid (RT-IL) [nBu3 MeN][B(OMe)3 (CN)], we were able to crystallize the double salt [nBu3 MeN]2 [B(OMe)3 (CN)](CN). Furthermore, we studied the reaction of [WCC]SCN and [WCC]CN (WCC=weakly coordinating cation) with their corresponding protic acids HX (X=SCN, CN), which resulted in formation of [H(NCS)2 ]- and the temperature labile solvate anions [CN(HCN)n ]- (n=2, 3). In addition, the highly labile anionic HCN solvates were obtained from [PPN]X ([PPN]=μ-nitridobis(triphenylphosphonium), X=N3 , OCN, SCN and OCP) and HCN. Crystals of [PPN][X(HCN)3 ] (X=N3 , OCN) and [PPN][SCN(HCN)2 ] were obtained when the crystallization was carried out at low temperatures. Interestingly, reaction of [PPN]OCP with HCN was noticed, which led to the formation of [P(CN)2 ]- , crystallizing as HCN disolvate [PPN][P(CN⋅HCN)2 ]. Furthermore, we were able to isolate the novel cyanido(halido) silicate dianions of the type [SiCl0.78 (CN)5.22 ]2- and [SiF(CN)5 ]2- and the hexa-substituted [Si(CN)6 ]2- by temperature controlled halide/cyanide exchange reactions. By facile neutralization reactions with the non-innocent cation of [Et3 HN]2 [Si(CN)6 ] with MOH (M=Li, K), Li2 [Si(CN)6 ] ⋅ 2 H2 O and K2 [Si(CN)6 ] were obtained, which form three dimensional coordination polymers. From salt metathesis processes of M2 [Si(CN)6 ] with different imidazolium bromides, we were able to isolate new imidazolium salts and the ionic liquid [BMIm]2 [Si(CN)6 ]. When reacting [Mes(nBu)Im]2 [Si(CN)6 ] with an excess of the strong Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 , the voluminous adduct anion {Si[CN⋅B(C6 F5 )3 ]6 }2- was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Arlt
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Kevin Bläsing
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | | | - Dirk Michalik
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Simon Nier
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut für ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für Katalyse an derUniversität Rostock A.-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alrik Stoffers
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische ChemieInstitut fur ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
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25
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Watanabe H, Arai N, Kameda Y, Buchner R, Umebayashi Y. Effect of Brønsted Acidity on Ion Conduction in Fluorinated Acetic Acid and N-Methylimidazole Equimolar Mixtures as Pseudo-protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11157-11164. [PMID: 33198463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To clarify proton conduction mechanism in protic ionic liquids (PILs) and pseudo-PILs (pPILs), equimolar mixtures of N-methylimidazole (C1Im) with fluorinated acetic acids were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Only the ionic species exist in the equimolar mixture of C1Im and HTFA (HTFA: trifluoroacetic acid). On the other hand, the equimolar mixture of C1Im and HDFA (HDFA: difluoroacetic acid) consists of both ionic and electrically neutral species. In particular, not only the electrostatic but also van der Waals interactions with the F atoms were observed in the liquid structures of both [C1hIm+][TFA-] and [C1hIm+][DFA-]. The concept for proton conduction mechanism that we have proposed in previous study was revisited; the proton conduction mechanism could be classified with two linear free energy relationship lines for proton exchange reaction and translation/rotation of proton carriers. Our results exhibit that the proton conduction mechanism changes from proton hopping to vehicle mechanism with increasing acidity of an acid HA in PILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Watanabe
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nana Arai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kameda
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Richard Buchner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Umebayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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26
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Abe H, Koyama Y, Kishimura H, Matsuishi K. High-pressure crystal polymorph of the protic ionic liquid: Ethylammonium nitrate. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Marie A, Said B, Galarneau A, Stettner T, Balducci A, Bayle M, Humbert B, Le Bideau J. Silica based ionogels: interface effects with aprotic and protic ionic liquids with lithium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24051-24058. [PMID: 33078785 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03599h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the development of solid ionogel electrolytes with enhanced ion transport properties, this paper investigates ionogel systems constituted by ∼80 wt% of ionic liquids (ILs) confined in meso-/macroporous silica monolith materials. The anion-cation coordination for two closely related ILs, either aprotic (AIL) butylmethylpyrrolidinium or protic (PIL) butylpyrrolidinium, both with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anions, with and without lithium cations, is studied in depth. The ILs are confined within silica with well-defined mesoporosities (8 to 16 nm). The effects of this confinement, onto melting points, onto conductivity followed by impedance spectroscopy, and onto lithium-TFSI coordination followed by Raman spectroscopy, are presented. Opposite effects have been observed on the melting temperature: it increased for the AIL (+2 °C) upon confinement, while it decreased for the PIL (-2 °C). With lithium, the confinement led to an increase of the melting temperature (+1 °C) for the PIL and AIL. Regarding ionic conductivities, a relative maximum was observed at 40 °C for a mesopore diameter of 10 nm for the AIL with 0.5 M lithium, while it was not clearly visible for the PIL. These differences are discussed in view of the charge balance at the interface between silanols and ILs: the presence of a PIL, contrary to an AIL, is expected to modify the acidity of the silica. Raman data showed that the coordination number of lithium by TFSI is reduced upon AIL confinement, although this was not observed for PILs. At last, this work highlights the impact of the acidity of a PIL on the chemistry occurring at the interface of the host network within ionogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Marie
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Bilel Said
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Galarneau
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Timo Stettner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Balducci
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maxime Bayle
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Bernard Humbert
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Jean Le Bideau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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28
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Brehm M, Thomas M, Gehrke S, Kirchner B. TRAVIS—A free analyzer for trajectories from molecular simulation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164105. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brehm
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle–Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M. Thomas
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle–Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S. Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B. Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Zou Z, Li Y, Lu Z, Wang D, Cui Y, Guo B, Li Y, Liang X, Feng J, Li H, Nan CW, Armand M, Chen L, Xu K, Shi S. Mobile Ions in Composite Solids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4169-4221. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ziheng Lu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bingkun Guo
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiwen Feng
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Michel Armand
- Electrical Energy Storage Department, CIC Energigune, Parque Technológico de Álava, C/Albert Einstein 48, E-01510 Miñano, Àlava, Spain
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Energy Storage Branch, Energy and Biotechnology Division, Sensor and Electronics Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783-1197, United States
| | - Siqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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30
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Hasani M, Varela LM, Martinelli A. Short-Range Order and Transport Properties in Mixtures of the Protic Ionic Liquid [C 2HIm][TFSI] with Water or Imidazole. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1767-1777. [PMID: 31999926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of adding different molecular cosolvents, water or imidazole, to the protic ionic liquid 1-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, i.e., [C2HIm][TFSI]. We explore how the added cosolvent distributes within the ionic liquid by means of molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray scattering. We also analyze the degree of short-range heterogeneity in the resulting mixtures, finding that while imidazole easily mixes with the protic ionic liquid, water tends to form small clusters in its own water-rich domains. These differences are rationalized by invoking the nature of intermolecular interactions. In aqueous mixtures water-water hydrogen bonds are more likely to form than water-ion hydrogen bonds (water-TFSI bonds being particularly weak), while imidazole can interact with both cations and anions. Hence, the cation-anion association is negligibly influenced by the presence of water, whereas the addition of imidazole creates solvent-separated ion pairs and is thus able to also increase the ionicity. As a consequence of these structural and interactional features, transport properties like self-diffusion and ionic conductivity also show different composition dependencies. While the mobility of both ions and solvent is increased considerably by the addition of water, upon adding imidazole this property changes significantly only for molar fractions of imidazole above 0.6. At these molar fractions, which correspond to a base-excess composition, the imidazole/[C2HIm][TFSI] mixture behaves as a glass-forming liquid with suppressed phase transitions, while homomixtures such as imidazole/[HIm][TFSI] can display a eutectic point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luis Miguel Varela
- Department of Applied and Particle Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Fadeeva Y, Gruzdev M, Kudryakova N, Shmukler L, Safonova L. Physico-chemical characterization of alkyl-imidazolium protic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Dreßler C, Sebastiani D. Effect of anion reorientation on proton mobility in the solid acids family CsHyXO4(X = S, P, Se,y= 1, 2) fromab initiomolecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10738-10752. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06473g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high temperature phases of the solid acids CsHSeO4, CsHSO4and CsH2PO4show extraordinary high proton conductivities, which are enabled by the interplay of high proton transfer rates and frequent anion reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dreßler
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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33
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Hasani M, Nordstierna L, Martinelli A. Molecular dynamics involving proton exchange of a protic ionic liquid-water mixture studied by NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22014-22021. [PMID: 31556889 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are proposed as alternative anhydrous proton conducting electrolytes for intermediate temperature fuel cells. One of the key factors in their performance as electrolytes, as far as charge transport is concerned, is their proton conductivity. Noting the success of water-containing electrolytes and recognising faster proton mobility than structural relaxation (via mechanisms such as Grotthuss) as their advantage, such an advantage is envisaged for PILs and in some cases deduced. As extended hydrogen bond networks and proton exchange are at the heart of these mechanisms, here we report our results on a prototypical characterisation of proton exchange in a PIL (C2HimNTf2)-water mixture. NMR lineshape analysis and exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) are used to quantify the proton exchange rate. The obtained exchange rate is then used to explain the diffusion behaviour of the exchangeable proton as measured by pulse field gradient NMR methods; a marginal anomaly in the translational dynamics of the exchangeable proton in the form of a faster NH proton is observed. As far as we know this is the first report on systematic characterisation of proton exchange in PILs with the aim of understanding its effect on translational motion as a way of discerning exchange related mobility anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lars Nordstierna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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34
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Stettner T, Gehrke S, Ray P, Kirchner B, Balducci A. Water in Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Use of a New Class of Electrolytes for Energy-Storage Devices. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3827-3836. [PMID: 31237420 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the properties of "water-in-PIL" (PIL=protic ionic liquid) electrolytes are reported based on 1-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PyrH4 TFSI). Taking advantage of experimental and theoretical investigations, it is shown that the amount of water inside the electrolyte has a dramatic effect on the viscosity, conductivity, density, cation-anion interplay, and electrochemical stability of PyrH4 TFSI. The impact of water on the properties of this ionic liquid also affects its use as an electrolyte for electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). It is shown that the presence of water improves the transport properties of PyrH4 TFSI, with a beneficial effect on the capacitance retention of the devices in which these electrolytes are used. However, at the same time, water reduces the operative voltage of EDLCs containing this PIL as the electrolyte and, furthermore, it has a strong impact on the inactive components of these systems. To suppress this latter problem, and to realize EDLCs with high stability, the use of inactive components stable in aqueous environment appears necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stettner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Beringstr. 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Promit Ray
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Beringstr. 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Beringstr. 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Balducci
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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35
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Harris KR. On the Use of the Angell–Walden Equation To Determine the “Ionicity” of Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7014-7023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Harris
- School of Science, The University of New South Wales, P.O.
Box 7916, Canberra BC ACT 2610, Australia
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36
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Le Donne A, Adenusi H, Porcelli F, Bodo E. Structural Features of Cholinium Based Protic Ionic Liquids through Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5568-5576. [PMID: 31185161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the complex proton transfer processes in certain protic ionic liquids, based on amino acid anions, has been carried out through ab initio molecular dynamics in the view of finding naturally conductive and pure mediums. The systems analyzed here might serve as chemical prototypes for pure and dry ionic liquids where mobile protons can act as fast charge carriers. We have exploited the natural tendency of these liquids to form a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The presence of such a network allows the naturally repulsive interaction between like charge ions to be weakened to the point that a proton migration process inside the anionic component of the fluid becomes possible. We have also seen that the extent of these proton migrations is sizable for carboxylic based amino acid anions, while it is very limited for sulfur containing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Le Donne
- Chemistry Department , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Henry Adenusi
- Chemistry Department , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Chemistry Department , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Enrico Bodo
- Chemistry Department , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
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37
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Tan J, Liu X, Yao N, Hu YL, Li XH. Novel and Effective Strategy of Multifunctional Titanium Incorporated Mesoporous Material Supported Ionic Liquid Mediated Reusable Hantzsch Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Key laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materials; China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002, Hubei province P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Key laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materials; China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002, Hubei province P. R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Key laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materials; China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002, Hubei province P. R. China
| | - Yu Lin Hu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Key laboratory of inorganic nonmetallic crystalline and energy conversion materials; China Three Gorges University; Yichang 443002, Hubei province P. R. China
| | - Xue Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Pulp & Paper Engineering State Key Laboratory of China; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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38
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Arkhipova EA, Ivanov AS, Maslakov KI, Savilov SV, Lunin VV. Effect of cation structure of tetraalkylammonium- and imidazolium-based ionic liquids on their conductivity. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Gehrke S, Macchieraldo R, Kirchner B. Understanding the fluidity of condensed phase systems in terms of voids—novel algorithm, implementation and application. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4988-4997. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Solvation processes, transport properties, and fluidity of condensed phases can be described considering the void space between the particles of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
- D-45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr
| | | | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- Germany
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40
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Abe H, Takekiyo T, Yoshimura Y, Shimizu A, Ozawa S. Multiple crystal pathways and crystal polymorphs in protic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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