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Gkeka D, Hamilton I, Stavridis T, Liu Z, Faber H, Naphade D, Marčinskas M, Malinauskas T, Harrison G, Adilbekova B, Maksudov T, Yuan Y, Kaltsas D, Tsetseris L, Getautis V, Lanza M, Patsalas P, Fatayer S, Anthopoulos TD. Tuning Hole-Injection in Organic-Light Emitting Diodes with Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39728-39736. [PMID: 39024545 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Improving hole injection through the surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is a promising method for modulating the carrier injection in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, developing SAMs with the required characteristics remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we functionalize ITO with various phosphonic acid SAMs and evaluate the SAM-modified anodes in terms of their work function (WF), molecular distribution, coverage, and electrical conductivity. We fabricate and characterize green phosphorescent SAM-based OLEDs and compared their performance against devices based on the conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) hole-injection layer. We find that the usage of [2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) SAM yields devices with superior performance characteristics, including a maximum luminance of ∼57,300 cd m-2 and external quantum efficiency of up to ∼17%. This improvement is attributed to synergistic factors, including the deep WF of ITO/I-2PACz (5.47 eV), the formation of larger I-2PACz molecular clusters, and the intrinsic I-2PACz dipole, that collectively enhance hole-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Gkeka
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain Hamilton
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thalis Stavridis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Zhongzhe Liu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Applied Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti Naphade
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mantas Marčinskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - George Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Begimai Adilbekova
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Temur Maksudov
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yue Yuan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitrios Kaltsas
- School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Panos Patsalas
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Applied Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Henry Royce Institute and Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Wolski K, Smenda J, Świerz W, Dąbczyński P, Marzec M, Zapotoczny S. Self-Templating Copolymerization to Produce Robust Conductive Nanocoatings Based on Conjugated Polymer Brushes with Implementable Memristive Characteristics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309216. [PMID: 38334248 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An effective synthesis of conductive polymer brushes, i.e., self-templating surface-initiated copolymerization (ST-SICP), is developed. It proceeds through copolymerization of pendant thiophene groups in the precursor multimonomer poly(3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) brushes with free 3-methylthiophene (3MT) monomers leading to PMTM-co-P3MT brushes. This approach leads to improved conformational freedom of generated conjugated poly(thiophene)-based chains and their higher share in the brushes with respect to conjugation of pendant thiophene groups only. As a result, best performing conjugated PMTM-co-P3MT brushes demonstrate high ohmic conductivity in both out-of-plane and in-plane direction. Furthermore, thanks to the covalent anchoring as well as intra- and intermolecular connections, highly stable and mechanically robust nanocoatings are produced which can survive mechanical cleaning and long-term storage under ambient conditions. Grafting of ionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) in between PMTM-co-P3MT chains brings new properties to such binary mixed brushes that can operate as thin-film memristive coating with switchable conductance. It is worth mentioning that the crucial synthetic steps, i.e., grafting of precursor PMTM brushes by surface-initiated organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-O-ATRP) and PSSNa chains by surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated polymerization (SI-PIMP) are conducted under ambient conditions using only microliter volumes of reagents providing methodology that can be considered for use beyond the laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Smenda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Wojciech Świerz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Mateusz Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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3
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Han P, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Carbazole-Based Self-Assembled Monolayer for Solution-Processed Optoelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405630. [PMID: 38940073 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled molecules (SAMs) have shown great potential in the application of optoelectronic devices due to their unique molecular properties. Recently, emerging phosphonic acid-based SAMs, 2-(9Hcarbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), have successfully applied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs). More importantly, impressive results based on 2PACz SAMs are reported recently in succession. Therefore, it is essential to provide an insightful summary to promote it further development. In this review, the molecule design strategies about 2PACz are first concluded. Subsequently, this work systematically reviews the recent advances of 2PACz and its derivatives for single junction PSCs, tandem PSCs, OSCs and PeLEDs. Finally, this work concludes and discusses future challenges for 2PACz and its derivatives to further develop in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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Liu H, Xin Y, Suo Z, Yang L, Zou Y, Cao X, Hu Z, Kan B, Wan X, Liu Y, Chen Y. Dipole Moments Regulation of Biphosphonic Acid Molecules for Self-assembled Monolayers Boosts the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells Exceeding 19.7. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14287-14296. [PMID: 38718348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PEDOT PSS has been widely used as a hole extraction layer (HEL) in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, their acidic nature can potentially corrode the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode over time, leading to adverse effects on the longevity of the OSCs. Herein, we have developed a class of biphosphonic acid molecules with tunable dipole moments for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), namely, 3-BPIC(i), 3-BPIC, and 3-BPIC-F, which exhibit an increasing dipole moment in sequence. Compared to centrosymmetric 3-BPIC(i), the axisymmetric 3-BPIC and 3-BPIC-F exhibit higher adsorption energies (Eads) with ITO, shorter interface spacing, more uniform coverage on ITO surface, and better interfacial compatibility with the active layer. Thanks to the incorporation of fluorine atoms, 3-BPIC-F exhibits a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and a larger dipole moment compared to 3-BPIC, resulting in an enlarged work function (WF) for the ITO/3-BPIC-F substrate. These advantages of 3-BPIC-F could not only improve hole extraction within the device but also lower the interfacial impedance and reduce nonradiative recombination at the interface. As a result, the OSCs using SAM based on 3-BPIC-F obtained a record high efficiency of 19.71%, which is higher than that achieved from the cells based on 3-BPIC(i) (13.54%) and 3-BPIC (19.34%). Importantly, 3-BPIC-F-based OSCs exhibit significantly enhanced stability compared to that utilizing PEDOT:PSS as HEL. Our work offers guidance for the future design of functional molecules for SAMs to realize even higher performance in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufei Xin
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhaochen Suo
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yu Zou
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangjian Cao
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ziyang Hu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Kan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangjian Wan
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Kim TH, Lee JH, Jang MH, Lee GM, Shim ES, Oh S, Saeed MA, Lee MJ, Yu BS, Hwang DK, Park CW, Lee SY, Jo JW, Shim JW. Atto-Scale Noise Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors Enabled by Controlling Interfacial Energetic Offset through Enhanced Anchoring Ability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403647. [PMID: 38708960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) sensor technology is crucial for various applications such as autonomous driving and biometric tracking. Silicon photodetectors (SiPDs) are widely used in NIR applications; however, their scalability is limited by their crystalline properties. Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted attention for NIR applications owing to their scalability, low-temperature processing, and notably low dark current density (JD), which is similar to that of SiPDs. However, the still high JD (at NIR band) and few measurements of noise equivalent powers (NEPs) pose challenges for accurate performance comparisons. This study addresses these issues by quantitatively characterizing the performance matrix and JD generation mechanism using electron-blocking layers (EBLs) in OPDs. The energy offset at an EBL/photosensitive layer interface determines the thermal activation energy and directly affects JD. A newly synthesized EBL (3PAFBr) substantially enhances the interfacial energy barrier by forming a homogeneous contact owing to the improved anchoring ability of 3PAFBr. As a result, the OPD with 3PAFBr yields a noise current of 852 aA (JD = 12.3 fA cm⁻2 at V → -0.1 V) and several femtowatt-scale NEPs. As far as it is known, this is an ultralow of JD in NIR OPDs. This emphasizes the necessity for quantitative performance characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jang
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Shim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Saeed
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Soo Yu
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Park
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Youn Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yu X, Ding P, Yang D, Yan P, Wang H, Yang S, Wu J, Wang Z, Sun H, Chen Z, Xie L, Ge Z. Self-Assembled Molecules with Asymmetric Backbone for Highly Stable Binary Organic Solar Cells with 19.7 % Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401518. [PMID: 38459749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The hole-transporting material (HTM), poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS), is the most widely used material in the realization of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the stability of PEDOT : PSS-based OSCs is quite poor, arising from its strong acidity and hygroscopicity. In addition, PEDOT : PSS has an absorption in the infrared region and high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, thus limiting the enhancement of short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Herein, two asymmetric self-assembled molecules (SAMs), namely BrCz and BrBACz, were designed and synthesized as HTM in binary OSCs based on the well-known system of PM6 : Y6, PM6 : eC9, PM6 : L8-BO, and D18 : eC9. Compared with BrCz, BrBACz shows larger dipole moment, deeper work function and lower surface energy. Moreover, BrBACz not only enhances photon harvesting in the active layer, but also minimizes voltage losses as well as improves interface charge extraction/ transport. Consequently, the PM6 : eC9-based binary OSC using BrBACz as HTM exhibits a champion efficiency of 19.70 % with a remarkable Jsc of 29.20 mA cm-2 and a Voc of 0.856 V, which is a record efficiency for binary OSCs so far. In addition, the unencapsulated device maintains 95.0 % of its original efficiency after 1,000 hours of storage at air ambient, indicating excellent long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Yu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Pengfei Ding
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daobin Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengyu Yan
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hongqian Wang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Shuncheng Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - He Sun
- Innovation Center for Organic Electronics (INOEL), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-0119, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Grzibovskis R, Aizstrauts A, Pidluzhna A, Marcinskas M, Magomedov A, Karazhanov S, Malinauskas T, Getautis V, Vembris A. Energy-Level Interpretation of Carbazole Derivatives in Self-Assembling Monolayer. Molecules 2024; 29:1910. [PMID: 38731400 PMCID: PMC11085244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy-level alignment is a crucial factor in the performance of thin-film devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaics. One way to adjust these energy levels is through chemical modification of the molecules involved. However, this approach may lead to unintended changes in the optical and/or electrical properties of the compound. An alternative method for energy-level adjustment at the interface is the use of self-assembling monolayers (SAMs). Initially, SAMs with passive spacers were employed, creating a surface dipole moment that altered the work function (WF) of the electrode. However, recent advancements have led to the synthesis of SAM molecules with active spacers. This development necessitates considering not only the modification of the electrode's WF but also the ionization energy (IE) of the molecule itself. To measure both the IE of SAM molecules and their impact on the electrode's WF, a relatively simple method is photo-electric emission spectroscopy. Solar cell performance parameters have a higher correlation coefficient with the ionization energy of SAM molecules with carbazole derivatives as spacers (up to 0.97) than the work function of the modified electrode (up to 0.88). Consequently, SAMs consisting of molecules with active spacers can be viewed as hole transport layers rather than interface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raitis Grzibovskis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.G.); (A.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Arturs Aizstrauts
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.G.); (A.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Pidluzhna
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.G.); (A.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Mantas Marcinskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (T.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Artiom Magomedov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (T.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Smagul Karazhanov
- Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 173 Kjeller, Norway;
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (T.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (T.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Aivars Vembris
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (R.G.); (A.A.); (A.P.)
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8
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Tang H, Bai Y, Zhao H, Qin X, Hu Z, Zhou C, Huang F, Cao Y. Interface Engineering for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2212236. [PMID: 36867581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have made dramatic advancements during the past decades owing to the innovative material design and device structure optimization, with power conversion efficiencies surpassing 19% and 20% for single-junction and tandem devices, respectively. Interface engineering, by modifying interface properties between different layers for OSCs, has become a vital part to promote the device efficiency. It is essential to elucidate the intrinsic working mechanism of interface layers, as well as the related physical and chemical processes that manipulate device performance and long-term stability. In this article, the advances in interface engineering aimed to pursue high-performance OSCs are reviewed. The specific functions and corresponding design principles of interface layers are summarized first. Then, the anode interface layer, cathode interface layer in single-junction OSCs, and interconnecting layer of tandem devices are discussed in separate categories, and the interface engineering-related improvements on device efficiency and stability are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with application of interface engineering are discussed with the emphasis on large-area, high-performance, and low-cost device manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanqing Bai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xudong Qin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Li M, Liu M, Qi F, Lin FR, Jen AKY. Self-Assembled Monolayers for Interfacial Engineering in Solution-Processed Thin-Film Electronic Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2138-2204. [PMID: 38421811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering has long been a vital means of improving thin-film device performance, especially for organic electronics, perovskites, and hybrid devices. It greatly facilitates the fabrication and performance of solution-processed thin-film devices, including organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, due to the limitation of traditional interfacial materials, further progress of these thin-film devices is hampered particularly in terms of stability, flexibility, and sensitivity. The deadlock has gradually been broken through the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which possess distinct benefits in transparency, diversity, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and surface passivation ability. In this review, we first showed the evolution of SAMs, elucidating their working mechanisms and structure-property relationships by assessing a wide range of SAM materials reported to date. A comprehensive comparison of various SAM growth, fabrication, and characterization methods was presented to help readers interested in applying SAM to their works. Moreover, the recent progress of the SAM design and applications in mainstream thin-film electronic devices, including OFETs, OSCs, PVSCs and OLEDs, was summarized. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the major challenges for the further development of SAMs used in thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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10
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Ding P, Yang D, Yang S, Ge Z. Stability of organic solar cells: toward commercial applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2350-2387. [PMID: 38268469 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted a great deal of attention in the field of clean solar energy due to their advantages of transparency, flexibility, low cost and light weight. Introducing them to the market enables seamless integration into buildings and windows, while also supporting wearable, portable electronics and internet-of-things (IoT) devices. With the development of photovoltaic materials and the optimization of fabrication technology, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs have rapidly improved and now exceed 20%. However, there is a significant lack of focus on material stability and device lifetime, causing a severe hindrance to commercial applications. In this review, we carefully review important strategies employed to improve the stability of OSCs over the past three years from the perspectives of material design and device engineering. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the current important progress in terms of air, light, thermal and mechanical stability. Finally, we propose the future research directions to overcome the challenges in achieving highly stable OSCs. We expect that this review will contribute to solving the stability problem of OSCs, eventually paving the way for commercial applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ding
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daobin Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuncheng Yang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Kralj S, Dally P, Bampoulis P, Vishal B, De Wolf S, Morales-Masis M. Impact of the TCO Microstructure on the Electronic Properties of Carbazole-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2024; 6:366-374. [PMID: 38333600 PMCID: PMC10848288 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers (PACz-SAMs), anchored via their phosphonic acid group on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), have demonstrated excellent performance as hole-selective layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Yet, whereas different PACz-SAMs have been explored, the role of the TCO, and specifically its microstructure, on the hole transport properties of the TCO/PACz-SAMs stack has been largely overlooked. Here, we demonstrate that the TCO microstructure directly impacts the work function (WF) shift after SAM anchoring and is responsible for WF variations at the micro/nanoscale. Specifically, we studied Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) substrates with amorphous and polycrystalline (featuring either nanoscale- or microscale-sized grains) microstructures before and after 2PACz-SAMs and NiOx/2PACz-SAMs anchoring. With this, we established a direct correlation between the ITO crystal grain orientation and 2PACz-SAMs local potential distribution, i.e., the WF. Importantly, these variations vanish for amorphous oxides (either in the form of amorphous ITO or when adding an amorphous NiOx buffer layer), where a homogeneous surface potential distribution is found. These findings highlight the importance of TCO microstructure tuning, to enable both high mobility and broadband transparent electrodes while ensuring uniform WF distribution upon application of hole transport SAMs, both critical for enhanced device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kralj
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Dally
- KAUST
Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pantelis Bampoulis
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Badri Vishal
- KAUST
Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST
Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Morales-Masis
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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12
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Puerto Galvis CE, González Ruiz DA, Martínez-Ferrero E, Palomares E. Challenges in the design and synthesis of self-assembling molecules as selective contacts in perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1534-1556. [PMID: 38303950 PMCID: PMC10829004 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling molecules (SAMs), as selective contacts, play an important role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), determining the performance and stability of these photovoltaic devices. These materials offer many advantages over other traditional materials used as hole-selective contacts, as they can be easily deposited on a large area of metal oxides, can modify the work function of these substrates, and reduce optical and electric losses with low material consumption. However, the most interesting thing about SAMs is that by modifying the chemical structure of the small molecules used, the energy levels, molecular dipoles, and surface properties of this assembled monolayer can be modulated to fine-tune the desired interactions between the substrate and the active layer. Due to the important role of organic chemistry in the field of photovoltaics, in this review, we will cover the current challenges for the design and synthesis of SAMs PSCs. Discussing, the structural features that define a SAM, (ii) disclosing how commercial molecules inspired the synthesis of new SAMs; and (iii) detailing the pros- and cons- of the reported synthetic protocols that have been employed for the synthesis of molecules for SAMs, helping synthetic chemists to develop novel structures and promoting the fast industrialization of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Puerto Galvis
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
| | - Dora A González Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica., Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avda. Països Catalans, 26 Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 Barcelona Spain
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13
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Musiienko A, Yang F, Gries TW, Frasca C, Friedrich D, Al-Ashouri A, Sağlamkaya E, Lang F, Kojda D, Huang YT, Stacchini V, Hoye RLZ, Ahmadi M, Kanak A, Abate A. Resolving electron and hole transport properties in semiconductor materials by constant light-induced magneto transport. Nat Commun 2024; 15:316. [PMID: 38182589 PMCID: PMC10770130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of minority and majority charge carrier properties enables controlling the performance of solar cells, transistors, detectors, sensors, and LEDs. Here, we developed the constant light induced magneto transport method which resolves electron and hole mobility, lifetime, diffusion coefficient and length, and quasi-Fermi level splitting. We demonstrate the implication of the constant light induced magneto transport for silicon and metal halide perovskite films. We resolve the transport properties of electrons and holes predicting the material's effectiveness for solar cell application without making the full device. The accessibility of fourteen material parameters paves the way for in-depth exploration of causal mechanisms limiting the efficiency and functionality of material structures. To demonstrate broad applicability, we further characterized twelve materials with drift mobilities spanning from 10-3 to 103 cm2V-1s-1 and lifetimes varying between 10-9 and 10-3 seconds. The universality of our method its potential to advance optoelectronic devices in various technological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Musiienko
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fengjiu Yang
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Thomas William Gries
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Chiara Frasca
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Friedrich
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elifnaz Sağlamkaya
- Disordered Semiconductor Optoelectronics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Felix Lang
- ROSI Freigeist Juniorgroup, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danny Kojda
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Valerio Stacchini
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Andrii Kanak
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of General Chemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, 58012, Ukraine
| | - Antonio Abate
- Solar Energy Division, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Fan Q, Xiao Q, Zhang H, Heng J, Xie M, Wei Z, Jia X, Liu X, Kang Z, Li CZ, Li S, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Huang J, Li Z. Highly Efficient and Stable ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells Based on Squaraine N-Doped Quaternary Bulk Heterojunction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307920. [PMID: 37823840 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously achieving high efficiency and robust device stability remains a significant challenge for organic solar cells (OSCs). Solving this challenge is highly dependent on the film morphology of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive blends; however, there is a lack of rational control strategy. Herein, it is shown that the molecular crystallinity and nanomorphology of nonfullerene-based BHJ can be effectively controlled by a squaraine-based doping strategy, leading to an increase in device efficiency from 17.26% to 18.5% when doping 2 wt% squaraine into the PBDB-TF:BTP-eC9:PC71 BM ternary BHJ. The efficiency is further improved to 19.11% (certified 19.06%) using an indium-tin-oxide-free column-patterned microcavity (CPM) architecture. Combined with interfacial modification, CPM quaternary OSC excitingly shows an extrapolated lifetime of ≈23 years based on accelerated aging test, with the mechanism behind enhanced stability well studied. Furthermore, a flexible OSC module with a high and stable efficiency of 15.2% and an overall area of 5 cm2 is successfully fabricated, exhibiting a high average output power for wearable electronics. This work demonstrates that OSCs with new design of BHJ and device architecture are highly promising to be practical relevance with excellent performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jinzi Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zhangli Kang
- National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610021, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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15
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Chen Q, Huang H, Ran G, Zhang C, Hu D, Xu X, Zhang W, Yang C, Wu Y, Bo Z. Improving the Performance of Layer-by-Layer Organic Solar Cells by n-Doping of the Acceptor Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46138-46147. [PMID: 37737104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dopants can effectively improve the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, PM6/BTP-eC9-4Cl-based OSCs are fabricated by a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method, and the electron acceptor BTP-eC9-4Cl layer is properly doped by n-type dopant benzyl viologen (BV) or [4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]dimethyl-amine (N-DMBI-H). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs increases from 16.80 to 17.61 or 17.84% when the acceptor layer is doped by BV (0.01 wt %) or N-DMBI-H (0.01 wt %), respectively. At the optimal doping concentration, the device exhibits more balanced charge transport, fewer bimolecular recombinations, faster charge separation and transfer, and better stability. This doping strategy has good universality; when the acceptor layer L8-BO of LbL OSCs is doped by 0.01 wt % BV or 0.01 wt % N-DMBI-H, the PCE increases from 17.49 to 18.35 or 18.25%, respectively. All in all, our studies have demonstrated that the doping strategy is effective in enhancing the performance of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Cai'e Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Di Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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16
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Lin Y, Zhang Y, Magomedov A, Gkogkosi E, Zhang J, Zheng X, El-Labban A, Barlow S, Getautis V, Wang E, Tsetseris L, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD. 18.73% efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics featuring a hybrid hole-extraction layer. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1292-1300. [PMID: 36786547 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and stable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is crucial for the technology's commercial success. However, combining these key attributes remains challenging. Herein, we incorporate the small molecule 2-((3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz) between the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) and a 7 nm-thin layer of MoO3 in inverted OPVs, and study its effects on the cell performance. We find that the Br-2PACz/MoO3 hole-extraction layer (HEL) boosts the cell's power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.36% to 18.73% (uncertified), making them the most efficient inverted OPVs to date. The factors responsible for this improvement include enhanced charge transport, reduced carrier recombination, and favourable vertical phase separation of donor and acceptor components in the BHJ. The Br-2PACz/MoO3-based OPVs exhibit higher operational stability under continuous illumination and thermal annealing (80 °C). The T80 lifetime of OPVs featuring Br-2PACz/MoO3 - taken as the time over which the cell's PCE reduces to 80% of its initial value - increases compared to MoO3-only cells from 297 to 615 h upon illumination and from 731 to 1064 h upon continuous heating. Elemental analysis of the BHJs reveals the enhanced stability to originate from the partially suppressed diffusion of Mo ions into the BHJ and the favourable distribution of the donor and acceptor components induced by the Br-2PACz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Artiom Magomedov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Eleftheria Gkogkosi
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman El-Labban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Li Z, Tan Q, Chen G, Gao H, Wang J, Zhang X, Xiu J, Chen W, He Z. Simple and robust phenoxazine phosphonic acid molecules as self-assembled hole selective contacts for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1676-1686. [PMID: 36602232 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the interfacial defects and mismatched energy levels between the perovskite absorber and charge-selective layer restrain the further improvement of photovoltaic performance. Interfacial modification is a powerful tool for defect passivation and energy level turning by developing new charge-selective materials. Herein, we report three new molecules, 2BrCzPA, 2BrPTZPA, and 2BrPXZPA as self-assembled hole selective contacts (SA-HSCs) by an economical and efficient synthetic procedure. Benefiting from the stronger electron-donating ability of phenothiazine and phenoxazine compared to that of carbazole, 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA showed more matched energy levels and decreased energy loss. In addition, the ITO substrate coated with 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA could induce higher-quality perovskite crystal growth without obvious grain boundaries in the vertical direction. Consequently, the corresponding inverted PSCs with decreased trap state density achieved high power convention efficiencies (PCEs) of 22.06% and 22.93% (certified 22.38%) for 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA, respectively. Furthermore, the 2BrPXZPA-based device with encapsulation retained 97% of the initial efficiency after 600 h of maximum power point tracking under one sun continuous illumination. Finally, 2BrPXZPA was also used for the surface modification of NiOx, and the inverted PSC based on the NiOx/2BrPXZPA bilayer achieved a higher PCE of 23.66% with an open circuit voltage of 1.21 V. This work extends the design strategy of SA-HSCs for efficient and stable inverted PSCs and promotes the commercialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoning Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qin Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guocong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jingwei Xiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhubing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Modifying transparent electrode with conjugated organic semiconductor hole transport material as interface for enhancing performance of organic solar cell. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Xu Y, Zhou H, Duan P, Shan B, Xu W, Wang J, Liu M, Zhang F, Sun Q. Improving the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells with Methionine as Electron Transport Layer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196363. [PMID: 36234900 PMCID: PMC9572969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interface modification is an important way to get better performance from organic solar cells (OSCs). A natural biomolecular material methionine was successfully applied as the electron transport layer (ETL) to the inverted OSCs in this work. A series of optical, morphological, and electrical characterizations of thin films and devices were used to analyze the surface modification effects of methionine on zinc oxide (ZnO). The analysis results show that the surface modification of ZnO with methionine can cause significantly reduced surface defects for ZnO, optimized surface morphology of ZnO, improved compatibility between ETL and the active layer, better-matched energy levels between ETL and the acceptor, reduced interface resistance, reduced charge recombination, and enhanced charge transport and collection. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs based on PM6:BTP-ec9 was improved to 15.34% from 14.25% by modifying ZnO with methionine. This work shows the great application potential of natural biomolecule methionine in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Pengyi Duan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Baojie Shan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China
| | - Mei Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qianqian Sun
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.S.)
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20
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Deng X, Qi F, Li F, Wu S, Lin FR, Zhang Z, Guan Z, Yang Z, Lee C, Jen AK. Co‐assembled Monolayers as Hole‐Selective Contact for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Optimized Recombination Loss and Long‐Term Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203088. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Fengzhu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Shengfan Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Francis R. Lin
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Zhiqiang Guan
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong
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21
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Deng X, Qi F, Li F, Wu S, Lin FR, Zhang Z, Guan Z, Yang Z, Lee CS, Jen AKY. Co‐assembled Monolayers as Hole ‐se lective Contact for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Optimized Recombination Loss and Long‐Term Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Deng
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Feng Qi
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Fengzhu Li
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Materials Science and Engineering HONG KONG
| | - Shengfan Wu
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Materials Science and Engineering HONG KONG
| | - Francis R. Lin
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Mechanical Engineering HONG KONG
| | - Zhiqiang Guan
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Mechanical Engineering HONG KONG
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- CityU: City University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- City University of Hong Kong Chemistry Tat Chee Ave 999077 Kowloon CHINA
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22
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Xu X, Peng Q. Hole/Electron Transporting Materials for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104453. [PMID: 35224789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonfullerene acceptor based organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) have witnessed rapid progress over the past few years owing to the intensive research efforts on novel electron donor and nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) materials, interfacial engineering, and device processing techniques. Interfacial layers including electron transporting layers (ETL) and hole transporting layers (HTLs) are crucially important in the OSCs for facilitating electron and hole extraction from the photoactive blend to the respective electrodes. In this review, the lates progress in both ETLs and HTLs for the currently prevailing NF-OSCs are discussed, in which the ETLs are summarized from the categories of metal oxides, metal chelates, non-conjugated electrolytes and conjugated electrolytes, and the HTLs are summarized from the categories of inorganic and organic materials. In addition, some bifunctional interlayer materials served as both ETLs and HTLs are also introduced. Finally, the prospects of ETL/HTL materials for NF-OSCs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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23
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Keshtov ML, Konstantinov IO, Khokhlov AR, Ostapov IE, Alekseev VG, Xie Z, Dahiya H, Sharma GD. Synthesis of D‐A copolymers based on thiadiazole and thiazolothiazole acceptor units and their applications in ternary polymer solar cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamed L. Keshtov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Igor O. Konstantinov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexei R. Khokhlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ilya E. Ostapov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation
| | | | - Zhiyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Hemraj Dahiya
- Department of Physics The LNM Institute for Information Technology Jaipur India
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- Department of Physics The LNM Institute for Information Technology Jaipur India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering The LNM Institute of Information Technology Jaipur India
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24
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Bin H, Datta K, Wang J, van der Pol TPA, Li J, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Finetuning Hole-Extracting Monolayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16497-16504. [PMID: 35352932 PMCID: PMC9011343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interface layers used for electron transport (ETL) and hole transport (HTL) often significantly enhance the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Surprisingly, interface engineering for hole extraction has received little attention thus far. By finetuning the chemical structure of carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers with phosphonic acid anchoring groups, varying the length of the alkane linker (2PACz, 3PACz, and 4PACz), these HTLs were found to perform favorably in OSCs. Compared to archetypal PEDOT:PSS, the PACz monolayers exhibit higher optical transmittance and lower resistance and deliver a higher short-circuit current density and fill factor. Power conversion efficiencies of 17.4% have been obtained with PM6:BTP-eC9 as the active layer, which was distinctively higher than the 16.2% obtained with PEDOT:PSS. Of the three PACz derivatives, the new 3PACz consistently outperforms the other two monolayer HTLs in OSCs with different state-of-the-art nonfullerene acceptors. Considering its facile synthesis, convenient processing, and improved performance, we consider that 3PACz is a promising interface layer for widespread use in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Bin
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kunal Datta
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Junke Wang
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P. A. van der Pol
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven 5612 AJ, The Netherlands
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25
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Ahluwalia G, Subbiah J, Mitchell VD, Saker Neto N, Jones DJ. One-Pot Synthesis of Fully Conjugated Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Using Asymmetrically Functionalized Push–Pull Monomers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Ahluwalia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Valerie D. Mitchell
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolau Saker Neto
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David J. Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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26
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Hu J, Fu W, Yang X, Chen H. Self‐assembled
monolayers for interface engineering in polymer solar cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Weifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Shanxi‐Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan China
| | - Xi Yang
- Chasing Light Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Shanxi‐Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan China
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27
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Zhao Y, Cheng P, Yang H, Wang M, Meng D, Zhu Y, Zheng R, Li T, Zhang A, Tan S, Huang T, Bian J, Zhan X, Weiss PS, Yang Y. Towards High-Performance Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: Dual-Functional p-Type Soft Interlayer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1231-1238. [PMID: 34932319 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have drawn significant attention for their promising potential in the field of building integrated photovoltaics such as energy-generating greenhouses. However, the conflict between the need to attain satisfying average visible transmittances for greenhouse applications and the need to maintain high power conversion efficiencies is limiting the commercialization of semitransparent OPVs. A major manifestation of this issue is the undermining of charge carrier extraction efficiency when opaque, visible-light-absorbing electrodes are substituted with semitransparent ones. Here, we incorporated a dual-function p-type compatible interlayer to modify the interface of the hole-transporting layer and the ultrathin electrode of the semitransparent devices. We find that the p-type interlayer not only enhances the charge carrier extraction of the electrode but also increases the light transmittance in the wavelength range of 400-450 nm, which covers most of the photosynthetic absorption spectrum. The modified semitransparent devices reach a power conversion efficiency of 13.7% and an average visible transmittance of 22.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hangbo Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Minhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion, and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | | | | | - Tengfei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Jiming Bian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion, and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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28
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Keshtov ML, Kuklin SA, Khokhlov AR, Xie Z, Alekseev VG, Dahiya H, Singhal R, Sharma GD. New medium bandgap donor D-A 1 -D-A 2 type Copolymers Based on Anthra[1,2-b: 4,3-b":6,7-c"'] Trithiophene-8,12-dione Groups for High -Efficient non -fullerene Polymer Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100839. [PMID: 35040533 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a new acceptor unit anthra[1,2-b: 4,3-b': 6,7-c'']trithiophene-8,12-dione (А3Т) (A2) and then used it to design D-A1 -D-A2 medium bandgap donor copolymers with same thiophene (D) and A2 units but different A1 i.e., fluorinated benzothiadiazole (F-BTz) and benzothiadiazole (BTz) denoted as P130 and P131, respectively. Their detailed optical and electrochemical properties were examined. The copolymers show good solubility in common organic solvents, broad absorption in the visible spectral region from 300 nm to 700 nm, and deeper HOMO levels of -5.45 and -5.34 eV for P130 and P131, respectively. Finally, an optimized polymer solar cell based on P131 as the donor and narrow bandgap non-fullerene small molecule acceptor Y6 demonstrated a PCE of more than 11.13%. To further improve the efficiency of the non-fullerene PSC, we optimized the P130 by introducing a fluorine atom into the BTz unit, F-BTz acceptor unit, PCE PSC based on P130: Y6 active layer increased to more than 15.28 %, which is higher than that for non-fluorinated analog P131:Y6. The increase in the PCE for former PSC is attributed to the more crystalline nature and compact π-π stacking distance, leading to more balanced charge transport and reduced charge recombination. These remarkable results demonstrate that A3T-based copolymer P130 with F-BTz as the second acceptor is a promising donor material for high-performance PSCs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Keshtov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - S A Kuklin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - A R Khokhlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Zh Xie
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun, China
| | - V G Alekseev
- Analyticalchemistrydepartment, TverStateUniversity, Sadovyiper. 35, Tver, 170002, Russia
| | - Hemraj Dahiya
- Department of Physics, The LNM Institute for Information Technology, Jamdoli, 302031, India
| | - Rahul Singhal
- Department of Physics, Malviya National Institute of Technology, JLN Marg, 302017, India
| | - Ganesh D Sharma
- Department of Physics, The LNM Institute for Information Technology, Jamdoli, 302031, India.,Deptartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The LNM Institute for Information Technology, Jamdoli, 302031, India
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29
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Chaney TP, Levin AJ, Schneider SA, Toney MF. Scattering techniques for mixed donor-acceptor characterization in organic photovoltaics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:43-60. [PMID: 34797358 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of the complex morphology of organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layers remains an important yet challenging approach for improving power conversion efficiency. Of particular interest are the interfacial regions between electron donor and acceptor molecules where charge separation and charge recombination occur. Often, these interfaces feature a molecularly mixed donor-acceptor phase. This mixed phase has been extensively studied in polymer:fullerene systems but is poorly understood in state-of-the-art polymer:non-fullerene acceptor blends. Accurate, quantitative characterization of this mixed phase is critical to unraveling its importance for charge separation and recombination processes within the BHJ. Here, we detail X-ray and neutron scattering characterization techniques and analysis methods to quantify the mixed phase within BHJ active layers. We then review the existing literature where these techniques have been successfully used on several different material systems and correlated to device performance. Finally, future challenges for characterizing non-fullerene acceptor systems are addressed, and emerging strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Chaney
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Andrew J Levin
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Sebastian A Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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30
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Qiu N, Liu C, Lang H, Xu J, Su R, Jiang J, Tian J, Li J. Efficient all-small-molecule organic solar cells based on a fluorinated small-molecule donor. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A fluorinated donor with a deep HOMO energy level enables efficient all-small-molecule organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailiang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijiao Lang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jingyang Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Rui Su
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jisen Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, China
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Dai T, Nie Q, Lei P, Zhang B, Zhou J, Tang A, Wang H, Zeng Q, Zhou E. Effects of Halogenation on the Benzotriazole Unit of Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells with High Voltages. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58994-59005. [PMID: 34851613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) can be simply divided into three categories: A-D-A, A-DA'D-A, and A2-A1-D-A1-A2 according to their chemical structures. Benefiting from the easily modified 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone end groups, the halogenation on the first two types of materials has been proved to be very effective to modulate their optoelectronic properties and improve their photovoltaic performance. Hence, in this work, we systematically investigate the effect of halogenation on the classic NFA molecule of BTA3, which has the linear A2-A1-D-A1-A2-type backbone. After fluorination and chlorination, F-BTA3 and Cl-BTA3 have similar optical band gaps but lower energy levels than BTA3. When blending with a linear copolymer PE25 composed of benzodifuran and chlorinated benzotriazole (BTA) according to "Same-A-Strategy", the corresponding VOC of the halogenated NFAs gradually decreases (1.13 V for F-BTA3 and 1.09 V for Cl-BTA3), compared with that of the BTA3-based device (VOC = 1.22 V). This tendency mainly comes from the lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels due to the strong electron-withdrawing ability of halogen atoms and the larger nonradiative energy loss. However, the power conversion efficiencies of the halogenated materials are slightly improved, from 9.08% for PE25: BTA3 to 10.45% for PE25: F-BTA3 and 10.75% for PE25: Cl-BTA, with the nonhalogenated solvent tetrahydrofuran as the processing solvent. The improved photovoltaic performance of F-BTA3 and Cl-BTA3 should come from the higher carrier mobility, weaker bimolecular recombination, and higher fluorescence quenching rate. This study illustrates that halogenation on the A1 unit is a promising strategy for developing novel and effective A2-A1-D-A1-A2-type NFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingling Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Lei
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jialing Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ailing Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Helin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Dulal R, Scougale WR, Chen W, Balasubramanian G, Chien T. Direct Observations of Uniform Bulk Heterojunctions and the Energy Level Alignments in Nonfullerene Organic Photovoltaic Active Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56430-56437. [PMID: 34786941 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells rely on the engineering of the energy levels of the organic molecules as well as the bulk-heterojunction nanomorphology to achieve high performance. However, both are difficult to measure inside the active layer where the electron donor and acceptor molecules are mingled. While the energy level alignments of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) between the electron donors and acceptors may be altered in the mixed active layer compared to their pure forms, the nanomorphology of the donor and acceptor molecular domains is mostly studied in indirect means. Here, we present the direct observations of the nanomorphology of the molecular domains as well as the energy level alignments in the active layer of a nonfullerene-based OPV (donor: PBDB-T-2F and acceptor: IT-4Cl) using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (XSTM/S). It is revealed that (1) the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) structures are homogeneous and uniform throughout the ∼1.2 μm thick active layer; (2) the energy alignments between the donor-rich and acceptor-rich domains are directly observed; (3) there exist the intermixing domains at the boundaries of the donor-rich and acceptor-rich domains with thickness in the nm scale; (4) the exciton binding energies in PBDB-T-2F and IT-4Cl are estimated to be 0.74 and 0.32 eV, respectively; and (5) there is an ∼0.7 V loss in the open circuit voltage. The results provide a nanoscale understanding of the OPV active layers to guide further improvement of the OPV performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra Dulal
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - William R Scougale
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ganesh Balasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - TeYu Chien
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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Abstract
Solution–processed organic solar cells (OSC) have been explored widely due to their low cost and convenience, and impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) which have surpassed 18%. In particular, the optimization of film morphology, including the phase separation structure and crystallinity degree of donor and acceptor domains, is crucially important to the improvement in PCE. Considering that the film morphology optimization of many blends can be achieved by regulating the film–forming process, it is necessary to take note of the employment of solvents and additives used during film processing, as well as the film–forming conditions. Herein, we summarize the recent investigations about thin films and expect to give some guidance for its prospective progress. The different film morphologies are discussed in detail to reveal the relationship between the morphology and device performance. Then, the principle of morphology regulating is concluded with. Finally, a future controlling of the film morphology and development is briefly outlined, which may provide some guidance for further optimizing the device performance.
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Li Y, Li Q, Wang X, Fu Q, Hu C, Qiu X, Li T, Wang F. Eliminating the Detrimental Effect of Secondary Doping on PEDOT : PSS Hole Transporting Material Performance. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4802-4811. [PMID: 34472195 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary doping has a long history of use in conductivity enhancement in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS). However, very little research has addressed its detrimental effect on application performance of PEDOT : PSS in organic solar cells. Herein, it was shown that the uneven drying of secondary dopant-water mixture results in a nonuniform/continuous film structure, causing severe damage to the device efficiencies (dropping about 8 and 23 % for poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) : 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (ITIC) and poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithio-phene))-co-(1,3-di(5-thiophene-2-yl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))](PM6) : (3,9-bis(1-oxo-2-methylene-3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-5,6-difluoroindanone)-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-n-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3d:2',3'd']-s-indaceno[1,2b:5,6b']dithiophene (IT-4F) cells, respectively) and thermal stabilities. Moreover, a simple yet robust dialysis treatment was proposed to solve the issue of noncontinuity and retain the secondary doping's advantages of quinoid structure simultaneously, thus demonstrating a significant enhancement in device performance. This study will be of great importance to the future exploration of the next generation of post-treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xunchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Qingyao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Ci Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xianliang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Tianjin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Kang X, Yu L, Dai S, Sun M. Aminonaphthalimide-Based Molecular Cathode Interlayers for As-Cast Organic Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4783-4792. [PMID: 34463047 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of imide-based small molecules, namely NA, NAA, and NEA with simple structures, were designed and synthesized by introducing different amine side-chains into the benzene unit of imide, which were used as cathode interfacial materials in organic solar cells (OSCs). The amine side-chain substitution positions were systematically investigated with these small-molecule imides. Compared with NA without amide chains-NAA, and NEA, with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and ethylenediamine chains, respectively-show bathochromic shifts in absorption, decreased band gaps, and higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.04 % was obtained with the NEA-based as-cast OSCs with a high open-circuit voltage and fill factor for PM6 : Y6 blend and the maximum PCE of 15.80 % was reached for as-cast PM6 : Y6 : IT-M ternary OSCs. NEA exhibits better conductivity, higher electron mobility, and stronger the capability of lower work function of cathode among three molecules, affording OSCs with better photovoltaic performance. Additionally, these three molecules show excellent thermal stability both in solution and in films at 150 °C. The results indicate that imide-based small molecules are promising cathode interfacial materials for commercial OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266100, P. R. China
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Abstract
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has exceeded 18% with narrow bandgap, non-fullerene materials Y6 or its derivatives when used as an electron acceptor. The PCE improvement of OPVs is due to strong photon harvesting in near-infrared light range and low energy loss. Meanwhile, ternary strategy is commonly recognized as a convenient and efficient means to improve the PCE of OPVs. In this review article, typical donor and acceptor materials in prepared efficient OPVs are summarized. From the device engineering perspective, the typical research work on ternary strategy and tandem structure is introduced for understanding the device design and materials selection for preparing efficient OPVs.
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