1
|
Giannoni E, Sanchez Sanchez G, Verdebout I, Papadopoulou M, Rezwani M, Ahmed R, Ladell K, Miners KL, McLaren JE, Fraser DJ, Price DA, Eberl M, Agyeman PKA, Schlapbach LJ, Vermijlen D. Sepsis shapes the human γδ TCR repertoire in an age- and pathogen-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451190. [PMID: 39072722 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis affects 25 million children per year globally, leading to 2.9 million deaths and substantial disability in survivors. Extensive characterization of interactions between the host and bacteria in children is required to design novel preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to this age group. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the first T cells generated in humans. These cells are defined by the expression of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptors (TCRs, using the TRGV9 and TRDV2 gene segments), which react strongly against the prototypical bacterial phosphoantigen HMBPP. We investigated this reactivity by analyzing the TCR δ (TRD) repertoire in the blood of 76 children (0-16 years) with blood culture-proven bacterial sepsis caused by HMBPP-positive Escherichia coli or by HMBPP-negative Staphylococcus aureus or by HMBPP-negative Streptococcus pneumoniae. Strikingly, we found that S. aureus, and to a lesser extent E. coli but not S. pneumoniae, shaped the TRDV2 repertoire in young children (<2 years) but not in older children or adults. This dichotomy was due to the selective expansion of a fetal TRDV2 repertoire. Thus, young children possess fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that are highly responsive toward specific bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Giannoni
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Isoline Verdebout
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Moosa Rezwani
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Raya Ahmed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, UK
- Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philipp K A Agyeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ravens S, Tolosa E. Expansion of human γδ T cells in periphery: Lessons learned from development, infections, and compromised thymic function. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451073. [PMID: 39194409 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
γδ T cells predominantly develop in the fetal period. Post birth they respond swiftly to environmental insults, pathogens and tumors, especially when other immune effector cells are less ready to function. Most of our understanding of γδ T-cell development, peripheral adaptation, and function derives from murine studies. The recent advancement of immunological methods allows now to decipher human γδ T-cell biology in patient cohorts and tissue samples, and to manipulate them using in vitro systems. In this review, we summarize γδ T-cell development in the human thymus, their functional adaptation to the microbial environment from birth until old age, and their capacity to expand and fill up the peripheral niche under conditions of perturbations of conventional T-cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
León-Lara X, Fichtner AS, Willers M, Yang T, Schaper K, Riemann L, Schöning J, Harms A, Almeida V, Schimrock A, Janssen A, Ospina-Quintero L, von Kaisenberg C, Förster R, Eberl M, Richter MF, Pirr S, Viemann D, Ravens S. γδ T cell profiling in a cohort of preterm infants reveals elevated frequencies of CD83+ γδ T cells in sepsis. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231987. [PMID: 38753245 PMCID: PMC11098939 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risk of developing neonatal sepsis. γδ T cells are thought to be an important set of effector cells in neonates. Here, γδ T cells were investigated in a longitudinal cohort of preterm neonates using next-generation sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional assays. During the first year of life, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset showed dynamic phenotypic changes and elevated levels of fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were evident in infants with sepsis. Single-cell transcriptomics identified HLA-DRhiCD83+ γδ T cells in neonatal sepsis, which expressed genes related to antigen presentation. In vitro assays showed that CD83 was expressed on activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in preterm and term neonates, but not in adults. In contrast, activation of adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells enhanced CD86 expression, which was presumably the key receptor to induce CD4 T cell proliferation. Together, we provide a map of the maturation of γδ T cells after preterm birth and highlight their phenotypic diversity in infections.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD83 Antigen
- Cohort Studies
- Infant, Premature/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Neonatal Sepsis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena León-Lara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Riemann
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Harms
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vicente Almeida
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Schimrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sabine Pirr
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- PRIMAL (Priming IMmunity at the Beginning of Life) Consortium, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Infection Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Govindaraj D, Jensen GB, Rahman Qazi K, Sverremark‐Ekström E, Abrahamsson T, Jenmalm MC. Effects of extremely preterm birth on cytokine and chemokine responses induced by T-cell activation during infancy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1510. [PMID: 38737447 PMCID: PMC11087183 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extremely preterm (EPT; gestational week < 28 + 0, < 1000 g) neonates are vulnerable to infections and necrotising enterocolitis, important contributors to mortality and morbidity. However, knowledge regarding their immune maturation remains limited. We here investigated the longitudinal development of functional T-cell capacity in EPT infants. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at 14th and 28th day (D) and at gestational week 36 + 0 (Gw36) from EPT infants, participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 probiotic supplementation. Blood collected from 25 full-term (FT) infants at D14 was used as control. The secretion of immune mediators was determined through comprehensive Luminex panels after stimulation with human T-cell activator CD3/CD28 beads. Results The levels of many mediators were low in EPT infants at D14, whereas the secretion of several chemokines was higher in EPT than in FT infants. Furthermore, Th2:Th1 cytokine ratios were higher in EPT than in FT infants. Progressively elevated secretion of, for example, IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17A in EPT infants was observed from D14 to D28 and then at Gw36. Elevated levels were observed for many proinflammatory mediators at D28. Probiotic supplementation or perinatal factors (e.g. clinical chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia and delivery mode) did not influence the cytokine and chemokine responses. Conclusions Immune mediators induced by T-cell activation in EPT infants were mainly reduced at D14 and Th2 skewed compared to those in FT infants, but mostly recovered at Gw36, indicating immune maturation. Increased proinflammatory responses at D28 may be related to the heightened risk of severe immune-associated complications seen in EPT infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Govindaraj
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Georg Bach Jensen
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's HospitalLinköpingCounty of ÖstergötlandSweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Sverremark‐Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's HospitalLinköpingCounty of ÖstergötlandSweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV)Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Joseph S, Manohar K, Lee J, Brokaw JP, Shelley WC, Markel TA. Role of innate T cells in necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357483. [PMID: 38390341 PMCID: PMC10881895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a destructive gastrointestinal disease primarily affecting preterm babies. Despite advancements in neonatal care, NEC remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units worldwide and the etiology of NEC is still unclear. Risk factors for NEC include prematurity, very low birth weight, feeding with formula, intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial infection. A review of the literature would suggest that supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics prevents NEC by altering the immune responses. Innate T cells, a highly conserved subpopulation of T cells that responds quickly to stimulation, develops differently from conventional T cells in neonates. This review aims to provide a succinct overview of innate T cells in neonates, encompassing their phenotypic characteristics, functional roles, likely involvement in the pathogenesis of NEC, and potential therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharon Joseph
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Krishna Manohar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John P. Brokaw
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - W. Christopher Shelley
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cui TX, Brady AE, Zhang YJ, Anderson C, Popova AP. IL-17a-producing γδT cells and NKG2D signaling mediate bacterial endotoxin-induced neonatal lung injury: implications for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156842. [PMID: 37744375 PMCID: PMC10514485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease in preterm birth survivors characterized by inflammation, impaired alveolarization and dysmorphic vasculature. Activated IL-17A+ lymphocytes are key drivers of inflammation in preterm infants. We have shown that in immature mice chronic airway exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces pulmonary inflammation, increased IL-17a expression, and hypoalveolarization, a BPD-like phenotype. The source of IL-17a and contribution to lung pathology is unknown. The natural-killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor mediates activation and IL-17a production in γδ T cells by binding to stress molecules. LPS induces NKG2D ligand expression, including Rae-1 and MULT1. We hypothesized that IL-17a+ γδ T cells and NKG2D signaling mediate neonatal LPS-induced lung injury. Immature C57BL/6J (wild type), Nkg2d-/- or Tcrd-/- (lacking γδ T cells) mice were inoculated with 3ug/10ul of LPS from E. coli O26:B6 or 10ul of PBS intranasally on day of life 3, 5, 7, and 10. Selected mice were treated with neutralizing antibodies against IL-17a, or NKG2D intraperitoneally. Lung immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry and gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Alveolar growth was assessed by lung morphometry. We established that anti-IL-17a antibody treatment attenuated LPS-induced hypoalveolarization. We found that LPS induced the fraction of IL-17a+NKG2D+ γδ T cells, a major source of IL-17a in the neonatal lung. LPS also induced lung mRNA expression of NKG2D, Rae-1, MULT1, and the DNA damage regulator p53. Anti-NKG2D treatment attenuated the effect of LPS on γδ T cell IL-17a expression, immune cell infiltration and hypoalveolarization. LPS-induced hypoalveolarization was also attenuated in Nkg2d-/- and Tcrd-/- mice. In tracheal aspirates of preterm infants IL-17A and its upstream regulator IL-23 were higher in infants who later developed BPD. Also, human ligands of NKG2D, MICA and MICB were present in the aspirates and MICA correlated with median FiO2. Our novel findings demonstrate a central role for activated IL-17a+ γδ T cells and NKG2D signaling in neonatal LPS-induced lung injury. Future studies will determine the role of NKG2D ligands and effectors, other NKG2D+ cells in early-life endotoxin-induced lung injury and inflammation with a long-term goal to understand how inflammation contributes to BPD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antonia P. Popova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dougherty D, Cham P, Church JT. Management of Extreme Prematurity (Manuscript for Seminars in Pediatric Surgery). Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151198. [PMID: 36038216 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Cham
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
| | - Joseph T Church
- Assistant Professor of Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
| |
Collapse
|